The Survey on Evolution of Wireless Network Generations

INTRODUCTION
In recent years, mobile wireless communication systems have undergone
significant changes. Mobile Wireless Generation (G) suggests adjusting to the
concepts of framework, speed, technology, frequency, data capacity, delay,
etc. Each generation has certain standards, different abilities, new techniques
and new features that make them different from the past. Wireless
communication is the transfer of information over long distances without the
use of wires that is wireless. Over the past few decades, mobile wireless
technology has evolution from 0G to 4G. Advance implementation of 5G
technology built on the development of the World Wide Web (www). Each
generation has some standards, capabilities, techniques and new features that
make them different from previous generations.[1]
The first generation mobile systems were the analogue (or semi-analogue)
systems, which came in the early 1980s - they were also called NMT (Nordic
Mobile Telephone). They offered mainly speech and related services and were
highly incompatible with each other. 1G refers to analog cellular technologies;
it became available in the 1980s. 2G denotes initial digital systems,
introducing services such as short messaging and lower speed data.
CDMA2000 1xRTT and GSM are the primary 2G technologies, although
CDMA2000 1xRTT is sometimes called a 3G technology because it meets the
144 kbps mobile throughput requirement. EDGE, however, also meets this
requirement. 2G technologies became available in the 1990s. 3G requirements
were specified by the ITU as part of the International Mobile Telephone 2000
(IMT- 2000) project, for which digital networks had to provide 144 kbps of
throughput at mobile speeds, 384 kbps at pedestrian speeds, and 2 Mbps in
indoor environments. UMTS-HSPA and CDMA2000 EV-DO are the primary
3G technologies, although recently WiMAX was also designated as an official
3G technology [2].
ZERO GENERATION (0G – 0.5G)
At 1940’s, Pre-cell phone mobile telephony technology was introduced. It is
the first radio telephone service such as radio telephones. It was devised in
cars to the public land-line supported telephone network which was used by
users. Voice Communication is only possible. These mobile telephones were
usually built up in cars or trucks. Military Communication was used by mobile
radio telephones. In this radio telephony single large transmitter is placed on
peak of a tall building and the single channel used for transferring and getting
the data. Enabled transmission and disabled reception user pushed a button to
talk from one end to other end. This is known as push to talk in 1950.
Technology was used by CB-radio, taxis, police cars. Bell Systems launched
a system in 1960 called, Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS). A few
improvements like direct dialing and more bandwidth can be fetched. In the
late 60s and early 70s the very first analog systems were based upon IMTS
were formed. It was used 23 channels from 150 MHz to 450 MHz [3].
Technologies used in 0G systems included PTT (Push to Talk), MTS (Mobile
Telephone System), IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone Service), AMTS
(Advanced Mobile Telephone System), OLT (Norwegian for Offentlig
Landmobil Telefoni, Public Land Mobile Telephony) and MTD (Swedish
abbreviation for Mobile telephony system D).
• PTT also known as “Press to transmit”, a method of conversing on half
duplex communication lines including two-way radio without needing an
existing connection. PTT can be complemented with fixed PC applications
acting as PTT clients connected to mobile operator via secured internet links
• MTS system was operator assisted in both directions that is if one was called
from public switch telephone network(PSTN). In the case of outbound call
one had to go through the mobile operator who would ask for ones mobile
number and the number being called and then place the respective calls. IMTS
units produced a dial tone when the receiver was lifted from the cradle and
this way seemed more like a landline telephone than a cellular handset. IMTS
covered an area of 40-60 miles in diameter had 11-12-13 radio channel in
larger cities while rural stations had as few as one or two channels.
• AMTS operates on 900 MHz band and it overcome all the difficulties
occurred from IMTS.
• OLT was first land mobile telephone network in Noriega. It operates on 160
MHz VHF band using frequency modulation on 160 -162 MHz for the mobile
unit and 168-170MHz for base stations.
• MTD featured fixed wireless service with high speed internet connection
without need of telephone line. It offers “always on” internet access. 0.5G is
a group of technologies with improved feature than the basic 0G
technologies[3].
1ST GENERATION TECHNOLOGY OR 1G
1G (or 1-G) is the first-generation wireless telephone technology, cellphones.
These are the analog cellphone standards that were introduced in the 1980s.
A voice call gets modulated to a higher frequency of about 150MHz and is
transmitted between radio towers with the help of 1G The1G first generation
mobile wireless communication system was analog frequency modulation
system, which was based on three technologies known as NMT (Nordisk
Mobile Telephony), AMPS (Advance Mobile Phone Service) and CDPD
(Cellular Digital Packet Data).
• NMT is the first full automatic cellular phone system. It came in service in
1981 as a response to the increasing congestion and heavy requirements of the
manual mobile phone network. The two variants of NMT existsNMT-450 and
NMT-900.The numbers indicates the frequency band use respectively.NMT-
900 had more channels than NMT-450.The cell size ranges from 2-30KM.
NMT phones used full duplex transmission allowing for simultaneous
receiving and transmission of voice. IT had automatic switching and hand
over of the call built from the beginning. The main problem here is that the
voice was not fully encrypted.
• AMPS was an analog mobile phone system standard develops by Bell Labs,
introduced in the America in1983.It was a first generation cellular technology
that uses separate channels for each conversation. It was different from older
systems by “back-end” call setup functionality which allowed a larger
numbers of phones to be supported over a geographical area. In 1983, a total
of 40MHz of spectrum in the 800 MHz band was allocated by FCC for AMPS.
In 1989, extra 10 MHz has been allocated to AMPS due to increase of cellular
system capacity. For AMPS, an uplink frequency is 824-849MHz and
downlink frequency is 869-894MHz.Each AMPS frequency is 30 KHz wide.
• CDPD is the specification for supporting wireless access to the internet and
other public packet switched network. The raw signaling rate is 19.2 kbps,
and with Reed Solomon coding the effective data arte is 14.4 kbps full duplex
before control overhead. It employs a technique called RF sniffing to detect
an AMPS call is trying to access a frequency channel. CDPD supports
connectionless 3 protocols in that sense acts simply as a wireless extension to
the internet. CDPD operates with A-interface, E-interface and I-interface
service. Hand-off in CDPD occurs when an M-ES moves from one cell to
another. CDPD authentication is performed by the mobile network
registration protocol management entity(MME). The unique feature of 1G is
the use of cellular technology that is building of hexagonal cells. But 1G has
some downfalls regarding overall connection quality. It has low capacity
unreliable handoff, poor voice links, and no security since voice calls were
played back in radio towers, making these calls susceptible to unwanted
dropping or interference by third party. Different 1G standards were used in
various countries. AMPS 1G standard was used in the United States. NMT
was used in Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and
Sweden), as well as in its neighboring countries Switzerland and Netherlands,
Eastern Europe, and Russia. Italy used a telecommunications system called
RTMI. In the United Kingdom, Total Access Communication System
(TACS)was used. France used Radio com 2000. In West Germany, Portugal,
and South Africa, a telecommunications system known as C-450 was used. In
comparison to 1G's analog signals, 2G's digital signals are very reliant on
location and proximity[3].
2ND GENERATION TECHNOLOGY OR 2G
Second-generation (2G) mobile systems were first introduced in the end of
1980s. This system was commercially launched in Finland in 1991. This
system is still mostly used in different parts of the world. This generation is
for data and voice services. Low bit rate data services were supported as well
as the traditional speech service. Compared to first-generation systems,
second-generation (2G) systems use completely digital multiple access
technology, TDMA (time division multiple access) and CDMA (code division
multiple access). The use of digital signals between the handsets and the tower
increase the system capacity in two ways:
a. Digital voice data can be compressed and multiplexed very effectively thus
allowing more calls to be packed into the same amount of radio bandwidth.
b. The digital systems were designed to emit less radio power from the
handsets. Thus making the cells smaller and adjusting greater number of cells
in the same amount of space.
The 2G technology based on two standards – CDMA and TDMA on the basis
of multiplexing. In practice, the TDMA and CDMA schemes are combined
with FDMA. Thus the term “TDMA” is used to describe systems that first
divide the channel into frequency slots and then divide each frequency slot
into multiple time slots. Similarly, CDMA is actually a hybrid of CDMA and
FDMA where the channel is first divided into frequency slots[4]. Each slot is
shared by multiple users who each use a different code. 2G cellular telecom
networks were commercially launched on the GSM or in other words global
system for mobile communication standard in Finland in 1991. The purpose
of GSM was twofold: to upgrade transmission technology and to provide a
single, unified standard in Europe. The features of the GSM standard make
international roaming very common between mobile phone operators,
enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world. GSM has
enabled the users to make use of the short message services(SMS) to any
mobile network at any time. SMS is a cheap and easy way to send a message
to anyone, other than the voice call. Another use of this technology is the
availability of international emergency numbers, which can be used by
international users anytime without having to know the local emergency
numbers. PDC or personal digital cellular technology was developed in Japan,
and is exclusively used in JAPAN as well. PDC uses 25 KHz frequency.
DoCoMo launched its first digital service of PDC in 1993.integrateddigital
enhanced network (iDEN) was developed by MOTOROLA, as a major
mobile technology. It enabled the mobile users to make use of complex
trunked radio and mobile phones. iDEN has a frequency of about25Khz.iDEN
allows three or six user per mobile channel. iS-136 is a second generation
cellular phone system. It is also known as digital AMPS. The use of 2G
technology requires strong digital signals to help mobile phones work. If there
is no network coverage in any specific area, digital signals would be weak.
2.5G is a group of bridging technologies between 2G and 3G wireless
communication. It is a digital communication allowing e-mail and simple
Web browsing, in addition to voice. During development over more than
20years, GSM technology has been continuously improved to offer better
services in the market. New technologies have been developed based on the
original GSM system, leading to some more advanced systems known as 2.5
Generation(2.5G) systems.2.5G – GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-
2.5G, which stands for "second and a half generation," is a cellular wireless
technology developed in between its predecessor,2G, and its successor, 3G.
The move into the 2.5G world began with General Packet Radio Service
(GPRS). GPRS is a radio technology for GSM networks that adds packet
switching protocols, shorter setup time for ISP connections, and the
possibility to charge by the amount of data sent, rather than connection time.
Packet switching is a technique whereby the information (voice or data) to be
sent is broken up into packets, of at most a few Kbytes each, which are then
routed by the network between different destinations based on addressing data
within each packet. GPRS supports flexible data transmission rates as well as
continuous connection to the network. GPRS is the most significant step
towards 3G. CDMA-2000 is a hybrid of2.5G/3G protocol of mobile
telecommunication standard that uses CDMA. It is considered as 2.5G
protocol in IxRTT and 3G protocol in EVDO. 2.5G networks may support
services such as WAP, MMS, SMS mobile games, and search and
directory.2.75 – EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution or Enhanced
GPRS): It is a digital mobile phone technology which acts as a bolt-on
enhancement to 2G and2.5G General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) networks.
EDGE technology was invented and introduced by Cingular, which is now
known as AT& T. EDGE is radio technology and is a part of third generation
technologies. EDGE technology is an extended version of GSM. It allows the
clear and fast transmission of data and information. It is also termed as IMT-
SC or single carrier. EDGE technology is preferred over GSM due to its
flexibility to carry packet switch data and circuit switch data. The use of
EDGE technology has augmented the use of black berry, N97 and N95 mobile
phones. The biggest advantage of using EDGE technology is one does not
need to install any additional hardware and software in order to make use of
EDGE Technology. There are no additional charges for exploiting this
technology[3].
3G MOBILE COMMUNICATION
3G is currently the world’s best connection method when it comes to mobile
phones, and especially for mobile Internet.3G stands for 3rd generation as it
just that in terms of the evolutionary path of the mobile phone industry.
3Gtelecommunications, is a generation of standards for mobile phones and
mobile telecommunication services fulfilling the International Mobile
Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specified by the International
Telecommunication Union.] Application services include wide-area wireless
voice telephone, mobile Internet access, video calls and mobile TV, all in a
mobile environment. To meet the IMT-2000 standards, a system is required
to provide peak data rates of at least 200kbit/s. Recent 3G releases, often
denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several
Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers. The
following standards are typically branded 3G. the UMTS system, first offered
in 2001, standardized by 3GPP, used primarily in Europe, Japan, China
(however with a different radio interface) and other regions predominated by
GSM 2Gsystem infrastructure. The cell phones are typically UMTS and GSM
hybrids. Several radio interfaces are offered, sharing the same infrastructure.
The original and most widespread radio interface is called W-CDMA. The
TD-SCDMA radio interface, was commercialized in 2009 and is only offered
in China. The latest UMTS release, HSPA+, can provide peak data rates up to
56 Mbit/s in the downlink in theory (28 Mbit/sin existing services) and 22
Mbit/s in the uplink.
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), standardized by the
3GPP, is the 3G mobile communication technology successor to GSM and
GPRS. UMTS combines the W-CDMA, TD-CDMA, or TD-SCDMA air
interfaces, GSM’s Mobile Application Part (MAP) core, and the GSM family
of speech codec’s. W-CDMA is the most popular cellular mobile telephone
variant of UMTS in use. UMTS, using W-CDMA, supports up to 14.0 Mbit/s
data transfer rates in theory with High Speed Downlink Packet
Access(HSDPA), although the performance in deployed networks could be
much lower for both uplink and downlink connections. A major difference of
UMTS compared to GSM is the air interface forming Generic Radio Access
Network (GeRAN). It can be connected to various backbone networks like the
Internet, ISDN, and GSM or to a UMTS network. GERAN includes the three
lowest layers of OSI model. The network layer (OSI 3) protocols form the
Radio Resource Management protocol (RRM). They manage the bearer
channels between the mobile terminals and the fixed network including the
handovers.
The UMTS standard is an extension of existing networks based on the GSM
and GPRS technologies. In UMTS release1, a new radio access network
UMTS terrestrial radio access network (UTRAN) is introduced. UTRAN, the
UMTS radio access network (RAN), is connected via the IU to the GSMP has
2+ core network (CN). The IU is the UTRAN interface between the radio
network controller (RNC) and CN; the UTRAN interface between RNC and
the packet-switched domain of the CN (IU–PS) is used for PS data and the
UTRAN interface between RNC and the circuit-switched domain of the CN
(IU–CS) is used for CS data. The figure shows the architecture of 3G mobile
communication.
UTRAN is subdivided into individual radio network systems (RNSs), where
each RNS is controlled by an RNC. The RNC is connected to a set of Node B
elements, each of which can serve one or several cells. Two new network
elements, namely RNC and Node B, are introduced in UTRAN. The RNC
enables autonomous radio resource management (RRM) by UTRAN. It
performs the same functions as the GSM BSC, providing central control for
the RNS elements (RNC and Node Bs). Node B is the physical unit for radio
transmission/reception with cells. Node B connects with the UE via the W–
CDMA radio interface and with the RNC via the Iub asynchronous transfer
mode (ATM)–based interface.
Services provided by 3G mobile communication
Video calling is the first big thing that you will experience on 3G. Video calls
means allows to see and capture every moment of expression of someone with
whom the conversation is made. It supports real time image to other party
however, clarity and continuity depend on some factors like quality of Mobile
device, location of user, network condition etc. High Speed Internet is the next
big thing which revolutionized the browsing experience. No more breaks
buffering and unavoidable wait of desired screen. A speed which will help in
sharing thoughts/pictures/albums/videos in the way never experienced in 2G.
High speed internet means, even those transactions can be done which need
speed for processing of error free requests like banking services, online ticket
booking etc. Though actual speed varies on many factors like handset,
location, network capacity, number of simultaneous users in a cell etc. access
to online available video resources without buffering from You tube etc. and
other subscribed services which provide such videos. Live TV services.3G
speed gives a new experience of gaming through Mobile[5].
4G MOBILE COMMUNICATION.
Fourth (4G) generation mobile communication systems tend to mean different
things to different people. For some it is merely a higher-capacity. New radio
interface, while for others it is an interworking of cellular and wireless LAN
technologies that employs a variant of the Mobile IPv6 mobility management
protocol for inter-system handoff and IETF AAA technologies for seamless
roaming. There is no doubt that 4G systems will provide higher data rates. It
is widely accepted that the individual (wireless and/or wire line) access
networks will interface to core and/or backbone network elements over the IP
protocol, the lingua franca of networking technology. Regardless of their
particular technological blueprints these wireless access networks are
expected to have a dynamic address assignment mechanism that is capable of
associating a short-lived or long-lived IP address to the respective wireless
interface at the mobile terminal, a transparent IP forwarding service that is
accessible over the logical termination of the IP layer at the mobile terminal
and one or more gateways at the wireless access network infrastructure. The
IP forwarding service is set up by signaling procedure specific to the technical
architecture of each wireless access network.
A. Architecture of 4G mobile communication
There are three possible architectures of 4G, multimode device, overlay
network and common access protocol. Multimode devices architecture uses a
single physical terminal with multiple interfaces to access services on
different wireless networks. it may improve call completion and expand
effective coverage area. it also provides reliable wireless coverage in case of
network, link, or switch failure. the user, device or network can initiate
handoff between network the device itself incorporated most of additional
complexity without requiring wireless network notification or employing inter
working devices. Each network can deploy a database that keeps track of user
location, device capabilities, network condition and user preferences.
In overlay network, a user accesses an overlay network consisting of several
universal access point. These UAPs in turn select wireless network based on
availability of QOS specifications, and user defined choices. A UAP performs
protocol and frequency translation content adaptation and QOS negotiation
renegotiation on behalf of users. the overlay network, rather than the user or
device, performs handoffs as the user moves from one UAP to another. A
UAP stores user network and devices information capabilities and
preferences.
Common access protocol becomes viable if wireless network can support one
or two standard access protocols .one possible situation which will require
inter working between different network, uses wireless asynchronous transfer
mode .to implement wireless ATM every wireless network must allow
transmission of ATM cells with additional header or wireless ATM cells
requiring changes in the wireless network.
B. Services provided by 4G
Traffic generated by the different services will not only increase traffic loads
on the networks, but will also require different quality of service (QOS)
requirements (e.g. cell loss rate, delay, and jitter) for different streams (e.g.,
video, voice, data). Providing QOS guarantees in 4G networks is a nontrivial
issue where both QOS signaling across different networks and service
differentiation between mobile flows will have to be addressed. One of the
most difficult problems that are to be solved, when it comes to IP mobility, is
how to insure the constant QOS level during the handover. Depending on
whether the new access router is in the same or some other sub network, we
recognize the horizontal and vertical handover. However, the mobile terminal
cannot receive IP packets while the process of handover is finished. This time
is called the handover latency. Handover latency has a great influence on the
flow of multimedia applications in real time. Mobile IPv6 have been proposed
to reduce the handover latency and the number of lost packets. The field
―Traffic Class‖ and ―Flow Label‖ in IPv6 enables the routers to secure the
special QOS for specific packet series with marked priority. it provides Higher
bandwidths, Lower cost of networks and equipment, the use of license-exempt
spectrum, Higher capacity and QOS enhancement, Higher revenue, Access to
broadband multimedia services with lower cost and where mostly needed,
Inter-network roaming[5].
5G (FIFTH GENERATION MOBILE SYSTEM)
The initiation year of 5G is late 2010’s. The new mobile revolution is
happening in mobile market is 5G. It is wireless and does not have any
limitations. WWWW (Wireless World Wide Web) is highly supportable. The
Physical and Data Link layer indicates an Open Wireless Architecture
(OWA). Virtual multi-wireless network can be maintained. The Network
layer is classified into two layers that are the upper network layer is for mobile
terminal and lower network layer is for interface. In routing each one IP
addresses which would be different in each one of IP network worldwide.
Open Transport Protocol (OTP) overcomes a higher bit rate. Transport and
Session layer is supported by it.
 Technology under 5G
5G Technology has Millimeter-Wave technologies which is using frequencies
much higher in the frequency spectrum releases more spectrums and also
gives the chance of having much wide channel bandwidth probably 1 - 2 and
frequencies of beyond 50GHz are being used. A number of other high data
rate systems as well as in waveform, OFDM has been utilized very effectively
in 4G LTE. Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing, Universal Filtered
Multicarrier and Filter Bank Multicarrier were included in the configuration.
Schemes has a techniques include NOMA, PDMA, OFDMA, SCMA, MUSA
and IDMA. Techniques help to deployed as femtocells can operate
satisfactorily and also ensure that small cells in the macro-network. It also
consists of, Cognitive radio technology, Pervasive networks, Group
cooperative relay Wireless mesh networking and dynamic ad-hoc networking
and Smart antennas.
 Features Include in 5G
The real time performance has Fast response, Low Jitter, latency & delay. It
provides large broadcasting of data in Gbps and high quality coverage. The
Virtualized Infrastructure has Software defined network, scalable and low
cost system. It supports IoT & M2M and also enormous amount of connected
devices, Deep Indoor Coverage & Signaling efficiency. As per the connected
network and geographical position, it assigned the Mobile IP address. Higher
altitude Radio signal knowing weather and location while talking by use of
Parallel multiple services. A great feature is Remote diagnostics.
 Drawbacks in 5G
To develop an infrastructure is very expensive. There are some issues occur
in privacy and Security[6].
 Conclusion
The world of wireless telecommunications is rapidly evolving. The last few
years have witnessed a phenomenal growth in the wireless industry. Their
current development is the outcome of various generations. In this paper we
review the various generations of mobile wireless technology, their portals,
performance, advantages and disadvantages of one generation over other. The
first generation (1G) has fulfilled the basic mobile voice, while the second
generation (2G) has introduced capacity and coverage. This is followed by the
third generation (3G), which has quest for data at higher speeds to open the
gates for truly “mobile broadband” experience, which will be further realized
by the fourth generation (4G). The 5G mobile networks will focus on the
development of the user terminal where the terminals have to access to the
different wireless technologies at the same time. Satellite network will be used
from 6G mobile communication systems and onwards. In 6G the cost of
mobile call will be relatively high but in 7G this problem will be improved
and the cost of call will be reduced and lower level user will benefit from it.
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