UNIT 1

Generation of Mobile Technologies

Early services – 0G

MTS

In 1947 AT&T commercialized Mobile Telephone Service. From its start in St. Louis in
1946, AT&T then introduced Mobile Telephone Service to one hundred towns and
highway corridors by 1948. Mobile Telephone Service was a rarity with only 5,000
customers placing about 30,000 calls each week. Calls were set up manually by an
operator and the user had to depress a button on the handset to talk and release the button
to listen. The call subscriber equipment weighed about 80 pounds.

Subscriber growth and revenue generation were hampered by the constraints of the
technology. Because only three radio channels were available, only three customers in
any given city could make mobile telephone calls at one time. Mobile Telephone Service
was expensive, costing US$15 per month, plus $.30 to $.40 per local call, equivalent to
about $176 per month and $3.50 to $4.75 per call in 2012 dollars.

IMTS

AT&T introduced the first major improvement to mobile telephony in 1965, giving the
improved service the obvious name of Improved Mobile Telephone Service. IMTS
used additional radio channels, allowing more simultaneous calls in a given geographic
area, introduced customer dialing, eliminating manual call set by an operator, and
reduced the size and weight of the subscriber equipment.

Despite the capacity improvement offered by IMTS, demand outstripped capacity. In

agreement with state regulatory agencies, AT&T limited the service to just 40,000
customers system wide. In New York, NY, for example, 2,000 customers shared just 12
radio channels and typically had to wait 30 minutes to place a call.

Radio Common Carrier

A mobile radio telephone

Radio Common Carrier or RCC was a service introduced in the 1960s by independent
telephone companies to compete against AT&T's IMTS. RCC systems used paired UHF
454/459 MHz and VHF 152/158 MHz frequencies near those used by IMTS. RCC based
services were provided until the 1980s when cellular AMPS systems made RCC
equipment obsolete.

Some RCC systems were designed to allow customers of adjacent carriers to use their
facilities, but equipment used by RCCs did not allow the equivalent of modern "roaming"
because technical standards were not uniform. For example, the phone of an Omaha,
Nebraska–based RCC service would not be likely to work in Phoenix, Arizona. Roaming
was not encouraged, in part, because there was no centralized industry billing database
for RCCs. Signaling formats were not standardized. For example, some systems used
two-tone sequential paging to alert a mobile of an incoming call. Other systems used
DTMF. Some used Secode 2805, which transmitted an interrupted 2805 Hz tone (similar
to IMTS signaling) to alert mobiles of an offered call. Some radio equipment used with
RCC systems was half-duplex, push-to-talk LOMO equipment such as Motorola hand-
helds or RCA 700-series conventional two-way radios. Other vehicular equipment had
telephone handsets, rotary or pushbutton dials, and operated full duplex like a
conventional wired telephone. A few users had full-duplex briefcase telephones (radically
advanced for their day).

At the end of RCC's existence, industry associations were working on a technical

standard that would have allowed roaming, and some mobile users had multiple decoders
to enable operation with more than one of the common signaling formats (600/1500,
2805, and Reach). Manual operation was often a fallback for RCC roamers.

Analog cellular networks – 1G

The first analog cellular system widely deployed in North America was the Advanced
Mobile Phone System (AMPS). It was commercially introduced in the Americas in 1978,
Israel in 1986, and Australia in 1987.

AMPS was a pioneering technology that helped drive mass market usage of cellular
technology, but it had several serious issues by modern standards. It was unencrypted and
easily vulnerable to eavesdropping via a scanner; it was susceptible to cell phone
"cloning;" and it used a Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) scheme and
required significant amounts of wireless spectrum to support. Many of the iconic early
commercial cell phones such as the Motorola DynaTAC Analog AMPS were eventually
superseded by Digital AMPS (D-AMPS) in 1990, and AMPS service was shut down by
most North American carriers by 2008.
Digital Cellular networks-2G

2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second

generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM
standard in Finland by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991. Three primary benefits
of 2G networks over their predecessors were that phone conversations were digitally
encrypted; 2G systems were significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far
greater mobile phone penetration levels; and 2G introduced data services for mobile,
starting with SMS text messages.

After 2G was launched, the previous mobile telephone systems were retrospectively
dubbed 1G. While radio signals on 1G networks are analog, radio signals on 2G networks
are digital. Both systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to
the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system.

2G has been superseded by newer technologies such as 2.5G, 2.75G, 3G, and 4G;
however, 2G networks are still used in many parts of the world

2G technologies

2G technologies can be divided into Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)-based and
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)-based standards depending on the type of
multiplexing used. The main 2G standards are:

 GSM (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but used in almost all countries on
all six inhabited continents. Today accounts for over 80% of all subscribers
around the world. Over 60 GSM operators are also using CDMA2000 in the
450 MHz frequency band (CDMA450).
 IS-95 aka cdmaOne (CDMA-based, commonly referred as simply CDMA in the
US), used in the Americas and parts of Asia. Today accounts for about 17% of all
 subscribers globally. Over a dozen CDMA operators have migrated to GSM
including operators in Mexico, India, Australia and South Korea.
 PDC (TDMA-based), used exclusively in Japan
 iDEN (TDMA-based), proprietary network used by Nextel in the United States
and Telus Mobility in Canada
 IS-136 a.k.a. D-AMPS (TDMA-based, commonly referred as simply 'TDMA' in
the US), was once prevalent in the Americas but most have migrated to GSM.

2G services are frequently referred as Personal Communications Service, or PCS, in the

United States.

Capacities, advantages, and disadvantages

Capacity

Using digital signals between the handsets and the towers increases system capacity in
two key ways:

 Digital voice data can be compressed and multiplexed much more effectively than
analog voice encodings through the use of various codecs, allowing more calls to
be transmitted in same amount of radio bandwidth.
 The digital systems were designed to emit less radio power from the handsets.
This meant that cells had to be smaller, so more cells had to be placed in the same
amount of space. This was possible because cell towers and related equipment
had become less expensive.

Disadvantages

 In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal transmitted by a cellular phone
may not be sufficient to reach a cell tower. This tends to be a particular problem
on 2G systems deployed on higher frequencies, but is mostly not a problem on 2G
systems deployed on lower frequencies. National regulations differ greatly among
countries which dictate where 2G can be deployed.
  Analog has a smooth decay curve, but digital has a jagged steppy one. This can be
both an advantage and a disadvantage. Under good conditions, digital will sound
better. Under slightly worse conditions, analog will experience static, while
digital has occasional dropouts. As conditions worsen, though, digital will start to
completely fail, by dropping calls or being unintelligible, while analog slowly
gets worse, generally holding a call longer and allowing at least some of the audio
transmitted to be understood.

Advantage

 While digital calls tend to be free of static and background noise, the lossy
compression they use reduces their quality, meaning that the range of sound that
they convey is reduced. Talking on a digital cell phone, a caller hears less of the
tonality of someone's voice.

Evolution

2G networks were built mainly for voice services and slow data transmission (defined in
IMT-2000 specification documents), but are considered by the general public to be 2.5G
or 2.75G services because they are several times slower than present-day 3G service.

2.5G (GPRS)

2.5G ("second and a half generation") is used to describe 2G-systems that have
implemented a packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-switched domain. It
does not necessarily provide faster services because bundling of timeslots is used for
circuit-switched data services (HSCSD) as well. The first major step in the evolution of
GSM networks to 3G occurred with the introduction of General Packet Radio Service
(GPRS). CDMA2000 networks similarly evolved through the introduction of 1xRTT.
The combination of these capabilities came to be known as 2.5G. GPRS could provide
data rates from 56 kbit/s up to 115 kbit/s. It can be used for services such as Wireless
Application Protocol (WAP) access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and for
Internet communication services such as email and World Wide Web access. GPRS data
transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred, while data
communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time,
independent of whether the user actually is utilizing the capacity or is in an idle state.
1xRTT supports bi-directional (up and downlink) peak data rates up to 153.6 kbit/s,
delivering an average user data throughput of 80-100 kbit/s in commercial networks. It
can also be used for WAP, SMS & MMS services, as well as Internet access.

2.75G (EDGE)

GPRS1 networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding.
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT
Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that
allows improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE
was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003—initially by Cingular (now AT&T)
in the United States.

EDGE is standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family and it is an upgrade that
provides a potential three-fold increase in capacity of GSM/GPRS networks.

3G

3G, short for third Generation, is the 3rd generation of mobile telecommunications
technology. Also called Tri-Band 3G.

3G telecommunication networks support services that provide an information transfer

rate of at least 200 kbit/s. However, many services advertised as 3G provide higher speed
than the minimum technical requirements for a 3G service. Recent 3G releases, often
denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to
smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers.

3G finds application in wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless
Internet access, video calls and mobile TV.
Applications of 3G

The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications
not previously available to mobile phone users. Some of the applications are:

 Mobile TV
 Video on demand
 Video Conferencing
 Telemedicine
 Location-based services
 Global Positioning System (GPS)

4G

In telecommunications, 4G is the fourth generation of mobile phone mobile

communication technology standards. It is a successor of the third generation (3G)
standards. A 4G system provides mobile ultra-broadband Internet access, for example to
laptops with USB wireless modems, to smartphones, and to other mobile devices.
Conceivable applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming
services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D television and Cloud
Computing.

Two 4G candidate systems are commercially deployed: the Mobile WiMAX standard (at
first in South Korea in 2006), and the first-release Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard
(in Oslo, Norway since 2009). It has however been debated if these first-release versions
should be considered to be 4G or not, as discussed in the technical definition section
below.

In the U.S., Sprint Nextel has deployed Mobile WiMAX networks since 2008, and
MetroPCS was the first operator to offer LTE service in 2010. USB wireless modems
have been available since the start, while WiMAX smartphones have been available since
2010, and LTE smartphones since 2011. Equipment made for different continents are not
always compatible, because of different frequency bands. Mobile WiMAX are currently
(April 2012) not available for the European market

5G

5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems) is a term

used in some research papers and projects to denote the next major phase of mobile
telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. 5G does
not describe any particular specification in any official document published by any
telecommunication standardization body.

Although updated standards that define capabilities beyond those defined in the current
4G standards are under consideration, those new capabilities are still being grouped under
the current 4G standards.

Comparative study

Difference between 2G and 3G Technology

        Cost: The license fee to be paid for 3G network is much higher as compared to 2G
networks. The network construction and maintenance of 3G is much costlier than 2G
networks. Also from the customers point of view the expenditure for 3G network will be
excessively high if they make use of the various applications of 3G. 
 
      Data Transmission:  The main difference between 2G and 3G networks is seen by
the mobile users who download data and browse the Internet on the mobile phones. They
find much faster download speeds, faster access to the data and applications in 3G
networks as compared to 2G networks. 2G networks are less compatible with the
functions of smart phone. The speed of data transmission in 2G network is less than
50,000 bits per sec while in 3G it can be more than 4 million bits per sec.
 
       Function: The main function of 2G technology is the transmission of information
via voice signals while that of 3G technologies is data transfer via video conferencing,
MMS etc.
 
      Features: The features like mobile TV, video transfers and GPS systems are the
additional features of 3G technology that are not available with 2G technologies.
 
      Frequencies: 2G technology uses a broad range of frequencies in both upper and
lower bands, under which the transmission depends on conditions such as weather. A
drawback of 3G is that it is simply not available in certain regions.
 
     Implication: 3G technology offers a high level of security as compared to 2G
technology because 3G networks permit validation measures when
communicating with other devices. 
 
      Making Calls: Calls can be made easily on both 2G and 3G networks with
no real noticeable differences except that in 3G network video calls can also be
made. The transmission of text messages and photos is available in both the
networks but 2G networks have data limit and the speed of the data transmission
is also very slow as compared to 3G.
 
      Speed:  The downloading and uploading speeds available in 2G
technologies are up to 236 Kbps. While in 3G technology the downloading and
uploading speeds are up to 21 Mbps and 5.7 Mbps respectively.

3G vs 4G

3G and 4G are standards for mobile communication. Standards specify how the airwaves
must be used for transmitting information (voice and data). 3G (or 3rd Generation) was
launched in Japan in 2001. As recently as mid-2010, the networks for most wireless
carriers in the U.S. were 3G. 3G networks were a significant improvement over 2G
networks, offering higher speeds for data transfer. The improvement that 4G offers over
3G is often less pronounced. Analysts use the analogy of standard vs Hi-Def TV to
describe the difference between 3G and 4G.

Comparison Table

3G 4G
Practically speaking, 3 to 5 Mbps but
Data Throughput: Up to 3.1Mbps potential estimated at a range of 100 to 300
mbps.
Peak Upload Rate: 5 Mbps 500 Mbps
Peak Download
100 Mbps 1 Gbps
Rate:
Switching
packet switching packet switching, message switching
Technique:
Network
Wide Area Cell Based Integration of wireless LAN and Wide area.
Architecture:
Services And CDMA 2000, UMTS,
Wimax2 and LTE-Advance
Applications: EDGE etc
Forward error 3G uses Turbo codes Concatenated codes are used for error
correction (FEC): for error correction. corrections in 4G.
Frequency Band: 1.8 – 2.5GHz 2 – 8GHz

Mobile Operating Systems

A mobile operating system, also called a mobile OS, is an operating system that is
specifically designed to run on mobile devices such as mobile phones, smartphones,
PDAs, tablet computers and other handheld devices. The mobile operating system is the
software platform on top of which other programs, called application programs, can run
on mobile devices
Open Source Mobile OS

1.Android

Android is a Linux-based smartphone operating system and software platform created by

Google.

Android beta

The beta release of Android OS was released on 5 November 2007. The first SDK was
released a week later, on 12 November 2007.

Android 1.0

Android 1.0 was the first commercially available release of the OS. It was available on
the pioneering device - the T-Mobile G1 (released October 2008 in the US and the UK)
along with the Android source code.

Android 1.1

Android 1.1 was pushed out on 9 February 2009, coinciding with the announcement of
the HTC Dream, an internationally available twin of the T-Mobile G1.

Android 1.5 Cupcake

Android 1.5 Cupcake was released on 30 April 2009. It was the first major Android
overhaul and it also was the first Android release to be pet-named after a dessert - a
tradition that has been kept alive ever since. Every subsequent Android release was
named after a dessert, whose name started with the next letter of the alphabet.

Version 1.5 Cupcake introduced the software on-screen keyboard to Android and allowed
the production of touch devices sans QWERTY keyboards such as the HTC Magic
(announced February 2009). Equally importantly, it enabled Android smartphones to
shoot video.
Along with that, v. 1.5 Cupcake added support for third-party software keyboards, third-
party widgets, stereo Bluetooth, copy and paste in the web browser, screen auto-rotation,
and an option to upload media to YouTube and Picasa.

Android 1.6 Donut

Android 1.6 Donut was released on 15 September 2009. It added text-to-speech, updated
Android Market now offered app screenshots, and it introduced support for WVGA
screens. The camera became faster, and the gallery, camera and camcorder got deeply
integrated with each other.

Android 2.x Eclair

Android 2.0 Eclair SDK was released on 26 October 2009. Android 2.0 introduced
multiple account sync, Microsoft Exchange email support, Bluetooth 2.1, the Quick
Contact feature, showing a pop-up for call, SMS and email, as soon as you tap on a
contact's avatar. The camera received new features such as flash support, digital zoom,
scene mode, white balance, color effect and macro focus. The web browser UI was
updated and some new features were added such as double-tap to zoom.

We saw the much overdue native support for multi-touch interaction with software. Live
wallpapers were first introduced with Eclair, as well. The UI was redesigned, there were
multiple performance improvements and we welcomed the support for more screen sizes
and resolutions.

Google Maps Navigation was also introduced alongside Android 2.0 Eclair, quickly
turning into a key selling point for Android smartphones in the supported countries.

Android 2.1 was a subsequent release, which was dubbed Eclair, too, as it wasn't a major
update in terms of functionality. This sort of minor upgrades between major releases
became commonplace in future versions.
Along with Android 2.1 Eclair Google introduced its first Nexus devices as well.
Manufactured by HTC, but sold directly by Google, the Google Nexus One was released
in January 2010 and in May 2010 it also became the first phone to be updated to Android
2.2 Froyo.

Android 2.2.x Froyo

Android 2.2 Froyo SDK was released on 20 May 2010. Froyo brought significant
performance improvements over Eclair. Storage access and applications became faster
thanks to the added JIT compiler. The web browser got a speed boost too, courtesy of the
new JavaScript engine.

Android 2.2 Froyo also introduced push notifications, USB tethering and Wi-Fi hotspot
functionality, an updated Android Market with automatic updates and batch install. The
web browser could use embedded file upload fields. For the first time users could
officially install applications to the external memory. The Adobe Flash support was
another major new feature of the web browser.

Minor revisions were later released as updates such as Android 2.2.1, 2.2.2, and 2.2.3.

Android 2.3.x Gingerbread

Android 2.3 Gingerbread SDK was released on 6 December 2010. This Android release
offered an updated user interface and even better performance optimization.

It added native support for SIP VoIP internet telephony, improved text input and
keyboard accuracy, enhanced copy/paste functionality (word-by-word selection), Near
Field Communication (NFC) support, new audio effects such as headphone virtualization
and bass boost, new system-wide download manager, and native support for a front-
facing camera.

Developers also received a number of under-the-hood enhancements, giving them lower-

level access to audio, graphics, and inputs, plus concurrent garbage collection for
increased performance and native support for extra sensors such as gyroscopes and
barometers. All this allowed devs to write faster native code.

Newer phones, which came out of the box with Gingerbread, now used the newer ext4
file system.

Android 2.3 Gingerbread however, was mainly touted for its enhanced power
management, which took a more active approach to dealing with apps, which kept the
phone going for much longer.

As of December 2012, Gingerbread is still the most widely used release of Android in the
world.

Minor revisions were later released as updates such as Android 2.3.1, 2.3.2, 2.3.4, 2.3.5,
2.3.6, and 2.3.7.

Among the more important updates of those from a user's point of view is Android 2.3.4
Gingerbread (April 2011) introduced support for voice or video chat via Google Talk.
Android 2.3.5 Gingerbread (July 2011) introduced an improved Gmail app, camera
enhancements, and an even better battery efficiency.

Google continued the Nexus lineup with the launch of the Samsung-made Google Nexus
S (December 2010), which was the first phone publicly released with Android 2.3
Gingerbread, and also the first phone to support NFC on both hardware and software
level.

Android 3.x Honeycomb

Android 3.0 Honeycomb SDK was released on 22 February 2011. It was Android's
tablet-only version and was available concurrently with Android Gingerbread for phones.
Android Honeycomb introduced a new all-touch user interface, which did not rely on any
physical navigation buttons. Unfortunately, it was plagued by performance issues
throughout its product life.

Besides the visual differences, Honeycomb was first to introduce native hardware
acceleration and support for multi-core processors. Honeycomb offered support for video
calls over Google Talk even before Gingerbread smartphones did (the feature was only
released in Android 2.3.4).

Later on Honeycomb was updated to Android 3.1 and 3.2 before Gingerbread and
Honeycomb were both replaced by Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich.

Android 3.1 added support for USB accessories such as external keyboards and pointing
devices, joysticks and gamepads. Android 3.2 brought along refinements in performance
via optimizations for a wider range of tablet devices.

Android 3.x Honeycomb release was not accompanied by a dedicated Nexus device, but
Google widely used the Motorola XOOM as an ambassador and main demonstration
platform for Honeycomb.

Android 4.0.x Ice Cream Sandwich

The Android 4.0.x Ice Cream Sandwich SDK was released on 19 October 2011.

Android ICS was released along with the Google Galaxy Nexus (November 2011) - the
next successor in the popular Nexus lineup.

Android Ice Cream Sandwich or ICS, as it is better known, integrated the phone and
tablet branches of Android into a single edition with a common interface, which again
didn't rely on physical navigation buttons.

One of the most prominent changes in the UI was that the Widgets were now moved to a
tab of their own in the main menu. Numerous other changes were introduced too, such as
a new typeface throughout the UI - Roboto, the ability to launch apps from the
lockscreen, support for real-time speech to text dictation, Face Unlock, Google Chrome
web browser came preinstlalled with tabs and syncing of bookmarks, camera with time-
lapse and panorama and a built-in photo editor, data usage analysis, and new calendar and
mail apps. The UI graphics and animations got hardware acceleration and Wi-Fi Direct
functionality was now supported natively.

Minor revisions were later released as updates such as Android 4.0.1 and 4.0.2.

In December 2011 Android 4.0.3 was released, fixing most bugs spotted in the previous
releases plus adding enhanced video stabilization.

Android 4.0.4 is another minor update, which further enhanced the performance of the
OS.

Further minor revisions were later released as updates ranging from Android 4.0.4 to
4.0.5 and 4.0.6.

Android 4.x Jelly Bean

Android 4.1 Jelly Bean SDK was released on 9 July 2012. A new version 4.2 was
released later on under the same Jelly Bean moniker.

Android 4.1 Jelly Bean has a focus on performance, aiming to get rid of stutter by
introducing Vsync (Vertical synchronization) of the timing of the frames output and the
screen's refresh rate. Also, Jelly Bean adds triple buffering in graphics.

Instead of a smartphone, Google chose to display a tablet along with its Android 4.1 Jelly
Bean release - the Google Nexus 7 (July 2012) was meant to show that Jelly Bean looked
equally good on a tablet screen.

Beyond performance, there are other interesting features such as, offline voice
recognition and dictation, expandable notifications, USB audio output and HDMI
multichannel audio output, App encryption and Smart App updates. The Roboto font has
also been refreshed, widgets are now dynamically resizable, and word prediction has
been updated, too. Google Now is also a pretty big deal - it processes various data about
your location, time of day, your schedule, etc. - and it shows you a pack of information
cards, which it deems important to you in the current context. It also supports an
advanced natural language voice search function, which is quite flexible.

Minor revisions of 4.1 Jelly bean were later released as updates such as Android 4.1.1
and 4.1.2.

On top of those, Android 4.2 added multiple user accounts, native settings shortcuts right
in the notifications pane, Photo Sphere camera mode, gesture typing, wireless screen
streaming (over the Miracast protocol), the dynamic "Daydream" screensaver, widgets on
the lockscreen and further stability improvement.

A minor revision of Android 4.2 was later released as an update - Android 4.2.1. Most
importantly it added native support for Bluetooth gamepads and joysticks.

2.Darwin (operating system)

Darwin is an open source POSIX-compliant computer operating system released by

Apple Inc. in 2000. It is composed of code developed by Apple, as well as code derived
from NeXTSTEP , BSD, and other free software projects.

Darwin forms the core set of components upon which Mac OS X and iOS are based. It is
compatible with the Single UNIX Specification version 3 (SUSv3) and POSIX UNIX
applications and utilities

Design

Kernel

Darwin is built around XNU, a hybrid kernel that combines the Mach 3 microkernel,
various elements of BSD (including the process model, network stack, and virtual file
system), and an object-oriented device driver API called I/O Kit. The hybrid kernel
design compromises between the flexibility of a microkernel and the performance of a
monolithic kernel.

Hardware and software support

Darwin currently includes support for the 64-bit variant of the Intel x86 processors used
in the Mac as well as the 32-bit ARM processors used in the iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad
and the second and third generation Apple TV. An open-source port of the XNU kernel
exists which supports Darwin on Intel and AMD x86 platforms not officially supported
by Apple, although it does not appear to have been updated since 2009

It supports the POSIX API by way of its BSD lineage and a large number of programs
written for various other UNIX-like systems can be compiled on Darwin with no changes
to the source code.

Darwin does not include many of the defining elements of Mac OS X, such as the Carbon
and Cocoa APIs or the Quartz Compositor and Aqua user interface, and thus cannot run
Mac applications. It does, however, support a number of lesser known features of Mac
OS X, such as mDNSResponder, which is the multicast DNS responder and a core
component of the Bonjour networking technology, and launchd, an advanced service
management framework

3.Symbian

Symbian was a mobile operating system (OS) and computing platform designed for
smartphones and currently maintained by Accenture .Symbian was originally developed
by Symbian Ltd., as a descendant of Psion's EPOC and runs exclusively on ARM
processors, although an unreleased x86 port existed. The current form of Symbian is an
open-source platform developed by Symbian Foundation in 2009, as the successor of the
original Symbian OS. Symbian was used by many major mobile phone brands, like
Samsung, Motorola, Sony Ericsson, and above all by Nokia. It was the most popular
smartphone OS on a worldwide average until the end of 2010, when it was overtaken by
Android

Features
User Interface

Symbian has had a native graphics toolkit since its inception, known as AVKON
(formerly known as Series 60). S60 was designed to be manipulated by a keyboard-like
interface metaphor, such as the ~15-key augmented telephone keypad, or the mini-
QWERTY keyboards. AVKON-based software is binary-compatible with Symbian
versions up to and including Symbian^3.

Symbian^3 includes the Qt framework, which is now the recommended user interface
toolkit for new applications. Qt can also be installed on older Symbian devices.

Symbian^4 was planned to introduce a new GUI library framework specifically designed
for a touch-based interface, known as "UI Extensions for Mobile" or UIEMO (internal
project name "Orbit"), which was built on top of Qt Widget; a preview was released in
January 2010, however in October 2010 Nokia announced that Orbit/UIEMO has been
cancelled.

Nokia currently recommends that developers use Qt Quick with QML, the new high-level
declarative UI and scripting framework for creating visually rich touchscreen interfaces
that allows development for both Symbian and MeeGo; it will be delivered to existing
Symbian^3 devices as a Qt update. When more applications gradually feature a user
interface reworked in Qt, the legacy S60 framework (AVKON) will be deprecated and no
longer included with new devices at some point, thus breaking binary compatibility with
older S60 applications

Browser

Symbian^3 and earlier have a built-in WebKit based browser; indeed, Symbian was the
first mobile platform to make use of WebKit (in June 2005). Some older Symbian models
have Opera Mobile as their default browser.

Nokia released a new browser with the release of Symbian Anna with improved speed
and an improved user interface

Multiple language support

Symbian has strong localization support enabling manufacturers and 3rd party application
developers to localize their Symbian based products in order to support global
distribution.

Current Symbian release (Symbian Belle) has support for 48 languages, which Nokia
makes available on device in language packs (set of languages which cover the languages
commonly spoken in the area where the device variant is intended to be sold). All
language packs have in common English (or a locally relevant dialect of it)

Application Development

From 2010, Symbian switched to using standard C++ with Qt as the main SDK, which
can be used with either Qt Creator or Carbide.c++. Qt supports the older Symbian/S60
3rd (starting with Feature Pack 1, aka S60 3.1) and Symbian/S60 5th Edition (aka S60
5.01b) releases, as well as the new Symbian platform. It also supports Maemo and
MeeGo, Windows, Linux and Mac OS X

i)Qt

As of 2010, the SDK for Symbian is standard C++, using Qt. It can be used with either Q
Creator, or Carbide (the older IDE previously used for Symbian development). A phone
simulator allows testing of Qt apps. Apps compiled for the simulator are compiled to
native code for the development platform, rather than having to be emulated.Application
development can either use C++ or QML.

ii)Symbian C++

As Symbian OS is written in C++ using Symbian Software's coding standards, it is

naturally possible to develop using Symbian C++, although it is not a standard
implementation. Before the release of the Qt SDK, this was the standard development
environment. There were multiple platforms based on Symbian OS that provided
software development kit (SDKs) for application developers wishing to target Symbian
OS devices, the main ones being UIQ and S60. Individual phone products, or families,
often had SDKs or SDK extensions downloadable from the maker's website too

Symbian Versions

 EPOC16-Psion released several Series 3 devices from 1991 to 1998 which used
the EPOC16 OS, also known as SIBO.

 EPOC OS Releases 1–3-The Series 5 device, released in 1997, used the first
iterations of the EPOC32 OS.

 EPOC Release 4-Oregon Osaris and Geofox 1 were released using ER4.In 1998,
Symbian Ltd. was formed as a partnership between Ericsson, Nokia, Motorola
and Psion, to explore the convergence between PDAs and mobile phones.
 EPOC Release 5 a.k.a. Symbian OS v5-Psion Series 5mx, Series 7, Psion Revo,
Psion Netbook, netPad, Ericsson MC218 were released in 1999 using ER5.

 ER5u a.k.a. Symbian OS v5.1 u = Unicode. The first phone, the Ericsson R380
was released using ER5u in 2000. It was not an 'open' phone - software could not
be installed. Notably, a number of never released Psion prototypes for next
generation PDAs, including a Bluetooth Revo successor codenamed Conan were
using ER5u.

 Symbian OS v6.0 and v6.1-Sometimes called ER6. The first 'open' Symbian OS
phone, the Nokia 9210, was released on 6.0.

 Symbian OS v7.0 and v7.0s-First shipped in 2003. This is an important Symbian

release which appeared with all contemporary user interfaces including UIQ
(Sony Ericsson P800, P900, P910, Motorola A925, A1000), Series 80 (Nokia
9300, 9500), Series 90 (Nokia 7710), S60 (Nokia 6600, 7310) as well as several
FOMA phones in Japan.In 2004, Psion sold its stake in Symbian.

 Symbian OS v8.0 First shipped in 2004, one of its advantages would have been a
choice of two different kernels (EKA1 or EKA2). However, the EKA2 kernel
version did not ship until SymbianOS v8.1b. The kernels behave more or less
identically from user-side, but are internally very different. EKA1 was chosen by
some manufacturers to maintain compatibility with old device drivers, whilst
EKA2 offered advantages such as a hard real-time capability. v8.0b was
deproductized in 2003.

 Symbian OS v8.1Basically a cleaned-up version of 8.0, this was available in 8.1a

and 8.1b versions, with EKA1 and EKA2 kernels respectively. The 8.1b version,
with EKA2's single-chip phone support but no additional security layer, was
popular among Japanese phone companies desiring the realtime support but not
allowing open application installation
 Symbian OS v9.0This version was used for internal Symbian purposes only. It
was deproductised in 2004. v9.0 marked the end of the road for EKA1. v8.1a is
the final EKA1 version of SymbianOS.Symbian OS has generally maintained
reasonable binary compatibility. In theory the OS was BC from ER1-ER5, then
from 6.0 to 8.1b. Substantial changes were needed for 9.0, related to tools and
security, but this should be a one-off event. The move from requiring ARMv4 to
requiring ARMv5 did not break backwards compatibility.

 Symbian OS v9.1 Released early 2005. It includes many new security related
features, particularly a controversial platform security module facilitating
mandatory code signing. Symbian argues that applications and content, and
therefore a developers investment, are better protected than ever, however others
contend that the requirement that every application be signed (and thus approved)
violates the rights of the end-user, the owner of the phone, and limits the amount
of free software available. The new ARM EABI binary model means developers
need to retool and the security changes mean they may have to recode. S60 3rd
Edition phones have Symbian OS 9.1. Sony Ericsson is shipping the M600i based
on Symbian OS 9.1 and should ship the P990 in Q3 2006. The earlier versions
had a fatal defect where the phone hangs temporarily after the owner sent
hundreds of SMSes. However, on 13 September 2006, Nokia released a small
program to fix this defect.

 Symbian OS v9.2 Released Q1 2006. Support for Bluetooth 2.0 (was 1.2) and
OMA Device Management 1.2 (was 1.1.2). S60 3rd Edition Feature Pack 1
phones have Symbian OS 9.2.

 Symbian OS v9.3 Released on 12 July 2006. Upgrades include native support for
Wifi 802.11, HSDPA, Vietnamese language support.On November 16, 2006, the
100 millionth smartphone running the OS was shipped.
  Symbian OS v9.5 Released in March 2007. Featured up to 25% reduced RAM
usage resulting in better battery life thanks to introduction of Demand paging.
Applications should launch up to 75% faster. Native support for mobile digital
television broadcasts DVB-H ja ISDB-T and location services. Also supports
SQL.

Symbian Architecture

1.UI Framework Layer

The topmost layer of Symbian OS, the UI Framework layer provides the frameworks and
libraries for constructing a user interface, including the basic class hierarchies for user
interface controls and other frameworks and utilities used by user interface components.
The UI Framework layer also includes a number of specialized, graphics- based
frameworks which are used by the user interface but which are also available to
applications, including the Animation framework, the Front End Processor (FEP) base
framework and Grid. The user interface architecture in Symbian OS is based on a core
framework called Uikon and a class hierarchy for user interface control called the control
environment. Together, they provide the framework which defines basic GUI behavior.

Uikon was originally created as a refactoring of the Eikon user interface library, which
was part of the earliest versions of the operating system. Uikon was created to support
easier user interface customization, including ˜pluggableâ look-and-feel modules.

2.The Application Service Layer

The Application Services layer provides support independent of the user interface for
applications on the Symbian OS. These services divide into three broad groupings:
 system-level services used by all applications, for example Text Handling
 services that support generic types of application and application-like services, for
example personal productivity applications (example Quick Office) and data
synchronization services (OVI Sync, for example); also included are a number of
key application engines which are used and extended by licensees (Calendar and
Agenda Model), as well as legacy engines (Data Engine)
 services based on more generic but application-centric technologies, for example
mail, messaging and browsing (Messaging Store, MIME Recognition Framework,
HTTP Transport Framework).

Applications in Symbian OS broadly follow the classic object-oriented Model Viewer

Controller (MVC) pattern. The framework level support encapsulates the essential
relationships between the main application classes and abstracts all of the necessary
underlying system-level behavior. In principle, a complete application can be written
without any further direct dependencies (with the exception of the User Library).

3.Jave ME

In some senses, Java does not fit neatly into the layered operating system model.
Symbian’s Java implementation is based around:
 a virtual machine (VM) and layered support for the Java system which
complements it, based on the MIDP 2.0 Profile
 a set of standard MIDP 2.0 Packages
 an implementation of the CLDC 1.1 language, I/O, and utilities services
 a number of low-level plug-ins which implement the interface between CLDC,
the supported packages, and the native system.

Java support has been included in Symbian OS from the beginning, but the early Java
system was based on pJava and JavaPhone. A standard system based on Java ME first
appeared in Symbian OS v7.0s. Since Symbian OS v8, the Java VM has been a port of
Sun’s CLDC HI.

4.The OS Services Layer

The OS Services layer is, in effect, the ‘middleware’ layer of Symbian OS,
providing the servers, frameworks, and libraries that extend the bare system below it into
a complete operating system. The services are divided into four major blocks, by broad
functional area:
 generic operating system services
 communications services
 multimedia and graphics services
 connectivity services.

Together, these provide technology-specific but application- independent services in the

operating system. In particular, the following servers are found here:
 communications framework: the Comms Root Server and ESock (Sock- ets)
Server provide the foundation for all communications services
 telephony: ETel (Telephony) Server, Fax Server and the principal servers for all
telephony-based services
 networking: the TCP/IPv4/v6 networking stack implementation
 serial communications: the C32 (Serial) Server, providing standard serial
communications support
 graphics and event handling: the WindowServer and Font and Bitmap Server
provide all screen-drawing and font support, as well as system- and application-
event handling
 connectivity: the Software Install Server, Remote File Server and Secure Backup
Socket Server provide the foundation for connectivity services
 generic: the Task Scheduler provides scheduled task launching

Among the other important frameworks and libraries found in this layer is the
Multimedia Framework (providing framework support for cameras, still- and moving-
image recording, replay and manipulation, and audio players) and the C Standard
Library, an important support library for software porting.

5.The Base Services Layer

The foundational layer of the Symbian OS, the Base Services layer provides the lowest
level of user-side services. In particular, the Base Services layer includes the File Server
and the User Library. The microkernel architecture of Symbian OS places them outside
the kernel in user space. (This is in contrast to monolithic system architectures, such as
both Linux and Microsoft Windows, in which file system services and User Library
equivalents are provided as kernel services.) Other important system frameworks
provided by this layer include the ECom Plug-in Framework, which implements the
standard management interface used by all Symbian OS framework plug-ins; Store,
which provides the persistence model; the Central Repository, the DBMS framework;
and the Cryptography Library. The Base Services layer also includes the additional
components which are needed to create a fully functioning base port without requiring
any further high-level services: the Text WindowServer and the Text Shell.

6.The Kernel Services and Hardware Interface Layer

The lowest layer of the Symbian OS, the Kernel Services and Hardware Interface layer
contains the operating system kernel itself, and the supporting components which abstract
the interfaces to the underlying hardware, including logical and physical device drivers
and ‘variant support’, which implements pre-packaged support for the standard,
supported platforms (including the Emulator and reference hardware boards). In releases
up to Symbian OS v8, the kernel was the EKA1 (Kernel Architecture 1) kernel, the
original Symbian OS kernel. In Symbian OS v8, the EKA2 (Kernel Architecture 2) real-
time kernel shipped for the first time as an option. From Symbian OS v9, EKA1 no
longer ships and all systems are based on the real-time EKA2 kernel.

Closed Source Mobile OS

1.Apple iOS

Previously iPhone OS, Apple's iOS is the company's own mobile operating system
developed and originally released on the Apple iPhone and the Apple iPod Touch back in
2007.
Several years later it was renamed to iOS and was extended to support other Apple
devices such as the iPad and the Apple TV.

Unlike Google's Android and Microsoft's Windows Phone, Apple does not license iOS to
other manufacturers and it is the sole maker and seller of iOS devices.

iPhone OS 1.x (up to 1.1.5)

The first version of the OS was released initially with the first iPhone (the iPhone 2G as it
was pet-named by the public due to the lack of 3G connectivity).

The iPhone OS 1.1.1 brings the following changes (list not exhaustive):

 Home button double-click shortcut to phone favorites or music controls.

 Mail attachments are viewable in portrait and landscape modes.
 Stocks and cities in Stocks and Weather can be reordered.
 Support for TV out.

The iPhone OS 1.1.3 brings the following changes (list not exhaustive):

 The iPod Touch gets Mail, Maps, Stocks, Weather and Notes apps.
 Google Maps on iPhone gets the "Locate Me" button, hybrid map support and the
"Drop Pin" feature.
 Icons on the home screen can be rearranged and placed on multiple home screens
(up to nine).
 You can add web shortcuts on the homescreen.
 SMS messages to multiple recipients.
 Multi-touch keyboard allows pressing of modificator keys such as Shift.

iPhone OS 2.x (up to 2.2.1)

The iPhone OS 2.0 was introduced with the iPhone 3G. It also marked the introduction of
the Apple AppStore and the support for third-party apps by the iPhone OS.
What's new:

 A number of email enhancements: push email support, Microsoft Exchange

support, mass mail delete, mass mail move, saving attached images enabled.
 Search in the contacts list.
 Numerous interface localization options: languages/dual language keyboard.
 Importing SIM contacts is now possible.
 You can view MS Office and iWork attachments in Mail.
 Push email, push contacts, push calendar.
 Remote device configuration, security policies, remote wipe.
 Screenshot capability right out-of-the-box.
 Ability to save pics from Safari or Mail to Photos.
 Bonjour service discovery protocol.
 Addition of Parental controls(apply only to the iPod, Safari, YouTube, iTunes and
AppStore).
 Scientific calculator in landscape mode.
 Image geotagging in the Camera.
 A number of Safari web browser changes - photo download, show inline
YouTube videos on web pages, new domain extensions available to the .COM
button on the keyboard (.net, .edu, .org), entering passwords is more user-friendly
showing the last character.
 The Apple AppStore is introduced - a ground-breaking application
download/install manager.

The iPhone OS 2.2 brings the following changes (list not exhaustive):

 Maps app gets Google Street View, public transit and walking directions, you can
share location via email.
 You can download or stream podcasts via the iTunes application (over Wi-Fi and
cellular networks).

iPhone OS 3.x (up to 3.1.3)

The iPhone OS 3.0 was introduced with the iPhone 3GS. It was available as an update
both to the iPhone 2G and 3G models.

What's new:

 New Spotlight search tool is now added.

 System-wide Cut, Copy and Paste text feature (even from web pages).
 Moving apps through homescreens is now easier.
 Push background notifications service is introduced.
 Stocks app gets news stories and stock details. It also shows graphical history in
landscape mode.
 Parental Controls are extended to movies, TV shows and App Store content.
 Native coice recorder app has been added with editing, cropping and email/MMS
sharing. It can record in the background, but doesn't record during calls.
 A maximum of 11 application screens now allowed instead of 9 previously
 Peer-to-peer via Wi-Fi and Bluetooth now available
 Improved predictive dictionary
 Turn-by-turn navigation is now possible (but only with third-party apps and third-
party maps)
 Find My iPhone online service via Apple MobileMe
 System-wide landscape keyboard (doesn't work with popups or in Calendar)
 There's now MMS support but it's an operator dependent feature. MMS is also not
available to iPhone 2G without some tinkering.
 Individual search bars in the Messages, Calls Log, iPod music player
 New action button in Photos lets you choose multiple pictures to attach to a mail
message
 You can now send full-res camera photos via email (but only when you copy and
paste them in the email body as opposed to attaching them)
 SMS forwarding introduced.
 Safari gets password and auto fill managers, an anti-phishing tool, proxy servers
support, new Copy Link and Open in New Page commands, faster JavaScript
performance, video streaming capabilities (HTML 5 video, h.264 and HTTP).
  The iPod music app gets shake-to-shuffle function
 Third-party apps can now get access to your iPod music library
 Media scrubber allows more precise rewinding and fast-forwarding in music and
video by 4 variable rates
 Support for YouTube accounts (login), commenting and video rating in the native
YouTube app
 Stereo A2DP Bluetooth streaming is on (not available to iPhone 2G).
 Internet tethering is now supported both via Bluetooth and USB (availability
depending on the carrier and not to the iPhone 2G).
 You can rent and purchase movies straight from the iPhone.
 You can manage iTunes/AppStore accounts straight from the device (for instance,
toggle between two AppStore accounts)
 New way of browsing app screenshots in the AppStore - by scrolling sideways.
 Application subscriptions introduced (for a monthly fee).
 Third-party applications can offer In-App Purchases.
 Optional numeric battery percentage view added
 Speaker independent Voice Control. Can be use to call a phone number, play
music by song/album/artist name, shuffle music
 Built-in support for Nike+ jogging system
 TV-out outputs 480p instead 480i resolution
 Text-to-speech feature called VoiceOver is included in the new Accessibility
menu
 System-wide Screen Zoom is also included in the Accessibility menu

iOS 3.2.x for iPad only (up to 3.2.2)

With the introduction of the first iPad the iPhone OS was renamed to iOS. Version 3.2
debuted on the iPad and represents a separate separate branch of the iOS development,
which eventually merged back into the main iOS version channel.

Differences compared to the iPhone (list not exhaustive):

  The screen auto-rotation works on the homescreen, too.
 Compatible third-party apps (not just the system ones) can be broadcasted to an
external display via the TV out link
 Users can change the homescreen wallpaper (at that time the iPhone only had a
customizable wallpaper on the lockscreen)
 The Maps app gets a 3D Terrain view mode.
 Supports Bluetooth keyboards.
 A built-in system dictionary gives definitions of words in supported apps.
 Safari has a new thumbnail view of the opened web pages.
 The Photos app has a Places tab allowing users to view their photos pinned on the
map
 Users can now watch 720p HD videos in the YouTube app.

iOS 4.x (up to 4.3.5)

The iOS 4.0 was introduced with the iPhone 4. The iPhone 2G and the iPod Touch (1st
gen) were no longer supported and were left out of this update. The iPhone 3G and the
iPod Touch (2nd gen) could be updated, but have feature limitations. The iPhone 3GS
and the iPod Touch (3rd generation) could be updated and support all features.

What's new (list not exhaustive):

 Homescreen wallpapers
 Folder organization of the homescreen icons
 Multitasking and fast app switching
 Google/Wikipedia search in Spotlight
 Bluetooth keyboard pairing support
 SMS character counter
 SMS search
 Email threading
 Unified Email inbox
 Email archiving is now available when you setup Gmail
  Spell checker
 iPod music player can now create, edit and delete playlists
 5x digital zoom in still camera
 Touch-focus in video capture (for video enabled iPhones)
 Keyboard layouts span over QWERTY, QWERTZ, and AZERTY
 Minor icon design facelifts
 FaceTime video call support (only for the latest then iPhone 4, only over Wi-Fi,
and only to other FaceTime users)
 iBooks e-book and PDF reader

The iOS 4.1 brings the following changes (list not exhaustive):

 Fixes iPhone 4 proximity sensor issues.

 Fixes Bluetooth connectivity issues.
 Fixes iPhone 3G performance issues under iOS 4.x.
 Adds High dynamic range camera mode (only to the iPhone 4).

The iOS 4.2 brings the following changes (list not exhaustive):

 Introduces AirPlay, which offers wireless Wi-Fi streaming for video, music, and
photos (requires an Apple TV).
 Introduces AirPrint, which offers wireless printing
 Adds text search on web pages in Safari.
 Delivers iOS 4 features to the iPad (multitasking, folders, etc.).
 The Physical iPad screen rotation lock switch is converted into a sound/silent
switch in iOS 4.2 (just like on the iPhones), with a virtual screen rotation lock
switch added to the multitasking tray.
 The multitasking tray on the iPhone and iPod Touch gets volume controls and
AirPlay controls.
 Adds the ability to initiate FaceTime calls to the Voice control.

The iOS 4.2.1 brings the following changes (list not exhaustive):
  Find My iPhone remote management feature becomes free for updated devices
(iPhone 4, iPod Touch (4th gen), & iPad).

The iPhone OS 4.2.5 was introduced only on the CDMA iPhone 4 sold by Verizon. It has
an exclusive Personal Hotspot feature, allowing the iPhone to turn into a mobile Wi-Fi
hotspot.

The iOS 4.3 was presented along with the iPad 2 and it brings the following changes for
the whole family (list not exhaustive):

 AirPlay video support for third party apps (requires an Apple TV).
 Improved Safari performance with the new "Nitro" JavaScript engine.
 Ability to switch on automatic downloads (for iTunes Music and App Store
applications).
 Ability to cancel and delete an app, which is still downloading.
 Stream from an iTunes library to iOS using Home Sharing.
 Personal Hotspot feature (Wi-Fi hotspot for up to 5 simultaneous devices) on
supported carriers. (GSM iPhone 4 only)
 Ability to choose function of iPad's physical switch between rotation lock or
mute.
 Photo Booth & FaceTime app (iPad 2 only).

iOS 5.x (up to 5.1.1)

The iOS 5.0 was introduced with the iPhone 4S.

What's new:

 Revamped notifications - real time on-screen notifications, lockscreen

notifications and pull-down Notification Center.
 iMessage service in the Messaging app enabling instant messages to other iOS
users.
 Reminders - including location-aware options.
 Customizable notification sounds - email, voicemail and calendar alerts.
 Twitter integration.
 iCloud service integration – wireless backup and restore, app and content syncing.
 Enhanced Camera app - viewfinder grid, can use a volume button as a shutter key.
 Integrated photo editing - crop, auto enhance, rotate and red-eye fix.
 Updated Safari browser - tabbed browsing (on iPad), private browsing mode,
integrated Reader, Reading list and optimized performance.
 Dictionary lookup throughout the interface.
 Computer free operation - independent activation, OTA updates, iCloud backup
and restore.
 Wi-Fi synchronization with iTunes with automatic operation.
 New features in the Mail app - Bold, Italic, Underline and Quote options,
extended Search, mass Mark as Read/Unread and Flag setting, Add/Delete
mailbox folders.
 Updated Calendar (new weekly view) and Game Center apps.
 Newsstand app combining all of your magazine subscriptions.
 Music player now called Music instead of iPod, has a new icon.
 Separate Video player app on the iPhone.
 AppStore purchase history.
 New Storage management options (list of and info about all installed apps).
 AirPlay screen mirroring for the iPad and iPhone 4S (requires an Apple TV).
 New accessibility options involving the LED flash, custom vibrations and
Assistive Touch.
 Maps app gets the option to print maps, to find alternate routes and there is also
traffic information in supported regions.
 Introduces a built-in basic photo editing: crop, red-eye, auto-enhance and rotate
photos.
 Ability to create keyboard shortcuts to replace custom phrases. By default
includes “omw” which expands to “On my way!”.
 Spotlight search now includes Reminders and searches through Messages.
  Adds a new weather forecast tab for the user's current location.
 Week view in landscape orientation of the Calendar.
 Siri voice control (iPhone 4S only and available only in English, French and
German). Retains beta status throughout the lifetime of iOS 5.x. Allows speaker
independent commands in natural language, voice dictation and Text-to-Speech
functionality.
 iPad only - Allows a split keyboard: swipe up or pull apart to split keyboard in
half.
 iPad only - Adds an undock keyboard option: keyboard can now be moved up and
down the screen.
 iPad only - Introduces tabbed browsing.
 iPad 2 only - Adds multitasking gestures with 4 or 5 fingers.

The iOS 5.0.1 brings the following changes (list not exhaustive):

 Adds multitasking gestures with 4 or 5 fingers to the original iPad.

 Adds a new camera button to the lockscreen - visible only after a double click of
the Home button.

The iOS 5.1 was introduced along with the iPad 3 and it brings the following changes
(list not exhaustive):

 Redesigned Camera app (for iPad).

 Camera shortcut on lock screen is now always visible and activates the camera
with a slide-up gesture.
 Improved face detection and video stabilization (iPhone 4S & iPad 3 only).
 Siri receives improved dictation skills and Japanese language support.

iOS 6.x (up to 6.1 for now)

iOS 6.x is the current generation of iOS. It was introduced with the iPhone 5, but is also
the out-of-the-box OS for the iPod Touch (5th gen), iPad 4 and the iPad Mini.
What's new:

 Siri becomes available on iPad 3 and the iPod Touch (5th gen.)
 Siri now speaks Canadian English, Spanish (Spain/Mexico), Italian, Italian
(Switzerland), Korean, Mandarin (Chinese/Taiwan), Cantonese (Hong Kong.)
 Siri can now provide sports scores, movie and restaurants reviews. It can launch
apps and do status updates on Facebook or Twitter.
 System-wide Facebook integration: Facebook contacts and events appear in the
phonebook and calendar.
 Notification center gets quick Facebook/Twitter update keys
 New Maps app with TomTom data, turn-by-turn voice navigation, 3D/Flyover
view mode, Lock screen integration and annonymous traffic info crowdsourcing.
 Improved Safari browser with iCloud tabs, full-screen mode, offline reading,
faster performance, support for up to 25 open tabs on iPad, photo upload to web
forms.
 Passbook e-ticket app handles loyalty coupons, boarding passes, tickets.
 The Photo app can share photos with other iOS users via Photo Streams. Likes
and comments are supported.
 Updated Mail with VIP and Flagged mailboxes.
 Unified FaceTime/iMessages ID. FaceTime now works over the cellular network.
 New UI for the App Store, iTunes Store, iBooks Store, Music, Weather apps.
 Downloading of new apps continues in the background and no longer returns the
user to the home screen.
 Newly downloaded apps get a blue "New" ribbon.
 Updating an app no longer requires a password.
 You can set songs from your music library as alarm tones.
 Improved privacy settings.
 New accessibility options and guided access (single-app mode for kids.)
 Improved HDR camera function.
 Built-in Panorama mode in the camera.
 Game Center now supports challenges (achievements).
  Reject call with SMS.
 Do Not Disturb mode allowing users to avoid calls and notifications in certain
times of the day.
 Lost mode.
 Improved keyboards and auto-correction.
 The manual display brightness override only works temporarily.
 Users can create custom vibrations for various alerts.
 French, German, and Spanish dictionaries.

The iOS 6.1 brings the following changes (list not exhaustive):

 New music controls on lock screen when you double-press home button.
 Siri can now purchase movie tickets via Fandango (USA only).

IOS Architecture
1.Cocoa Touch Layer
The Cocoa Touch layer contains the key frameworks for building iOS applications. This
layer defines the basic application infrastructure and support for key technologies such as
multitasking, touch-based input, push notifications, and many high-level system services.
When designing your applications, you should investigate the technologies in this layer
first to see if they meet your needs.

High-Level Features
The following sections describe some of the key technologies available in the Cocoa
Touch layer.

Auto Layout

Storyboards

Document Support

Multitasking

Apple Push Notification Service

2.Media Layer
The Media layer contains the graphics, audio, and video technologies geared toward
creating the best multimedia experience available on a mobile device. The technologies
in this layer were designed to make it easy for you to build applications that look and
sound great.

Graphics Technologies
High-quality graphics are an important part of all iOS applications. The simplest (and
most efficient) way to create an application is to use prerendered images together with the
standard views and controls of the UIKit framework and let the system do the drawing.

Audio Technologies
The audio technologies available in iOS are designed to help you provide a rich audio
experience for your users. This experience includes the ability to play high-quality audio,
record high-quality audio, and trigger the vibration feature on certain devices

Video Technologies
Whether you are playing movie files from your application or streaming them from the
network, iOS provides several technologies to play your video-based content. On devices
with the appropriate video hardware, you can also use these technologies to capture video
and incorporate it into your application

AirPlay
AirPlay is a technology that lets your application stream audio to Apple TV and to third-
party AirPlay speakers and receivers. AirPlay support is built in to the AV Foundation
framework and the Core Audio family of frameworks. Any audio content you play using
these frameworks is automatically made eligible for AirPlay distribution. Once the user
chooses to play your audio using AirPlay, it is routed automatically by the system

3.Core Services Layer

The Core Services layer contains the fundamental system services that all applications
use. Even if you do not use these services directly, many parts of the system are built on
top of them.

High-Level Features
The following sections describe some of the key technologies available in the Core
Services layer.

iCloud Storage

Introduced in iOS 5, iCloud storage lets your application write user documents and data
to a central location and access those items from all of a user’s computers and iOS
devices. Making a user’s documents ubiquitous using iCloud means that a user can view
or edit those documents from any device without having to sync or transfer files
explicitly. Storing documents in a user’s iCloud account also provides a layer of safety
for that user. Even if a user loses a device, the documents on that device are not lost if
they are in iCloud storage.

There are two ways that applications can take advantage of iCloud storage, each of which
has a different intended usage:

 iCloud document storage—Use this feature to store user documents and data in
the user’s iCloud account.

 iCloud key-value data storage—Use this feature to share small amounts of data
among instances of your application.

Automatic Reference Counting

Introduced in iOS 5, Automatic Reference Counting (ARC) is a compiler-level feature

that simplifies the process of managing the lifetimes of Objective-C objects. Instead of
you having to remember when to retain or release an object, ARC evaluates the lifetime
requirements of your objects and automatically inserts the appropriate method calls at
compile time

4.Core OS Layer
The Core OS layer contains the low-level features that most other technologies are built
upon. Even if you do not use these technologies directly in your applications, they are
most likely being used by other frameworks. And in situations where you need to
explicitly deal with security or communicating with an external hardware accessory, you
do so using the frameworks in this layer

2.RIM OS
Introduction
Research In Motion (RIM) had a modest beginning with an ambitious vision. Today,
more than20 years later, that ambition and vision has translated into success. RIM is one
of the world’sleading designers, manufacturers and marketers of solutions for the mobile
communications market. Through development and integration of hardware, software and
services, RIM’s portfolio of award-winning products now includes the BlackBerry®
wireless platform, the BlackBerry Wireless Handheld™ product line, software
development tools, radio-modems and software and hardware licensing agreements.
Take a few minutes to tour our history and gain an understanding of where we came
from, how we got to where we are today.

3.Bada OS

Bada OS is a proprietary operating system for smartphones, developed by Samsung and

presented in 2009. The first Bada phone – the Samsung Wave – was launched later on, in
2010.

Samsung uses Bada OS alongside Android OS and Windows Phone, but in 2012 the
development of new smartphones using Bada has been quietly halted in favor of the more
popular Android OS.

Samsung markets all Bada devices under the Wave brand name; similar to how all of
their Android-powered devices are branded under the Galaxy name.

Versions of Bada os

Bada 1.x
 n the beginning, all VOIP over Wi-Fi applications were banned which meant that
popular applications such as Skype could not be used. In March 2011 this
restriction was removed, allowing VOIP applications to run on the platform.

Some publications have criticized Bada 1.x over the following issues:

 The external sensor API is not open-ended, preventing new types of sensors or
unexpected technology developments from being added in the future by third
parties.
 Due to "performance and privacy issues", Bada 1.x applications cannot access the
SMS/MMS inbox or receive incoming SMS/MMS notifications. This limit is
removed since version 2.0.
  Bada versions 1.x only allowed one Bada third party application to run at a time.
Multitasking applications was only possible between the base applications and
one Bada third party application.This limit is removed since version 2.0.
 Mainstream Applications, such as Whatsapp, are not developed for Bada 1.2, this
has not been resolved in Bada 2.0
 GPS facility was poor in the Bada 1.0 which was further updated in Bada 2.0
 Many countries, such as South Africa, still await the release of Bada 2.0

Bada 2.0
Bada 2.0 version was shown at IFA 2011 in Berlin and was released in the end of
December 2011 with a lot of new functions and improvements compared to version 1.2,
introducing features such as:

 Full HTML5 support

 WAC 2.0 compatibility
 Full multitasking
 Wifi-Direct technology
 Adobe Flash lite 4 (mobile Flash Player version, supports Action script 3.0 of
Adobe Flash 10 and 11)
 Dolphin browser 3.0 with download manager
 Smart-wallpapers
 Text-to-speech
 Speech to text
 Vocal commands based on Vlingo
 Push notification
 NFC (Near-field communication technology)
 New security policies and protection functions
 New camera manager
 New GUI
 OpenAL
 inclusion of new proprietary applications and services such as ChatON (instant
messaging software), Caster (to share multimedia content and web pages with
PC), Music Hub (a music store similar to iTunes)