HEALTH, SAFETY, SECURITY AND ENVIRONMENT

(HSSE)

TRAINING MANUAL TWO (2)

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LICENCES AND PARTNERS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Chapter One: Job Hazard Management

Chapter Two: Hazardous Substance: Forms, Classification and Health

Risks

Chapter Three: Behavioral Based Safety

Chapter Four: Journey Management System

Chapter Five: Emergency Response On-site

Chapter Six: Introduction to Industrial/Personal Safety & Security

CHAPTER ONE

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 JOB HAZARD MANAGEMENT
COURSE OBJECTIVES
 Understand the benefits of JSAs
 Understand the purpose and function
 Know the developmental process
 Determine when to develop
 Identify responsibilities

BENEFITS OF JSAs
• Training of new employees
• Accident investigation tool.
• Supervisor evaluation tool
• Consistency in training
• Injury reduction

Hazard:
A hazard is any substance or activity which has the potential to cause
harm(injury). In practical terms, hazards are often associated with a condition or
activity that, if left uncontrolled, can result in an injury or illness

Job:
The terms “job” and “task” are commonly used interchangeably to mean a
specific work assignment, such as “operating a hand truck” or “applying
pesticides”.

Job Hazard Analysis:

 Job Hazard Analysis is a step by step break down of the job process with
the aim of identifying and controlling inherent risks in the job.
 JSA: A systematic method of identifying hazards & control measures to
safely perform a specific task.

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Important Of Job Hazard Analysis
Many workers are injured and killed in the workplace every day, especially in
developing countries. One of the best ways to determine and establish proper
work procedures is to conduct a job hazard analysis. The aim of Job hazard
analysis is to identify and mitigate potential hazards inherent in any task. A job
hazard analysis is one component of the larger commitment of a safety and
health management system.
What jobs are appropriate for a job hazard analysis?
A job hazard analysis can be conducted on many jobs in your workplace. Priority
should be given to the following types of jobs:
• Jobs with the highest injury or illness rates
• Jobs with the potential to cause severe or disabling injuries or illness, even if
there is no history of previous accidents;
• Jobs in which one simple human error could lead to a severe accident or injury.
• Jobs that are new to your operation or have undergone changes in processes
and procedures; and
• Jobs complex enough to require written instructions

Processes In Developing A Job Hazard Analysis

In developing a JHA for any task, the following steps are required.
Divide the task into manageable stages
The job or task should be broken down into manageable units. The essence is to
uncover all potential hazards which may impede successful completion of the
task. Rather than treating a lifting operation as a unit, it is best to divide the tasks
into subunits beginning from the inspection of equipment, mobilization to site,
pre-lift arrangements, actual lifting operation and demobilization of
personnel/equipment from site

Identify and evaluate workplace hazards.

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A job hazard analysis includes identifying the hazards associated with a task. This
can be identified by brainstorming and through effective research:

What hazardous materials are you working with (chemical, biological,

radioactive)?
What physical hazards are you working with (electrical, thermal, height, etc.)?
What can go wrong?
What are the consequences?
How could it arise?
What are other contributing factors?
How likely is it that the hazard will occur?

Identify hazard control measures.

Hazard control measures recommended in the analysis must be incorporated
into the tasks. Not all hazard controls are equal. Some are more effective than
others at reducing the risk.

A. Engineering controls:
Elimination/minimization of the hazard
Substituting processes, equipment, materials
The enclosure of the hazard using enclosed cabs, enclosures for noisy equipment
or other means.
Isolation of the hazard with interlocks, machine guards, blast shields, welding
curtains, or other means.
Removal or redirection of the hazard such as with local and exhaust ventilation.
B. Administrative controls:
Written operating procedures, work permits, and safe work practices
Exposure time limitations (used most commonly to control temperature
extremes and ergonomic hazards)
Monitoring the use of highly hazardous materials

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Alarms, signs, and warnings, Buddy system, Training
C. Personal protective equipment:
Safety Glasses
Nearing Protection
FR Lab Coats
Face Shields
Training:
Ensure that affected personnel have reviewed the JHA and understand the
hazards and the controls that are required.
Train all new personnel on the JHA

Review and Record Retention:

Review JHA periodically to ensure accuracy.

CHAPTER TWO
MATERIAL SAFETY AND DATA SHEET (MSDS)
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE: FORMS, CLASSIFICATION AND HEALTH
RISKS
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Key information
• Chemicals are encountered in different physical forms such as; dust fumes,
gases, mists, vapours and liquids. The form significantly affects how these
substances might enter the body.
• Biological agents such as fungi, bacteria and viruses can be hazardous to
health.
• Chemicals are classified according to their hazardous properties as:
toxic harmful, corrosive, irritant or carcinogenic.
• Hazardous substances often have an acute (or short-term) effect, or they
may have a chronic (or long-term) effect.

Exposure to chemical and biological health hazards can cause an immediate

health risk (e.g. carbon monoxide (CO) gas can cause asphyxiation) or even
physical injury (e.g. corrosive skin burn from sulphuric acid). Less obviously,
exposure can also have long-term health effects, which may build gradually over
time (e.g lead poisoning) and, in some instances, will not be apparent until years
after the exposure that caused them (e.g. lung cancer caused by asbestos). We
will now look at the forms and classification of chemicals and biological agents
that cause these short-term and long-term health effects.

FORMS OF CHEMICAL AGENTS

The physical form of a chemical makes a big difference in how easy it is for that
chemical to enter the body. For example, a bar of stainless steel contains
hazardous metals such as chromium and nickel, but they cannot enter the body
when the bar is in its solid massive state. But if the bar is welded, then a welding
fume is generated and these metals become airborne, now they can be inhaled
into the lungs.

The physical forms of chemicals are:

• Solid — a solid block of material (e.g. a lead ingot).
• Dust — very small solid particles normally created by grinding, polishing,
milling, blasting, etc. and capable of becoming airborne (e.g. flour dust,
rock dust).

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• Fume — very small metallic particles that have condensed from the
gaseous state during work with molten metal (e.g. welding) to create an
airborne cloud.
• Gas — a basic state of matter; expands to fill the space available (e.g.
carbon dioxide) (C02).
• Mist — very small liquid droplets suspended in air, normally created by
spraying (e.g. paint spraying).
• Vapour — the gaseous form of a substance that exists as a solid or liquid at
normal temperature and pressure.
• Liquid — a basic state of matter; free-flowing fluid (e.g. water at
200 C)).

Forms of biological agents

Biological agents are micro-organisms: They can be categorized as follows:
• Fungi — moulds, yeast and mushrooms, Most are harmless to humans but
some can cause diseases, such as fungal infections (e.g. athlete’s foot) and
farmer’s lung (an allergic irritation caused by inhaling mould spores).
• Bacteria — a single-celled organism that is found in vast numbers in and
on the human body. Some are harmless, some are beneficial (certain .gut
bacteria) and some cause disease (e.g. legionnaires’ disease, leptospirosis).
• Viruses — very small infectious organisms that reproduce by hijacking
living cells to manufacture more viruses. Many viruses cause disease
(example; hepatitis).
• Prions — abnormal, transmissible agents able to induce abnormal folding
of normal cellular prion proteins in the brain, leading to brain damage (e.g.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD or “mad cow” disease and variant (CJD)).

CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICALS HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH

Chemicals can be broadly classified according to three types of danger:
• Physico-chemical effects — such as highly flammable, explosive or
oxidizing.
• Health effects — such as toxic or carcinogenic
• Environmental effects — such as harmful to aquatic life.
In this element, we are concerned with the health effects. These can be further
subdivided to give a variety of classifications that indicate how the chemical
actually affect health.

TOPIC FOCUS
Classification of chemicals hazardous to health:
• Toxic — small doses cause death or serious ill-health when inhaled,
swallowed or absorbed via the skin (e.g. potassium cyanide (KCN)).

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• Harmful — cause death or serious ill-health when inhaled, swallowed or
absorbed via the skin in large doses. -
• Corrosive — destroy living tissue on contact (e.g. concentrated
• sodium hydroxide (NaOH)).
• Irritant — cause inflammation of the skin or mucous membranes (e.g.
eyes and lungs) through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact (e.g.
ozone (Do)).
• Carcinogenic — may cause cancer (abnormal growth of cells in the body)
when inhaled, swallowed or absorbed via the skin (e.g. asbestos).
(Note that there are two categories of substance that are infrequently
found in workplaces but can be of great concern when they are present:
• Mutagens - may cause genetic mutations that can be inherited.
• Toxic to reproduction — may cause sterility, or affect an unborn child).
Some chemicals are sensitizing agents. This means that they are capable of
producing an allergic reaction that will gradually worsen on repeat
exposure.

There are two groups of sensitizing chemicals:

• Skin sensitizers — can cause allergic dermatitis on contact with the skin
(e.g epoxy resin).
• Respiratory sensitisers — can cause asthma on an inhalation into the lungs
(e.g. flour dust and isocyanates).

CHAPTER THREE

BEHAVIOURAL BASED SAFETY

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CONCEPT OF HUMAN BEHAVIORISM
Behaviourism is a field of study that investigates how individuals, groups and
structures affect and is affected by the behaviour of others within an
organization for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving the
organization’s efficiency.

Summarily, human behaviour refers to one's response to stimuli which is

influenced by culture, attitude, &emotions, values, ethics authority, rapport,
hypnosis, persuasion, coercion and or experience.

Relationship Between Attitude And Behaviour

Attitude is described as a mental state of readiness, learned and organized

through experience, exerting a specific influence on a person’s response to
people, objects and situation with which is related — Allport (1985).

Attitude is concerned with believes and feelings of individuals about a situation,

object or activity. The action tendency that is birthed or produced in response to
stimuli (people object or situation) is known as behavior…
Therefore, the behaviour is defined by beliefs, feelings and experience that are
developed during growing up or socialization from one group or organization to
another.

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR POOR HEALTH AND SAFETY BEHAVIOUR

Poor attitude towards safety and Health could be attributed to the following
factors:

LACK OF KNOWLEDGE/INFORMATION
This refers to inadequate information and skill about a particular task, process or
safety. Most people exhibit certain unsafe acts became they are unaware of the
consequences of their actions.

LACK OF MOTIVATION
Lack of encouragement in some organization is the primary factor responsible
for the poor attitude of workers towards health and safety. Such a lack of
motivation is manifested in the following areas:
* Poor salary structure
* Lack of promotion
* Poor supply of Personal Protective Equipment
* Poor delegation of responsibilities
* Poor training programs
* Poor management’s attitude towards safety

STRESS:

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Stress is any action or situation that places special or psychological demand upon
an individual.

It occurs when the demand for the job is greater than what the individual can
cope or adjust to physically or psychologically.

At such extremes, workers naturally become reluctantly to job details as well as

to safety practices.

PERSONAL DEFICIENCIES
Human very differently from their anthropometric arid psychological
characteristics. Hence some are tall, average, while others are short. Some
other physical defects like eye problems, hearing problems or smell problems. All
these go a long way in influencing the actions and reactions of an individual to
stimuli in the work environment and could hamper some level of compliance
with safety.

MEASURES TO ENHANCE POSITIVE BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE TOWARDS

HEALTH AND SAFETY

For jobs to be performed safely with hazards reduced as low as reasonably

practicable the workers undertaking in the job must have a positive inclination
or attitude towards safety. Below are measures that will enhance the formation
of a positive attitude or behaviour towards safety.

PROVISION OF INFORMATION
Information plays a key role in trying to influence human behaviour. It is right to
say that a well-informed worker will always serve better in making the right
decisions and in carrying out actions that are healthful than uninformed
individuals.

Provision of information to workers can be achieved in the following ways:

Safety Policy; Safety policy refers to a written statement of action in an
organization with respect to safety. The organizational safety policy should be
clearly defined and the terms used in the content should be concise, easily
understood and available to everybody in the organization. It should also state
that the intention of the company is to make profits without endangering the
lives of her workers.

This information should be displayed on the company’s board that safety is the
organization's priority. The policy helps in creating or giving the organization
strong safety culture because of the extent to which the employees of a company
will comply with safe practices will depend on the extent to which they perceive
management’s commitment towards health, safety, and environment (HSE).

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INDUCTION COURSES/TRAINING
Induction Courses, training or lectures are designed to give an overview of the
company’s policy to new employees or visitors.
It includes the following:

* The aims and objectives of the company.

* The nature of the task and related hazards.
* Provisions of management towards hazards elimination/control.
* Responsibility of employee for their own safety and the safety of others.

EDUCATION
Education usually provides a wide range of information. Such information is
designed to highlight the hazards associated with the organization’s activities.
The reason is to increase the workers’ hazard perception while undertaking
activities. The following measures could be adopted in enhancing the education
of workers.

* Use of safety signs and poster -

* Toolbox/pep talk
* Use of emails memos and journals.

SUPERVISION
Management has the responsibility of ensuring that all employees obey and
observe all safety rules and regulations stated in the company’s policy, safe
practice manual or other procedures. To achieve this compliance there should be
supervisors who will be responsible to enforce these rules in the workplace.

TRAINING
Training refers to a systematic development of specific attitude, knowledge or
skill by workers in order to perform tasks efficiently.
Training workers on the safe way of work will help to abate hazardous
occurrences while performing their jobs. It also helps in validating the works
knowledge on skill with a response to his responsibilities.

Management must ensure that training programmes are structured to yield

result in specific areas as well as appraise workers continently in order to
determine when and what kind of training is required by the worker(s). After
each training, there should also a way of evaluating whether the learning
objectives are met.

MOTIVATION THROUGH INCENTIVES

Incentives refer to gifts given to an individual or group with the intention of
encouraging him/them to behave in a certain way. Irrespective of what form of

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incentives that are used to motivate workers to imbibe safety behaviour in an
organization, it is essential to ensure the following.

First, that rewards are meaningful and desirable to the people concerned. Such
rewards can only be meaningful if it satisfactions the person’s peculiar need.
Human needs generally vary from physiological, security, belongings, self-
actualization, and self-esteem (Abraham Maslow).

Secondly, that targets for which the reward is given is achieved. This could be to
encourage mass positive behaviour towards safety or to recognize those who
have excelled in promoting the companies objectives with respect to safety with
awards.

DISCIPLINARY MEASURES
For any rule to be binding in any organization, there must be some level of
disciplinary action to discipline offenders. In the industries, there are safety laws
and regulations which are established for enhancing the safety of lives and
property. For workers to comply with their safety rules, some disciplinary
measures should be used to punish offenders. Example of such measures
includes:

* Termination of employment
* Suspension
* Withdrawal of some rights or benefits.

CHAPTER FOUR

JOURNEY MANAGEMENT

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Journey management refers to a planned and systematic process of reducing
transportation-related risks within a company’s operations. The key objective is
to minimize unnecessary trips, distances driven and the risks associated with
necessary trips.

Journey management contains the following components:

1) A formal procedure/policy that requires site-specific assessments of
transportation-related hazards and what steps will be taken to minimize
these hazards,
2) A formal mechanism to assess the need for trips and to seek to eliminate
unnecessary trips, and
3) A procedure for managing trips, including minimizing driving and
environmental risks, the distances are driven in a single trip, safe route
planning, etc.

Journey Management and Trip Management

Trip management refers to the day to day process a supervisor and driver follow
when planning and making a trip. This includes pre-trip, trip, and post-trip -
procedures. This may include a pre-trip risk assessment checklist procedures for
checking-in during the trip, when to take rest breaks, and how to report back to a
dispatcher or journey manager upon arrival. While journey management
includes these trip management procedures

Steps to developing a journey management procedure Journey management

Step 1. Develop a road safety framework Before developing a JMP, make sure you
have established an overall road safety policy. This will formalize your
company’s position and expectations with respect to road safety. No program can
be truly successful or sustainable without fall management leadership,
commitment and accountability. Common components of a road safety policy
include mandatory use of seatbelts, driving within the bounds of the law, training
for all drivers for their assigned vehicle type, and requiring drivers to be alert
and fit for duty prior to taking a trip.

Step 2. Determine necessary driving activities When assessing risk for road
transportation operations, the first question asked should be, ”Is driving
necessary?” All trips should be challenged using this question. In some instances,
it may make better sense to use rail or air, which is a safer mode of transport.
Consideration should also be given to making better use of public transportation.
Also, consider using freight forwarders and combining loads with other
businesses or worksite services, a major consideration is whether they will
transport their own equipment or leave this to companies dedicated to this
activity, such as rig moving companies.

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Step 3. Start a risk register The purpose of a risk register is to identify overall
driving exposure. For each activity or job task, write down the hazards or
conditions that have the potential to cause a motor vehicle incident. Review your
fleet’s previous incidents and use input from drivers to help identify these
hazards. Lastly, write down the risks or consequences that have occurred or
could occur as a result of each hazard. A suggested approach is to divide each
activity into the categories below.

Weather: Consider local weather conditions that are hazardous. Some examples
include areas that experience fog regularly, roads that may be prone to ice or
snow during winter stretches of roads subject to heavy crosswinds, and extreme
heat or cold that occurs in the area.

Roads: Complete a road hazard assessment on each of the primary routes your
vehicles travel. Assessment tools have been developed that provide a simple yet
effective assessment tool: as one person drives the road, a passenger logs road
hazards at mileage points. The hazard log is then reviewed to provide suggested
operating procedures to deal with the identified hazards. The finished
assessment is then provided to drivers during training and as part of pre-trip
planning. The assessment takes into the consideration road surface, traction,
sharp curves, etc.

Traffic Conditions: Identify local traffic patterns and behaviours that are
hazardous. High-risk intersections and high column roadways are examples of
what should be included. Crash history of major roads may be available through
local law enforcement.

Light conditions: Identify local light conditions (caused by sunrise/sunset

absence of lighting, etc.) that are hazardous.
Personal and load security issues: For example, list areas with little or no mobile
phone coverage and high crime areas.

Vehicle handling issues: Identify hazards related to each vehicle type in your
fleet. Hazards may be related to stability, dimensions, and maintenance/repair
concerns. Discuss vehicle types that may require extra knowledge, training, and
qualification, or added diligence when operated, such as vehicles with a high
center of gravity, in-drive differentials, tandem, triple steering axles, tag axles,
etc.

Step 4: Identify controls for risks Identify the control(s) that your company
already has in place to prevent or mitigate each hazard and/or risk, and those
that you will need to add. This is called a risk control matrix. The four main
categories of controls should be considered. These are hierarchical:

1. Elimination (i.e., removing the hazard completely)

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2. Engineering (e.g., electronic stability control)
3. Administrative (e.g., driving restrictions)
4. Personal protection (e.g., seatbelts, airbags)

Step 5. Create a JMP The next step is to bring the framework, risk register, and
controls together into one working document the JMP. Supervisors will use the
JMP to manage their transportation activities and drivers will use the IMP to
manage their trips. The JMP is also used, where appropriate, by dispatchers and
other operations staff for scheduling workflow and personnel. One suggested
outline for the sections of a JMP is as follows:

a. Local risk profile This initial section describes the operating environment
and associated hazards. Content for this section should be based on your
completed risk register described above in Step 3.

b. Local regulations List the regulations that apply to the operation of your
company’s motor vehicle fleet. While reference can be made to the Federal and
State Acts encompassing the operations, you would also want to list County,
Municipal or other governances and bylaws that may not be as well known, e.g.,
vehicle dimension limitations, specific operating authorities, road restrictions,
noise restrictions, or idling restrictions.

c. Local policies and procedures Communicate the local practices and policies
that were determined to be needed in your local risk control matrix. Here are
some common elements included in this section: 1 Scheduling to help ensure
drivers have dedicated time for adequate rest to be legal and safe to drive W
Night driving restrictions F Elimination of distractions Ii Route restrictions .1
Load securement practices L1 Specific training or competency assessments Ii
Vehicle selection requirements Maintenance requirement. In-vehicle monitoring
system settings and data management practices E Trip management procedure
and processes (see trip management) l1 Convoy practices; orientation of drivers
from other operating locations/regions IE collision procedures and emergency
response procedures

4. Customer/client policies and procedures List any specific expectations set

forth by your customers or clients. This may include delivery times,
loading/unloading rules, and after-hours processes.

5. Contractor management In this section, reference can be made to:

Expectations for a contractor’s journey management procedure Selection
and dispatch — preferred vendor list (based on safety
performance)Limitations of services to be provided by any contractor
Equipment specification

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6. Management of change I exception process Specify what drivers should do
when the rules don’t fit the situation. With every set of rules, there will be
exceptions. It is best to formalize a process before such a situation arises.
For smaller operations, this may simply be a call to the operations
manager. For larger corporations or higher risk operations, this may be a
more formal process.

Step 6. Manage each trip should have a plan associated with it. The steps taken in
the plan don’t necessarily have to be recorded. You may, however, find that
having a documented process within your JMP to be of value for trips having a
greater risk, for consistency in trip execution and for use in any incident
investigations and review.

Pre-Trip considerations
Risk assessment: Assessing risk for an individual trip can vary widely based on
the type of trip being performed. It may be as simple as checking the weather and
traffic report on the radio or it can be quite sophisticated. Once again, ask, “Is this
trip necessary?” Trips may be consolidated or other modes of transport
considered that reduce the exposure to your employees. OGP provides an
excellent example of a pre-trip risk assessment tool. A driver needs to assess
conditions at the start of the trip, how they may change during the trip, and also
consider the potential conditions for the return trip. The forecast may be such
that you need to delay the trip even though conditions at the start are favourable,
or plan a waypoint for a stopover.

Trip approval: Each trip should have some form of approval requirement. Local
trips around town for parts, etc., may have a blanket approval, whereas trips
outside the immediate urban area may require specific and elevating levels of
approval, based on the destination, the ambient conditions, the load and the
timing of the trip. Basically, the higher the risk of the trip, the higher the level of
approval required.

Journey manager: Each trip should have a ‘journey manager’ assigned. This is a
person who, at a minimum, knows which drivers are going where, when and by
which route and who are not participating in the journey. The journey manager
knows when a driver or convoy is delayed and is responsible for initiating some
form of emergency response if a driver fails to reach their destination.
Frequently, the journey manager is a dispatcher or operations supervisor.
Convoys: Convoys can be a very effective control mechanism for trip
management. They can also, however, create a potential hazard for other road
users, especially the impatient ones. The decision to dispatch vehicles in convoy
must not be taken lightly and should be reconsidered prior to each trip. In some

•cases, a large convoy can be dispatched in smaller groups with staggered

departure times to ease road congestion.

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En route considerations
Drivers should diligently monitor risks throughout a trip and have a set plan for
vehicle load securement checks and inspection. The driver should also know
their scheduled rest stops, hours of service limitations, and a plan for avoiding
distractions while driving. Contingency plans and emergency response plans
should be known. What can often start out as a simple trip can deteriorate, into
an emergency due to poor planning or a lack of situational awareness?

Post-trip considerations Post-trip activities are as important as any other stage of

a trip and can have a significant effect on subsequent trips. A trip should be
closed out with the journey manager and updates should be given to other
drivers of any new or temporary hazardous conditions that may affect them.
Road hazard assessments should be updated to include new, more permanent
hazards. The vehicle should have a post-trip inspection and notification of any
needed vehicle repairs should be made. The vehicle should be in a safe condition
to drive prior to the next trip prevent the driver from operating an unsafe vehicle
for the sake of expediency. The vehicle should be parked in a secure location for
the vehicle as well as the load. The driver should also report any near-misses and
know where he will go to obtain maximum restorative rest. Right of Refusal
(Stop. the Job) Every driver should feel capable and confident that they can safely
complete the trip. If they do not feel this way at the start or at any point during
the trip, they should be allowed the right to refuse to undertake or
continue the trip. Contingency for this is a necessary part of any trip management
plan.

Step’7. Review your JMP’s success The overall process of journey management
needs to be dynamic since the operating environment is constantly changing. You
will want to track your incidents in order to measure your JMP’s success and
make necessary adjustments. The recognized industry standard for measuring
and reporting incidents is to calculate a motor vehicle crash rate per
1,000,000miles or kilometres driven. A definition of this key performance
indicator is provided in OGP RP 365 (2011a). In addition to tracking the motor
vehicle crash rate, there should be an established process for workers to
communicate observed hazards, both driving behaviours and driving conditions,
to help heighten safety awareness. This type of reporting can help to prudent
incidents and may also lead to an improved safety culture. Incidents, while
unfortunate and undesirable, can provide significant information and feedback
on the success of your JMP. Therefore, a review of each incident should be
completed and will provide valuable insights into ways to improve your IMP and
reduce the probability of further incidents.

Managers/supervisors should periodically check in with workers to ensure there

is adequate understanding and effective implementation of the JMP. Asking a few
key questions of drivers, operations managers and other employees involved in

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transportation can be a simple-yet-effective method. It also may be useful to
drive - some of the routes and observe drivers in action.

CHAPTER FIVE

EMERGENCY RESPONSE ON SITE

Introduction

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Emergencies and disasters can strike anywhere and at any time bringing
workplace injuries and illnesses with them. Employers and workers may be
required to deal with an emergency when it is least expected and proper
planning before an emergency is necessary to respond effectively.

What is a workplace emergency?

A workplace emergency is a situation that threatens workers, customers, or the

public; disrupts or shuts down operations; or causes physical or environmental
damage. Emergencies may be natural or man-made and may include hurricanes,
tornadoes, earthquakes, floods, wildfires, winter weather, chemical spills or
releases, disease outbreaks, releases of biological agents, explosions involving
nuclear or radiological sources, and many other hazards. Many types of
emergencies can be anticipated in the planning process, which can help
employers and workers plan for other unpredictable situations.

What is an emergency action plan?

An emergency action plan (EAP) is intended to facilitate and organize employer
and worker actions during workplace emergencies and is recommended for all
employers. Well-developed emergency plans and proper worker training (i.e., so
that workers understand their roles and responsibilities within the plan) will
result in fewer and less severe worker injuries and less damage to the facility
during emergencies. A poorly prepared plan may lead to a disorganized
evacuation or emergency response, resulting in confusion, injury, illness (due to
chemical, biological and/or radiation exposure), and/or property damage.
Putting together a comprehensive emergency action plan involves conducting a
hazard assessment to determine what if any, physical or chemical hazards inside
or from outside the workplaces could cause an emergency. The plan should
describe how workers will respond to different types of emergencies, taking into
account specific worksite layouts, structural features, and emergency systems. If
there is more than one worksite, each site should have an emergency action plan.

Most organizations find it beneficial to include a diverse group of representatives

(management, workers, local health departments and agencies, and public safety
officials/members) in this planning process and to meet frequently to review
progress and allocate development tasks. Outside representatives from federal,
state and local agencies may be able to assist organizations with incorporating
other requirements or guidelines into their LAPs. The commitment and support
of alt workers and employers-is critical to the plan’s success in the event of an
emergency; ask for worker input in developing and implementing an EAP

Am I required to have an Emergency Action Plan (EAP)?

Workplaces covered by the following standards may be required to have an EAP:
 Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals
 Fixed Extinguishing Systems, *

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  Fire Detection Systems
 Grain Handling.
 Ethylene Oxide

Emergency Plan and Evacuation Coordinators

When drafting an emergency action plan, consider selecting a responsible
individual to lead and coordinate the emergency plan and evacuation. It is critical
that workers know who the coordinator is and understand that the coordinator
has the authority to make decisions during emergencies.

The Coordinator should be responsible for.

a Assessing the situation to determine whether an emergency exists and if

so, requiring activation of emergency procedures;
 Supervising all emergency efforts in the area, including evacuating
personnel;
 Ensuring that external emergency services, such as the local fire
department
 or emergency medical service, are available and notified when necessary;
and coordinating these services when they arrive on-site; and
 Directing the shutdown of plant operations when required;
 Ensuring that only trained workers use portable fire extinguishers;
 Ensuring that routes for emergency vehicles and paths for emergency
 responder access are clear;
 Informing arriving emergency responders of the incident location,
conditions, and status of occupants; and
 Having knowledgeable workers available to advise emergency responders.

It may be beneficial to coordinate the action plan with other employers that
share the worksite

Evacuation Wardens
In addition to a coordinator, designate and train workers as evacuation wardens
to help move workers from danger to safe areas during an emergency. Generally,
one warden for every 20 workers should be adequate, and the appropriate
number of wardens should be available at all times during working hours.

Workers (e.g. coordinators or wardens) designated to assist in emergency

evacuation procedures should be trained in the complete workplace layout and
various alternative escape routes. All workers should be made aware of workers
with special needs who may require extra assistance; how to use the buddy
system (i.e., procedure where two people, the “buddies”, operate together as a
single unit so that they are able to monitor and help each other); and hazardous
areas to avoid during an emergency evacuation.

22
What type of training do workers need?
• Educate workers about the types of emergencies that may occur and train
them in the proper course of action. The size of the workplace and
workforce, processes used, materials handled, and the availability of on-
site or outside resources will determine the specific training requirements.
• Ensure that all workers understand the function and elements of the
emergency action plan, including types of potential emergencies, reporting
procedures, alarm systems, evacuation plans, and shutdown procedures.
• Discuss any special hazards on-site such as flammable materials, toxic
chemicals, radioactive sources, or water-reactive substances.
• Clearly identify and communicate to workers specifically who will be in
charge during an emergency to minimize confusion.

Topics for worker training:

• Individual roles and responsibilities;
• Threats, hazards, and protective actions;
• Notification, warning, and communications procedures;
• Means for contacting family members in an emergency;
• Any special tasks that workers may be called upon to perform during an
emergency (if applicable);
 Evacuation, shelter, and accountability procedures;
• Location and use of common emergency equipment;
• Who is authorized to perform emergency shutdown procedures (if any);
• First-aid procedures;
 Protection against blood borne pathogens
 Respiratory protection
 Methods for preventing unauthorized access to the site.

After reviewing the emergency action plan with workers and ensuring everyone
has completed the proper training, it is a good idea to hold practice drills as often
as necessary to keep workers prepared. It is also a good idea to include outside
resources, such as fire and police departments, in the practice drills whenever
possible. After each drill, employers should: gather management and workers
together to evaluate the effectiveness of the drill; identify the strengths and
weaknesses of the plan; and ways to improve the plan.

How often to train workers?

Review the plan with all workers and consider requiring annual training on the
plan. Also conduct training after:
 Development of the initial plan;
 The hiring of new workers;
 Introduction of new equipment; materials, or processes into the workplace
that affect evacuation routes;
 Reassignment of workers or changing their job duties;
 Change of layout or design of the facility; and

23
 Revision or updating of emergency procedures.

Safety Drill
Safety drill is a method of practicing how a building would be evacuated in the
event of a fire or other emergencies. Usually, the building’s existing fire alarm
system is activated (either automatically or by mechanical means) and the
building is evacuated as if the emergency had occurred. General[y, the time it
takes to evacuate is measured to ensure that it occurs within a reasonable length
of time, and problems with the emergency system or evacuation procedures are
identified to be remedied.

Drills help in equipping individuals with the desired skill and preparedness
during the emergency occurrence.

CHAPTER SIX
SECURITY INTELLIGENCE AND SURVEILLANCE / PHYSICAL
SECURITY STRATEGIES.

24
INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL SAFETY& SECURITY
Industrial Safety is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the safety, health, and
welfare of people at work.
In its broadest sense, it aims at:
1) The promoting and maintaining the highest degree of physical, mental and
social well-being of workers in all occupations
2) The prevention among workers of adverse effects on health caused by
their working conditions
3) the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from
factors adverse to health;
4) The placing and maintenance of workers in an occupational environment
adapted to physical and mental needs;
5) The adaptation of work to humans.
6) In other words, occupational health and safety encompasses the social,
mental and physical well-being of workers

BRANCHES OF INDUSTRIAL SAFETY

Occupational medicine: Occupational medicine, until 1960 called industrial
medicine, It is the branch of medicine which is concerned with the maintenance
of health in the workplace, including prevention and treatment of diseases and
injuries, with secondary objectives of maintaining and increasing productivity.

Industrial hygiene: Industrial hygiene is the anticipation, recognition,

evaluation, control and prevention of hazards from work that may result in
injury, illness, or affect the well-being of workers.

Toxicology: Toxicology is a discipline, overlapping with biology, chemistry,

pharmacology, and medicine, that involves the study of the adverse effects of
chemical substances on living organisms and the practice of diagnosing and

25
treating exposures to toxins and toxicants. The relationship between those and
its effects on the exposed organism is of high significance in toxicology.

Education: This refers to the training of the mind as well as learning of new skills

Engineering safety: Safety engineering is an engineering discipline which

assures that engineered systems provide acceptable levels of safety. It is strongly
related to industrial engineering/systems engineering, and the subset system
safety engineering.

INDUSTRIAL SECURITY.
INTRODUCTION:
Our contemporary industrialized society has given birth to increased industrial
activities which produce negative consequences that come mostly as byproduct
of negative development; thus the knowledge of industrial security will enable
the employer and employee not only to recognize these forces of insecurity but
also to put them under checks.

AIMS OF INDUSTRIAL SECURITY.

Primary aims of industrial security are as follows;
1. To protect both humans and material assets
2. To eradicate bad and negative influences among the workers
3. To control internal and external crimes
4. To ensure operational efficiency in production
5. To ensure that the company remains in business

WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL SECURITY.

Industrial security is a proactive measure taken to protect, prevent and
safeguard both human and material resources.

26
The fear of harm, loss or damage to assets is the pivotal force that makes
management to adopt basic security program necessary to prevent crime in their
organization, this is necessitated in view of the huge investments in capital and
pieces of machinery. The realization of this objective against this background,
proactive measures are taken or put in place to prevent, protect and safeguard
both lives and properties from either natural or man-made hazard or crime so
that freedom from threat, intimidation and unnecessary anxieties can be
guaranteed. Industrial security is, therefore, protection against espionage, theft
and other mishaps that will adversely affect a company’s assets.

INDUSTRIAL SECURITY CONSCIOUSNESS

Organizations are established primarily to render service and to maximize profit;
these can be realized under two conditions:

i. If the resources (assets and personnel) of the organization are protected

against losses of all kinds and;
ii. If the productive time of the organization is optimally utilized.
The above makes it obvious to note that the basic role of security in any
organization is to help the organization achieve its, goal I term of profit
maximization and to prevent it from incurring multiple losses, which can
manifest through security consciousness.

Industrial security consciousness is an awareness that does not only regard

security as important but having the tendency to respond to an emergency
situation. Its tool include;

1) The ability to recognize security threat either in words or acting

2) The ability to identify and analyze the harm(s)/injury arising from the
threat if it is released.
3) The ability to put in place appropriate security measures to prevent the
threat from being released.

Industrial security consciousness in its semantics and philosophical terms

implies a stable environment in which an individual within the organization can
perform his job safely.

27
ELEMENT OF SECURITY THREATS.
1. High-handedness, Haughtiness
2. Insensitivity of areas of vulnerability
3. Inattentive to developments around you
4. Unsafe banking habits.
5. Overgrown tree branches over your fences
6. Unusual or unknown caller(s).

7. Unprotected doors and windows.

8. Eye to eye contacts with intruders
9. Inaccessible emergency exits.
10.Unlocked desk drawers and cupboards.
11.Turning your office into a money transaction outfit.
12.Unguarded or uninvited visitors.
13.Inadequate fencing.

ELEMENTS OF SECURITY CONSCIOUSNESS.

These are people or things, that help to enhance our level of security
consciousness
1. People (relatives, neighbours, friends etc): they should form a web from
where information about recent development can be obtained, especially
where one is ignorant of such development
2. Procedures The ways and manners things are done without prejudice.
3. Hardware the fact remains that human cannot be 100% security
conscious, hence the introduction of security hardware, to beef-up
industrial security consciousness.
4. Security Education/ Training: It becomes imperative that with security
educational human security consciousness will be enhanced.
5. Animals: Animals with high intuition such as parrot, dogs, cats, etc. has the
compatibility of informing us of certain unforeseen events
6. News-letters/leaflets: These increase our security education and
knowledge
7. Observable behaviour the study and imitation of someone else’s
behaviour,
though good behavior has the chances of increasing our security
consciousness.

IMPORTANCE OF INDUSTRIAL SECURITY COSCIOUSNESS.

1. Helps to identify and evaluate threats to personnel, properties and
information.
2. Helps to provide timely and appropriate security device and counter
measures. -
3. Helps to maintain high profile of alertness at work environment

28
4. Helps to maximize company’s profit margin when crime is reduced to
ALARP.
5. Helps to increase individual level of consciousness even in public places.

ASSET PROTECTION IN INDUSTRY.

What is Asset?
Assets are important properties which an industry owns and uses to realize or
achieve goals and objectives.

Types of industrial Asset -

1. Human beings.
2. Intangible
3. Tangible

SECURITY METHODS FOR PROTECTING INDUSTRIAL ASSET.

1. Security Risk Assessment
2. Security Consciousness
• Recognize security threats
• Identify various harms
• Take appropriate security measure(s).
3. Conversant with environmental crime patterns.
4. Armed security personnel.

ACCESS CONTROL IN THE INDUSTRY.

Company that wants to preserve its good reputation maximize enough profit and
protect its assets should evolve a system capable of ensuring effective access
control so as to monitor, direct and control of influx personnel, visitors, vehicles
and equipment within organization.

TYPES OF ACCESS CONTROL

Physical control (personnel ID card and visitors gate pass, turn-stiles, barriers,
CCTV (closed circuit Television), etc).
II. Mechanical control (vehicles and equipment).

REASONS FOR EFFECTIVE ACCESS CONTROL.

1. Theft! pilferage! sabotages.
2. Communal disturbances (invasion).
3. Unwanted visitors.
4. Crowd control e.g. fire out-break.

HOW TO ENSURE AN EFFECTIVE ACCESS CONTROL.

1. Use of security personnel with transparent character:
- They should be courageous, courteous, honest and principled
- They should be given all necessary supports in terms of equipment’s and
remuneration.

29
2. Use of means such as:
- Visitor’s control! reception room
- Physical barriers
- Movement monitoring with CCTV (Close Circuit Television)

INTERNAL THEFT IN INDUSTRY.

 WHAT IS THEFT
Theft means the taking of somebody else’s or a company’s Property without due
consent from such persons or authority of the company

TYPES OF THEFT
1. Fraud.
2. Burglary.
3. Pilferage.
4. Organized crime.

WHY SOME EMPLOYEES STEAL.

1. Resentment to real or imagined injustice
2. To augment income
3. In an emergency situation
4. Absence or inadequate theft control measures
5. For excitement
6. inborn (Heredity)
7. Hunger
8. Greediness
9. Dire need
10. Carelessness on the part of the owner.

SOME OF THE WAYS EMPLOYEE STEAL

1. Collusion with vendors or outside thieves
2. Fake invoicing for goods never delivered
3. False certification of overtime
4. By gaining access into the cash box
5. Furniture, stationeries and other concealable items
6. Impersonation .

SOME CONTROL MEASURES.

1. Knowledge of the triangle.
2. Counseling.
3. Effective Access control and other security measures.
4. Investigation of new employee’s past records.
5. Better remuneration for workers

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6. Immediate and efficient Investigation of loses.
7. Physical defenses-perimeter fences and lighting system.
8. Adequate security patrol.
9. Identification of vulnerable point.
10. Improved recruiting standard.

INDUSTRIAL FRAUD AND FRAUD PREVENTION.

Fraud is defined by the international standards of Auditing as “the
misrepresentation of financial information by one or more individuals among
management employees or other third parties” In other words, when a criminal
deceptive way is employed to obtain an illegal advantage over an organization
which usually must involve either falsification of receipts, invoices or the
alterations of figures by the perpetrators.

Fraud, like Theft is a crime that occurs frequently in organization, while it is near
impossible to give an accurate monetary figures of actual losses, it pertinent to
say that 80 percent of losses in any organization are caused by employees
dishonesty (Fraud and theft).

CLASSIFICATION OF FRAUD.
Fraud can be classified under the following:
i. Alteration of invoices
ii. Double payment for invoices
iii. Payment of ghost workers (false payrolls)
iv. Falsification of overtime
v. False declaration
vi. Actual Theft of cash and other assets.

1. Deficiency in the recruitment policy of the organization

2. Lack of adequate financial and audit control.
3. Inadequate staffing.
4. Poor security arrangement for documents.
5. Ineffective supervision and control.
6. Allowing a staff to be at a particular job for too long.
7. Poor salary and condition of service
8. Nepotism.
9. Inadequate Policy regarding dismissal
10. Disproportionate penalties for offenders

WHAT MOTIVATES FRAUD

Nearly all fraud perpetrators have four things in common which are:-
i Motive
ii. The opportunity
iii. An. ability to rationalize.
iv. An outside interest.

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INTERNAL FRAUD CONTROL MECHANISM.
1. Periodic rotation of staff.
2. Recruitment of adequate numbers of. staff and separation of functions.
3. Managers interest in employee’s life style.
4. Proper screening of employee before being employed.
5. Functional internal and external audit system.
6. All transactions should be recorded immediately upon payment.
7. Insurance approved safes should be installed in offices.
8. Deliveries should be checked against delivery notes
9. Access point must be checked and manned by security operatives
10. Security personnel should be effectively used

BOMB THREATS, KIDNAPPING AND LEHER BOMBS, PREVENTION AND

CONTROL MECHANISM.

This area is concerned with the two tactics employed by terrorists-bombing and
kidnapping.

PROBLEMS OF BOMB THREAT:

The problems with bomb threats are that there is no definite record to ascertain
its proper placing in items of statistics. According to the FBI ( Federal Bureau of
Investigation) account, about 2000 bombings Occur every year in the united
states of America alone; talk less of other regions of the world. Between 1192 and
1995, it was stated that the total numbers of bombing increased by about 5%
which the amount of damage alone increased by 180%. The financial worth of
these destructions is put at a billion annually.

BOMB TYPES AND CONSTRUCTION:

There are basically two types of bombs: (i)The explosive Devices and (ii) the
incendiary devices

The devices explode causing destruction by the release of heat energy and
fragment Bombs constructions vary from the simplest pipe bomb to the
sophisticated electronic device. Nearly all bombs require a “firing train) to start
the explosion the firing train consists of a detonator, a booster and the main
charge. When the detonator burns, it causes the booster to charge to charge and
then sets off the main charge to explode.

In constructing bombs, different explosive materials are needed; these includes,

Ammonium Nitrate, Gum powder, Black powder, Nitro cellulose and smokeless
powder, Trinitron to luene (T.NT), dynamite Nitroglycerin etc. these are
chemicals with low and high explosive effects. Incendiary devices are simply
devices put together to produce fire. A match thrown into a barrel fully of oily

32
rags could be considered as an incendiary device. Another common incendiary
device is the “Molotov cocktail” a bottle filled with kerosene or other
inflammable liquids and stopped with a cotton or piece of rag. The stopper is set
on fire when the bomb is thrown, the bottle breaks and its contents burst into
flame.

RETENTIVE MECHANISMS.
The best way to secure an organization from internal bomb threat is to prevent
bombers from entering the ground. There are four basic aspects of preventive
security
1. Perimeter security: This prevents unauthorized access into the premises.
• Perimeter fences
• Entry control
• Deliveries

2. Internal Security: Through internal security does not eliminate the

potential for planting bombs, it does help to reduce the probability of a
successful bombing or kidnapping through.
• Openings
• Concealment
• High Risk Areas.

3. Personal Security:
• Background Investigation
All personnel having access to high risk area should be subjected to
thorough background investigation because highly organized terrorist
groups may want to place someone inside the organization to plant a
bomb. Protect High Risk Areas by allowing only limited number of
personnel to enter their these personnel should be identified by I.D card,
magnetically coded card and special door locks.
 Training:
The organization should establish procedures for fire and security
personnel to follow in case of a bomb threat. Switch boards and phone
operators should receive special training on how to respond to a
telephoned bomb threat.
Cooperative Efforts

33
 When a bomb threat is received, it is necessary for all employees to
cooperate fully and follow all procedures, directing traffic out of the
building and maintains calm, otherwise mayhem and confusion may ensue.
4. Electronic Screening Devices:
• CCTV; Intrusion alarm, metal Scanner.
SECURITY RESPONSE.
When a bomb threat is received, management should be alerted of the situation
as soon as possible to avoid delay. The appropriate response must be dictated
promptly and chain of command understood according to predetermined
procedures.

The following basic response may be used

1. Full Evaluation
• Should be ordered,
• Personnel should be assembled in a safe distance from the building to
avoid injuries
• Supervisory personnel should disconnect electrical apparatus in their
areas and building
• Do not use elevator during evacuation.
2. Police Search
• Police special bombs disposal squads should be called in
• Their expertise and sophisticated equipment’s will enable them to search
an identify and potentially dangerous objects.
3. Personnel Work- Area Search
• Personnel should be ordered to wait at designated area until the bomb
investigation is completed
• Employees can detect faster any strange object.
• Reception rooms, lavatories, locker rooms, flower rooms, flower vast, halls
and corridors should be searched properly.

34
RULES FOR CONDUCTING A SEARCH
• Searching is cumbersome and requires great concentration thus search
parties should be relieved at short intervals.
• Maintain an accurate record of the area to be searched. Areas which have
been searched and cleared should be clearly designated and areas found to
be hazardous should also be clearly designated.
• Consider no area to be safe
• Anything out of the ordinary must be considered suspicious.
• Do not touch any strange devices.

LETTERS OF PARCEL BOMBS.

The risk from letter or parcel bombs is different from planted bombs in the sense
that letter bombs carry concealable explosive devices in small packages meant to
kill, an individual or to injure or harass the employees, thereby dampening their
morale.

WHAT TO LOOK FOR IN LETTERBOMBS:

Most letter bombs exposes what is in their content thus employee’s should be
trained on how to recognize some of these clues;
• It is always heavier than one side than the other
• It has wires protruding from it sometimes
• Leaves a greasy, dark stain on the envelop, which is a regular feature on
some explosive on paper
• Smells strange and odd
• It is delivered infrequently
• It is suspiciously packaged (heavily taped)
• Comes from unfamiliar source
• Some are addressed in rough and unusual hand writing and while some
are neatly addressed:

35
KIDNPPING AND HOSTAGE TAKING:
Kidnapping is the most sensitive problem ever encountered by security agents.
The ransom demands that usually followed is alarming. Ransom demand for the
release of hostage often pose a serious dilemma in the sense that if the demands
are met, it becomes an avenue for further kidnapping to take place, and if not
met, harm will come to the hostages.
The problem becomes endemic and persistent because organizations lack
adequate contingency plans to arrest it, when it happens.

Security measures such as perimeter fences, internal security and personnel

security helps to reduce the threat of kidnapping and hostage taking, thus
security officials should have a predetermined set of plans to deal with kidnap
situation. Besides, all persons in vulnerable positions of being kidnapped should
know what to do and what not to do in such situation because their manners and
attitude determine the treatment they may receive from the kidnappers, their
lives may also depend on their ability to conduct themselves properly.
At this point it is best to remain calm and do exactly what the kidnappers say you
should do. Observe the surrounding where you are held and leave enough finger
prints where ever you can. You my talk to the kidnappers to let off your tension
and in that process, do not remind them that you can identify them , this can
amount to death.

SECURITY RESPONSE.
When an organization is notified of kidnap, the organization needs to establish
two basic things; first, that the kidnappers have taken hostage their victims and
that the victims are alive. Thus the person who received the phone call should;
i. Verify the name(s) of the kidnapped victims, where they were seized and
taken to.

36
ii. Record the conversation, if the phone is equipped with tape recorder.
iii. The person receiving the phone, should ask to speak to the victim to
ascertain the identity and verify if the person is alive or not.
iv. Keep the kidnappers on the phone as long as possible either to trace the
call or to get valuable information from the kidnappers
v. Record the kidnappers demands
vi. Do not provoke the kidnappers with your utterances
vii. During the conversation, you should be able to know about them, does he/
she has accent is he a male or female, what is his mental state-harsh or
calm?, is he young or old etc.

INDUSTRIAL ESPIONAGE.
Industrial Espionage is the practice whereby company loses valuable information
to competitors and other unauthorized persons, who may likely use such
information either against the company or against the targeted companies. Every
organization or industry is a potential target for industrial espionage, because at
any given time or moment an organization is consciously or unconsciously
spying on other organization, thus to the security personnel, the nature of risk
which industrial espionage poses calls for more dedication and alertness.

TARGETED INFORMATION.
Most times it is difficult to know what information spies are interested in, but
under listed are some information that may be of relevance.
1. Secret formula for designs and technology
2. List of customers and suppliers
3. Sales and service promotion plan
4. Research and development plans/projects
5. Policy decision on future activities
6. Industrial Relations negotiation
7. Employee’s confidential reports

37
8. Other classified information

It should noted that the risk of espionage is posed both internally and externally,
the internal espionage is posed by the company employee’s and external by
agents who are working for certain organizations.

FORMS OF ESPIONAGE ATTACK.

There can be so many ways of spying as there are many spies. The commonest
methods include the following;
1. Catching on the carelessness, boastfulness and negligence of the
employee’s of a targeted company.
2. Planting an agent in the targeted company
3. Corrupting employee’s of the targeted company or forming an emotional
attachment
4. Electronically bugging telephones and offices.
5. Entering the premises of the targeted company to gather information
either as a visitor, contractor, utility officials or even as an intruder.
6. Using temporary or casual workers
7. Holding a detailed interview for knowledgeable employee’s for an advertised
financially attractive but non existing job

PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES.
Like any other form of theft, industrial espionage cannot be eradicated totally,
but these are some basic measures to counter industrial espionage.
1. Through the survey of all possibilities
2. Do not put doubtful or highly vulnerable staff in sensitive position

38
3. Security training/workshop on the significance of sensitive information
and its damaging effects due to its leakage
4. Establishing clearly defined procedures for handling classified documents
5. Investigation of any suspicious information leakage
6. Destroying all unwanted documents properly
7. Only honest and trusted security personnel should oversee the document
production centre
8. Change the keys and lockers of vulnerable information centre periodically

SABOTAGE IN INDUSTRIES.
Sabotage can be defined as the physical destruction of government, or industrial
properties or installations. This act which falls short of normal military operation
is aimed at achieving subversive political objectives. It can also be used to assist a
foreign power to further a political aim or interest.

TYPES OF SABOTAGE.
There are three types of sabotage, namely.
1. Psychological Sabotage: This involves the prevention or discouragement of
a person or persons from getting on an importable target therefore, his
inability to get there, sabotage his plan to success.
2. Physical Sabotage: Physical sabotage comes in form of bomb blast, fire,
theft, vandalization or assassination. When a building is set ablaze
willfully, explodes, the process of achieving what the sabotage is meant for,
3. Mechanical Sabotage: This type of sabotage is common in industries,
defense corporation, manufacturing industries. It involves willful damage
of machinery other than explosives or fire.

SECURITY AT HOME.
• Cut down overgrown weeds or shrubs around your home it may give cover
to intruders

39
• Treat callers with caution whether known or unknown.
• Ensure your house has simple iron grills on the exit doors and on all
windows.
• Ensure that exits are accessible in case of emergencies. Occasionally do a
drill to ensure workability.
• Check doors and windows every night to ensure they are locked before
going to bed.
• In the unlikely event of successful break-ins, avoid eye to eye contacts with
the intruders “just cooperate with them:
• It is advisable to have a means of communication with the security
department or the Nigeria Police Force
• Instruct children never to admit strangers into the house, teach them how
to detect persons that may be following them.
• Warn household not to accept lifts from strangers -

SECURITY OF YOUR CAR.

• You can turn criminals to passers —by by fortifying your targets
• Ensure the door of your car is locked wherever it is packed
• Use demobilisers or intruder alarm systems to further protect your car.
• The simplest demobiliser is to remove some something from your engine
compartment whenever you park your car in a public place
• Do not leave valuable in the car especially the car seat. Valuable should be
locked in the car boot.
• Ensure your gate is locked before retiring to bed each day.

TRAVEL SECURITY
• Restrict information on your travel to trusted relations and family
members
• Do not travel at night

40
•. Tell somebody at home or in the office whom you are going with, whom
you are going to see and the expected date of return
• Do not travel by road with large sums of money!
But if you must then avoid exposing them in the luggage or in the boot.
• If you are alone avoid stopping along the highway to purchase food items,
you may be easy target for car snatchers
• Know the condition of the road and route
• Avoid giving lift to strange faces including uniformed security personnel
except you know them.
• Be weary of accident scenes along the high way, they may be booby trap by
robbers .
• Ensure that your vehicle is ready for the journey. (Spare tire, Jack and
other necessary tools.
• Cooperate with bona-fide security agents at checkpoints.
• In the event that security operatives are not fully present at well known
checkpoints and the otherwise busy road appear unusually quiet you
should be suspicious! Robbery may be taking place ahead.
• If confronted by robbers, cooperate fully, thereafter report to the nearest
police station. Always indicate your intention to unfasten your seat belt if
confronted by armed car snatchers. They think you are trying to pull a
weapon.

INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

1. HSE policy should have the following feature except

A. It should be audited and reviewed periodic calling
B. It should spell out all likely risks
C. It should cover commitment for continual improvement
D. It should be known only to management and supervisor

2. A condition with the potential to cause personal injury, death or property damage is known as
A. Incident
B. Fatality

41
 C. Hazard
D. Risk

3. The – 4Rs of waste minimization are

A. Reduce, Re-use, Re-cycle and Restore
B. Reduce, Re-use Re-cycle and Recover
C. Reduce, Re-inject, Re-cycle and Recover
D. Reduce, Re-use, Re-inject and Recover

4. Due diligence is commonly referred to as

A. Blame someone else clause
B. Point the finger clause
C. General duty clause
D. Safe work clause

5. Exposure to high levels of noise can result in other physical symptoms, including
A. Increases in blood pressure and heart rate
B. Changes to hormone and blood cholesterol levels
C. Exhaustion
D. All of the above

6. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is

A. a fear of driving through tunnels
B. a repetitive movement injuring the wrist
C. a fear of eating carp
D. an eye infection contracted in freshwater lakes

7. The best way to prevent slips is to

A. Wear suitable footwear
B. Keep walking surfaces clean
C. Pay attention to what you are doing
D. A and B

8. A confine space is designed for human occupancy.

True or False?

9. When indoor air quality is poor, workers can experience a number of health problems. Which of
the following is not related to poor indoor air quality?
A. Bad breath
B. Headache and dizzinee
C. Sinus congestion and coughing
D. Allergic reactions

10. What are the most important things worker can do to prevent falls?
A. Pay attention to their surroundings
B. Remove obstacles from the ground
C. Clean up water, grease and other liquids immediately
D. All of the above
11. Which of the following are considered potential hazards in a confined space?
A. An oxygen level of 18%
B. Wearing an air supplying respirators
C. Walls that slope inward
D. Both A and C

12. The hierarchy to use for control measurement in order is engineering controls, administrative
controls and personal protective equipment.
True or False?

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13. The temperature at which a combustible material ignites is known as
A. Flash point
B. Ignition temperature
C. Chain reaction temperature
D. Sparking temperature

14. Which of the following petroleum products has a lowest flash point?
A. Petrol
B. Motor Oil
C. Diesel
D. Kerosene

15. Which of the following is not a type of fire fighting system?

A. Hose reels
B. Hydrant system
C. Sprinkling system
D. Piping system

16. Proper fire prevention measures can be done by the following except
A. Maintaining good housekeeping
B. Conducting fire drills
C. Earthing of equipment
D. Using open flames in restricted areas

17. Water extinguishers are not used in fires involving electrical equipment.
True or False?

18. An accident which results in death of people with serious damage to properly is called
A. Major accident
B. Serious accident
C. Minor Accident
D. Major incident

19. The number of lost time injuries recorded in every one million man hours worked is called
A. Total reportable case frequency
B. Potentially serious injury frequency
C. Total reportable injury frequency
D. Lost time injury frequency

20. A work related injury which renders the injured person temporarily unable to perform any regular
job on any day after the injury occurred is known as
A. Restricted workday case
B. Lost Workday case
C. Medical treatment case
D. Lost time workday

21. The following measures are used in accident analysis except

A. Safety analysis rate
B. Incident rate
C. Frequency rate
D. Severity rate

22. Any of these factors can set the stage for an accident except
A. Lack of knowledge
B. Ignoring proper procedures
C. Practicing good housekeeping
D. Distorted thinking

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23. STEL stands for
A. Safety Threshold Exposure Limit
B. Short Term Environment Limit
C. Short Term Exposure Limit
D. Short Term Energy Limit

24. Safety is a line function as well as matrix function.

True or False?

25. Which of the following respiratory protective equipment is suitable for used in atmosphere
deficient in oxygen?
A. Mechanical filter respirator
B. Self contained breathing apparatus
C. Chemical cartridge respirator
D. Canister gas masks

26. Which of the following is not a safety precaution in the use of electricity?
A. Live electrical parts should be energized
B. Isolating live electrical parts
C. Locked out and tagged live electrical parts
D. Checking for de-energization of live electrical parts

27. An electric shock that may produce direct physiological harm is called
A. Primary shock
B. Secondary shock
C. Tertiary shock
D. Major shock

28. Which of these is a precautionary measure in the use of portable ladder?

A. Metal ladder should be used in proximity of live electric wires
B. The ladder should be placed on slanting and slippery surfaces
C. The ladder should be long enough to extend at least 3ft above the step off level
D. Straight ladders can be used in place of step ladders.

29. The maximum concentration of a toxic material which a worker can tolerate or withstand for 8
hours a day is known as
A. Ceiling value
B. Short Term Exposure Limit
C. Threshold Limit Value
D. Maximum Allowable concentration

30. Equipment for handling materials include the following except

A. Lathe equipment
B. Conveyors
C. Overhead cranes
D. Hoisting apparatus

31. People working at heights is an example of

A. Biological hazard
B. Ergonomically hazard
C. Physical hazard
D. Chemical hazard

32. There are gloves that can protect you from all these hazards except
A. Electrical
B. Temperature
C. Crushing
D. Abrasions

44
33. Which of these is not an example of confined spaces?
A. Alleys
B. Manholes
C. Sewers
D. Tanks

34. Which of the following are examples of safety hazards in permit required confined spaces?
A. Falls
B. Machinery that has not been locked out and tagged out
C. Engulfing materials such as sawdust
D. All of the above

35. In the preparation of a permit confined space you must

A. Blind or disconnect and cap all input lines
B. Verify breathing safety by air testing
C. All of the above
D. None of the above

36. Which of the following affects the behaviour of workers in the workplace?
A. Job
B. Environment
C. Organisation
D. All of the above

37. Heat from the fire travels through a burning building by the following except
A. Conduction
B. Convection
C. Convention
D. Radiation

38. All doors affording a means of exit from a factory should open inwards.
True or False?

39. The immediate care given to a victim of accident, sudden illness or other medical emergencies is
called
A. Industrial aid
B. Health care
C. First aid
D. Accident treatment

40. A condition that occurs when blood pressure falls to the point where the brain does not receive
enough oxygen is known as
A. Fainting
B. Shock
C. Stroke
D. Concussion

41. Aside from legal responsibility what are the main advantages of having a first aid plan?
A. A person suffering from an illness or injury gets first aid immediately
B. In some situation, a quick response first aid procedure could mean the difference
between life and death
C. The severity of the injury or illness may be reduced
D. All of the above

42. Only the employer and the designated first aiders need to know the details of the first aid plan.
True or False?

45
43. What is the most common type of eye injury on the job?
A. Blows to the eye
B. Scratches
C. Chemical irritation
D. Light sensitivity

44. Welders eye refers to eyes that have been

A. Exposed to heat
B. Exposed to dust
C. Exposed to ultra violet radiation
D. Irritated by chemical burns

45. How can workers be a source of hazards?

A. They may be more focused on speed rather than safety
B. They may not be properly trained
C. They may be distracted by talking with others
D. All of the above

46. Safety glasses with side shields must be worn under full face shield
True or False?

47. Which of these is not a type of hearing protector?

A. Ear plugs
B. Moulded ear caps
C. Ear muffs
D. Ear masks

48. Simultaneous operation is defined as

A. Unloading supplies during well testing
B. Production calibration during drilling and completion
C. Production operations during family day
D. Performing two or more covered operations concurrently

49. Which of the following rules apply to electrical safety?

A. Avoid using extension cords whenever possible
B. Pull on the cords to remove it from the outfil
C. Adapters should be used
D. It is acceptable to rest equipment on power cords

50. When should you check electrical equipment that you use in workplace?
A. The first time you use it
B. Regularly before you use it
C. Annually
D. Only if it smells like smoke

SECTION 3

1D 26 A

2C 27 A

3B 28 C

4C 29 C

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5D 30 A

6B 31 C

7D 32 B

8 False 33 A

9A 34 D

10 D 35 C

11 C 36 D

12 True 37 C

13 B 38 False

14 A 39 C

15 D 40 C

16 D 41 D

17 True 42 False

18 A 43 B

19 D 44 C

20 B 45 D

21 A 46 True

22 C 47 D

23 C 48 D

24 True 49 A

25 B 50 B

47