1

Student Centered Learning (SCL) System

Arief Sabdo Yuwono

Dept. Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan - IPB
 Poster
2
 X-Banner
3
 Kriteria
4

Tulisan: Lay out

Warna
font, size (tata letak)

Gambar:
Menarik Informatif
sesuai

Content/
Identitas Diksi
substansi
 Tugas di Kelas:
Membuat dan Menilai Kualitas Poster
5

Sebutkan kriteria poster

yang baik

Buatlah penilaian thd

contoh-contoh poster

Apa saja Bagaimana dengan

masukan/koreksi Anda? poster Anda sendiri?
 A B
Odour Pollution in the Environment: Arief Sabdo Yuwono
Department of Agricultural Engineering IPB

Development of a Measuring System

PO Box 220 Bogor 16002, Indonesia
Application of quartz based sensor
6 array for detection of complex odour
Arief Sabdo Yuwono, T. Hamacher, P. Boeker, P. Schulze Lammers
Institut für Landtechnik, Nußallee 5, D-53115 Bonn

Background Introduction
Need for an odour

• Awareness of people on a clean environment Objective: to detect complex odour emissions from a composting facility using
an array of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors
• Odour is seen as an environmental nuisance measuring system

Experiment
Basic Principles .
 Sample:
Biofilter Humidifier Rot phase • Waste gas from rot phase composting
Odour molecules Based on the Sauerbrey equation: Composting
• Flow rate = 400 ml/min
 Δf = -2.3 x 106 f02 (Δm/A) Computer
 Temperature after cooling = 5 °C
adsorption/absorption where: Filter
 Thermal desorption unit:
on the sensor surface • Adsorbent = Tenax GR
Δf= the sensor frequency change [Hz] • Heated up to 250 °C
 Sensor
f0 = quartz oscillation frequency [MHz] Cooler Pump
system
a mass change Δm = mass of deposited material [g]
 Sensor system= array of 6 sensors based on
quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)
.
on the sensor surface
A = the area coated by the film [cm2]
Results
Instrument Set-Up Sensitivity
. . 160
After turning

Purge gas MFC Temperature controller 4,50 140

Average frequency change (Hz)

4,00 120
Sensitivity [Hz/(g/m3)]

3,50
100
Magnet HKR sensor- 3,00
valve array module 80
MFC 2,50
Normal emission Compost turning period
2,00 60
Gas out
compost turning
1,50 40
MFC 1,00 20
0,50
0
0,00 0 4 8 12 16 20

Odour RS-232 Acetone 2- Methanol Ethanol 1-Butanol Ethyl Hexane Lemonene Peak number
Butanone acetate [x 10]
sample
Lauda Relay TTL Sensor 1 Sensor 2 Sensor 3 Sensor 4 Sensor 5 Sensor 6

Thermostat Detection by the sensor array shows: Principal component analysis indicates:
230 V
RS-232 • low freq. change for normal emission three distinct phases, in accordance with
Data acquisition & processing
Power supply controller and instruments controller Detection Limit • high freq. change for turning period the signal detected by the sensor array
. .
• after turning period
Odour Detection limit of Detection
Polar Plot of Odour Substance sensor array Threshold*
Name Formula (PPM) (mg/m3) (mg/m3) Chromatogram TD-GC-MS Chemical analysis
Sensor 1 2-Butanone C4H8O 300 885 6 • At least 22 compounds were released from
1,0
Acetone C3H6O 700 1663 48 2-Butanol

0,8 the composting facility

Ethyl acetate C4H8O2 300 1081 22
0,6 • Most of them are odorous
Sensor 6 Sensor 2 1-Butanol C4H10O 100 303 0.123
0,4
Ethanol C2H6O 3000 5652 19.1 • Three of them are main components, i.e.,
0,2 2-Butanone, 2-Butanol and Ethyl acetate
Methanol CH4O 4000 5242 5.3 2-Butanone
0,0
Acetic acid C2H4O2 160 393 2.5 Ethyl acetate Butyric acid
ethyl ester

Hexane C6H14 470 1657 361 3-Methyl butanal

Sensor 5 Sensor 3 Lemonene C12H10 10 63 0.005 2-Methyl butanal
Limonene
Acknowledgement
* Compiled from various sources • The German Federal Ministry of Education and
Octanal
Research (BMBF)
Sensor 4 • German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)
2-Butanon Acetone Ethanol The detection thresholds are lower than the detection
Methanol Hexane Lemonene limit. A pre-concentration unit is therefore necessary.
Dept. of Agricultural Engineering IPB, PO Box 220 Bogor 16002 Indonesia. Email: ayuwono@ipb.ac.id
Institut für Landtechnik, Nußallee 5, D-53115 Bonn, Tel. 0228-732395, Fax. 0228-732596. E-mail: ayuwono@uni-bonn.de
 C D
A Quantitative Assessment on
Non-Methane Emission from Paddy Cultivation
Arief Sabdo Yuwono
Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering - IPB
Kampus IPB Darmaga, PO Box 220 Bogor 16002 INDONESIA
arief_sabdo_yuwono@yahoo.co .id

7
Abstract
The general objective of this study is to elaborate a quantitative assessment on non-methane emission generated from paddy cultivation chain in Indonesia. More specifically, it deals with assessment on non-methane
emission from land preparation and the subsequent steps afterwards. Non-methane emission includes mayor pollutant gases such as sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate
matter (PM) due to fuel consumption and fertilizer production. This quantitative assessment is based on the fuel consumption in each step of activity within paddy cultivation chain, i.e. land preparation, cultivation, input of
fertilizer and harvesting. The reference emission factors developed by The United States – Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) are used to calculate the production of those pollutant gases. The justification of critical
level of pollution in the ambient air due to the gas emission is based on the dispersion of these pollutant gases in the environment and simultaneously with the threshold limit as stipulated by The State Ministry of Environment
(KLH) in the legal current regulation, i.e. Indonesian Government Decree (PP) No. 41/1999 concerning on Control of Air Pollution. The associated noise generation and emission from the machinery involved in paddy
cultivation chain with its occupational noise impact on human being is considered on the basis of 80-100 decibels (dBA) source noise level.

Keywords: Quantitative assessment, non-methane emission, ambient air, paddy cultivation.

Introduction
Background: Objectives:
Paddy cultivation: • Focused on non-methane emissions produced from paddy cultivation.
• Anthropogenic activities produces not only rice and some wastes (straw and rice husk) • General objective: to elaborate a quantitative assessment on non-methane emission generated from
• But also environmental problem (direct GHG emission). paddy cultivation chain.
• Common image of gaseous emission generated from paddy cultivation today stressed merely on • More specifically, it deals with assessment on non-methane emission from paddy field preparation
greenhouse gas, i.e. methane (CH4). and the subsequent steps afterwards, i.e.:
• In fact, includes other non-methane gaseous emissions such as sulphur dioxide (SO 2), carbon • Paddy cultivation
monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matters (PM) due to fuel consumption during • Fertiliser application, and
• Paddy harvesting
cultivation period.

Gaseous Emission from Paddy Cultivation

Contributing Fuel consumption Direct pollutant
No Cultivation step Field capacity or characteristics Equivalent (Ha/hr)
components [liter/Ha] emission [g/Ha]*
1 Land preparation Tiller 0.18 Ha/hr 0,18 25,0 -
2 Cultivation Planter 0.114-0.148 Ha/hr 0,131 34,4 -
Weeder 0.1-0.13 Ha/hr 0,115 39,1 -
Sprayer 1.7 Ha/hr 1,7 2,6 -
3 Fertilizer input Fertilizer application Urea (100 kg/Ha; dry application):
· NH3 = 183 g/kg N applied - - 18.300
· NO = 236 g/kg N applied - - 23.600
· N2O = 167 g/kg N applied - - 16.700
0.4 Ha/hr 0,4 11,3 -
4 Harvesting Reaper/Harvester
0.7-1.0 acre/hr 0,344 13,1 -

Total fuel consumption [litre/Ha] = 125,5

Total energy content [MMBTU/Ha]** 4,28
Emission factor*** Pollutant contribution
No Pollutant Total [g/Ha] Total [µg/Ha]
[lb/MMBTU] From cultivation [g/Ha] From fertilizer [g/Ha]
1 SO2 0,29 563 - 563 563.266.121
2 CO 0,95 1.845 - 1.845 1.845.182.122
3 NOx 4,41 8.566 23.600 32.166 32.165.529.639
4 PM10 0,31 602 - 602 602.112.061
* US-EPA. Emission Factor. AP-42. Section 9.2.1. Fertilizer Application
** Energy content of diesel oil = 0,0341 [MMBTU/litre]
*** US-EPA. Emission Factor. AP-42. Section 3.3. Gasoline and Diesel Industrial Engines

Pollution Justification Pollutant Concentration and The Environmental Threshold

Parameter SO2 CO NO2 PM10

Total amount of pollutant [µg/Ha] 563.266.121 1.845.182.122 32.165.529.639 602.112.061

Average mixing height [m]* 1275 1275 1275 1275

Ambient concentration [µg/Nm3] ** 44 145 2523 47

Environmental threshold [µg/Nm3] 365 10.000 150 150

Pollution justification (Yes/No) No No Yes No

* Mixing height in summer spans from 450 m to 2100 m (De Nevers, 1995)
** Indonesian Govt. Regulation (PP No. 41 Th. 1999 on Air Pollution Control)

Problem of Noise Emission Conclusion

1. Non-methane emission from paddy cultivation consists of mayor pollutant gases in the ambient air such as Sulphur dioxide
90
(SO2), Carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matter (PM) as well as noise emission.
2. The quantity of gaseous non-methane emission per hectare of paddy field is as follows:
80 a. Sulphur dioxide (SO2) = 563 [g/Ha]
Noise level [dBA]

b. Carbon monoxide (CO) = 1845 [g/Ha]

70 c. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) = 32.166 [g/Ha]
d. Particulate matter (PM) = 602 [g/Ha].
60 3. The noise emission of an agricultural tractor is about 94 dBA from its source and attenuates according to the distance
20 70 120 170 220 270 320 370 apart from the source. Under this noise level the tractor driver is allowed up to one hour exposure unless safety measures
Distance from source [m] applied.

7th Annual Conference of The International Society of

Paddy and Water Environment Engineering (PAWEES)
October 7 – 9, 2009, Bogor, Indonesia
 Nilai poster (1-10 poin)
8

Kriteria A B C D

Menarik

Jelas

Komposisi Warna

Rapi

Komunikatif

Diksi

Content/substansi

Jumlah
 Pesan Cinta Lingkungan:
Semangat Reuse & Recycle (Flea Market Tokyo)
9

http://www.hisandhersphoto.com/Japan/hhtjtokyo_013.htm
 Pesan Cinta Lingkungan:
Semangat Reuse & Recycle: Floehmarkt Bonn
10

Anti stress.
Berminat ?