Test It Fix It English Grammar Pre-Intermedia

Contents
OXFORD
VNIVEICS ITY PR ESS
How to use Test it, Fix it 4
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 GOP
Oxford Univ ersity Press is a depart m ent of the University of Oxford . Articles (1) 6
It furthers t he University's ob ject ive of excellence in research,

scho larship, and education by publ ishi ng w orl dw ide in A rt icles (2) 10
Oxford New York Artic les (3) 14
Auck land Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Tow n Chennai

Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kon g Istanb ul Karachi Kolkata Adjectives and adv erbs 18
Kuala Lumpu r Madrid Me lbourne Mexico City Mumba i Nairobi

Sao Paulo Shang hai Taipei Tokyo Toro nto Word order with adjectives 22
Oxford and Oxford English are reg istered trade marks of Word order w ith adverbs 26
Oxford Univers ity Press in the UK and in certai n other countries

Comparative and su perlative ad jectives 30
© Kenna Bou rke 2003
The mora l rig hts of the author have been asserted

Co m parat ive and superlative adverbs 34
Database ri ght Oxford University Press (maker) - ing or -ed ? 38
First published 2003
Co unt ab le nouns 42
No un a uth or ized p hotoc o pying

U ncoun table nouns 46
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced ,

stored in a ret riev al system, or transmitted, in any form or by any Quantifiers: some, any~ much and many 50
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Press. or as express ly permitted by law, or under terms agreed Something, anybody, nowhere, everything, etc . 54
with the appropriate reprographics rig hts organization. Enquiries

concerning reprod ucti on outside t he scope of the above should Both, all; each, every; either, neither 58
be sent to the ELT Rights Department, Oxford University Press,

Possessive s 62
at t he add ress above

Prepos it ions of time: at, on, in 66
You must not ci rcu late t his book in any other bind ing or cover
and you must impose th is same cond ition on any acqui rer Prepo sit io ns of pl ace : in, on, at 70
Any websites referred to in t his publ icatio n are in t he publ ic doma in Quest io ns 74
and their add resses are provided by Oxford University Press for
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respons ib ility for the conten t

Short answers 82
ISBN 0 19 438620 1
Ill ust rated by Ken Pyne U sefu l g ra m m ar ter m s 86
Printed in China
Test it, Fix it is a seri es of bo ok s d esi gn ed to help y ou i dentify an y probl em s
you m ay have in Eng lish , and to fix t he probl em s. Each Test it, Fix it bo ok
Test it again (Seco nd page)
t,••, "~!I " l n ~
has t wenty tests w h ich co nce n tra te on m ist akes comm onl y m ad e by learn ers .
Tes t it, Fix it has an u nusu al form at . You stan at t he f irst page of each unit,
o Do Test it again, exerci se 1.
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then go to th e t h ird pag e, then to t he second pag e. Her e's how it works:
Test it (First pa gel

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t ime. It gives you extended Fix it
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a mistake, read the Fix it note. ....If--
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designed to give you a summary

If you need more information,
of t he grammar you need for the

read the Review page as well.
whole test.
G Now go back to t he second page an d do Test it eqoin.
Test it ~ Test it again
o Find and correct the m istake i n each sen tence. o Match t he t w o halves of each sen t ence. Add a, an or the w here necessary.
a Get into bed . I've got 1 octo pus?
Mike's wearing a red socks. f Some child r en wear an b The st o rm s last night we re 2 oi l on my favo urite shirt.
( unifor m at school. c I t hink th ey' re 3 em ail fo r you .
d Oh, no ! I'v e g ot 4 motorbike .
b \ \'c sa w a film vc -xtc-rrlav

e Ho w m uch is 5 fox in t he gard en .
a film was abo ut a s p:'.

f A pparent ly , fro m space 6 bee s but t hey m ay be w asps.
9
9 Pete, th ere's 7 eart h loo ks blue .
h Wh ich is it? A squid o r 8 bl ack jacket in t he w ind ow?
Nick's just bo ug ht 9 new st ory to rea d to yo u.
c I'm sure your books

h Hey, look! I' v e Loo k! Can y o u see it? Th er e's 10 wo rst w e've had for ye ar s.
ar e in a kitchen.
got an fette r l
f) Find and correct five m ista kes.
d \\ 'ould YO\l lik e a ban ana a I In Bads ey to wn ce n tre yesterday, <l ma ll II-. l' anexud 1'0 1' Illll~g i llg a \ Oll ll~
o r a ora nge? wo mu n . :\ wo ma u lI'a, att acked ;\s she left the p o sl " ni ce in Redfo rd Road .
e I lov e w atch ing a sun b Are you looking for c

rise in the mo rni ng .
the n ew j o b?
\Vlt y not .in i n

- Liddle lnsurancee-s
f) Write a, an or the where necessary .
a Ho m o sap iens is most inte ll ige nt species o n th e planet .
\Vc p;ly hos t ra tes !
b I me t v ery interest in g woman toda y.

c Did vou fill th e car up w ith .... .. petrol yesterday?
d The dog's barking at .... __ . m oon ag ain .
e Have a look in fri dge. I th ink th ere's so m e m ilk left.
That's an in terest in g bir d bi rd w ith t he blu e tai l feat he rs.
9 Wow ! You 'v e g ot lot s of DVDs .
h Is th at reall y camel I can see over there?
J eff's opt ician.
Hav e yo u go t garag e at y our hou se?
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~
Articles (1)
Fix it notes o Review

A Articles (1)
Don't use a or an wit h uncountable
In this book t here are three units o n articles . Articles (1) helps you to choose
nouns.
between a, an or the . Artic les (2) dea ls mostly w ith the definite article, the, and
tells y ou when you shou ldn't use an article at all. Articles (3) shows you when to
B
use articles with common expressions.
Do n't use a o r an w it h plur al no un s.
C A and an
Use a (not an) before a conson ant You use the indefinite art icle a (not an) before a consonant sound. You use the
sou nd . Use an (not a) befo re a vowe l i ndef init e artic le an (not a) before a vowel sound .
sound . 15 that a camel? He wears a uniform. I live in a house.
Ilive in an old house. Would you like an orange? I'll take an umbrella.
o
Use a o r an when you ment io n • You d o n't use a or an with unco unt able nouns or plural nouns.
so me th ing for t he fi rst time. Can you smell gas? I'm wearing red gloves.
E You use a or an when you mention someth ing for the first time.
Use th e w hen you ment ion someth ing A boy was walking down the street when suddenly he saw an elephant.
for t he second ti m e. Would you like to go and see a film tonight? (Any film, not a particular f ilm .)
F The
Use th e when it 's obviou s which perso n
You use the when you m enti o n someth ing for a second t im e.
or t hi ng yo u're talking about.

A boy was walking down the street. Suddenly the boy saw an elephant. The
elephant was enormous.
G
Use th e wh en th e t hi ng you ' re t alki ng
You use the when the person you 're talking to knows which perso n or thi ng
about is un ique : th ere's onl y one of

you're talking about.
the m .
Can I speak to the manager? (The manage r of this shop .)
Your books are in the kitchen. (You know wh ich kitc he n.)
H
Use the w it h supe rlative adject iv es.
• You use the when the person or th ing yo u're t alking about is unique. (There's
only one .)
When I was little, I gave som e flowers to the Queen.
, For m or e infor ma ti on , see th e
Review page oppos ite .
,r:>
Th e moon looks beautiful ton ight. I love watching th e sun go d own.
You use the with superlative adject ives.
Th e choo ts t: is th o tnstost nnimnl on enrth, You'm th e nicest person I know.

o Cho ose t he best op tio n, A o r B. o Com pl et e t he sentences . Use a, an or the w here necessary.
a I' m . a You really have go t lov ely sm ile !

A a teacher B teacher b Sarah w an ts to sai l on Nile.
b Cou ld y o u o pe n ? I' m hot.
c I' m spe ndi ng New Year's Eve in Brussels.
A th e w ind ow B window
c Jeff w ants to climb . d Can you pass m e wa t er?
A t he Mount Everest B M ount Ever est e All living crea t u res need wate r.
d Do yo u enjoy listening to ........?
I do n' t like .......... fish . Too ma ny bo nes!
A music B the m usic

e I spent my c hi ldhood i n ....... g Mire ia comes from .... . . Spain, doesn't she ?
A the Belgium B Belg ium h ..._. Chinese is a difficult lang uage to learn.
We'r e go ing ski ing in ..

J oe w ants to be .......... air line pilot.
A A lps B the Alps

9 J ack's g ot .. ....... Taj M ahal is an amazing b uil d ing.
A th e lo u d voice B a lo ud voi ce
h My doc tor says is bad fo r you . a Fin d and correct twelv e m istakes in t hese d ia lo g ues .
A sal t B t he sal t a Tim : Dan, do you want sugar in y our co ffee?
Can you pass me , please? Dan : Yes, please . I know t h e suga r's bad for yo ur teet h but I hate the
A sal t B t he salt coffee wi thout it. T he Dr Raws torne t ells me to give it up eve ry t im e
My brot her spea ks . I see him .
A the French B French
b Caro l: Wow ! This gu id ebook is g reat. Have you eve r been lip Eiffel Tower?
e Choose t h e best op tio n. Ni ck : No . in fact I've never been to the France. Pass me g uidebook,
please .
a Th e Dr Sm ith /Dr Smit h w as a lect u rer at Lon don U ni versity .
b Tom van Vuren comes fr o m th e Netherlands/Net he rlands.

c Harry: The d ictionaries are so expensi ve these da ys!
c T he clown had big red nose/a big red nose.
Sally: Yes, I know, but books cost a lo t t o make, don't they?
d I've always lo ved Italian/t he Italia n. It's such a musical lan g uage.
d Pete : I'v e decided I don 't wa nt to be po lit ician after all.
e Stephen, th e child ren /c hild ren are ready to go to schoo l.
J ill : Good . I don't like the poli t icians anyway.
f Do y ou eat t he chicken/ch icken or ar e y o u veg eta rian ?
o Victo r: T he Davi d is go ing to United States soon to stud y eco nomics.
9 Hav e yo u ever been to Lake Orta/th e Lake Orta ? It's ve ry bea utifu l.
Sarah: Oh. yes, I remembe r. He's go ing to the New York, isn't he?
h We're staying at Sheraton Hote l/the She raton Ho tel ton igh t.
Ni ch o las is an architect/ archi tect, isn't he?

I thi nk th e Lia/Li a is a very pretty ba b y.
Ar t icles (2)

A Articles (2)
Use a or an before a noun or before an
A and an
adject ive + noun to describe somethi ng
o r t o say what someons's job is . You use a or an to de scribe things and to say what someone's job is.
This is a good book. Helen is an editor. NOT /-IefeR is editor.
B
Use the w he n the person you're talking 'h
to knows which person or thing you're
• You use the when t he person you're talking to knows which perso n or th in g
talk ing about.

you 'r e ta lki ng about.
Could you pass me the salt? (The salt that's on t he table.)
C
Your glasses are in the car. (It's our car. You know wh ich one I mean.)
Don't lise an artic le when yo u're talking

about things in a general way, e.g .
You use the with the names of places that are plura l, e.g. the United States,
chicken, music, salt.
tile Netherlands; the United Arab Emirates. You also use the w ith the names o f
most deserts, seas, rivers and oceans, and with t he names of most buildings.
o Robin lives in the United States. She sailed across the Pacific.
Don 't lise an article to talk about a

It's very hot in the Negev Desert. I found the book in the British Library.
person, a lang uage or most places,

incl udi ng the name of a coun try, Note, however, that there are exceptions to this ru le. You don 't use the w ith the
a mountain or a lake. names of buildings which include the words school, universitv, college; castle,
palace; airport. station, e.g. London University, Topkapi Palace; Frankfurt Airport.
E
Use the wi t h the names of places that No article
are pl ural; the names of deserts, seas ,
You do n't use an article (a, an or the) when you're talking about t hings in
rivers and oceans; and the names of

general. If you use an art icle, you change the mean ing.
most bu ild ings.

I like milk but I don't like fish . (All mi lk and all fish.)
lease pass me the milk. (The milk that' s on the table. )
:n
For ore inforrnati~n,
Review page opposite.
see the 1[> Children are adorable. (All children.)
The children are adorable. (Our children .)
You don't use an article wi th languages or with the names of most places.
Paddy speaks French. NOT Pedd~' speaks the Freneh.
We like Lake Como. NOT We like the-l::a,xe Como.
Note, however, that there are exceptions to this rule. YOLI use the wi t h the
names of places which include words such as kingdom, sultanate, republic, e.g.
'Ira Ropubtic of Ireland, and with very big parts of the world, e.g. The Far East.
You don't usa nn article bofore people's names or before Mr, Ms, Mrs, Miss,
Or, Ptotessot, etc, nnd the parson's nama.
limy h; //IY 1>0UI (, itmd. NO I Tile TOI/Y is my bes/ -friel/fi.
. __ . '- - - !- - ~ ._-
o Choose the correct sentence in eac h pair. o Find and correct the mistake in eac h sentence.
a John's in t he hospital because he's broke n his leg.
b John's in hospital becau se he's b roken his leg .
iI David always uses Ihate travelling by

his pen as spoon. the p lane.
c W hat funny boy you are!
II
C'I
d Wha t a funny boy you are!
e We' ll have a salad fo r lunch.

b co u n te d th o u sa n d co in s 9 Why don't you ring Fiona?
We'll have a salad for the lunch .
i ll fifte e n m inutes : I think she's at the home .
'---------~--...
9 We 're going to Lon d on by the car.
h We're goi ng to Lon do n by car.

h The kids love going
c Do you want to have to cinema.
To get to Broad Street, take the seco nd turni ng on the left. th e dinner wit h me?
To get to Broad St reet, take t he seco nd turni ng on left.
f) Write a, an or the where necessary. I can't see you on Saturday

d You a nd we ' re sam e
111(' - because I'm going to the work.
a M ickey James is in . . prison again . typt' o f" people.
b Hey, look ! My w atch is same as yo urs !
c Em m a's only fi ve and she can already coun t to hund red . You turn the li ght s off ! I don't
want to get out of the be d .
d The child ren go to school by bus.
e Wo uld yo u like to win million dolla rs?
f .J ulia n! W hat amaz ing surprise!
9 Wh at do you wa nt for breakfast?
M nt ch the two hal ves of each sentence . Add a, an or the w here necessary.
h Patrick Leig h Ferm o r tra velled fro m London to Istanbul o n foot.
Do you eve r go to 1 helico pter.

San dy 's working as assistant un t il she goes to Australia .
b The post o ffice is over there o n 2 waiter at t he moment.
Take the t hird t urning on rig ht. c Wo ofte n go to t he beach in 3 hosp it al.
tl M ost people dislike being in 4 chur ch?
I' m bus y. I've got 5 Ju ne .
Hnr ry ! Wh at 6 ........ .. lunch w e'll play foot ball.
He's w ork in g as 7 . . '" coas t mo re th an the mou nta in s.
h The y do mo untai n resc ues by 8 m illion th ing s to do .
A ltor 9 surprise to see you agai n !
I liko 10 rig ht next to th e ban k.
~ ~
A rticles (3)
Fix it notes Review

A Articles (3)
Use the before some co mm on
exp ressio ns, e.g. th e left, the rig ht, A and an
the sa me .
You use a o r an before sing ul ar countable no uns afte r as.
B I'm using my spare bedro om as an office.
Don't use an article w it h some Jane's work ing as an assistant in the do cto r 's surgery. NOT as assistant
com m on expressions rela ting to

particula r places, e.g. in bed, at hom e, You use a or an before sing ular countab le no u ns in excl am ati o ns t hat start
in hospital, in prison, to work. wi th What.
What a surp rise! What an amazing car! What a funny dream !
C
Do n't use an article w ith meals, days, You use a befo re til e wo rds hundred, thousand, million, billion, etc . w he n you
months, or wi th ho li days, fest iv als and 1110an 'o ne hu ndred ', 'on e t ho usan d', et c.
spec ia l days. Jill's won a h und red euros. A thousand years ago there w as a fo res t here.
D
Use a o r an befo re a singu lar countable You use the befo re some common exp ressions, e.g . the same, the cinema,
noun aft er as. th e th eatre, th e ri g ht, the left, the top, th e coast, etc . You need to learn t hese .
You're we aring the same ja cket as m e. ShaJJ we go to the cinema?
E My bo use is on the le ft.
Don't use an arti cle wi th methods of

tr an sport , e.g. by bus , b y car, on foot. rticle
F YOIi d on 't use an article with some common ex p ressio ns relat ing to
Use a or an before a sing ular coun table pa rtic ula r places.
(0 , in o r o ut of: bed, chu rch, hospital , pr ison
noun in exclamatio ns w ith What ... !

(lI, at or fr om: coll ege , school , unive rsit y, work
G
Use a before hundred , tho usand. Huh will be in prison for six months. NOT in th e pri so n
million when vo u m ean 'o ne hu ndred' , Wo learnt a lot at school today. NOT at t he scho ol
'o ne thousand', etc. I li ke going to work. NOT tfie--wefk-
YUIi d on't use an article with meals, days, months, ho lidays, festivals and
, J>
pucial days.
For more inf o rm at ion , see the
I at's hov e lun ch log e/her. I hat e Mondays. My 1?irthday's in June.
Review page oppos it e.
I IItJ kids love Christmas. We always have a party on New Year 's Day.
YO Ii don 't li se fin artlcle w ith m eth od s of tr ansport.
I pI/I to work hy trnin. Holen loves going ever yw he re on foor.
II'If II"ickl1l by em. Tl w Prim a Millis/a( tr nvels by ptnne.
Test it ~ est it again

o Fiv e of t h ese sentences ar e incorrect. Fin d and corr ect t hem . o So lve t he clues to com plete the crosswo rd . Use the words below.
Ilf/rl badly easy easily good well
a St eve hit t he ball hard. Rab bit f ur feels soft ly. slo w slo w ly soft softly strange strangely
Across
9 We saw two beautifuls 2 The hairdresser cut my hair .......... yesterday.
b You 're a person nice.

sunsets last week. 3 The so u p tastes W hat's in it ?
5 Our Fre nc h exam w as q uite .
Hav e you seen any films recentl y ?
c Harry is a dog black. h Did yo u get u p \'(' I J' early? 8 My rab bit has white fur.
OBliger. Drive , , .
11 N ick is a . . , . reader but he loves
d The Economist is a
hooks.
weekly magazine. Buy so m e green app les.
Down
;5
1 You ' re talk in g
e This curry tastes wonderful. I bought today a car. Hnv e you go t to ot hache?
6
The m eat smells . .... .

--.- - .
Let' s throw it aw ay.
I cnn drink three
lltr os o f w ater a day.
e Choose the co rrect sentence i n each pair.

'Don' t w orry: sh e said
a Mal co lm speaks w ell Italian. 111 l' hi erry Herv e p layed
b Mal co lm speaks It alian w ell. foull y in th e
c T hat pe rf ume sme ll s w o nderfu l I Ill /Itch.
d That perfume sme lls w o nd erf ully !

e A kitt en is a cat young .
hnol Q t ho best option .
A kitten is a young cat.
('/llr ick ha s h ai r b lond/b lond hair.
9 Th ey test w eekly th e fir e alarm s. It Sue did n't en jo y much the film/th e f il m much.
h They test t he fire alarm s w eekly. You look ang ry/ ang rily - w hat's w rong ?
I read fi ve good books on holiday.

" VIGky shouted loudly/loud.
Ih u Alps nro v ery sn ow ys/s no w y in w inter.
I read five goods boo ks on holida y.
I hu music so u nds cheo rfu l/c hee rf u ll y.
I Th« aituntlon is sertous/serlo uslv,

II Dn n't dr ivo BO flllJl/rnstiy.
1' .1/ Tlnuni i~ l II p np or d aily/d olly pap er.
11111'1 I rllll l f ll cl'lllcio ll s/do liclo ll l ly
C@]
[ In ]
Adjectives and adverbs
Fix it notes Review

A djectives and adverbs
Put adjective s before (not after) nou ns
or pronouns. die ct ives
You use adjectives to say more about a nou n or a prono un. Adjectives go
B
before (not after) th e noun or pro noun.
Ad jectives don 't chang e their fo rm with
lie's a man. He's a nice man. NOT He's-tt-ffltffHffee.
sing ular or plural nouns.
IIMfY'S a dog. Harry's a black dog. NOT Herrv is B doe black.
C
YO Il don't change t he fo rm of an adjective with singular or plura l nouns.
Put adjectives (n ot adve rbs) after t hese
If 's nn interesting book. These are interesting books. NOT fftlefestifttjs
verbs : ap pear; be, become, feel, get,
Those shoes are cheap. NOT eheep«
l ook, seem, smell, sound, taste.
YOIl put ad jectives after (not before) t hese verbs : appear; be, become, feel , get,
o luok, seem, smell, sound, taste.
Don 't put adv erbs between the verb
~111 look tired. NOT You .tired-look.
and the ob ject. Usu ally put th em at th e
III"t seems easy. NOT -That·eaBy-seem s.
end of t he senten ce.
YOIl use an adjective (not an adverb) after these verbs: appear; be, become, feel ,
E
'til , look, seem, smell, sound, taste.
Early and lat e; fast and hard; daily,
111f/ tiresd smells wonderful. NOT -W8RtferftJl/ y
w eekly and m onthly are adject iv es and
I )II/I!! OW milk taste bad? NOT -hat#y
adv erbs .
, For mor e infor m atio n, see the

Revi ew page oppos ite . ,[:>
1111 lor m most adve rbs by addi ng Iy to the adjective .
II/IId ... quickly
Ihl l 1m careful , Some adverbs are irreg ular.
/ 1l 11I/ well She's a good runner. She runs well.
IIII/d hnrd Digging is hard work. He works hard.
1111 11(11' adverbs to say more about verbs. Adverbs tell you how, w here, when
III IJIIW much something happens. You usually put them at the end of the
uutnnce . You don't pu t t hem bet ween the verb and its ob ject.
I lilly fir/II delicious pizms here. NOT Thev-eett-here delicious pizzas.
~"'l lI llt/llk Ft onch well. Nor You speak well French.
mel montniv con be adj ectives
/III/ Iy u aln. I {Jil t III) omlv.

JIIr I ",~y 1-}fI !Jli ~lJ. 111 11 nlll"" rlilily
Word order with adjectives

o Find and co rrect any sente nc es th at are wrong . o P ilI the ad jectives in t he co rrect ord er b ef ore the no u ns.
Nepa lese/re d/bea ut if ul scar f

a I saw a wh ite li ll ie mo use nicky is small, fair
II tall /thl n/bl ue -eve d m an
in the kitc hen . and blue -eyed.
I: big/first m atch
II cycl in g/ b l ue/l vcra shorts
~ Belg ian/ho t/d elicio us chips
b Katy liv es in a small m od ern g ( It was t he th ird b ig surp rise
I Il1IlIet/si lk/pink shoes
flat near the town cen t re. '. of t he da y.
-- <s:
-,
,I :lc ar y/Fre nch fi lm
II Gen n an/sh ep herd/ da nqe rou s dog
I IIl Il II /fift h e m ai l
c Veil ire is an old h Ple ase buy me larg e two
, v ull ow/sev en/t in v d ucks
beautifu l city. bottles of m ilk.
1' llIlo. " the corr ect option, A or B.
The im po rt ant is t hat I lo ve you . . I hu uu ht . .... . music box .

d yuckl This horrible tastes! , IOVI:ly Italia n B an It alian lov ely
I, II ,'" ~ 1 1I 1 a ... car.
bl /ld h ug e spo rt s B h uge b lac k sports
It was a journey tiring.
11 11,1'" tho . . .. t hing y o u' v e said !
e J im gave m e a g re y co tton sca rf. lil pid th ird B th ird stu pid
,I I IIVII ill , ..... ho use .
1\ nn old sto ne B a sto ne o ld
III/Il W ~I : ; .. .. .. cu rr y !
1\ ,. aplcv exce lle nt B an excell ent sp ic y
e Choose the correct sentence in each pa ir. l\
'/I ll
l ll ' (JIII unh ap py B unhappy see m

a Yo u ti red lo ok. k W hat a nice li tt le boy!
tI i.u u lt l v ou pass me the . ........ ruler?
b Yo u look tired . I Wh at a litt le nice bo y !
1\ 1I1111 " ll on9 B lo ng meta l

c Yo u need lar ge two eg g s. m It good tast es !
It 11111 " lIlIn lo oks .
d Yo u need tw o large eggs . n It t astes good !
f\ 11\1111 1I11 n ny B ligh t and su n ny
e A n Italian leat he r hand bag. o Th ey' re foo tba ll b lack boots .
W IJ 1Il/ lld fI dictio nary.
p Th ey' re b lack fo ot ball boots .
f1 Hlcl l; f unc l1 B French good
A leath er Ita lia n han d bag .
.fllllff 11\ . . rab b it.
9 The po or boy is ill. q He's ta ll, t hin and b lo nd.
l\ ~1 1l urlurn h lu li tt lo Du tch B a Dut ch littl e adorab le
h The poor i s ill. He's tall , t hin, b lon d .
She drives a ti ny wh it e car. s He's go t fi ve Siam ese cats .
She d riv es a w h it e t iny car. t He's go t Siamese f ive cats.
CEQ] LJ2O]
Word order wi th adjectives
Fix it notes Review

A Word order with adjectives
Put adjectives describing size, length or
11 '11 im po ssible to gi ve exact rules f o r word order with adject ives in Eng lish because
height before other adjectives but after
I IHIre are ma ny except ions. How ev er, there are some g uidelines th at will he lp yo u
adjectives describing opi ni o n.
1' 1 choose the correct wo rd order in most cases. Generall y you don't use more than
II l! lw adjec ti ves togethe r in the same sentence.
B
Put adjectives describing col our, orig in,
You usually put adjectives that describe your opinion before any other
ma ter ial and purp ose in th at ord er.
«tloctives,
o tui's han dsome, sl im and fair-haired. What an adorable little baby!

C
Put adjectives d escribing opin ion, e.g .
You use adj ectiv es that describe size , length or height before adjectives that
beautiful, before any other adjec tive s.
c1rJRCribe col ou r, orig in , material or purpose .
II'i ':; (Jo/ a big red nose . That's a small Dutch rabbit. It's a long silk scarf.
o II " driv es a bla ck racing car.
Put numbers bef or e adj ectives.
You use adjecti ves that describe colour, or igin, material or purpose in that
E
uulur,
Ad ject ives go be fore (not aft er) a noun .
Il w :JfJ nre green Alsatian glass drinking cups.
Always put a noun, e.g. thing, boy,
141/1 is " brown German shepherd dog.
aft er an adje ctive exc ept in specia l
cases .
1111 p ili number s and words like first, second, last, etc . before adjectives.
/I II 1111 rl uo tom ato es. That's the last boring party I'm going to .
F
Put adject ive s aft er (not before) th ese
tllOl IIVll ll (10 befor e (not after) a noun . Don 't use an adjective on its own.
verbs: appear, be, beco me, feel, g et,
" (I IIIIIU wnlk: NOT Jt!s-B-wa-lk-Jong.
loo k, seem, sm ell , so und and tast e.

11111 III1IJIJI tnnt thing is that we love each other. NOT +he-imonFtant is that .. .
II,,,, fltlm {li'" is unwell. NOT -Th e-p oor is unwell.
G
Use and bef o re th e last adjective if y ou NlI l lt. You can use an adjective withou t a noun in special cases, e.g . the elderly,
use tw o o r more adj ectives afte r 111ft I/lU II, tha unemployed, the young, etc. In these cases , you' re talking abo ut a
appear, be, become, feel, get look, JII II' P 0 1 peopl e and you're using the adjective as a noun.
seem , smell, sound and tast e. 1/" " f I",lily rnises money for th e poor. (Poor people as a group.)
III II lId ll11lll vI;lS nft er (not before) these verbs: ap pear, be, become, feel, ge t, look,
I
For mo re inform at ion, see th e
Rev iew page o ppo sit e.
J> I '"
Til. 'W/II ,fI, smell and taste.
II/Ilk uonutitut! He seems happy. I feel tired. NOT -I-ti red-fee/.
'"" Tl fl fJlI lII, bu, become, feel, get, look, seem, so und, sm ell and taste, you use
,," l mln ru lh o lnst f1 cljacl ivo if vou li sa two or more ad jocti vos in th e sam e
1I111111.1t If vou li se thr oe adinctivea, vou put 11 cn nuun a lter tim Iirst ad jec ti ve.
II ' ·lJi"'", "/Ct' IlIIlI SI /ic y. YOII look ri" ttllll/l lllllh ~'flIJY-
o Choose t he co rrect sentence in each p air. o hve o f th ese sentences are incorrect. Fi nd and co rre ct them.
a He ofte n forg et s to r ing m e.
b He f org ets often to ring m e.

Do you go to the theatre ever? f Sinu m (";111 h el p vo u Jlr,)ba b h .
c Sh e did n't li ke mu ch the fi lm .
d She di d n't like t he fi lm much.

II Keith doesn't oft en come r ound . 9
e The repo rt is f inis hed comple tely.
T he report is co m pletely fin ished.

,: W ill I see you tomorrow? h
I nev er w ant to do th is ag ain.
9 I sp eak Itali an badl y.
h I speak badly Itali an .
II The cake is ov er cooke d to tall y. A re you usu allv ch eerfu l?

Did y o u see Mart in a y est erd ay ?
j Did y o u y est er d ay see M art ina?

, . ~
\\ ( '
k I feel sad v ery .
( ' O ll ll' l l l i ll"
. I I I' , {; l ll l d l l l.
go ou t II
~/
I ')
She doesn't very well ride a bike.
I I feel v ery sad.
m We alw ays hav e liv ed he re.
n W e have alw ay s live d her e.
Gho o se t h e b est o pti o n, A o r B.

o They m ake here w on derf u l sand w iches.
p They make wo nd erfu l san dw iches here.

Do y o u me?
A still love B love sti ll
q Have y o u studied always at th is sc hoo l?
h Fion a doesn't hav e a sense of humou r. She .
Ha ve y o u alwa ys st ud ied at th is sc h oo l?
A laup hs never B ne ve r laug hs
s "II probab ly see y o u o n Friday.
=inish y our homework q uickly. Sup per is ......
t I' ll see y o u p ro bably on Fr id ay.
A nlrnost rea d y B re ad y alm ost
tI No o ne enjoyed .
e Put t he adverbs in t he correct places . A much the pla y B t he pl ay m uc h
a Pet e and Sue are ma rried . (hap pi ly)
W o w at c h .
b Dav id gets u p earl y. (alwa ys)
V a lot B a lot TV
c Have y o u g ot y o u r dog? (still)

l luw lo ng have you ?
d I enjoyed the fi lm. (a lot )
A thur e li ved B li v ed the re
e We're lea vi ng . (to day)
II 1l,.I)h itH , .....
f He feels il l. (ter ribly )
A 1111. fll S I B fast ru n
10 V, ll i look .
9 Yo u left y o ur b ook. (t here)
h Tom pl ays t he d rum s. (w ell)

A uxtt umelv hap py B happy ex treme ly
I' ll ring y o u to m o rro w . (d efin it ely }
I tI l '
Ton y kno ws t he ans wer. (probably)
tu m orrow go out B go ou t to m o rrow
11 11 II i liti S .
A VllI Y lo ud ly B lo udly very
~ ~
Word orde r with adverbs
f) Fix it notes Review

A Word order with adverbs
Put adverbs of frequen cy, e.g . often,
and certainty, e.g. probably, be fore

Di ffe rent kinds of adverb, for example adverbs of frequency such as always or
most verbs.
ulverbs of manner such as badly, go in different positions in a sentence.
' ~()m e go at the end of the sentence but others go near the verb.
Put adverbs of freque ncy, e.g . always,

dverbs of frequency and certainty
and certainty, e.g. definitely, after
Yo u use adve rbs of frequency, e.g . never, often, sometimes, etc. and adverbs
aux iliary verbs and the ve rb be.

o f cert ai nt y, e.g . certainly, definitely, probably, etc . before most verbs .
We ne ver go sailing. I often go running. He definitely likes pizza .
C
In questions, put adve rbs of f req uency, You use adverbs of frequency and certainty after auxiliary verbs, e.g . can, do,
e.g . always, afte r auxil iary + subject. hnve. must, will, etc. and after the verb be.
/ can o ften beat him at chess. She has probably been there before.
D
Put ad ve rbs of quantity, e.g . much, at III quest ions, you use adverbs of frequency and adverbs like still and ever after
t he end of t he sentence (not betwee n III aux il iary + subject .
the verb and it s obje ct ). Do you often go out? Does he still love me? Have you ever seen him?
E verbs of manner, place, quantity and time

Put ad v er bs of place, e.g . here, at t he
end of t he sentence (not between the You usual ly use adverbs of manner, e.g. badly, well; adverbs of place, e.g . here,
verb and it s object) . th ere; adverbs of quantity, e.g. a bit, a lot, much; and adverbs of t ime, e.g.
(or/ny, yesterday, at the end of the sentence. Never put these adverbs between
I verb and its object. This is a very common mistake.
F
YO/l speak English well. NOT ¥eu-speak-well-English:
Put adverbs of time, e.g . yesterday, at

the end of the sentence (not between I/lay sell stamps here. NOT They-sell -here -stamps;
the v erb and its object) . W(J liked the restaurant a lot. NOTWe-liked-a lot the-restaurant;
J It/s leaving the house today. NOT -He!s-/eaving-today-the house.
G
Put adve rbs of manner, e.g . badly, at rb s before adjectives and past participles
th e end of th e sentence (not between YIIII put adverbs before (not after) an adjective or a past participle.
the v er b and its object) . 11m hook is nearly written. NOT -Th e-book-is-w rit ten -nettf/y.
\ '1)/1 look extremely tired. NOT You -icok-tired-extremetv.
H
Put ad ve rbs before (not after) an
adj ective o r a past partic ip le .
Fo r more inlonna tio n. see th e

Hov low P fl U U u p poui tu .
L>
Co mparative and supe rlative adjec tives

o Find and co rre ct the m is take in eac h sentence. o Ch oose the best option, A or B.
a A re oysters th an mussels?
a M y brother is in telli genter Which skyscraper is the A m o re tas ty B tast ier
tha n I am . highest of the wor ld ? b Ski ing is excit in g spo rt in t he world .
A t he m ost B a most
g t\Ltrk fi lll is Sp ;lllls h l'<lsycl c T hat' s t he best paintin g the art gallery.
b The blu e whale is the A in B of
10 k.uu 111,11 1 l r.rli.m .
animal the biggest.
d You're t he ..... . per son I kno w .
A fun ni er B fun ni est
h Today was the hot est e Is ancient Greek m o re d iffic ult Latin ?
c Icel and is co lder Engla nd. day of the year. A as B th an
W hich is , Afr ica o r A sia?
A ha te r B ho tte r
d Nic k is 1ll00T ki nd t han Aliso n . 9 A cat ca n j ump t ha n a d og.
Isabell e is t he m or e be autif ul
person I've met. A h igher B mo re h ig h
h M ichael is perso n to ask.
e This is the most good f ilm A bes t B th e best
I' v e ever seen ! She w as m uch than I thought she w o uld be .
A si llye r B silli er
W ho is ? Kat e o r J ud it h?
A fi tt er B more fitter
ind an d co rrect five mistakes in the headlines.

f) Write the compa rative and superlat ive fo rm s of these adject ives.
J.
a
b
nasty
nice
compa rative
-_._--. - " --- ,

superlative Crows ar e m ore go od toolmakers th an ch impanzees .
~- --
c han dsom e b IT'S OFFICIAL: Beckham is best fo otbaJler o f the world.
d we t
e far
c Is this the d iscovery the greatest?
cl E
xclusivel The w or ld's old er III WI roach es 7770 1 bi r rhdav.
C@]
Compara tive and supe rlative adjec tives
f) Fix It It o Review
A Com parat ive and superlative adjectives
Make th o C( Jl ll p l ll nllvll IlII d ~; lI pe ri a t i v e
of on e-sv lluhlu Iltl l" ot lvll lI lJl1ding in e
You make the comparative and supe rlative o f one- syllab le adjecti ves ending
by ad dinq r 'mel III I IIr other o ne
in e by adding ra nd st. You make t he comparative and superlative of other
syllabic m llo Cllvuli IHlei III /lnd est.
one-syllable adjectives by add ing er and est.
nice nicer the nicest fast faster the fastest
B
Make the cOlllp' II,,,,tlvo rilld su oer lat ive

You need to double the last lett er of adjec tives that end in one vowe l + one
of two-syllnhl a llelll jGllvun undin q in y
consona nt, t he n add er and est .
by changino y to IlIIld IHld ing er and
big bigger the biggest hot hotter the hottest
est. For othor tw o ~ y llll lJ l u nd ject iv es
fat fatter the fattest thin thin ner the thinnest
and longer adl ucrlvo s, IIC ld m ore and
the most beforo 11m /IC Ij" c.li ve.

You make the comparative and superlative of two-syllable adjectives ending
in y by chang ing y t o i and adding er and est.
C
easy easier the easiest tasty tastier the tastiest
Double the last \o ll tl! o f ad ject ives tha t
end in o ne vowel I o nu con sonant.

You make the comparative and superlative of other two-syllable ad jectives and
the n add er and es t.
lo nger adjectives by add ing more and the most before t he adjective.
borinq more boring the most boring
D
i nteresting more interesting the most interesting
So me adjectives have ir reg ular
co m parative and superlative forms .

Some adjectives hav e an irregu lar compa rat ive and superlative form.
You need to learn these.
E good better the best fa r further the furthest
After a superlative use in (not of) w ith bad worse the worst little less the least
a sing ular wo rd for a place or a group. much/many more the most
F You use than after a compara t ive adjective and the before a superlative
Use than after a compa rat ive adjective adjective .
and the before a superlative adjective. You're taller than me . John is the tallest in the class .
G YOll put th e comparative or superlative adjective be fore (not after) t he nou n.

Put comparative and superlative
Tile elephant is the biggest land animal. NOT =:-the-Iand-anim al-th e ·bigg est.
ad jectives befo re t he noun .
Nnte: You do n' t use o f w ith a singu lar word fo r a place or a group, e.g. the world,
II'" class, the team. Yo u use in. This is a very common mistake.
,[:>
Fo r more info rm atio n, see t he
I" uio cheetah the fas tes t an imal in the world? NOT . •• o f th e-w orld.
Revie w page opposite .

1Ir,(} is the best studen t in the clnss, NO I .. . of ti m C11l8S.
I
.. .
-i#.' ~
anct',superll tlv. ~
~. . Comp arat ive and superlat ive adverbs
I~II, 1
Test it again
est it ~
o Com p lete the sent enc es. Use th e cornpnrntlve UI 'n"" III th o W rite t h e m issin g for m s.
adverbs in brackets.
ad ve rb comparative sup er lative
a Rich ar d' s clever, b ut Bob wor ks ..
III " II ,1111 10I 1Id.1l1t l (h nrd)
a
slowly
b T hey all danced well , but Ell en d anced ... li lly)
b
t he most clearly
c M ary d rives th an Andre a. tbad lv) f urth er
c
d Yo u get high m ar ks t ha n I do . (0 111111 1 badly

d
e Co u ld yo u co m e ..__ than t en? It'll o lt l " I I 1' 11'1. ('" Ii1y)
e t he m o st po litely
e Find and correct ten mistakes on th e webp aq s . f generous
9 mo re
E.k Edt \':".. F",,-onI« 1001> !;jEt>
.;.. e.-d. .... --. ~ :ii'-:::! ·~S e'"ch iJ F~,.Q"I~; ::) ~" ''''l' 1-,')' J im
h t he best
I>,jdl<:, ~ httP ;;!~. a',i,;:, ,, l magiC fr/
"'] ("Go l ll*.'S»
... . . m or e carefu lly
Animal
FAQs
:I!
, -,
. . '""'" . -II
._ - , \ . ... S';2'
f)
nea t ly
Cho o se the best opti on . A or B.
~~ -~
a I'd like to mov e ..
A near er
.__ to my fam ily .
B mo re near
b Ni ne o'clock? You get up .......... th an I do . I g et up at fi ve-t hi rt y.
a Can torto ises wa lk fast er t u rt les?

A lat e B lat e r
b Of all th e birds in t he wo rl d, wh ich bi rd si ng s th o boat
c Matth ew w or ks harder his superv iso r do es .
c Do other anim als w ake up more ea rl y t han bi rd s or nr o bird s th e
A t han B -
f irst to w ake up?

d W e w ou ld all like to see y ou .
d W hich anim al eats m o re greedi ly - a lio n, a tiger o r a leopard ?
A o fte ne r B m o re oft en
e Do w orker bees re all y w or k harder than other bees?
e Can cats catch rats th an th ey can catch m ice?
f Can ch im panzees cl im b tr ees easily than orang outans ?
A m o re easi ly B m ost easily
9 D o camels live lo ng er ele ph an ts?

A im ! You alwa y s aim to o low.
h Can bats see cl ea rly th an hu m ans?

A hig he r B more h ig h
Wh ich fl ies high est - an eag le o r a haw k?
IJ Joa nne w rites bad ly, but Su e w rit es .....
j Wh y don't zo okee pers get bitten ofte ne r?
A w o rse B m o re badly
k Do all igators m ove more slowly than crocod iles?
h Laura speaks Spa nish .......... t han her b rot her d oes.
I Can dogs see fu rt he r th an cats ?

A mo re w ell B better
m Can an elephant rem em ber th ing s more well th an ot her anim als?
Tom swims ........ of all the bo ys in hi s cl ass.
n Why have apes developed q uicklier t ha n othe r an im als?
A th e fastest B fast est
o Can rab bits hear better than har es? I dri ve . v ou d o . Yo u'ru 11 turrihl o c1riv or l
A m ore caro fll il y B 111 01 0 cnru tu llv thnn
~ 20
Comparative and supe rlative adverbs
Fix it n o Review
A Comparative and superlative adverbs
Make tho Glll ll p" l 11 11", . 11111 11 IIf most
adverbs by PIIIII III \I " '''''' IIlJ" " c t he • You make th e comparative form of m ost adverbs by adding m ore befo re t he
adve rb. M Ilko "'11
_' II ,rtlll.llvlJ form by adverb. You make th e su perlat iv e form by addi ng the most.
adding Ow " " ,,,, qu ickly [770 re quickly the most quickly
B You make t he comparative fo rm of the adverbs early, fast, hard, high, late, lo w,
Make th ll llll l ll l" II IlII II'1 1111 11\ o f th e near and soon by adding er. You make the super lat ive fo rm of t hese adverbs by
adverbs tJ ~" ly, /(/. , lim" 11I1l1 liiqt: by add ing the and est. You change the y at the end of early to an i be fore yo u add
adding 01 til lhtl "11,,... il l. Milke th e eriest and j ust add ran d st to late .
superlatlvu 111111 1 I ,y Pll ldl llU til e and est. early earlier th e earliest fast faste r the fastest
(Chang e tlll l V III Iit' l 11il 1I IIf cnriv to high higher the highest late latest the latest
an i bolor u l iCit 1111 (/ Ill/ illfl.)
Some adverbs have an irreg ular comparative and superlative fo rm .
You need to learn t hese.
far further the furthest
Il ive and well better the best
badl y worse the worst
D
You use than after a comp arative adv er b.
U se 0"11' " flll i ~I co m p arative adve rb .

You finished it more quickly than I did . She sings better than he does.
Note: Sen tences wit h superlative adverbs aren't as common as sentences with
I ,t:> co m par at iv e adverbs.

-ing or -ed?

o Find and corr ect any sentences t hat are w ron o Use t he w or d at the end of each li ne t o m ake a new wor d to fi ll t he spa ce.
It It's nea rly Chri st m as ! I' m so exc iti ng ! a I saw a de ad m o use in th e garden .
b The lesson was very confus ing . It w as .. DISGUST
c W hat an amazing party tha t w asl
b Wh at' s w ro ng ? A re you w ith me? ANNOY
d Th ere's nothing to do here. It's a very bored tUWI!.
e Th e film was so frightened t hat the kids hid be hind the so la. c I' m not
Th at' s no t v ery fun ny . AMUSE
f A re you excited about gett ing married?
d These instructio ns are CONFUSE
9 Bad weather can be very de press ing .
I don't understa nd them .
h I can see you 're not very interesting . You' re not listen ing to m e at all.
We' re all worried about Ro be rt .

e My parents aren't . ..... .................. w it h m y SATISFY
I w as ab sol ute ly amazing w hen he ga ve me th e fl owers. ex am resul ts.
e Choose the best optio n, A or B. You' re when you 'r e i n a bad mood . FRIGHT
FRUSTRATE
9 I fee l w he n I can 't solve a prob lem .
I It's very w hen t he co mp ut er doesn't w or k prop er ly.
A irrit ated B irritating

h Do y o u find astron om y . INTEREST
b We w ere all to hea r about the acci dent. Lemon and honey is very . COMFOR T
A sho cking B shocked
w hen yo u've got a col d.
c Ar e yo u .. .... t hat yo u di d n't pass the exam ?
A d isapp o inting B dis appointed

J ill w as very abou t falling EM BA RRA SS
d This is a book about Zan zibar. asleep in class .
A fascin at in g B fascina ted
k That rolle r-coaster rid e w as .. TERRIFY
Stop bei ng so ........ .! T hat's t he thi rd t im e I'v e heard t hat st o ry.
A b ored B bori ng I w o rked har d yeste rday. Wh en I g ot h om e
She finds exerc ise extremel y .

I w as .. EXHAUST
A tired B tirin g
III M y boss w as wh en I resigned. SU RPRISE
9 I W II S to learn abo ut the history of the castle.
A fascinating B fascinate d
n Lying on t he beach is very . RELAX
h W hy m e you ........ .? Th ere's a lot to do here. o T h e midnight m ov ie last ni g ht w as . HORRIFY
A bor ing B bored
It w as abou t g hosts and vamp ir es.
No one see m s in m y pl an s.
A inte res ted B in tere sti ng
I' m su re th e dog's He nev er w ags his tail.
e Choose t he best caption fo r t he cartoon.
A depressed B depressi ng T he teach er w as very borin g.
The teacher wa s very bored.
[ ~ ~
Iiiiiiiiiiiiiii
~@ [;IblD -l/7g or -ed?
Answers to Test it
Check your answers. Wrong answer?
f) Fix it notes o Review
Read the right Fix it note to find out why.
A - ing or -ed7
Use participles ulldillU ill ed to talk
-+ A You can use present part ici ples (words ending in ing) and past participles (w ords
~I l a ~ exc ited abou t how people Ioul.
b correct -+ B endi ng in ed) as adjectives but you need t o know th e d ifference between them. It's
c correct -+ H common for people to mix them up because they look quite similar.
B
d befeti boring -+ B
Use participles endi ng In i ng when
e ~efle6 frightening -+ IS Past participles used as adjectives
yo u' re des cribing the reason for a
f correct -+ A"
feeling . • You use past parti ciples, e.g. bored, confused, interested, etc. as adjectives.
9 correct -+ B They describe how so m eone feels.
h ifttefesttftg interested -+ A
I'm bored. You 're tired. He's frightened. We 're irritated.
j correct -+ A
~l
j~
a B -+ 1:1
amazed
f B -+ B
-+ A
I
For more information. see t he
Review pag e opposit e. ,[:> Present participles used as adjectives

You use present participles, e.g. boring, confusing, interesting, etc . as
b B -+ A 9 B -+ A ad jectives. They describe the reason for a person's feelings.
c B -+ A h B -+ A
The film was reall y boring. (The film made me fee l bored.)
d A -+ B j A -+ A
It was a very frightening film . (That's the reason I was frightened.)
e B -+ B jA-+ A She fi nds the lessons tiring. (The lessons make her feel tired.)
It was shocking new s. (The news shocked us .)
'.f Now go to Rage 39. ifest yourself again .
Here's a list of common past and present participles that are used as adjectives:
Answers to Test it again amazed amazing fr ightened frig hten ing
' U a disgusting amused amusing frustrated frustrati ng
b annoyed annoy ed annoying horrified horrifying
c amused
bored boring interested interesting
d confusing
co mf o rt ed comforting irritated irritating
e satisfied
confused confusing puzzled puzzling
f frig ht ening
depressed depressing relaxed relaxing
9 frustrated disappointed disappointing satisfied sat isfying
h int eresting disgusted disgusting shocked shocking
I com fo rti ng em barr assed embarrassing surprised surprising
I em barrassed sxcited exciting terrified terrifying
k te r rify ing xhausted exhausting tired tiring
I ox haust ed fascinated fascinat ing w o rried worrying
III su rp rised
n rel axing
o horrifying
It. The teacher was very bo red.

o Find and co rrect ten mista kes . o So lve the clues to complete t he crossword ,
a f
( Ii ' II I ; 1I 1l 1 Jill h.iv« 1,1.l l l T 'O ll'
~ Across
, - l:u \" , 1" " " 1 .u « l '\ Il'\". 2 People who aren't grown up are cal led .......... .
~
b WI.: looked ill tour d ic tio na rvs

'" --...>.... 3 Most people use these to
6 Men have ... . and w om en have 2
9 I'm going on a diet! My husbands.
but \\'1.: cou ld n 't End th e word.

trousers doesn't fit me. 7 These are very young chi
:fren.
l- I-
9 cause t raffic jams.
c There were two 11 I'd like two of bread

and I-
I
3 4
h Sam likes mouses beca use a baguette, please .
persons at the door.

they' re small and fu rry. 13 These are clever animal s.
They
l-
steal chickens .
I- l-
S
14 The th ings you bite with .
d This film are boring - let's Bus go up and down my street 6 7

watch a different one. all day and they're noisy. Down
I I
8
1 ......... , forks and spo o ns,
l- I- I- -
2 Almost all offices nowadays
e In autumn the leafs fall

use .
'--- -
l- I-
off the trees.
4 They're red and y ou eat t
\em
~
in salads.
9 10
5 are frig ht ened of ca ts .

I-
8 These vegetables grow u
iderqround .
10 There are . ........ in every
e
11
Write t he p lu ra l forms of t he se nouns.

a woman
city. They are cheaper to
use than taxis.

r
r
I-
12 People usually live in
3
b sheep
.......... o r apartments.
I I-
c story
-
d tooth
e dress 4
tomato
r
9 fox '---
h foot
wolf
ch ild .. ......_ " " ' .
~
r [,-~]
.,..,..
Countable nouns

A Countable nouns
Many Engli sh no un s are co u nt ab le.
Ad d s to m ake tho plural, e.g. boys. Spelling rules
• Many Eng lish nou ns are coun table. In most cases, you add s to th e si ngular
B
noun t o make the plural form.
Add es to cou nta b le no u ns ending in

dog/dogs boy/boys shop/shops
ch, sh, s, a and x to mak e the pl ural,
e.g . pote to es, dresses.
• If a coun tab le no un end s in in cb, sh, s, 0 o r x, you ad d es to make the
plural f orm .
C
watch/watches brush/brushes bus/buses
To m ake the plural o f nouns ending

potato/potatoes fo x/foxes
in consonant + y, change V to i and

add es, e.g. diction aries.
If a countable noun ends in a consonant + y, you ch ange y to i an d add es.
dictionary/dictionaries story/stories lady/ladies
o
To make the plural o f nouns ending
If a countable noun ends in f or te, you ch ange the f to v and add es or s.
in f Or fe, ch ang e f to v and add es,
thiet/tbieves leaf/leaves wife/wives knife/knives life/lives
e.g. leaves, wolves.
Irregular plural forms

Some countabl e noun s a re irregular.
Some cou ntab le nouns are irregular and th er ef o re have irregula r p lura l forms.
They have irreg ul ar plural forms,
You need to learn th ese.
e.g . people, mice, sh eep, women. person/people chitd/cbildren man/men
woman/women mouse/mice sheep/sheep
F
Use a singu lar v erb with si ng u lar Noun-verb agreement
co u nt able nou ns.
You use a singular ve rb wi t h si ngu lar countable nou ns.
The child is happy. The Oxford dictionary con tains 3,5 00 new words.
G
Us e a plu ral verb w it h p lu ra l nouns.
• Yo u use a plu ral verb w ith p lura l nouns.
Some no uns ar e alwa ys plural ,
The girls are swimming. The children didn't go to school yesterday.
e.g. police, tr ousers.
So me no u ns are always plural. Yo u use a plura l ve rb .
For : nore i nformati~n , see the

Hevi ew page o pposite.
1[> These trousers don 't fit me.
The police are coming.
Are these scissors sharp enough?
My glasses need cleaning.
o Choose t he best option, A or B. o Comple te t he sentences. Use a word from t he list and a where necessary.
n Did yo u hear no ise?
happin ess w ork w at er co ffe e tr av el furniture l uck
A - B a
j ourne y tea m oney
b Rice good for y ou .
a .__ . is ex pensive t hese days. This chai r co sts £ 150.
A is Ba re
c John has to o m uc h to d o.
b Carla only d rin ks mineral She ne ver drinks any t hing else.
A works B work
t I w ish yo u .__ ... fo r yo ur exams.
d Can I get ... .. advice here?
d __ .__ " ... isn't importan t. Yo u can 't b uy hap pin ess.
A an B
e The spag hett i you cooked de licious !
e grows i n India and Ch ina .
A t astes B taste
W hat is .. .__ ? It's difficult to describe.
He uses th e London tube every da y so he spends a lot on .
9 Susa nna went on ...... f ro m Canada to M ex ico .

A t rav el B t ravels
IJ We' ve go t good news for you.

h I' d like ....." ... and a slice of cake , pl ease.
A - B a
Nick's go t . __ .... to do so he can't come to ni gh t.
II Money . . buy you love.
Christi ne spe nd s £50 0 on eve ry year.

A don't B doesn't
Please be quiet! You're making too much . .
f) Find a nd correct ten mistakes.

A noises B noise
Patrick's got . b lond hair and blue ey es.
A a B -
a I need money so 1'1l1 lo o king fi)]' a jo b. This a dvert says >'o u 1I11ls1
have a n ex perience or wo rking in an office and tha t you will make a
f) Chooso th e co rrec t sentence in each pa ir.
pl 'ogress if you are good at using a ('omp lltlT. J wa n : an iuforuuuion
T hroe co ffee, please.
abou t Ihc salary but ir rlocsu't say al1~ ' lhiJlg- about pa y.
b Three cof fees, please .
c Wh ere can I get information about the city?
d Wh or e can I get informations abou t the city?
b We'd like an c 'SHOPPING

This job ad ve rt says y o u need an experience.
orange juice and 0\'\ oYO\,\Be j",ice
This job ad ve rt says y o u need experience.
two coffee, pleas e. t-eO\s
Oil fl oat in w at er.
"",ilks
h Oil fl oat s in w ater.
Ov.i+eY
Do v ou enjoy list en ing to music?
Certai n ly, w ould oyeO\,A
Do you onjoy list en ing to a music?
yo u li ke a m ilk ~y",it·s
and sug ar? wO\t e V'
0\ co~ee
r=D] Ll20J
j,'4
>.II
!f2J ~m Uncountable nouns
Answers to Test it
Chock your answers. Wrong answer?
Fix it note s o Review
Rood the right Fix it note to find out why. A Uncountable nouns
Un countab le noun s are no rm ally
I) a B ~ 0 f A ~ ft Many nouns that are uncountable in English are countable in some other
sing ular. Do n 't ad d s,
lang uag es. You need to learn whether a noun is countable or uncountable when
b A ~ B 9 A ~ C
c B ~ A h B ~ B you see it for t he first time. Fo r information about using quantifiers with
B
d B ~ C B-+ D unco unt ab le nouns, see pag e 53 .
Use a si nq u la r verb wit h uncou nt abl e
eA ~ B j B -+ C
no un s. • Uncountable nouns, e.g. advice, information, milk, petrol, sugar, et c. are
21 The co rrect sentences are:
normally singu lar. They don't have a plural form so you can 't add 5 to
b -+ 0
C
t he nou n.
c~ A Do n't use a or an wi th uncountab le
advice NOT adviees information NOT informations-
f -+ C no un s.
milk NOT -mHIts petrol NOT petrels
h" B
I .. r: o You use a singular verb w ith an un countable no un .
Som e no uns, e.g. coffee, no ise, can be

Milk tastes nice . Apple juice is sweet. The water feels cold.
co untable o r un co unt able w ith different

No~'~~o Rage 47 . iTest yourself again.
m eanin gs.
You don't use the art icles a or an wi th uncountable nouns .
An swers to Test it again This is hard work. NOT -e-berd-wor«
I need information . NOT -en-iltfflFm8tiQFt
D Furn it ure
b w ater
c luck
d Money
f
9
h
i
happiness
a journey
a coffee
work
I
For m ore info rm at ion , see t he
Revi ew page o ppos ite .

J> Do you want advice? NOT -sn-edviee
Some nouns can be co unt ab le or un countable but be care f ul!
The mean ing changes.
c Ton j tr avel
Did you hear a noise ? (a particu la r noise)
2 n on experl enee ex perie nce

There 's too much noise. I can't work. (noise in ge neral)
n-proqress prog ress
I'd like a co ffee, please. (a cup of coffee )
lin In fo rmatio n in for m at io n
We need coffee and sugar. (coffee and suga r in general)
b ootlee coffees
o·suger- suga r
There's a hair on your jacket. (just one hair)
c lInorenge-jtiiee o ran ge ju ic e
He's got blond hair. (the hair on his head)
10 0 S tea
mi lks milk
• Here's a list of common uncountable nouns:
twils fru it
accommodation furniture milk spaghetti
n-oouee co ffee
advice gas money sugar

baggage hair noise tea
bread happiness music jrafflc
butter information nows travel
cheese juice oil water
coffee knowleclq petrol w eather
eloctricity lo v pol lutiu u work
xp erionc luck prow
1 _ • • 1..
Quantifiers: some, an}', much and
many Quantifiers : SOfTIe, any,

o Choose the correct sentence in eac h pair. o Choose t h e correct op t ion, A or B.
a Jim's got any phot os t o sho w m e.
a Can 1 have apple juice?
b Jim's got so m e pho tos to show m e.
A any B some
c I do n't think th ere's any coffee. b Do you play. " ." " .. spo rts?
d I do n't think th ere's some coffee. A any B much
c Sam doesn't wa nt ." " " ... mi lk. He wan ts wa ter.
e Can I have so me m o re cheese, please?
A any B so me
Can I have any more chee se, ple ase?
d How leg s has a m illipede got?

9 J o doesn't hav e many trouble ma king f riend s. A m uch B many
h J o doesn't have mu ch tro uble making friends . e I d id n't get answers righ t. All t he q uest io ns were too hard .
I d on't know much French.
A any B some
i I don 't know man y French.
There much butter left.
A is B is n' t
k We don't eat much sweet th ings .
9 We didn 't see pollu tion in Kat hmand u.
I We don 't eat many sw eet th ings.
A much B many
m Have we got any m ilk left?
h Clara has got in teresting books.
n Have w e got some mi lk left ?
A much B so m e
o Lookl Here's any information about th e city.
Hav e you go t any ?
p Look l Here's some info rm atio n about the city.
A stamp B st amps
There any w o lves in England .
q How much time have you got?
A are B aren 't

Ho w man y t im e have you go t ?
6 Th ere aren 't some apples.

e Complete t he sentences. Use much, many, some or any. Sometimes more
There aren't any apples.
than one answer may be correct.
a Bill needs . "" " adv ice. Can y o u hel p h im ?
Choose t he best optio n .
b Have you got fr iends ?
Wo hav en't go t m uch/m any time.
h Wou ld yo u l ike so m e/ any bread?

c Is there .. bread? I'm hungry.
c How m uch/ma ny t im es have you been to Egypt?
d How petrol is there in t he ca r?
d Guo rqe doesn't like ma ny veg etable/vegetables .
e Pat boug ht bo oks and a DVD.

o Pote's bought so m e/any CDs.
I need more time.
9 There isn' t time, so hurry up!
h How ................. cen ts are there in €7?
Yo u didn't bu y . .. clo t hes tod ay, did yo u?
We took . .... photos w hon wo were in Venice.
~
[ _[20]
IIIIhl
11, .
to ~rn
Quantifi ers: some, any, mu ch and rnany
Answers to Test it
Chock your answers. Wrong answer?
A
Quantifiers: some, any, much and many
Rood the right Fix it note to find out why.
Use some ill po sitiv e sentences with
,' I! T he co rrect sentences are :
unco unta ble noun s and plura l no un s Some
b -. A I" l~
wh en yo u' re talkinq abo ut a sma ll You use some w it h un countable nouns and pl ural nou ns when you're ta lki ng
c -' C m" C amou nt or numbe r. abo ut a small amou nt or n u m ber and yo u don't know or it isn't important to
0 -' 13 p-. A
know th e exact amount.
h-. D q " l)
B We need some information. He 's got some new books.
1 -. [\ t" C Us e so me in questio ns w hen you

1,2, 0 much .. D ex pect t he a ns wer to be ' yes' . You use some in posit ive sentences, not in negative sentences.
b so m e .. B There are som e letters on the table. NOT There aren 't some-tenere-on the-table.
c many .. E C
d voge ta b les .. E Use any in nega tive sente nces and in • You us e some in quest ions when yo u exp ect the answ er to be 'yes' .
o so m e -. A m ost q uest io ns w it h unco untable Can I have some ch eese ? Do you w ant some help?
no un s and pl u ral nouns w hen yo u ' re

talking ab ou t a sm all amoun t or A ny
I Niiw uo"iO:P8g
-,.• ,:u.
e 51 . irest yourself aga in.
n um ber.
You use any wit h uncountab le nou ns and p lu ral no un s whe n you' re t alking
Answers to Test it again about a small am ou nt or number.
o
u B bA cA dB eA There isn 't any milk. Are there an y rooms for tonight?
Use much and how much w it h

f B g A hB is jB u ncou ntab le nouns .
Yo u use an y in negat iv e senten ces and in m ost questi o ns . You d on 't use any in
2 n uorno f so me pos it ive sentences .
E
b ony/ mo ny 9 any/m uch He doesn 't like any of the colours. NOT He does like 8 f1V of the-cotoure.
Us e many and how many w ith p lural

co ny h many Do you lik e any of these paintings?
no u ns.
d muc h i any/ m any
o somo j so me Much
, For m o re info rma t io n, see th e

,[:>
You use much w ith uncountab le no uns in negat iv e sentences, not in posit ive
sentences .
There isn 't much butter left. NOT Th ere is mueh -butfflf-le#.
Yo u use much (or ho w muclii w ith uncou ntable nouns in q uest io ns.
Is there much coffee left ?
How much time is th ere before the film starts?
Many
You use man y w it h plural nouns in neg ative sen tenc es, not in positive
sentences.
Sheila hnsn 't (lo t m allY OVOs. NO] Sl ltJilll's "o t I/lflllY OVOs.
• Yo u uau 11J.'Illy (0 1 ho w trI,'llly) wi th pl llllli nouns in q llll lli io n ...

Jl .. .- " ..
Something, anybody,
nowhere, everything, etc.

Some thin g, anybody, nowhere, evervthinc, etc .

Choose the correct option .
1 I do n' t kno w nobody/anybody.
o Choose t he best option, A or B.

a Is at home?
h Ever ything are/i s perfect.
A somebody B anybod y
(: A re you sure y o u' ve looked somewhere/everywhere?
b .......... is mo re b eauti f ul than th is lov ely beach .

(I No bod y/A ny body wan ts to help me.
A Everywhere B Nowhere
Thor o isn' t somet hin g/anyth ing w ro ng .
c I fe el sorry fo r Joh n. He's no t very good at .

Sho doesn't lik e anyb od y/some bod y w ho laug h s at her.
A anythin g B so m ethin g
Did vo n say anyth ing/no thing to Jenny?
d Co m e here . I w ant to tell you .......

h Wo didn 't go anywhe re/s o mew here last weekend .
A anyt hin g B som ething

Evorv hodv look/loo ks v ery che erful today.
e Is read y?
Pu tur c a n see anybody/so m ebody t hrough the w indow.
A everyth ing B noth ing

He's very lucky. There's he nee ds .
C ll lll p lfltlt t he sentences. Use one word in each space.
A anything B nothin g
I I lookocf . . for my wallet but I cou ldn't find it. 9 You must have left yo u r umbrella .
h Thoro 's ... A so me where B everywh ere
.. at the door. Could yo u see w ho it is?
h is al lo wed to speak during the lect ure.
c (( til, ..
. heard of th e poet Polly Clark?
A anybody B nobody
II ,..
.. ev er listens to me. Do n't worry. Every t hing .......... going to be OK.
...... told m e. I can't rem ember who . A are B is
.......... Sue goes, Dav id f o ll ow s.
'W h13 ro li fO yo u Do ing ?' ' I'm sta y ing here.'
A N ow here B Everywh ere
OUI nond s to sta y for t he ni gh t. k Do w e nee d t o bring ..........?
II Wu'v u go t to eat. Let's order a pizza. A an ything B somethin g
W flfl don ul passed t he exam .

f) Choose t he best caption fo r the cartoon .
18 th oro .. to drink ? I' m th irsty.
~~
~ ))
I just don't und ers ta nd why ev erybody li kes m e.
I just don 't understand w hy nobody likes m e.
I ju st don 't understan d w hy anybody li kes m e.
I~
Something, anybody, nowhere, everything, etc .
I) Fix it notes o Review

A Something, anybody, nowhere, everything, etc .
Use sometniruj. so mew he re and You can ma ke compound words usin g some, any, no and every with thing, body
somebody in positive sen te nces. and where. Al though body is used i n th is unit (som eb od y, an ybod y, nobody,
everybody), you can also use one (someone, anyone, no one, everyone) ,
B
The meaning is the same.
Use anything, an yw here an d anybod y
in questions and negat iv e sen tences. • You use something, somewhere, and somebody in pos itive sentences ,
There 's something wrong. Let's go out somewhere.
C Somebody has borrowed my dictionary.
Use nothing, nowhere and nobody in
pos itive sent ences. Not e: You can use something, somewhere and somebody in questions when
you expect the answer to be 'yes'.
o Did you say something ? Did you find somewhere to stay last night?
Use every thing, eve r ywhere and Is there somebody you can talk to?
everybody in po sitive sent ences,
neg ative senten ces and in qu estions. You use anything, anywhere and anybody in nega tive sente nces and in
questio ns.
E There isn't anything to do in this town. I don 't want to go anywhere today.
Use a singu lar v erb w ith everything, Is anybody listening to me?
ever yw he re and ever ybody.
You use nothing, nowhere and nobody in positive sent ences.
For .m o re in formati~n, see th e

Review page opposit e.
1[> We have nothing to declare.
There 's nobody at home.
'Where have you been?' 'Nowhere. '
You use ev erything, everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega tive
sentences. and also in q uestions.
Everyth ing is fine. No, I haven't looked everywhere yet.
Is everybody happy?
Be carefu l! You use a sing ular verb (not a plural ve rb) w it h everything,
everywhere and everybody.
Everything tastes delicious, Almost everywhere in Egypt is interesting.
Everybody is delighted with the plans.
Both, all; each, every;
either, neither
Both, all; each, everv; either. neutier

o Choose the bes t option . o Choose t he bes t option , A o r B.
II I' ve m et Ste ve twice. Every/Each ti me he's been quite ru d e to m e.
a Lobsters, crabs, oysters, mussels - they're del iciou s!
b Each student/students bough t a dic t ionary and a gramm ar book.
A all B bo th
e All/Both J u piter and M ars are p lanets.
b m an adm itted burgling the flat .
d Kate doesn' t like either/neit her of the books w e ga ve her.
A Both B Neither
Dogs , cats, rabbits - J im my loves both/all of them . c suspects deni ed being in the area.
o rne peo p le can't eat nuts and some can 't eat w heat either/neither. A Neither B Both
I've seen th is fi lm at least ten times. I like it m o re every times/time. d Charli e looks happier and happier eve ry .
h Evory/Each pa rking space in the town w as full so w e w ent home . A day B days
Bot h of th e child/children go t ten out of ten in th eir test s. e I've enjoyed .......... ho li d ay I've ev er been on .
The re w ere abo ut fifty peo ple at the party and they were both/all dancing . A each B every
f Dan iel co uld liv e in Paris o r Lond on but he doesn 't like ..... .... of them .
Complete the sentences. Use both, all, each, every, either or neither. A neither B eit he r
... of m y kids go to the sam e scho ol. Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is g Each of the we stayed in had a swirn mi nq po ol.
A hotels B hotel
in Class 1.
h 'Coff ee o r tea?' ' I don't mi nd - I'll have .......... .'
b My husband lik es peach es and I like apricots, but of us likes plums. A nei ther B either
II . ... " ." boy in th e class passed t he exam . .......... of you lik e pasta, do n't yo u?
A Every BAli
d Shei la read tw o bo oks by M arti n Ami s but she d idn 't enjoy of them .
.......... of us go to th e gym th ree times a week.
I} ..... anim als need w ater in order to live. A Every of us B Both of us
Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing girl carried a bouq uet
0 1 10 SOS .
9 Write new sentences with similar meanings. Use both, all, every,
either or neith er.
9 porson in th e au di ence stood up and clapped whe n the p lay ended.
a He likes th e Porsche and th e Ferra ri .
h o f Sam 's tw o ch ildren li kes egg s.
He l ikes ..." ..... cars.

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue o ne? I really l ike them ...
b Tom doesn't read The Times or The SU(1.

,. ...... m em bers of th e leisure d ub must carry their m em bership cards.
Tom doesn't read .......... of those new spapers.

c Lucy forgo t her Eng lish boo k, her Ma ths book and her Histo ry book.
Lucy fo rg ot .......... her books .
d We inv it ed Bet h and Judy to dinne r but they d idn 't com e.
We inv it ed Beth and Ju dy but of th em cam e.
e He w ears a different ti e o n M ond ay, Tuesday, Wed nesd ay,
Thursday and Frid ay.
He w ears II dillor nn t tic day of th e w eek.
[~ ~
Both, al/; each, every, either, neither

A Both, all; each, every; either, neither
Use both to talk about two things when
yo u mean one thing and the other Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing.
thing. Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa. Both my children like fish.
B • You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things.
Use all to talk about t hree or more AI/living things need oxygen. AI/ my friends are wonderful.
things. Use all with a plural nou n or
You're all crazy!
pronoun .
You use each when you 're talking about two or more things. It goes before a
C
singular noun.
Use each when you're talking about Each time I've seen him, he's been very kind to me. (I'v e seen him at least twice.)
two or more things . Put it before a Pete's decided to go running each day for a week.
singular noun .
• You use every to talk about three or more things. It goes before a singular noun.
D
Every letter you write is beautiful!
Use every w hen you're talking about

Paula wins the competition every year.
three or more things. Put it before a

singular noun . N ote: Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the
sentence.
E I love you more each/every day.
Use either in negative sentences . As a general rule to help you decide which to use, you usually use each when
Use neither in positive sentences. you're thinking of things separately. You use every when you're thinking of
things as a group.
F
Use both of, each of, either of, and You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences). Either means
neither of before a plural noun or one thing or the other thing .
pronoun. Gemma didn't like either of the dresses I bought.
(She didn't like the bla ck dress. She didn't like the white dress.)
NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-#le--tiresses---+--bel:Jght~
I
For more information, see the
f> • You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences).
Neither means not one thing or the other thing .
Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday.
(M y brother John didn't remember. My brother James didn't remember.)
NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtt!t·remember my---bi~.
• You use both of, each o f, either of, and neither of before a plural noun or before
a pronoun.
'Which do yOIl protor? ' 'I like bo th of them .'
Tharu WOf(} tw o Il/IlIIlI clo{/s. E~lch of tile dogs WlI.'l wesrintt a red collar.
•~ tN)'IU nll J I Vii~J II" !.)... vJd l Ull li n rUtlll't IiJu.J 1-l ;l h'~ I IIf tlu;'I"
Possessives

o Choose t h e best se ntence in each pair. o W rite possessive fo rms.
u This is my brother's wife.
a Jim and Jane/dog
b This is t he wife o f my brot he r.
b the boys/books
c The government sho uld listen to the peoples' p rob lems.
c th e peop le/choice
d The government shou ld listen to the people's problems.
d Hele n/ house
What's the babies' name?
Wha t's the baby's name ?

e th e cupboard/doo r
The roof of the house needs to be mended .

m y friends/prob lems
II The house's roof needs to be mended.
9 her parents/car
Isn 't tha t the mother of Sy lv ia? h the me n/de partment
Isn 't that Sylvia 's mother?
the puppies/basket
k Johns' leg is broken .
bookcase/she lf
I John's leg is b roken .
III
II
Buster is Steve's and Liz's dog.
Buster is Steve and Liz's dog .
e Find and corr ect the m is t akes in t he story.

n Frances w rites chi ldren's books.
II Frances writes childrens' books .
q I love the Italian's passion for good food. The th ieves broke into num ber 4~
r I lo v e th e Ita lians' passion fo r good food. Acacia Avenue at the day's end , The
house's alarm system wasn't working.
8 l.ndv's clothes are on the second floor.

unfo rt u nately. so they managed to
t Lndios' clothes are on the second floor.

spend a lo ng time inside , They stole
.ln lie's grandfathers' go ld watch and
Ch o olo th e b est optio n, A o r B.

her pare Ill'S collection of valuable
I Thoro is so meth ing w rong with .

paintings. They smashed a window at
A tho ear o f th e rabb it B the rabbit's ear

the house's front to get into the
b I ca n' t w ear that! It' s a jac ket!

buikling and escaped by brea king
A gir ls' B girl's

d own the back door. julics ' chi ldren
C .... . and J anel 's son is working in Canada for a year.

were very upset an d fl-ightened when
A Charles B Ch arles's
the)' retu rned home from school ,
d Don' t p ut vour fing ers in the cage! They'll bite yo u.
A m o nkeys' B monkey's
W hat wa s .... .. .. we wa tched last n ig ht ?
A tho nam e of the film B the film's name
115] 11rlJ
Possess ives

A Possessives
A dd 's (apostro phe + s) to sing ular
no uns to make th e possessi ve for m . • You add's (apostro phe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive fo r m .
John 's friends (the friends John's got)
B the dog's bone (the bone t he dog's got)
Add ' (apostro phe) to plura l nouns to

make th e possessive form . • You add ' (apostrophe) to plu ral nouns to make the possessive form .
the boys ' bikes the girls' school the kids' uniforms
C my friends ' problems my parents' house
Add '5 (apostrophe ,. 5) to irregu lar

plurals t o make the possessive form. • You add 's (apostrophe + s) to irregul ar plurals to make the possessiv e form.
children 's stories men's hobbies
o women's interest people 's fears
Use's (apostrophe + s) to make the

possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an • You use's (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when you're talking
animal. about someth ing t hat belongs to a per son or an an i mal.
the rabbit's ear NO T tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit
E the chil d's toy my brother's son
Use of + the to make the pos sessiv e

form with something that isn't a pe rson • You use of + the to make the possessiv e form wi th other no uns.
o r an animal, e.g. the roof of the house. the end of the day NOT #te-fJay's-ernf the leg of the chair
F • You only use '5 once, even if there is more than o ne noun. You don't put's after
On ly pu t '5 (apostr oph e + 5) aft er th e both no uns .
seco nd no un in a pai r of nou ns, e.g. John and Barbara 's car NOT .JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfa!s
Steve and Liz's dog. Harry and Sally's friends
I
For more info rma tio n, see t he
Rev iew page opposite.
J>
o Complete t he sent ences. Use in, on or at. o Choose t he best op tion , A or B.
11 I' m see ing t he doctor Friday morn ing. a My appointment is .......... 10.20 tomorrow.
b Jack woke up th e night. He had a bad dream . A at Bo n
b Do you go to ch urch Easter?
c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth cent ury.
A at Bin
d W hat are you do ing __ lu ncht im e? c We 're having a party New Year's Ev e.
o It's very nice here t he autumn . A at B on
d Are you free 11 J un e?
Com e and see m e ha lf -past tw o.
A Bon
o Let' s m eet up Easter. e Paddy was born 1970.
h N ick o fte n wo rks night. A on Bin
I woke up t hree times ...__ ..... t he night.
Wh ere w ill you be New Year's Eve ?
A in Bat
I'm go ing on hol id ay t he fi rst we ek of Ju ly . 9 Let 's go shopping ... ...... the m o rn ing .
A on B in
Correct t he m istakes in t he ins t ant messa ge con v er satio n. h She has her hair cut .... __ ." every month.
A B in
n Cookie says: W hat are you doing on tomorrow?
Montaigne lived .......... the sixteenth century.
b Cnc ket says: I'm busy. I' ve got a mee ting on 11.30.
A B in
c Cook ie says : Do yo u fancy goin g o ut at Friday?
I often have good ideas . .. ' night.
d Cricket says : No, I can't. I'm working on th e even ing tha t clay.
A in Bat
I! Cooki e says : Oh, OK. Wh at are you do ing on the weekend t hen?
Cricket says : We ll. t here's a f oot ball match in Satu rday afternoon .;;:1 e Put in a prepos itio n where necessary .
Cooki e says: How about m eeting on th e morning ?
a Quite a lot of people get depressed .......... t he winter.
ricket says: No, sorry. It's th e 15th. I have a mee t ing at th e 15t h of eve ry
m on th.
b Jo's see ing his bo ss this afternoon.
Cooki e says: Are yo u f ree at all at December?
c We're going t o a nightclub Satu rday evening.
Cricket says: Not really. I don 't go alit mu ch o n the wi nter.
d W ill you come for lunch Christmas Ev e?

k Cooki e says: W here w ill you be in Christmas?
I Cricket says : At Christmas Day, we're go ing to my parents. We go eve ry year. e I always get up 5.30 a.m .
III Cooki e says: So you're not free on next week? f It' s very q uiet here __ .. nigh t.
n Cricket says: No . I'm afra id not. A nd act ually in next year I'm pretty busy too .
9 Let's meet up the second week of September.
o Cooki e says: You said th e same th ing on last y ear l
h No one saw M ike last week.
A '.' T
They te st the fi re ala rm Monday mornings.
I m et a very nice man the w eekend .
C§
[12Q]
~~ Eix it Prepositions of timo .it. ot), /
Answers to Test it
Read the right Fix it note to find out why. A Prepositions of time: at, on, in
Use at w it h clock ti mes . times of t he
(i. a on -+ 0 f at -+ A
da y and w it h the expression at nig h t. At
bin -+ F gat -+ 8
• You use at with all clock times, times of the day and w it h tll H IJ Xp ll 11111 .' 11 , I/tI" t
c in -+ E hat -+ A
B
d at -+ A i on -+ C The appointment is at 10.20. t'tt see you at lunchtim e.
Use at w ith th e w eekend and fest iv als
e in -+ E i in -+ E Tony works best at night.
when you ' re talk ing about t he wh ol e
l2l a 6ft - -+ G
period of time.
•
Yo u use atwith weekends and festival s w hen you ' re ta lking abou t tl u- 1l1llld hV
b6ft at -+ A
as a whole period of t ime.
cat on -+ 0
C
Did you have fun at the weekend? (All wee kend.)
d6ft in -+ F
Use on w hen y o u're ta lking abo ut on e
Wha t are you doing at Christmas? (The whole of the Christm as po' iod .)
e6ft at -+ 8
particular day in a festi v al. e.g . on New
f ffi on -+ 0
Year's Eve, on Easter Sunday.
On
g6ft in -+ F
hat on -+ D
o • You use on when you 're ta lking about one particular da y d u rin g 11 f ut~t I VlII .
iat in -+ E
Use on w it h days of the week, dat es There's a great film on TV on Christmas Day.
j6ft in -+ E
and expressions like Friday morning, 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday?
kffi at -+ B
Satu rday afternoon.
IAt On -+ C
• You use on w ith days of the week, dates, and wit h expressio ns liku n/l M/lIJ(liI~ '
m 6ft - -+ G
E morning , on Sunday evening, etc.
nm - -+ G
Use in w ith m onths, years , centu ries, Kate 's baby was born on Friday. His birthda y is on 4 Octo l un .
o 6ft - -+ G seaso ns and w ith the ex pression the A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening
first/second/third/last w eek.
In
F
~ ~~' l l l i01~1 Use in with expressi o ns Iike in the
• You use in with mont hs, years, centuries, seaso ns and with the n x p t l j" 11
the first/secondlthird/last week.
morning/afternoon/evening. Also use in

Answers to Test it again w it h t he expressio n in the night w hen
The weather's great in A ug ust. I bough t the ho use in 2002 .
Col um b us went to America in the fifteenth cent ury.
@ aA bA cB dB eB you 're ta lking about a particular night,

We have our main ho lida y in the summer.
fA gB hA iB jB usually the nig ht before.

The meeting's in the third week of April.
G
(2 1a in f at
• Yo u use in w ith expressio ns li ke in the moming/a ftornoo ll!avellill ll , 11I1CI whll III,
Don 't use a preposition befo re
b- gin
expressio n in the night w hen you 're talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III
expressions like last year, next year,
can h-
nig ht before) .
next we ek, tom orro w .
don i on
See yo u in the morningl I had a horri ble d rontn ill th« 1I1[1l lt.
e at j at
No p re position
, Fo r more info rm atio n. see the
Rev iew page o pp o site.

,[:>
• You do n' t lise a prepositio n wi th express lo ns of time llku U V IiI Y Y 'II, 1.'1111 /1 10 1' 1
nex t man III, tnia wao«, tottnv, tomorrow, ym'; I I ~,.rI~lY, utc,
We sa u fUI/; I , (I t/ 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk. Wl mw (/I I! yuu (J [I Imll /lllI/ lr
., , , ... ,- , , .... ...

. ~' . ~
Prepositions of place: ill , Oil , ti t

o Choose the best option . o M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence . Add in, on or at.
a Cat herine's inlat t he Un ite d Stat es at th e m o me nt.

a T here's some mi lk 1 t he w ait ing roo m.
b What's t hat black t h ing in/o n the ce il i ng?

b Please buy so me aspiri n 2 Singapor e?
c 'I can see Tom in t he garde n bu t where's Geo rge ?' ' He's a t/in th e ci ne ma .'
c Tu rn right 3 t he riv er Ganges.
d Hav e yo u read t he article inIon page 16?

d I left t he dogs 4 t he chem ist's.
e Get the 9.15 t rai n fro m Paddington and chan ge at/i n O xf o rd .

e Billy's 5 a busy road so it's q uito II 0 illY.
f Can y o u call back later? Myles isn't on/at his desk right no w .
f M y ho use is 6 schoo l. He'll be ho mo ~I l (om ,
9 Co ol! I've j ust fo und € 2 0 in/a t th e pocket of my jeans.

9 There are t hree patients 7 th e car.
h The anc ie nt t ow n of Luxor is in/on the N ile .
h He spends a lot of time 8 the crossroads and go sl r,alu ll l 1111
He left all his shopp ing on/in th e bus .

The city of Varanas i is 9 the fridge.
Yo ur hom ew ork's still on/in the car .
How lo ng have yo u lived 10 p lanes and trains.
f) Complete t he sentences . Use in, on o r at. f) Find t he i ncorrect sentences.
a Guess who I m et t he trai n?

a Th e docu m ents are f I'm in the gar den.
b Please put the books bac k the s he lf. in t he drawe r.
c Tu rn left t he tr affi c lights.

d She's lived th is v ill ag e for abou t te n ye ars . 9 ' W h at 's that i n vout
b I read t he 11CWS p<l P) '! . computer screen ?
e Who's that the door? . ill l ilt' bus.
Help ! There's a spide r t he wa ll ! "'- -,
9 Kenya is t he equ ator, isn't it? Wh y isu ' t I h e dog

c You'll find the author's h ti ll
h There's a fu nn y mark the car pe t. his has kc r?

name in the cover. \,-~------
Mu m 's th e supe rmarket. She' ll be bac k by fo ur.
\\
Luck i ly no on e w as th e sh ip w he n it sank .
d Look ! The re's a cat He felt OK once 11l:l W il
on t he r oof . on th e pinn a,
Of course Rome ls in
e Katie was lying on t he grass t he ri ver Tiberi
staring at the Sky .
~ III
Preposi tions of place : in, on, at

A
Prepositions of place: in , on, at
Use in fo r t hree-d imensional spaces,
e.g. pockets, ro om s, bu ild ings, vi llages, In

co unt ries, cars .
• Yo u use in t o t alk about space s that are three-dimensiona l, like boxes, d rawers,
cupboards, roo ms, houses, cities, countries, etc .
B
What's in the b ox ? The letters are in th e top dra we r.
Use on fo r two-d im ensio na l surfaces,
e.g. page s of a bo ok, w al ls, ceil ings,

Put the salt back in the cupboard, please. I'm in the kitchen.
He lives in Ox ford. Ho w long have they been in France ?
carpets , tabl es, shel ves .

Your glasses are in the car.
Use on t o ta lk abo ut places o n a line,
On
e.g. on the Nile, o n the eq uato r. • You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces, like the pages of a book,
TV or computer screens, w alls, ceilings, shelves, tables, beaches, grass, etc .
o It's on page 237. Hang the picture on the wall.
Use o n to t alk about buses, trai ns, What's that mark on th e ceiling? { lo ve lying on the beach.
pl an es and sh ips (but not cars). The rabbit's sitting on the grass.
E • You use on to talk about the position of someth ing on a line, e.g . a ro ad o r
Use at f o r o ne-dim ensio nal points or a river.
pos iti on s, e.g. at a desk, at the door, at My house is on a busy street. London is on th e river Thames.
the traffic li g hts . Als o us e at w hen Ecuador is on the equator.
you ' re ta lking abou t po i nts on a

jo ur ney, e.g. at Oxford. • You also use on to talk about many methods of transport incl uding buses,
tra ins, planes, ships, bicycles , horses, etc . Note, however, that you don't use
F on for cars, you use in .
Use at f o r bu ild ings wh en you' re Ileft my homework on th e bu s. We'll get a coffee on th e train.
th in king abo ut what people d o inside Malcolm cycl ed fro m Leeds to London on his bike .
t hem , e.g. at the cinema (watch ing a
film) , at the supermarket (do ing th e At
sho pping), at M ary 's house (for a party).
• You use at to tal k about one -dimens ional po ints or pos it ions in space .
Often t hese are points on a journey or places to meet.
The coach stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow. Turn right at the traffi c lights.
, For more i nfor mati on, see th e
Rev iew pag e opp o sit e.
,L>
See you at the bus stop .
• Yo u use at to talk about b ui ldings or places when yo u' re th inking about what
people do inside th em.
Mum 's at th e supe r ma rket. We mal lit Nick's house.
Let 's m eet at tile ros tnurant. I'll droll yOIl 8 1 the sts tion,
Not o: There's n CIHII II IO in 1ll 1~ 'lI1 i llll wh sn you 1111<1 ill 01 .. I.

Ouosuon

o Find o ne correct q uestion . Correct t he other ni ne . o Put t he letters of the words in t he right order . Use the words to compl
a ( Li ke you re d wine ? 1. W ho saw yo u?
Nobody.
the qu estions .
SHA I I I I TAW H I-
I __ IDD - I aWH i SI
KELI I- .LI I Wa H TC DESa NA C I I I I
b Tom 's hur t himself .
g Do you can tell me t he time? WYH --=:J L1 LW I I I
What did happen?
a .. ....... is Keith doing?
b W ho ..'.... .. y o u meet at t he party yest erd ay ?

h Did s he To go to Mexi co?
c c Jenny ready?
Yes , I th ink so .
d Do yo u .......... coffee or d o you prefer tea?
e " ..". said that?

H uw mu ch i hix cns ts~\
f do you pronounce this wo rd ?
d [3 walc hingJo hn TV?
g this sh irt lo ok go od on me?
Why Da n isn 't her e?
/~_ _ ---L(_ ~ , h W hen you g o to Chamonix - next month or in J un o?
e~ How m any langu ages .. ....... yo u speak?

j d id you do that? You mu st be crazy.
f) Write questio ns . Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht o rder. k Dad found his key s yet?
Questions Answers f) Choose the best ca ptio n for t he ca rtoon.

a 'where you going? ' . . 'To th e ban k.'
b 'broke the windo w?' . .. 'Freddy.'
c 'y ou m eet wh o?' ,." , .." " .. 'Tony and Richard.'
d 'you spea k Greek?' .." ........ . , .. 'Yes, a litt le.'
e 'w here d id v o u ?' " ." ." ." .. 'I went t o Rome .'
f 'a re co m inq ?' .. 'Yes, I am .'
9 'does he want to see?' . ' He wants to see Jo.'
h 'we be late?' , ' No, we w on't .'
'w ho did you .' 'I told Nick and Sam.'
'J o pla y tennis?' " , . 'Yes, I th ink so.'
Supper is read y, darling?
Is supper ready, d ElI ling ?
Is ready suppe r, dlll'llI1[)?
~ 11
f fix,·it Question s
Answers to Test it
Road the right Fix it note to find out why. A Ouestions
Put aux iliary verbs, e.g. be, do, have,
T~ T he correct sentence is f.
and moda l verbs, e.g. can, must, will, • You p ut aux ilia ry verbs e.g . be, do, have and m odal verbs, e.g. can, will, should
a Do you like red wine? -+ c before (not after) the subject in a before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion.
b What happened? -+ F question. Do yO li want some help? NOT ¥Qu-do-went--same-helpl
c When wi ll you be back? -+ A
When will you be back? NOT When -you-will-he-ooek1
d Is John watching TV? -+ 8 B
o Who did you see?
-+ C Only put the aux il iary verb, e.g . be, do, • You on ly pu t t he auxiliary verb e.g . be, do, have before the subject.
f correct
-+ F have, before the subject in a question. Yo u don't put the whole verb before the subject.
9 Can you tell me the time?
-+ 0 Don't put the whole verb before the When are Patrick and Isabelle coming? NOT When-ere-eom;ng-;-;-;
h Did sh e go to Mexico?
-+ E sub ject. Where have you been? NOT Where have-been -you;
I How much does this cost?
-+ C
I W hy isn't Dan here?
-+ A C • If the question hasn 't got an auxiliary verb, you use do, does or did.
2 n W here are you going? -+ ;, If there isn't an aux iliary verb in the 00 you like travelling? NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg?
b W ho broke the window? -+ F question, use do, does or did. Does Martin enjoy his work? NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work?
c W ho did you meet? -+ C Did they ring you last night? NOT Rang-you-theylast-night?
d Do you speak Greek? -+ A o
o W here did you go?
-+ E You don't need do, does or did if there's You do n' t need to use do, does or did if there's already an auxi liary o r moda l
f Are you co m ing?

-+ B already an aux il iary o r moda l ve rb i n verb in the quest ion .
9 Who does he want to see? -+ G t he question . Have you been to Singapore? NOT -f)e--you--!tave-eeen -;-;-;
h Wi ll w e be late? -+ A Can you see Mike? NOT Do ~'ou can see Mike?
I Who di d you tell? -+ Eo E

I Does Jo play tenn is ? -+ C Use the base fo rm of the verb (not the You use th e base form of the verb (not the infin itive) after do, does, or did
infinitive) after do, does, or did in a in a question.
question. 00 you come here often? NOT Do-ve« to eome here often?
Now UO .t():B8·~ij~~~ Did Helen enjoy the play? NOT D:d feIen to enjoy the
'. IL
F Diff---H e ten-en! p Ia-y-1
NOT I n enjoyed the PdJy?

Answ ers to Test it again I
When a q uestion word, e.g . who, what,
Q Whot 9 Does
where, is the subject of a question, put
W he n a quest ion word, e.g. who, what, where, why, how, etc. is t he subject
b did h w ill
it before the verb. Don 't use do.
of a quest ion, you put it before the verb. You don't use do, does or did.
e Is i can
Who said that? NOT II'/ho did say thaP
d lIke j Why
G
What happened last night? NOT What riirl hAnnnR lil.'it ninht7
o Who k Has
When a question word, e.g. who, what,
f How
where, is t he ob ject of a q uestion, use
• W he n a quest ion word, e.g. who, what, where, why, how, etc. is th e object
normal questio n wo rd order w ith do,
of a questio n, you use no rmal question word order with do, does or did.
2 ls supper rea dy, darlin g ?
does or did. Where do you live? What car does he drive? Why did you go?
, For mo re info rmatio n, see the
Review page opposite .
,r:>
Question 11'1 ("
Test it ~. Test it again

«» Choose the bes t op tion . «» Write the correct question tag f or each of these statements.
a You can't use spreadsheets, can you/can't you? a You haven't eaten al l the cake, , ?
b I'm rig ht again , aren't l/arn n't I? b Cats can swi m, __ 7
c They haven't got a car, haven't t hey/have they?
c Leo doesn't know Martin,
__ ?
d It' s very co ld today, isn't it/is it?
e He forgot to post the letter, hasn't he/didn't he? d I' m going to be late, ,
7
f Sarah won't come, will Sarah/w ill she? e Shirley won 't mind, ..
7
g The weather was terrible, wasn't it/was it?
f You bought some mi lk,
... 7
h John's got bro wn ey es, has he/hasn't he?
I loo k silly in this j umper, aren't I/don't I? 9 The mea l last night was delicious,
?
You 'd like to watch the fi lm , wouldn't you/would you? h John didn't read the emai l. ".
__ 7
It's go ing to rain , .. .... .. ..... . .... .. ... . 7
f) Choose t he best option, A or B.
She's got the keys, ?
a I'm not stupid , ?
b
A am I B aren't I
They live in Japan, ?
e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue.
A live th ey B don 't they Nick: You went to the match yes terday, " __ ". 7
c We can go by car, ....,..... ? Jim: No , I missed it. But they're sho win g it on Cha nnel 5 ton igh t,
A can't we B can we
................................., 7
d She eats meat, ?
A isn 't she B doesn't she Nick: Yes. Yo u cou ldn't record it fo r me, c .. .... 7
e We can't leave yet, ? J im : Yes, sure. Oh tha t's riqh t l You 've go t to w o rk ton ig ht,
A can w e B can 't we
d , , , ?
f You won't tell anyo ne, ?
A w ill y o u B are yo u Nick: Unfortunately, y es. I'm a bit stupid reall y, c ".",,, , ..
g They'll co rne to th e par ty, ? Ji m : No . W hy ? Yo u did n't volu ntee r to w o rk t on igh t, ,,, ,,,, .
A w o n't th ey B can't the y
Nick: Yes, I did. T he bo ss neede d some ext ra he lp.
h Yo u ca n't corne t omorrow ?
A d o you B ca n y o u Jim: Oh dear. Sarah's goin g to be fu rious,
I'm w ron g, ? Nick: W hy ? I haven 't fo rgotte n somethi ng, 11 " .
A aren 't I B arnn't I
J im : W ell , it' s you r anni versa ry today, i "." " " .. 7
Beet hov en w as German, .......... ?
A w as n't he B was he? Oh no, Nick ! You hav en 't bo ugh t her a present, i .
~
1/ 0 1
Question tags
o Fix it notes o Review

A Ouestion tags
Use a neg ati ve qu est ion tag if the
statement is pos itive . • Question tags are extreme ly common in spoken Engl ish. They're used fo r two
reasons: one is to ask a rea l question when you 're not su re what t he answer is;
B the other is to ask for someone's agreement or to check that they think the
Us e a po sit iv e q uestio n tag if t he same as you do.
statem ent is ne gat ive. Jane 's a vegetaria n, isn't she? (Real quest ion. I'm not 100% sure of the answer.)
It's rea lly cold today, isn 't it ? (I expect you to agree with me .)
C
M ake question ta gs with aux i lia ry verb • There are three ways of making question tags.
+ pr on oun o r be + pronou n, depend ing 1 A ux i liary verb, e.g. can, have, will, etc.. + p ro no un
o n wh at's used in th e st ate m ent . You can drive, can't you? NOT vee-een-arive, don't-Ytttff.
(Can in th e statement and in the question taq .)
o 2 Th e verb be + pronoun
If th er e isn 't an auxi lia ry v erb or be in He's French, isn 't he? NOT /Ie 's French, ~t-he-?
the state m ent, use the co rre ct form of (B e in the statement and in t he question tag.)
do in th e q ues t io n ta g. 3 A for m of do + pronoun
Cathy eats fish , doesn 't she? NOT Ctlthy ellts fish , iSI~
E (Ordinary verb in the statement, do in th e question tag .)
Th e neg at iv e qu est ion ta g for I am /I' m

is aren 't I ? • You lise a pronoun in a question tag , not someone's name.
J ill's co m ing tonight isn't she? NOT -J~ftig h t; is n!r-JilF1
, For more information , see t he
Rev iew pag e o pposite.
J>
• You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive.
I'm silly, aren't I? You 've got a car, haven 't you?
They can do i t, can't they?

He likes fish, doesn 't -he?
She 'll co me, won 't sh e?
Note: The nega t ive question tag for I am is aren't f? ( NOT -afftft!t-P. ).
I'm com ing with you, aren 't I? I'm a bit silly sometimes, aren 't I?
• You use a po sitive question tag if the stateme nt is negative.

I wasn 't listening, was I? It can't possibly work, can it ?
We haven't got an y milk, have w e? You won't tell her, will you?
They didn 't ring, did they?
Short answ er-

o Choose t he best op tion, A or B. o Match the q ue sti ons t o t he a nswe rs .
a Do yo u drive a Cit roen? a Do yo u li ke tea, Sarah? 1 No, t hey didn't.
A Yes, I don't. B No, I don't. b Wo uld yo u marry Simon? 2 Yes, I can.
b Have you f in ished the report? c W ho's on the phone? 3 Yes, I di d.
A No , I haven't. B No , I did n't. d Haven't you been to Indi a? 4 No, I do n' t.
c Is Katy going ou t tonight? e Will Karl come for l unch? 5 She did.
A No, Katy isn't. B No, she isn't. f Can you swim? 6 Yes, w e do.
d No one listens to a word I say. 9 Do yo u sell st amps? 7 Nick is.
A No, they do! B Yes, they do ! h Did you see t he fil m last night? 8 Yes, he w ill.
e Do yo u live in a city? W ho said that? 9 No, I haven't.
A Yes, I live in a ci ty. B Yes, I do . Did they visit Sr i Lanka? 10 No, I wou ldn't.
Who's com ing to dinner?

A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner. B Guy and Ann are. 9 Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s ho rt answ ers.
g Is Neil taking his driving test next week?
A Yes, he is. B Yes, he's. a What are those ? f
~
h Which horse w on th e race?
A The white ho rse d id . B The w hi te horse wo n the race .
-.
Is Eli zabeth a teacher?
b W ho's at the door? 9 No one be lie ves he r.

A Yes, Elizabeth is a teacher. B Yes, she is.
Everyone laughs at Jonatha n.
A No, they don't. B No , they do .
9 Choose t he best option .

a
b
c
d
W ho w ants more coffee?
Are yo u go ing to the office?
Can yo u he lp me?
Does Isabe l le live in Brussels?
Pat rick do es/Patrick wa nts .
No , I' m no t/l do n't.
Yes, I arn/l can.
No, she doesn't/she isn't.
d
...
Haven't yo u d one it ye t?
Is It q olnq to s. . . .
h W ho told yo u that?
W ill you alway s love m e?
e W ho bro ke t he w indow? We did/We broke.
...
f Hasn't th is com puter got speakers? No, it hasn't/it has.
e Do vo u like It?- . Do I need a passp ort?

9 No o ne likes me! Yes, they do /they like.
h W ill it be w arm in the Canaries? Yes, it wi ll/it is.
Is Jean-Luc Swiss? No, he isn 't/J ean-Luc is n' t.
A re yo u hap py ? Yes, I am/l'm.
~
110 ]
Short answers

A Short answers
Use the sam e auxil iary in a short
It' s nat ura l to use short answers to reply to questions. A short ans wer to a yes/no
ans wer as the au xilia ry in the question .
q ues t ion can so und more pol ite or strong er t han just 'Yes' or 'No' .
Don 't con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive
sh ort answer.
• Yo u use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question .
'Have you got a pen?' 'Yes, I have.' 'Will he go?' 'Yes, he will.'
B
'Wo uld it matter?' 'No, it wouldn't. ' 'Can you help me?' 'No, I can 't.'
Use a sui tabl e pro no un in short

answer s. Don't rep eat the noun from Note : You don't contract auxi liaries in positive short answers.
the q ues ti o n. Yes, I am. NOT -¥~ Yes, you ha ve. NOT Yes. vou\'e.
Yes, they will. NOT ¥es,tJtey!.H:
C
Don 't re peat all the wo rds in a q uesti o n You use a suitable pronoun in short answers. You don't repeat the noun.
wh en yo u g ive an answe r u nless there's 'A re you coming ?' 'No , I'm not.'
a very good reaso n to . 'Is Peter Irish?' 'Yes, he is. ' NOT 'Yes. Peter is.'
D • You don't usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer
If the su bject of a q uesti o n is a question unless there's a very good reason t o.
w or d, e.g . which, wh o, etc, use sub ject 'Who 's playing in the match?' 'Oscar and Fred are '.
+ auxilia ry in the short ans we r. NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match.'
E • You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer
If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes, use extra strength . Th is is common when you're d isagreeing w ith someon e.
a positive auxilia ry or fo rm of do. If t he 'You didn't tell the truth, did you?' 'Yes, I did tell the truth!'
sho rt answer st arts w it h No, use a
negativ e auxi lia ry or fo rm of do . • If t he subject of a question is a question word, e.g. who, which, you use subject
+ aux iliary for the short answer.
F 'Who said th at?' 'I did. ' 'Which suits me best ?' The red one does. '
If the sho rt ans we r com es aft er a

state me nt w it hout an auxi liary ve rb , • If t he short answer starts with Yes, you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do .
use th e correct form of do (not t he If the short answer starts with No , you use a negative auxiliary o r form of do.
ma in verb in th e stateme nt) in the short Yes, I can . Yes, we have. Yes, they do .
answe r. No, you won't. N o, they can't. No , they don't.
You can also use a short answer t o agree or disagree wi th what someone says.
You use the same aux iliary in the short an sw er as in the statement.
, For m o re i nfo rm atio n, see the
Revi ew pag e o ppos ite.

,[:>
'Lisa 's married to Jake.' 'No, she isn't. '
If there isn't an auxi liary in the state ment, use the correct form of do. Don't use
the main verb fro m the statement in the short ans wor.
'TjOOlS tive in Ar,ie".' 'No, they don't!' NOl 'No, ,hay d an 't live!'
Usefu l gramma r tur In
Articles Pronouns
There are two kinds of article: definite and indefi nite. Articles go before a noun or Prono uns rep lace nouns.
an adje ctive + no un. Subject pronou ns are: I, you, he, she, it, we , they.
The is a definite article.

Helen is a patient person. -+ She's a patient perso n.
The house is in Sheep Street. The black dog is m ine.

Obj ect pro nou ns are : m e, yo u, him, her, it, us, you th em .
A and an are in definite art icles.

Chil dren like bananas. -+ Children iike them.
That's a camel. Do yo u want an orange? I'm reading a good book.

Posse ssive pronouns are : my, your. his, her, its, our, their.
That's Lisse 's house. -+ That's her house.
(See pages 9, 13 and 17.)

(See page 65. )
Adjectives •• ._ •• • - . - . - - - - - _ . - - _ •••• _-_._ -- -- _ . y~
Adjectives t ell yo u m ore about nouns. Adjectives can go before a n oun or after Quantifiers
t he verb be. Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts . These are the most commo n
Nick is a man. -+ Ni ck is an intelligent man. quantifiers: a, an, some, any, a lot, a bit, a fe w.
Nick is intelligent. Ilike you a lot. There isn 't any milk. How much cash have you got?
There are also comparative adjectives, e.g. bigger. easier; more interesting, and
(See page 53.)
superlative adjectives, e.g. biggest, easiest and the most interesting.
(See pages 21, 25 and 33.)
Prepositions
There are prepositions and expressions of place, time and movement.
Adverbs
They do three things:
Adverbs tell you more about verbs . They can describe the following t hings:
• in, on , at, behind, under, on top of, at the bottom of, etc. tell you where somuthl nu I
• how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency). e.g. never; rarely, occasional/y, The eat 's behind the sofa. The office is at the end of the street.
sometimes, often, usual/y, always, still, etc. • in, on, at, tomorrow, last week, etc. tell you w hen something happens.
• ho w certa in somet hing is (ad verbs of certainty), e.g. possibly, certainly, definitely, etc . M y birthday's in June. We're sailing to France tomorrow.
• how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner), e.g. carefully, slowly, fast, etc. • over, across, through, etc . tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to ,
Tony ran across the road. We drove over the bridge.
• when something happens (adverbs of time>. e.g. yesterday, today, tomorrow, etc .
• where someth ing happens (adverbs of place). e.g. here, there, etc . (See pages 69 and 73. )
(See pages 21, 29 and 37 .l

--- , .... ~~ ~~ ..._...--- .
Questio n words
The most common question words are: who, wha t, w hich, wtiere. when, w l1y, how,
Nouns
whose. You can use question words to ask about people, things, places, t lm e. runso u
No uns are words you use to talk about people, animals, th ings, places and ideas.
and possessions.
Patrick is my brother. I've got a dog. What's that box for? Who 's that? What colour is the sky? Wllere have you been?
We live in a village. Everybody needs love. When are they leaving? Why are you laughing? How did 110 rio thnt ?
Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence .

Whose book is this?
M y dog bit the postm an. (The subject, my dog, is a noun. The object, the postman, is
A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence ,
also a noun.)
'Who saw youi" 'Mike snw mo .' (Wllo is tho subloct.)
Nouns are ei ther countable, e.g. apple, bouse, etc., or uncountable, e.g . advice.
'Who did yOIl S(J~ ?' 'I :mw Dnvkt. ' (Who III th e ob lect .)
information, bread, otc. Most common nouns are countable. You need to learn the
II , RI 11111 1 Hb )
uncoun tab le onos. Many unco untable nouns in English arc countable in o thor
InnUUtlCl13l1, so hn cara lull

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Contents

Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 GOP

It furthers t he University's ob ject ive of excellence in research,

Oxford New York Artic les (3) 14

Auck land Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Tow n Chennai

Kuala Lumpu r Madrid Me lbourne Mexico City Mumba i Nairobi

Oxford Univers ity Press in the UK and in certai n other countries

© Kenna Bou rke 2003

The mora l rig hts of the author have been asserted

Database ri ght Oxford University Press (maker) - ing or -ed ? 38

First published 2003

No un a uth or ized p hotoc o pying

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced ,

with the appropriate reprographics rig hts organization. Enquiries

be sent to the ELT Rights Department, Oxford University Press,

at t he add ress above

respons ib ility for the conten t

Ill ust rated by Ken Pyne U sefu l g ra m m ar ter m s 86

Test it (First pa gel

~ Go t o the Fix it p ag e and check yo ur

a Then do Test it, exercise 2.

L!I' '''~ ,',." ' I''' ' ,~,,~ .. ~.' - I•••

9 Go to the Fix it page and check your r-:.. ,..,. ., """" 1

o Check your answers.

~." ~ tlllhl' .It

You can fold the page to .........-

make it easier to check .

Wrong answer? Loo k for the -- t

Fix it note letter you need. ... .

h. " ':' . '

designed to give you a summary

of t he grammar you need for the

( unifor m at school. c I t hink th ey' re 3 em ail fo r you .

d Oh, no ! I'v e g ot 4 motorbike .

b \ \'c sa w a film vc -xtc-rrlav ­

a film was abo ut a s p:'.

h Wh ich is it? A squid o r 8 bl ack jacket in t he w ind ow?

Nick's just bo ug ht 9 new st ory to rea d to yo u.

c I'm sure your books

e I lov e w atch ing a sun b Are you looking for c

\Vlt y not .in i n

b I me t v ery interest in g woman toda y.

Fix it notes o Review

sound . 15 that a camel? He wears a uniform. I live in a house.

or t hi ng yo u're talking about.

elephant was enormous.

about is un ique : th ere's onl y one of

, For m or e infor ma ti on , see th e

Review page oppos ite .

You use the with superlative adject ives.

Th e choo ts t: is th o tnstost nnimnl on enrth, You'm th e nicest person I know.

Test it ~ Test it again

a I' m . a You really have go t lov ely sm ile !

A music B the m usic

We'r e go ing ski ing in ..

A A lps B the Alps

b Tom van Vuren comes fr o m th e Netherlands/Net he rlands.

Ni ch o las is an architect/ archi tect, isn't he?

Fix it notes o Review

This is a good book. Helen is an editor. NOT /-IefeR is editor.

talk ing about.

Could you pass me the salt? (The salt that's on t he table.)

Don't lise an artic le when yo u're talking

Don 't lise an article to talk about a

b \ \'c sa w a film vc -xtc-rrlav