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ﺍﺎﻝ :ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ
ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ :ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﻭ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ
1 -1ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ :
r
v9
r
ﺏ -ﳕﺜﻞ v 1ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ M 1ﳒﺪ M 0 M 2 = 2,8 cm :ﻭ ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﺳﻠﻢ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ 1 cm → 0, 05 mﻳﻜﻮﻥ :
2,8 × 0, 05 M M
= v 1ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ v 1 = 1, 75 m / s ** v 1 = 0 2ﺕ ﻉ :
2 × 0, 04 2τ
r
ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ v 1ﳔﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ 1 cm → 0,5 m / sﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ) . (v 1 = 3 cm
r
ﺝ -ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺘﻪ v 4ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ) M 4ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻐﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ ( v 1 = v 4 = 1, 75 m / s :ﻷﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ
-2-2ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻐﺎﺩﺭﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ :
-1-2-2ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ :
ﺃ -ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﻴﺔ :
3, 2 × 0, 05 M M
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ) (v 5 = 4 cm = v 5ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ v 5 = 2 m / s ** v 5 = 4 6ﺕ ﻉ :
2 × 0, 04 2τ
4, 5 × 0, 05 M M
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ) (v 7 = 5, 6 cm = v 7ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ v 7 = 2,8 m / s ** v 7 = 6 8ﺕ ﻉ :
2 × 0, 04 2τ
ﺏ -ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ :ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﺳﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎﺕ ، 1 cm → 0,5 m / sﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ .
uuur
ﺝ -ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ - : ∆vﺣﻮﺍﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ - .ﺟﻬﺘﻬﺎ ﳓﻮ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ) ﺷﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ( -ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﱪﺓ .
-ﺷﺪﺎ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ) 0,8 m / sﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ) ( ( ∆v = 1, 6 cm
uuur
ﺩ -ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭ ﳍﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ . ∆v
3
-2-2-2ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ :
ﺃ -ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ) : (O , x
-ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ) (O , xﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ
ﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ ) .ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﻟﺔ :ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ (
ﺏ -ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ) : (O , y
-ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ) (O , yﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ∆v = 0,8 m / s
ﺝ -ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ :
** ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺬﻑ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺬﻑ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ،ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺬﻑ
** ﻟﻮ ﺗﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﺮﺓ ﺗﺴﻘﻂ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﺬﻓﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﺭﻋﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﳍﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ .
r
-3ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻘﺬﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺇﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ : v 0
-1-4ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ :ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺃﺎ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﺇﺫﺍﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ
ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ .
r
v r -2-4ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻭ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ :
F r
v r r
r ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ Fﰲ ﻛﻞ ﳊﻈﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ vﻭﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎ ﳓﻮ
F
ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ .
r -3-4ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ :
F
** ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ :ﻟﻠﻘﻤﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻩ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ .
r ** ﰲ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺎ ﻭ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ
v
ﻭ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻰ .
r
** ﳜﻀﻊ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻟﻘﻮﺓ Fﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺘﺠﻪ ﳓﻮ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ) ﻗﻮﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ( .
r
ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ Fﺟﻬﺔ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺤﻰ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ .
r r
r
v orb
** ∆vﻣﻨﻄﺒﻘﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ Fﻭ ﻳﺘﺠﻪ ﳓﻮ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻭ ﻟﻪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ) ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻣﺔ ( .
-4-4ﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻗﻤﺮ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ :ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ
ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ Satelliteﻣﺜﻼ .
-1ﻧﺒﺤﺚ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺬﻑ ﺎ ﻗﻤﺮ ﺍﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ،
ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻩ r = ( 6400 + 10000 ) km
ﲝﻴﺚ RT = 16400 kmﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ .
-ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻪ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ v = 6,8 km / s : Satelliteﺃﻱ v = 4936 m / s
5
2 × 3,14 × 16400 × 103 2π r
= T = Tﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ -ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ :
4936 v
ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ T = 20865, 5 sﺃﻱ ) T = 5,8 hﺃﻗﻞ ﺩﻭﺭ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﻫﻮ ) T = 90 minﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ( (
-ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻫﺬﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ .
-3-2ﺃﳒﺰ ﺑﻌﺪﺋﺬ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺘﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺘﲔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﲔ ،ﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎﺗﻚ ؟
ﺃ -ﻗﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ : 5500 m / sﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﻳﻐﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻩ r = ( 6400 + 10000 ) kmﻭ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ
ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻩ r = ( 6400 + 20000 ) kmﻓﻴﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻳﺔ v = 3903 m / s :
ﺃ -ﻗﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ : 2000 m / sﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ .
-4ﺣﱴ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ Satelliteﳚﺐ ﻗﺬﻓﻪ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ v = 6000 m / sﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ
( 6400 + 10000 ) kmﻓﻴﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻹﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ . h ≈ 36000 km
ﻭ ﳛﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬ ﺍﻹﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻳﺔ v ≈ 3063 m / s
-ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﻟﻴﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻮﺍﺀ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NxvPsMiAJpA&feature=youtu.b : ** ﻟﻺﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺑﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ Satellite
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ilafSzlHwSY&feature=youtu.be ** ﻟﻺﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ : Avistep
** ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ HD 1080ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺗﻮﺏ .
-5ﺍﻟﺘﻘــــــﻮﱘ
ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ 1ﺹ : 219
** ﰲ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ :