CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12

WRITTEN BY
IR. TAN YOKE LEE
MIEM, MiFIRE-E
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12

THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF STORAGE FOR CO2 GAS FOR FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING PURPOSES:-
• GAS STORED IN HIGH PRESSURE CONTAINERS AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE.
• GAS STORED IN LOW PRESSURE CONTAINERS AT CONTROLLED TEMPERATURE OF 0 DEG F. THE
CONTAINERS WOULD NEED INSULATION.
FOR NORMAL APPLICATION, THE TEMPERATURE IS BETWEEN 0 DEG F AND 130 DEG F USING HIGH
PRESSURE CONTAINERS
TYPES OF APPLICATION ARE:-
1. HAND HOSE LINE SYSTEM (USED QUITE OFTEN IN TANK FARMS AND HANGARS)
• CONSISTS OF HOSE AND NOZZLE ASSEMBLY CONNECTED TO FIXED PIPING OR DIRECTLY TO THE
SUPPLY OF EXTINGUISHING AGENT.
2. LOCAL APPLICATION SYSTEM- A SYSTEM CONSISTING OF A SUPPLY OF EXTINGUISHING AGENT
ARRANGED TO DISCHARGE DIRECTLY ON BURNING MATERIALS.
3. PRE-ENGINEERED SYSTEM- A SYSTEM THAT HAS PREDETERMINED FLOW RATES, NOZZLE PLACEMENT,
QUANTITIES OF CO2 AND INCORPORATES SPECIFIC NOZZLES AND METHOD OF APPLICATION THAT CAN
DIFFER FROM NFPA 12 STANDARD.
4. TOTAL FLOODING SYSTEM- A SYSTEM CONSISTING OF A SUPPLY OF CO2 ARRANGED TO DISCHARGE INTO
AND FILL TO PROPER CONCENTRATION IN AN ENCLOSED SPACE OR ENCLOSURE AROUND THE HAZARD.
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12

HAND HOSELINE LOCAL APPLICATION

 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12

PRE ENGINEERED SYSTEM TOTAL FLOODING SYSTEM

 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12

TOTAL FLOODING APPLICATION:-

1. NORMALLY FOR UNOCCUPIED SPACE OR NORMALLY NOT OCCUPIED BUT ONLY ENTERED OCCASIONALLY
FOR BRIEF PERIOD DURING MAINTENANCE.
SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS REQUIRED:-
1. SYSTEMS PROTECTING AREAS WITH EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERE SHALL UTILISE METAL NOZZLES AND
ENTIRE SYSTEM SHALL BE GROUNDED.
2. OBJECTS EXPOSED TO DISCHARGE FROM CO2 NOZZLES SHALL BE GROUNDED TO DISSIPATE POSSIBLE
ELECTROSTATIC CHARGES.
3. ALL PERSONS INSIDE THE PROTECTED SPACE SHALL BE WARNED OF HAZARDS INVOLVED AND PROVIDED
WITH SAFE EVACUATION PROCEDURES.
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12

ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES REQUIRED:-

IT SHOULD BE NOTED THAT THERE ARE MINIMUM CLEARANCES REQUIRED BETWEEN

NOZZLE AND THE LIVE UNINSULATED ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS FOR DIFFERENT
VOLTAGE.

SUCH COMPONENTS CANNOT BE GROUNDED.

 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12

CYLINDERS REQUIREMENT:-
1. WHERE SUPPLY CONSISTS OF 3 OR MORE CYLINDERS, THERE SHALL BE AT LEAST ONE PILOT CYLINDER
MORE THAN MINIMUM REQUIRED TO ACTUATE THE SYSTEM.
2. RESERVE REQUIREMENT WILL BE DETERMINED BY THE TIME NEEDED TO REPLENISH THE SUPPLY UPON
DISCHARGE.
AUTOMATIC ACTUATION CONTROLS SHALL BE
ARRANGED AS FOLLOWS:-
1. REQUIRES A SUSTAINED FIRE ALARM INITIATION
SIGNAL PRIOR TO DISCHARGE (SUCH AS DOUBLE
KNOCK SYSTEM)
2. REQUIRES ACTIVATION OF PREDISCHARGE TIME
DELAY AND PREDISCHARGE ALARM FOR LOCAL
APPLICATION

POWER SUPPLY
WHEN FAILURE OF PRIMARY SOURCE, AN
INDEPENDENT SECONDARY SUPPLY SHALL BE
AVAILABLE TO POWER SYSTEM AT STANDBY MODE
FOR 24HOURS AND ALARM MODE FOR THE FULL
DISCHARGE PERIOD.
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12

LOCATION OF CYLINDERS
1. SHALL BE LOCATED AS NEAR AS POSSIBLE TO THE HAZARD BUT SHALL NOT BE EXPOSED TO FIRE OR
EXPLOSION IN THE HAZARD.
CHARGING OF CYLINDERS
1. HIGH PRESSURE CYLINDERS SHALL NOT BE CHARGED WITHOUT PERFORMING A HYDROSTATIC TEST IF
WITH MORE THAN 5 YEARS ELAPSED FROM DATE OF LAST TEST.
CYLINDERS SIZES
1. ALL CYLINDERS SUPPLYING THE SAME MANIFOLD SHALL BE INTERCHANGEABLE AND OF ONE SELECTED
SIZE.
2. FOR TOTAL FLOODING SYSTEM, CYLINDERS SHALL BE STORE BETWEEN 0 DEG F AND 130 DEG F.
3. FOR LOW PRESSURE CONTAINERS, CYLINDERS SHALL BE DESIGNED TO MAINTAIN CO2 AT NOMINAL
PRESSURE OF 300PSI.
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
1. PIPING SHALL BE OF METALLIC NON COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL HAVING PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
CHARACTERISTICS SUCH THAT ITS DETERIORATION UNDER STRESS CAN BE PREDICTED WITH RELIABILITY.
2. BLACK OR GALVANISED PIPE SHALL BE TO ASTM A53 SEAMLESS OR ELECTRIC WELDED GRADE A AND B.
• ASTM A53 pipes come in 3 types (F, E and S) and 2 grades (Grade A and B)
• Type F (furnace butt weld), continuously welded grade A
• Type E (electric resistance welded) in Grade A or Grade B
• Type S (seamless pipe) in Grade A or Grade B

3. ORDINARY CAST IRON PIPE SHALL NOT BE USED.

4. STAINLESS STEEL PIPE SHALL BE TO TP304 AND TP316 STANDARD.
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
5. FOR HIGH PRESSURE SUPPLY SYSTEM, ¾” AND SMALLER PIPE SHALL BE PERMITTED TO BE SCHEDULE 40
AND PIPE FROM 1” TO 4” SHALL BE MINIMUM SCHEDULE 80. FURNACE BUTT WELD ASTM A 53 PIPE
ARE NOT PERMITTED TO BE USED. CLASS 600 FLANGES SHALL BE USED AT UPSTREAM OF STOP VALVES
AND CLASS 300 SHALL BE USED AT DOWNSTREAM OF STOP VALVES. CLASS 150 AND CAST IRON
FITTINGS SHALL NOT BE USED. CLASS 300 MALLEABLE SHALL BE USED UP TO 2” SIZE AND FOR SIZE
MORE THAN 2”, DUCTILE IRON OR FORGED STEEL FITTINGS SHALL BE USED.
6. FOR LOW PRESSURE SUPPLY SYSTEM, PIPE SHALL BE MINIMUM SCHEDULE 40. FURNACE BUTT WELD
ASTM A 53 PIPE ARE PERMITTED TO BE USED.
7. ALL FLEXIBLE PIPING SHALL HAVE MINIMUM BURST PRESSURE OF 5000PSI FOR HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEM
AND 1800PSI FOR LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM.
8. INTERNAL PRESSURE USED FOR CALCULATING LOW PRESSURE PIPE SHALL BE 450PSI AND FOR HIGH
PRESSURE PIPE SHALL BE 2800PSI.
9. PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICE SHALL BE SET TO 2400PSI-3000PSI FOR HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEM AND 450PSI
FOR LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM.
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12

PIPE AND ORIFICE SIZE DETERMINATION

1. PIPE SIZES AND ORIFICE AREAS SHALL BE SELECTED ON BASIS OF CALCULATION TO DELIVER THE
REQUIRED RATE OF FLOW AT EACH NOZZLE.

WHERE Q= FLOW RATE (KG/MIN)

D= ACTUAL INSIDE PIPE DIAMETER (MM)
L= EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF PIPE (M)
Y AND Z DEPENDING ON STORAGE AND LINE PRESSURE
2. FOR HIGH PRESSURE STORAGE, FLOW SHALL BE CALCULATED BASED ON AVERAGE STORAGE PRESSURE
OF 750PSI DURING DISCHARGE AT NORMAL TEMPERATURE OF 21 DEG C STORAGE.
3. FOR LOW PRESSURE STORAGE, FLOW SHALL BE CALCULATED BASED ON AVERAGE STORAGE PRESSURE
OF 300PSI DURING DISCHARGE.
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12

PIPE AND ORIFICE SIZE DETERMINATION

WHERE Q= FLOW RATE (KG/MIN)

D= ACTUAL INSIDE PIPE DIAMETER (MM)
L= EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF PIPE (M)
Y AND Z DEPENDING ON STORAGE AND LINE PRESSURE
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12

PIPE AND ORIFICE SIZE DETERMINATION

WHERE Q= FLOW RATE (KG/MIN)

D= ACTUAL INSIDE PIPE DIAMETER (MM)
L= EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF PIPE (M)
Y AND Z DEPENDING ON STORAGE AND LINE PRESSURE
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12

PIPE AND ORIFICE SIZE DETERMINATION

 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12

PIPE AND ORIFICE SIZE DETERMINATION

4. FOR HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEM, NOZZLE SIZING
SHALL
BE AS PER TABLE 4.7.5.3.1.
DESIGN DISCHARGE PRESSURE OF NOZZLE
SHALL BE GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO 300PSI.
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12

PIPE AND ORIFICE SIZE DETERMINATION

5. FOR LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM, NOZZLE SIZING
SHALL
BE AS PER TABLE 4.7.5.2.1.
DESIGN DISCHARGE PRESSURE OF NOZZLE
SHALL BE GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO 150PSI.
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12

PIPE AND ORIFICE SIZE DETERMINATION

EXAMPLE
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12

PIPE AND ORIFICE SIZE DETERMINATION

EXAMPLE
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12

PIPE AND ORIFICE SIZE DETERMINATION

EXAMPLE
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12

PIPE AND ORIFICE SIZE DETERMINATION

EXAMPLE
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12

PIPE AND ORIFICE SIZE DETERMINATION

EXAMPLE
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12

TOTAL FLOODING SYSTEM

DESIGN CONCENTRATION
TYPES OF FIRES THAT CAN BE EXTINGUISHED BY TOTAL FLOODING METHODS ARE
1. SURFACE FIRES INVOLVING FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS, GASES AND SOLIDS.
2. DEEP SEATED FIRES INVOLVING SOLID SUBJECTS TO SMOULDERING AND REIGNITION.
DESIGN CONCENTRATION FOR SURFACE FIRE
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12
TOTAL FLOODING SYSTEM
DESIGN CONCENTRATION FOR SURFACE FIRE
IF MATERIALS CANNOT BE FOUND ON TABLE AND PERMITTED RESIDUAL OXYGEN LEVEL IS KNOWN, USE THE
FOLLOWING FORMULA.

IF DESIGN CONCENTRATION IS 34%, FOLLOWING VOLUMETRIC TABLE CAN BE USED.

 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12
TOTAL FLOODING SYSTEM
DESIGN CONCENTRATION FOR SURFACE FIRE
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12
TOTAL FLOODING SYSTEM
DESIGN CONCENTRATION FOR SURFACE FIRE
IF OPENINGS CANNOT BE CLOSED AT TIME OF EXTINGUISHMENT, IT SHALL BE COMPENSATED BY ADDITION
OF CO2 EQUAL TO ANTICIPATED LOSS AT DESIGN CONCENTRATION DURING 1MIN PERIOD.
FOR VENTILATION SYSTEM THAT CANNOT BE SHUT DOWN DURING DISCHARGE OF CO2, THE EXTRACTION
RATE X 1 MIN DISCHARGE / FLOODING FACTOR X DESIGN CONCENTRATION CONVERSION FACTOR.
FLOODING FACTOR OF 0.50M3/KG SHALL BE USED IN DUCTS AND COVERED TRENCHES. IF COMBUSTIBLE
REPRESENT DEEP SEATED FIRE, USE DESIGN CONCENTRATION FOR DEEP SEATED FIRES.
RATES OF APPLICATION AND DISCHARGE TIMES ARE DEPENDENT ON MATERIALS INVOLVED AND NATURE OF
ENCLOSURE. MINIMUM DESIGN RATE SHALL BE BASED ON QUANTITY OF CO2 CALCULATED AND MAXIMUM
TIME TO ACHIEVE DESIGN CONCENTRATION.
FOR SURFACE FIRE, NORMALLY DISCHARGE TIME IS 1 MINUTE.
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12
TOTAL FLOODING SYSTEM
DESIGN CONCENTRATION FOR SURFACE FIRE
IF OPENINGS CANNOT BE CLOSED AT TIME OF EXTINGUISHMENT, IT SHALL BE COMPENSATED BY ADDITION
OF CO2 EQUAL TO ANTICIPATED LOSS AT DESIGN CONCENTRATION DURING DISCHARGE PERIOD.
FOR VENTILATION SYSTEM THAT CANNOT BE SHUT DOWN DURING DISCHARGE OF CO2, THE ADDITIONAL
CO2 SHALL BE THE EXTRACTION RATE X DISCHARGE TIME / FLOODING FACTOR X DESIGN CONCENTRATION
CONVERSION FACTOR.
FLOODING FACTOR OF 0.50M3/KG SHALL BE USED IN DUCTS AND COVERED TRENCHES. IF COMBUSTIBLE
REPRESENT DEEP SEATED FIRE, USE DESIGN CONCENTRATION FOR DEEP SEATED FIRES.
RATES OF APPLICATION AND DISCHARGE TIMES ARE DEPENDENT ON MATERIALS INVOLVED AND NATURE OF
ENCLOSURE. MINIMUM DESIGN RATE SHALL BE BASED ON QUANTITY OF CO2 CALCULATED AND MAXIMUM
TIME TO ACHIEVE DESIGN CONCENTRATION.
FOR SURFACE FIRE, NORMALLY DISCHARGE TIME IS 1 MINUTE.
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12
TOTAL FLOODING SYSTEM
DESIGN CONCENTRATION FOR DEEP SEATED FIRE
AFTER DESIGN CONCENTRATION HAS BEEN REACHED, IT SHALL BE MAINTAINED FOR A PERIOD OF NON LESS
THAN 20MIN. ANY LEAKAGE DURING THE 20MINS PERIOD SHALL BE ACCOUNTED FOR.

Dry Electrical
Hazard less than 56.m3
Dry electical Hazard more
than 56.3m2.
Record (bulk paper), ducts,
covered trenches
Fur storage vaults, rubber,
wood products

FOR DEEP SEATED FIRE, NORMALLY DISCHARGE TIME IS 7 MINUTE BUT APPLICATION RATE SHALL ACHIEVE
MINIMUM OF 30% IN 2 MINS.
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12
TOTAL FLOODING SYSTEM
VENTING SYSTEM
FOR VERY TIGHT ENCLOSURE, VENTING SHALL BE CARRIED OUT TO PREVENT STRUCTURAL FAILURE DUE TO
OVERPRESSURE.

WHERE X = FREE VENTING AREA IN MM2.

Q=CALCULATED CO2 FLOW RATE (KG/MIN)
P= ALLOWABLE STRENGTH OF ENCLOSURE (KPA)

P= 1.2KPA FOR WEAK BUILDING, 2.4 FOR MEDIUM BUILDING AND 4.8 FOR VAULT BUILDING.

THE REQUIRED AREA OF PRESSURE RELIEF VENTING SHALL BE X MINUS AVAILABLE VENTING SUCH AS
UNDERNEATH DOOR.
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12
TOTAL FLOODING SYSTEM DESIGN SUMMARY:
DESIGN CALCULATION STEPS ARE:-
1. DETERMINE THE DESIGN CONCENTRATION REQUIRED BASED ON MATERIALS TO BE PROTECTED.
2. WORK OUT THE QUANTITY OF CO2 REQUIRED IN CYLINDERS.
3. DETERMINE DISCHARGE TIME BASED ON TYPE OF FIRES PROTECTED, SURFACE OR DEEP SEATED.
4. DETERMINE THE APPLICATION FLOW RATE
5. CALCULATE THE PIPE DIAMETER BASED ON FIGURE C1A FOR THE CORRECT SYSTEM PRESSURE USING
TRIAL AND ERROR FOR DIFFERENT DIAMETER VALUES. WITH EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF PIPE AND Q2,
FIND THE TERMINAL PRESSURE OF NOZZLE.
6. FROM TERMINAL PRESSURE OF NOZZLE, CALCULATE THE DISCHARGE AREA PER SQUARE INCH OF
NOZZLE ORIFICE. THEN CALCULATE THE REQUIRED NOZZLE AREA.
7. DETERMINE THE REQUIRED VENT AREA.
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12
LOCAL APPLICATION SYSTEMS
LOCAL APPLICATION SHALL CONSIST OF FIXED SUPPLY OF CO2 PERMANENTLY CONNECTED TO A SYSTEM OF
FIXED PIPING WITH NOZZLES ARRANGED TO DISCHARGE DIRECTLY INTO THE FIRE.
IT IS NORMALLY ONLY USED ON SURFACE FIRE INVOLVING FLAMMABLE LIQUID, GAS AND SHALLOW SOLID.
IT CANNOT BE USED IN DEEP SEATED FIRE.
CO2 REQUIREMENT
• QUANTITY REQUIRED SHALL BE BASED ON TOTAL RATE OF DISCHARGE NEEDED TO BLANKET THE WHOLE
HAZARD AREA OR VOLUME TO BE PROTECTED AND THE TIME THAT THE DISCHARGE MUST BE
MAINTAINED TO ENSURE COMPLETE EXTINGUISHMENT. FOR HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEM, COMPUTED
QUANTITY SHALL BE INCREASED BY 40% BECAUSE ONLY LIQUID PORTION OF THE DISCHARGE IS
EFFECTIVE.
• MINIMUM LIQUID DISCHARGE TIME SHALL BE 3MIN. THE MINIMUM TIME SHALL BE INCREASED TO
COMPENSATE FOR ANY HAZARD CONDITION THAT WOULD REQUIRED A LONGER COOLING PERIOD TO
ENSURE COMPLETE EXTINGUISHMENT.
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12
LOCAL APPLICATION SYSTEMS
CO2 REQUIREMENT
RATE BY AREA METHOD SHALL BE USED WHERE FIRE HAZARD CONSISTS PRIMARILY OF FLAT SURFACES OR
LOW LEVEL OBJECTS ASSOCIATED WITH HORIZONTAL SURFACE
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12
LOCAL APPLICATION SYSTEMS
CO2 REQUIREMENT
RATE BY AREA METHOD
TYPICAL CURVES FROM SUPPLIERS

TO DETERMINE TO DETERMINE
THE NUMBER OF THE FLOW RATE
NOZZLES OF EACH NOZZLE
REQUIRED.

OVERHEAD NOZZLES, TOTAL FLOW RATE = NUMBER OF NOZZLES X FLOW RATE EACH NOZZLE
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12
LOCAL APPLICATION SYSTEMS
CO2 REQUIREMENT
RATE BY AREA METHOD
TYPICAL CURVES FROM SUPPLIERS

TANK SIDE NOZZLES AND LINEAR NOZZLE, CHOOSE COVERAGE AREA, THEN CALCULATE NUMBER OF NOZZLES
FROM COVERAGE AREA, DETERMINE THE FLOW RATE OF EACH NOZZLE.
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12
LOCAL APPLICATION SYSTEMS
CO2 REQUIREMENT
RATE BY AREA METHOD
DETERMINE THE DISCHARGE TIME REQUIRED.
REQUIRED CO2 = FLOW RATE OF EACH NOZZLE X NUMBER OF NOZZLES X DISCHARGE TIME X 1.4 FOR HIGH
PRESSURE SYSTEM.
CALCULATE THE NUMBER OF REQUIRED CO2 TANKS.
CALCULATE PIPE SIZE USING SAME METHOD AS TOTAL FLOODING SYSTEM.
DETERMINE THE TERMINAL PRESSURE AT NOZZLE AND GET THE DISCHARGE RATE PER SQUARE INCH OF
EQUIVALENT ORIFICE AREA FROM TABLE 4.5.7.2.1 OR 4.5.7.3.1. THEN CALCULATE THE EQUIVALENT ORIFICE
BY DIVIDING THE FLOW RATE OF EACH NOZZLE BY THE DISCHARGE RATE PER SQUARE INCH.
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12
LOCAL APPLICATION SYSTEM RATE OF AREA METHOD:
DESIGN CALCULATION STEPS ARE:-
1. DETERMINE THE DESIGN AREA ENSURING THAT THE ENTIRE HAZARD HAS BEEN INCLUDED.
2. DECIDE WHETHER TO INSTALL OVERHEAD NOZZLES ONLY OR TANK SIDE NOZZLES OR LINEAR NOZZLES.
3. FOR OVERHEAD NOZZLE, DECIDE ON THE HEIGHT OF INSTALLATION
4. SPACE OUT THE NOZZLES IN ACCORDANCE TO SUPPLIER’S RATED NOZZLE COVERAGE .
5. DETERMINE THE DISCHARGE RATE PER NOZZLE IN ACCORDANCE TO THE SUPPLIER’S RATED NOZZLE
DISCHARGE RATE.
6. DETERMINE DISCHARGE TIME BASED ON TYPE OF HAZARD PROTECTED, SOME MATERIALS HAVE
TENDENCY TO REIGNITE AND THUS REQUIRED LONGER PROTECTION TIME TO COOL OFF THE
MATERIALS. MINIMUM PROTECTION TIME IS 30SECOND.
7. DETERMINE THE APPLICATION FLOW RATE = NUMBER OF NOZZLES X DISCHARGE RATE.
8. DETERMINE THE QUANTITY OF CO2 = APPLICATION FLOW RATE X DISCHARGE TIME X 1.4 FOR HIGH
PRESSURE SYSTEM.
9. CALCULATE THE PIPE DIAMETER BASED ON FIGURE C1A FOR THE CORRECT SYSTEM PRESSURE USING
TRIAL AND ERROR FOR DIFFERENT DIAMETER VALUES. WITH EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF PIPE AND Q2,
FIND THE TERMINAL PRESSURE OF NOZZLE.
10. FROM TERMINAL PRESSURE OF NOZZLE, CALCULATE THE DISCHARGE AREA PER SQUARE INCH OF
NOZZLE ORIFICE. THEN CALCULATE THE REQUIRED NOZZLE AREA.
 CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12
LOCAL APPLICATION SYSTEMS
CO2 REQUIREMENT
RATE BY VOLUME METHOD SHALL BE USED WHERE FIRE HAZARD CONSISTS THREE DIMENSIONAL
IRREGULAR SHAPE OBJECT WHICH CANNOT BE REDUCED SIMPLY TO EQUIVALENT SURFACE AREAS.

6.5. 3 TOTAL DISCHARGE RATE SHALL BE EQUAL OF VOLUME OF ASSUMED ENCLOSURE X 16KG/MIN M3.