Masters2 99426

Click here to insert picture
Urban Drainage and Options of

Urban Polder Development for
UNESCO Heritage Kota Lama,
Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
Fajar Baskoro Wicaksono

MSc Thesis WSE-HELWD-16.17
April 2016
Urban Drainage and Options of Urban
Polder Development for UNESCO
Heritage Kota Lama, Semarang,
Central Java, Indonesia
Master of Science Thesis

by
Fajar Baskoro Wicaksono
Supervisor
Prof. Dr. Charlotte de Fraiture, MSc
Mentor
Dr. F.X. Suryadi, MSc
Examination committee
Prof. Dr. Charlotte de Fraiture, MSc (UNESCO-IHE)
Dr. F.X. Suryadi, MSc (UNESCO-IHE)
Ir. Gerard Pichel, MSc
This research is done for the partial fulfilment of requirements for the Master of Science degree at the
UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, the Netherlands
Delft
April 2016
Although the author and UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education have made every effort
to ensure that the information in this thesis was correct at press time, the author and UNESCO-
IHE do not assume and hereby disclaim any liability to any party for any loss, damage, or
disruption caused by errors or omissions, whether such errors or omissions result from
negligence, accident, or any other cause.
© Fajar Baskoro Wicaksono 2016.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0
International License.
Summary
Kota Lama has been a witness to the history of Semarang development which has been
maintaining the continuity of 105 European-style colonial buildings. Kota Lama also nominated
as one of the UNESCO heritage site because it has been transformed into a laboratory of
urban development for the world and preserved its urban lay out, rich in architectural
masterpiece and its adaptability to the technology.
That proud thing does not necessarily make Kota Lama as a flood-free area. In fact, since
Retention Basin and Pump Station of Semarang River has been operated in 2014, Kota Lama
is still not free from flood, even for rainfall of 25 years of return period. Survey and model
simulation show that the occurrence of high rainfall intensity, sediment and waste in
drainage canal, lack of capacity of working pump during flood and tidal Fluctuation due to its
connection with Banger sub drainage system. Water level in Semarang and Baru River are also
crucial for determination operations of drainage system in Kota Lama. Kota Lama sub drainage
system is at low engineering performance because it only meets two of nine criteria for good
technical and scientific performance.
Improvement of drainage performance can be done in phases. The first phase is cleaning
the canals and Tawang retention basin which should be done regularly at least once a year
before the rainy season, these activities can reduce area of inundation depth above 0.2 m by
27%. Kota Lama drainage system can be operated by using gravity when the condition is in
normal case or the water level at Baru River is less than -0.05 m+MSL (clean canals condition)
and -0.12 m+MSL (canals with sediment and solid waste).
The critical case for Kota Lama is defined by the water level at Baru River where it is more than
-0.05 m+MSL, so only the pump can be operated to drain the system during the high tides and in
combination with heavy rainfall. For the short term solution, the second phase should be the
operation of Baru River pump with the full capacity (2.5 m3/s) and combined with the clean canals
and retention basin should be done to increase the inundation free area and it becomes 19.5 ha
which reduce the inundation duration by 50%. The third phase is increasing Baru River pump
capacity to 3 m3/s for providing the condition for Kota Lama that will be free from inundation.
Resuming the construction of Banger Polder is a good choice for long-term solution to help
Kota Lama free from inundation and may provide large service area for Kota Lama Polder.
By using the existing control structures, this scenario can protect Kota Lama from the high tides
which propagate through Banger sub drainage system, so it provides bigger storage for Kota
Lama drainage system before the coming of high rainfall intensity.
Polder system is the most appropriate scenario to solve problems of Kota Lama which has got
the highest score of 37. This scenario can provide free inundation condition and meet the
freeboard criteria. Kota Lama Polder serves 26 ha of Kota Lama Semarang UNESCO heritage
site. Gravity driven polder is appropriate for Kota Lama due to the limitation of land availability
for open water storage. The inside area of polder is designed with the existing pump capacity
of 0.45 m3/s. The polder is installed with 4 flap gates to restrict the water outside entering the
polder. Tawang retention basin is used within the polder system. The height of ring dike is 1.0
m by considering the highest water level outside the polder of 1000 years rainfall, 15 years the
occurrence of land subsidence and tidal fluctuation effects. The capacity of Baru River pump
should also be increased to 3.5 m3/s.
i
ii
Acknowledgements
I want to express my gratefulness to Allah Subhanahu wa ta'ala for the blessing to write this
thesis as the requirement to obtain my master degree.
I would like to thank to Prof. Dr. Charlotte de Fraiture, MSc as Supervisor and
Dr. F.X. Suryadi, MSc as Mentor for the guidance, valuable advice and encouragement in
completing this research.
Thanks to Dr. Ir. Arie Setiadi Moerwanto, MSc as the Head of Reseach and Development Agency
and former Director of Water Resources Management, Ir. Agus Suprapto Kusmulyono, M.Eng.
as the Director of Water Resources Management, Dr. Eka Nugraha Abdi, ST, MPPM as Deputy
Director in Hydrology and Water Resources Environment and my colleagues in Subdirectorate
of Hydrology and Water Resources Environment, Directorate of Water Resources Management
to give me the opportunity to study. Also thanks to StuNed Scholarship for the financial support
during my study.
I am also thank to Ganjar Pranowo as Governor of Central Java, Prasetyo Budie Yuwono, ME
as Head of Central Java Water Resources Agency, Dr. Irwan Gumilar, ST, MSi (ITB),
Dr. Ir. Suseno Darsono, MSc (UNDIP), Prof. Dr. Ir. Slamet Imam Wahyudi, DEA
(UNISSULA), Water Resources and Development Center (Ministry of Public Works and
Housing), Local Government of Central Java and Semarang for helping in collecting data and
information.
My special thanks to my beloved wife Zulaikha Ayu Febriani and my lovely daughter
Kiandraia Aletheia Wicaksono for the great supports and pray during my study. I am also
thankful to my parents, sisters and brothers for always praying and encouraging me.
My extend gratitude to Indo-IHE students batch 2014 (Steve, Iwan, Faat, Miftah, Lucky, Resa,
Marta, Meiline, Angela, Bayu, Selo, Ronny, Permadi, Gita, Irfan, Charles, Tegar, Dinya, Dias,
Anna, Risma, Dani, Nur, Rizqi, Ifdol, Citra, Ayu, Harrini and Ismail), Laskar Pengkolan (Heru,
Yudi, Haryo, Ilyas, Alvan, Louis, Ella and Popi), Indo-IHE students batch 2015 and HELWD
participants (Rahel, Megan, Ali, Biruk, Weynshet, Lucia, Alex, Max, Antidius, Donald, Zakir,
Mesay, Praise, John and Bello) for the precious moments of our study and eternal friendship.
Thanks for all of those who have contributed to my thesis that cannot mention here.
iii
iv
Table of Contents
Summary i
Acknowledgements iii
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xiii
Abbreviations xv
List of Symbols xvii
Introduction 1
1.1. Background 1
1.2. Problem Identification 3
1.3. Research Questions 4
1.4. Research Objectives 4
Literature Review 5
2.1. Flood Hazard 5
2.2. Sustainable Urban Drainage System 7
2.3. Polder System 8
2.4. Design Rainfall 11
2.5. Unsteady Flow and Precipitation Runoff Model 16
Unsteady Flow 16
Control Structures 18
Precipitation Runoff Module 21
Methodology 23
3.1. Research Methodology 23
3.2. Data Collection 24
3.3. Data Analysis 26
Study Area 29
4.1. Kota Lama as UNESCO Heritage 29
4.2. Kota Lama Area 30
4.3. Kota Lama Sub Drainage System 31
4.4. Administrative Region 32
4.5. Land Use 32
4.6. Population & Employees 33
4.7. Hydrology 33
4.8. Tidal Fluctuation 34
4.9. Inundation Problem 35
v
Review of Drainage System Master Plan 39
5.1. Storm water Drainage Master Plan for the City of Semarang (1976) 39
5.2. Semarang Surakarta Urban Development Project (1991) 39
5.3. Master Plan on Water Resources Development, Flood Control and Urban
Drainage (1993) 40
5.4. Drainage Master Plan for Semarang (2007) 41
5.5. Difference of the Design Rainfall between Master Plans 42
5.6. Existing Drainage System in Semarang 43
Semarang Tengah (Central Semarang) Drainage System 43
East Flood Way (BKT) and West Flood Way (BKB) 44
Banger Polder 45
5.7. Drainage System in Kota Lama Semarang 46
Drainage Master Plan Semarang (2007) 46
Existing Situation 46
Topography Analysis 51
6.1. Coastline 51
6.2. Topography of Semarang 52
6.3. Topography of Kota Lama Sub drainage system 52
6.4. Land Subsidence 53
6.5. Estimation of Future Topography 55
Drainage System Analysis 57

7.1. Design Rainfall 57
Validation 58
Frequency Analysis 58
Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) 59
Hyetograph 60
7.2. Local Inflow and Rainfall Runoff 60
Local Inflow 60
Rainfall Runoff 61
7.3. Existing Drainage Performance 62
Model Development 62
Discussion of Existing Drainage System 67
Scenario Analysis 71
8.1. Scenario 1: Cleaning the Canals and Retention Basin 71
8.2. Scenario 2: Full Pump Capacity 74
8.3. Scenario 3: Full Gate Opening Operation at Every Outlets 78
8.4. Scenario 4: Flap Gate Operation at Every Outlets 83
8.5. Scenario 5: Close the Connection with Banger Subsystem Drainage 87
8.6. Scenario 6: Proposed New Pump Capacity 91
8.7. Scenario 7: Full Developed Polder System 93
Determination of Pump Capacity 94
Determination of Dike Height 97
Determination of Control Structures 98
vi
8.8. Selection for the Most Appropriate Scenario 100
Discussion of Scenarios 100
Implementation Phases 102
8.9. Sensitivity Analysis 103
8.10. Application Considerations 104
Environmental and Public Health Aspects 104
Social Aspects 108
Economic Aspects 110
Conclusions and Recommendations 111

9.1. Conclusions 111
9.2. Recommendation 112
References 113
Appendices 117
Extreme rainfall in order of magnitude for different rainfall duration at
Semarang Rainfall Station 117
Sediment thickness sampling 118
Model Features in DUFLOW for Clean Canals 121
Model Features in DUFLOW for Canals with Sediment 126
Canal Cross Sections, Gates & Pumps in DUFLOW 130
Service Area in DUFLOW 131
vii
viii
List of Figures
Figure 1-1 Layout of Kota Lama in 1787 (atlasofmutualheritage.nl) ..................................................... 2
Figure 1-2 Satellite view of Kota Lama, Semarang (Google Earth, 2016) ............................................. 3
Figure 2-1 The Influence of Urbanization on Different Components of the Water Cycle (APFM, 2008)
......................................................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 2-2 Land Subsidence and Sea Level Rise Rates (Deltares, 2015) ............................................... 6
Figure 2-3 Polder Components (Witteveen+Bos, 2009) ......................................................................... 9
Figure 2-4 Selection of design rainfall for polder components design (Ministry of Public Works and
Housing, 2009) .............................................................................................................................. 10
Figure 2-5 Polder Types (Ministry of Public Works and Housing, 2009) ............................................ 10
Figure 2-6 Grid Points for (a) Explicit and (b) Implicit Scheme (Colin et al, 1976) ............................ 16
Figure 2-7 Volume Control for Continuity Equation (Ministry of Public Works and Housing, 2009) 17
Figure 2-8 The Four Point Preismann Scheme (Stowa, 2006) .............................................................. 18
Figure 2-9 Dependence of Drainage Pump Operation on Upstream Water Level (Stowa, 2006) ........ 18
Figure 2-10 Types of Flow at General Structures (Stowa, 2006).......................................................... 19
Figure 2-11 Sketch (a) and drainage course (b) of quick and slow components (Stowa, 2006) ........... 21
Figure 3-1 Research Methodology ........................................................................................................ 23
Figure 4-1 Blenduk Church at Kota Lama (hotcaramel-s.blogspot.com) ............................................. 29
Figure 4-2 Area of Kota Lama Regional Plan (Regional Regulation of Semarang City No. 8/2003) .. 30
Figure 4-3 Kota Lama Sub Drainage System ........................................................................................ 31
Figure 4-4 Administrative Region of Kota Lama Sub Drainage System .............................................. 32
Figure 4-5 Land Use of Kota Lama Sub Drainage System ................................................................... 33
Figure 4-6 Example Semi Diurnal Tides in Semarang (http://www.ukho.gov.uk/) .............................. 35
Figure 4-7 Tidal Flood in Kota Lama Sub drainage system (Semarang Drainage Master Plan, 2007) 35
Figure 4-8 Local Flood in Kota Lama Sub Drainage System (Semarang Drainage Master Plan, 2007)
....................................................................................................................................................... 36
Figure 4-9 Flood Prone Map in Kota Lama Sub Drainage System (Semarang Drainage Master Plan,
2007) .............................................................................................................................................. 36
Figure 4-10 Rainfall Graph at Simongan Hydrological Station (http://www.tech4water.com) ............ 37
Figure 5-1 Study Area for Urban Drainage Plan (JICA, 1993) ............................................................. 40
Figure 5-2 Planned Drainage System Scheme of Semarang in 2007 (Semarang Planning Board, 2007)
....................................................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 5-3 Semarang Tengah Drainage System (Haryono et.al., 2008)................................................ 43
Figure 5-4 Google Map image of Semarang, East Flood Way (BKT) and West Flood Way (BKB) ... 44
Figure 5-5 Sketch location of Semarang River, Baru River, Asin River and Its Infrastructures .......... 44
Figure 5-6 Condition of Kali Semarang Pump Station and Retention Basin in 16/11/2015 ................. 45
Figure 5-7 Location of Kota Lama and Banger Polder ......................................................................... 45
Figure 5-8 Sketch of Existing Condition of Kota Lama, Semarang ...................................................... 46
Figure 5-9 Situation of Tawang Retention Basin .................................................................................. 47
Figure 5-10 Condition of Baru River Pump Station.............................................................................. 47
Figure 5-11 Condition of Vertical Gates near Berok Bridge................................................................. 48
Figure 5-12 Existing Condition of Drainage Condition at Tawang Street ............................................ 48
Figure 5-13 Existing Condition of Drainage Condition at Letjen Suprapto Street ............................... 48
Figure 5-14 Existing Condition of Drainage Condition at K.H. Agus Salim Street ............................. 49
Figure 5-15 Existing Condition of Drainage Condition at Bandarharjo Street ..................................... 49
Figure 5-16 Existing Condition of Drainage Condition at Merak Street .............................................. 49
Figure 5-17 Location of Sediment Thickness Sampling in Kota Lama ................................................ 50
Figure 6-1 Coastline Change in Semarang (Ministry of Research and Technology, 2009) .................. 51
Figure 6-2 Topography Map of Semarang ............................................................................................ 52
ix
Figure 6-3 Topography Map of Kota Lama .......................................................................................... 53
Figure 6-4 Semarang Land Subsidence Map (Geological Agency, 2008) ............................................ 53
Figure 6-5 Land Subsidence in Kota Lama Sub Drainage System Area............................................... 54
Figure 6-6 Land Subsidence Measurement Points in Kota Lama Sub Drainage System Area ............. 54
Figure 6-7 Land Subsidence Rate at BM16 Point ................................................................................. 55
Figure 6-8 Increasing the number of registered wells and ground water extraction in Semarang
(Murdohardono et al, 2007) ........................................................................................................... 55
Figure 6-9 Land Subsidence Estimation for Bandarharjo-Poncol Trajectory (Sarah et al, 2012) ......... 56
Figure 7-1 IDF Curve of Semarang Rainfall Station............................................................................. 59
Figure 7-2 Outside Service Area of Kota Lama Susbystem Drainage .................................................. 61
Figure 7-3 Land Cover in Kota Lama Susbystem Drainage ................................................................. 62
Figure 7-4 System Schematization of Kota Lama Subsystem Drainage ............................................... 63
Figure 7-5 Assigned Design Rainfall for Existing Condition in DULFOW ......................................... 64
Figure 7-6 Assigned Tidal Fluctuation in DULFOW............................................................................ 65
Figure 7-7 Long section and cross section sketch of the gate ............................................................... 65
Figure 7-8 Tidal Fluctuation Effects at Merak Street for Existing Condition ....................................... 67
Figure 7-9 Water Level Condition on Merak Street until Baru River Pump Station for Existing
Condition ....................................................................................................................................... 68
Figure 7-10 Simulation Result of Existing Condition for Main Drainage of Kota Lama ..................... 68
Figure 7-11 Pump Operation Simulation of Existing Condition ........................................................... 68
Figure 7-12 Simulation Result of Inundated Area for Kota Lama ........................................................ 69
Figure 7-13 Simulation Result of Do Nothing Scenario for Kota Lama ............................................... 70
Figure 8-1 Relationship of Hydraulic Radius and Chezy Coefficient ................................................... 71
Figure 8-2 Tidal Fluctuation Effects at Merak Street for Scenario 1 .................................................... 72
Figure 8-3 Inundation Map of Kota Lama for Scenario 1: Cleaning Canal and Retention Basin ......... 72
Figure 8-4 Tidal Fluctuation Effects at Merak Street for Scenario 2a .................................................. 74
Figure 8-5 Water Level Condition on Merak Street until Baru River Pump Station for Scenario 2a ... 74
Figure 8-6 Pump Operation Simulation of Scenario 2a ........................................................................ 75
Figure 8-7 Inundation Map of Kota Lama for Scenario 2a: Full Pump Capacity and Canal with
Sediment ........................................................................................................................................ 75
Figure 8-8 Tidal Fluctuation Effects at Merak Street for Scenario 2b .................................................. 76
Figure 8-9 Water Level Condition on Merak Street until Baru River Pump Station for Scenario 2b... 76
Figure 8-10 Pump Operation Simulation of Scenario 2b ...................................................................... 77
Figure 8-11 Inundation Map of Kota Lama for Scenario 2b: Full Pump Capacity and Clean Canal.... 77
Figure 8-12 Tidal Fluctuation Effects at Merak Street for Scenario 3a ................................................ 79
Figure 8-13 Water Level Condition on Merak Street until Baru River Pump Station for Scenario 3a . 79
Figure 8-14 Sketch of Water Level Condition at the River Baru outlet for Scenario 3a at 15:55......... 79
Figure 8-15 Inundation Map of Kota Lama for Scenario 3a: Full Gate Opening and Canal with
Sediment ........................................................................................................................................ 80
Figure 8-16 Tidal Fluctuation Effects at Merak Street for Scenario 3b ................................................ 80
Figure 8-17 Water Level Condition on Merak Street until Baru River Pump Station for Scenario 3b. 81
Figure 8-18 Sketch of Water Level Condition at the River Baru outlet for Scenario 3b at 15:55 ........ 81
Figure 8-19 Downstream and Upstream Relations for Scenario 3: Full Gate Opening ........................ 82
Figure 8-20 Tidal Fluctuation Effects at Merak Street for Scenario 4a ................................................ 84
Figure 8-23 Inundation Map of Kota Lama for Scenario 4a: Flap Gate Operation and Canal with
Sediment ........................................................................................................................................ 85
Figure 8-26 Discharge Comparison between Full Gate Opening and Flap Gate Operation ................. 87
x
Figure 8-27 Water Level Condition at Merak Street for Scenario 5a ................................................... 88
Figure 8-29 Pump Operation Simulation of Scenario 5a ...................................................................... 88
Figure 8-30 Water Level Condition at Merak Street for Scenario 5b ................................................... 89
Figure 8-32 Pump Operation Simulation of Scenario 5b ...................................................................... 89
Figure 8-33 Pump Operation Simulation of Scenario 5b (In Case of Close Connection to Semarang
River) ............................................................................................................................................. 90
Figure 8-34 Pump Selection for Outside of Kota Lama Polder ............................................................ 91
Figure 8-35 Tidal Fluctuation Effects at Merak Street for Scenario 6 .................................................. 91
Figure 8-36 Water Level Condition on Merak Street until Baru River Pump Station for Scenario 6... 92
Figure 8-37 Pump Operation Simulation of Scenario 6 ........................................................................ 92
Figure 8-38 Boundary Map of Kota Lama Polder................................................................................. 93
Figure 8-39 Water Level Condition at Merak Street with Existing Tawang Pump Capacity ............... 94
Figure 8-40 Water Depth Curve for Inside of Kota Lama Polder with Existing Pump, (a) Return Period
Rainfall & (b) Rainfall ................................................................................................................... 94
Figure 8-41 Rainfall Frequency Curve for Inside of Kota Lama Polder with Existing Pump Capacity 95
Figure 8-42 Water Level Condition at Tawang Street with Existing Baru River Pump Capacity ........ 95
Figure 8-43 Water Depth Curve for Outside of Kota Lama Polder with Existing Pump, (a) Return
Period Rainfall & (b) Rainfall ....................................................................................................... 96
Figure 8-44 Pump Selection for Outside of Kota Lama Polder ............................................................ 96
Figure 8-45 Rainfall Frequency Curve for Outside of Kota Lama Polder with Proposed Pump Capacity
....................................................................................................................................................... 96
Figure 8-46 Water Depth Curve for Outside of Kota Lama Polder with Proposed Pump, (a) Return
Period Rainfall & (b) Rainfall ....................................................................................................... 97
Figure 8-47 Condition of Kota Lama Polder Boundaries ..................................................................... 97
Figure 8-48 Proposed Kota Lama Polder Drainage Scheme ................................................................. 98
Figure 8-49 Water Level Condition on Merak Street and Tawang Street for Scenario 6 ..................... 99
Figure 8-50 Kota Lama Drainage Performance Diagram ................................................................... 101
Figure 8-51 Kota Lama Drainage System Scenarios Performance Assessment ................................. 102
Figure 8-52 Implementation Phases for Kota Lama............................................................................ 103
Figure 8-53 Canals Roughness Effects on Water Depth for Several Pump Capacity within Kota Lama
Polder ........................................................................................................................................... 104
Figure 8-54 Residential Area in Kota Lama........................................................................................ 105
Figure 8-55 Traditional Market, Business Area and Antique Market in Kota Lama .......................... 105
Figure 8-56 Activities of Rukun Karya Bank of Waste, Surabaya (Ministry of Environment and
Forestry, 2012)............................................................................................................................. 106
Figure 8-57 Condition of Water Quality in Kota Lama ...................................................................... 106
Figure 8-58 Operation the Water fountains in Tawang Retention Basin at 2007 (nisa17.blogdetik.com)
..................................................................................................................................................... 106
Figure 8-59 Up Coning Saline Groundwater with Groundwater Extraction (Ministry of Public Works
and Housing, 2009) ...................................................................................................................... 107
Figure 8-60 Jatibarang Reservoir (Ministry of Public Works and Housing, 2015)............................. 107
Figure 8-61 Existing Situation at Tawang Retention Basin ................................................................ 108
Figure 8-62 Diagram of Realisation Phases ........................................................................................ 108
Figure 8-63 Proposed Organisation Structure of Kota Lama Polder Board ........................................ 109
Figure 8-64 Workflow of the Application of Social Media Based for Inundation Recording and
Emergency Response (Eirlander et al., 2015).............................................................................. 110
xi
xii
List of Tables
Table 2-1 Types and Causes of Floods (Jha et al., 2012) ........................................................................ 5
Table 2-2 Example of Drainage System Sustainability Indicators on Technical and Scientific
Performance (Ellis et al., 2004) ....................................................................................................... 8
Table 2-3 Determination of Variables for General Structures (Stowa, 2006) ....................................... 20
Table 3-1 Data Collection ..................................................................................................................... 25
Table 3-2 Proposed Assessment of Existing Drainage System Sustainability Indicators for Kota Lama
....................................................................................................................................................... 27
Table 4-1 Population in Semarang Tengah and Semarang Utara (Semarang Statistic Bureau, 2014) .. 33
Table 4-2 Semarang Maximum Daily Rainfall of 1981 - 2006............................................................. 34
Table 4-3 Semarang Average Daily Evaporation of 1987-2006 (Witteveen+Bos, 2008)..................... 34
Table 4-4 Semarang Tidal Characteristic (Witteveen+Bos, 2008)........................................................ 35
Table 4-5 Flood Events in Kota Lama Sub drainage system ................................................................ 37
Table 5-1 Design Rainfall 1982 Technical Study (JICA, 1993) ........................................................... 39
Table 5-2 Design Scale 1993 Master Plan (JICA, 1993) ...................................................................... 40
Table 5-3 Design Rainfall at Simongan Rainfall Station (Semarang Planning Board, 2007) ............... 41
Table 5-4 Resume of Design Rainfall between Master Plans ............................................................... 43
Table 7-1 Semarang Rainfall Station’s Maximum rainfall in order of magnitude for different rainfall
duration .......................................................................................................................................... 57
Table 7-2 Rainfall data validation result of Semarang Rainfall Station ................................................ 58
Table 7-3 Design Rainfall of Semarang Rainfall Station ...................................................................... 59
Table 7-4 IDF Table of Semarang Rainfall Station............................................................................... 59
Table 7-5 Hyetograph (3 Hours) of Semarang Rainfall Station ............................................................ 60
Table 7-6 Local Inflow of Kota Lama Sub drainage system................................................................. 60
Table 7-7 Model Features of Kota Lama Subsystem Drainage............................................................. 63
Table 7-8 Boundary Condition of Kota Lama Drainage System .......................................................... 66
Table 7-9 Benchmark for Technical and Scientific Performance Assessment of Existing Kota Lama
Sub drainage system ...................................................................................................................... 66
Table 7-10 Comparison of Simulated and Real Events......................................................................... 67
Table 7-11 Technical and Scientific Performance Assessment of Existing Condition for Kota Lama. 70
Table 8-1 Technical and Scientific Performance Assessment of Scenario 1: Cleaning Canal and
Retention Basin for Kota Lama ..................................................................................................... 73
Table 8-2 Technical and Scientific Performance Assessment of Scenario 2: Full Pump Capacity for
Kota Lama ..................................................................................................................................... 78
Table 8-3 Technical and Scientific Performance Assessment of Scenario 3: Full Gate Opening for
Kota Lama ..................................................................................................................................... 83
Table 8-4 Technical and Scientific Performance Assessment of Scenario 4: Flap Gate Operation at
Every Outlets for Kota Lama ......................................................................................................... 86
Table 8-5 Technical and Scientific Performance Assessment of Scenario 5: Close the Connection with
Banger Sub drainage system .......................................................................................................... 90
Table 8-6 Technical and Scientific Performance Assessment of Scenario 6: Proposed New Pump
Capacity ......................................................................................................................................... 92
Table 8-7 Technical and Scientific Performance Assessment of Scenario 7: Full Developed Polder
System ......................................................................................................................................... 100
Table 8-8 Manning Roughness Coefficients for Concrete Canals (Chow, 1959) ............................... 104
xiii
xiv
Abbreviations
ABM Alternating Block Model
APFM Associated Programme on Flood Management
ArcGIS GIS Software which developed by ESRI
ARF Area Reduction Factor
BKB West Flood Way
BKT East Flood Way
Bappeda Planning Board (local government)
BMKG Meteorology, Geophysics and Climatology Agency
BNPB National Agency for Disaster Management
BPBD Disaster Management Board (local government)
BPS Statistic Bureau
DEM Digital Elevation Model
HELWD Hydraulic Engineering – Land and Water Development
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IDF Intensity-Duration-Frequency
IDW Inverse Distance Weighted
ITB Bandung Institute Technology
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
MSL Mean Sea Level
MPW Ministry of Public Works and Housing
RTBL Land Use Master Plan
Satker PPLP Drainage and Sanitation Working Unit
SNI Indonesian National Standard
UNDIP Diponegoro University
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNISSULA Sultan Agung Islamic University
WGS 84 World Geodetic System 1984
xv
xvi
List of Symbols
A Wetted area of channel (m2)
B Surface width of channel (m)
Bs Storage capacity of open water (hydrology)
Ck Coefficient of kurtosis
Cv Coefficient of variation
Cs Coefficient of skewness
Di Difference of Kxi and Kyi
dk Degree of freedom
dk1 Degree of freedom in group 1
dk2 Degree of freedom in group 2
E Evapotranspiration (mm/day)
Ef Expected frequency in one class
Fcal Calculated F value of F- test
Ftab F value from F value table
g Gravity acceleration (9.81 m/s2)
h Water depth (m)
H Water depth over the sill (m)
Hi Water depth at the upstream (m)
Hj Water depth at the downstream (m)
HO Height of the gate opening (m)
Ii Inflow (mm/day)
I Rainfall intensity (mm/hour)
k Frequency factor depend on the type of distribution
K Number of class in Chi Square test
Ks Seepage (mm/day)
Kxi Rank of each sorted data of Spearman’s rank test
Kyi Rank of sorted data based on original data sequence of Spearman’s rank test
n Life span of structure (years)
N1 Total number of data in group 1
N2 Total number of data in group 2
Of Actual frequency in one class
P Probability
Pr Precipitation (mm/day)
Q Discharge (m3/s)
Qi Incoming flows (mm/day)
Qu Outgoing flows (mm/day)
Qp Pump capacity (m3/s)
ql Lateral flow (m3/s/m)
R Hydraulic radius (m)
Ro Probability of occurrence depends of life span of structure
Rm Total rank data maximum
Rsp Spearman’s rank order coefficient
S Seepage (mm/day)
So Bottom slope
xvii
Sf Energy slope
t Rainfall duration (minutes)
tt Significance for Spearman’s rank order coefficient
T Return period (years)
Tcal Calculated T value of T- test
Ttab T value from T value table
v Velocity (m/s)
W Downward seepage (mm/day)
xave Average of data
xave1 Average of data in group 1
xave2 Average of data in group 2
xH Higher limit of Grubbs-Beck test
xL Lower limit of Grubbs-Beck test
XT Calculated data based on T years return period
Zcal Calculated Z value of Mann Whitney test
Ztab Z value from Z value table
Ztab_bottom Z value lower limit from Z value table
Ztab_top Z value higher limit from Z value table
α Degree of confidence
β Coriolis coefficient (-)
Δcr Critical deviation based on Smirnov Kolmogorov table
Δmax Maximum deviation between observed and theoretical data
ΔH Head difference (m)
μ Loss coefficient (-)
ρ Number of parameter
σ Standard deviation of data
σ1 Standard deviation of data in group 1
σ2 Standard deviation of data in group 2
θ Factor controlling numerical dumping
χ2 Calculated chi square value
χcr2 Critical chi square value based on table
xviii
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1. Background
Indonesia is an archipelago country with coastline of about 81,000 km with more than
17,500 islands. Indonesian territories is widely spread around the equator, so it is located in
the tropical climate with rainfall distribution from 800 mm/year (dry season) and 4,000
mm/year (rainy season). With these circumstances, Indonesia is a flood prone area. The flood
does not only occur in lowland areas or coastal areas, but also can occur at highland areas.
Based on the National Agency for Disaster Management of the Republic of Indonesia (BNPB),
the floods that occurred in Indonesia from 1990 to 2015 are 31.5% of the total disasters and
61 million of people is living in flood prone areas of moderate and high levels.
The flood events occurred without exception, even in Semarang, Central Java. Semarang is
capital city of Central Java which is located in the northern part of Java Island. Northern part
of Java Island is well known as the lowland areas. According to Suryadi (1996), lowland is
the land which is affected by fluctuating surface water level (e.g. tides and floods).
Lowland can be divided into natural and manmade with human activities such as deep
groundwater extraction, oil and gas exploitation, artificial lands and reclaimed lands.
Lowland also can be described as the land that are either water logged, or temporarily or
permanently covered with a water layer.
Cordero (2012) reported that quantity of drainage system is still the major concern in developing
countries which is contradictory with developed countries. Social and environmental impacts of
drainage in developed countries is getting more attention than quantity and quality. In developing
countries, common factors regarding storm water drainage are:
 low investment in urban drainage facilities;
 increase of peak flow due to the increase in urbanization;
 inadequate management of its land use;
 lack of a drainage system capacity and its maintenance in poor areas;
 improper design;
 overflows from combine sewer systems (storm water and waste water are in the same system);
 in separated sewer systems (storm water and waste water are in separate system) part of
the sewage is directed to the storm water drainage network;
 lack of control on flows as urbanization increase;
 illegal human occupation of flood plains;
 lack of law enforcement in flooding areas.
Introduction 1
UNESCO (2015) stated that Semarang was the one of important cities in the colonial era
around 17th century because this port city became part of the trade route in central part of Java
Island. At those period, Dutch was constructed Vijfhoek fort to secure the residents and their
territory. As time goes by, this fort is no longer exist and the area now is known as Kota Lama.
UNESCO also noted that Kota Lama is the best preserved colonial city because this area can
describe about the important historical phases of human civilization (economic, political and
social aspects) in the South East Asia and the World. The layout of Kota Lama in 1787 is
presented in Figure 1-1.
Figure 1-1 Layout of Kota Lama in 1787 (atlasofmutualheritage.nl)
Based on Regional Regulation of Semarang City No. 14/2011 regarding Spatial Planning of
Semarang City, Kota Lama is designated as cultural heritage area. All of cultural heritage is
the nation's cultural wealth that needs to be protected and preserved for awareness, national
identity and national interests (Law No. 5/1992 regarding Cultural Heritage Objects).
This research deals with the drainage system and possibility of polder development in Kota
Lama Area. The result of the research might be used for consideration in updating Heritage
City Management Plan (Rencana Penataan Kota Pusaka) of Semarang, Semarang Drainage
Water Plan and Water Resources Management Strategic Plan (Pola Pengelolaan Sumber Daya
Air) of Jratun Seluna River Basin. This research focuses on three main aspects which are
the existing condition, fully developed polder system for Kota Lama and selecting the most
appropriate scenarios. Several scenarios will be analysed and evaluated for different pump
capacities, drainage scheme and area.
Introduction 2
This thesis consists of nine chapters which are:
Chapter 1: explains about the background of the studies, problem that occurs, research
questions and the objective of the studies.
Chapter 2: focuses on the definition of flood hazards, sustainable urban drainage system,
polder system, design rainfall, unsteady flow and rainfall runoff model.
Chapter 3: defines about research location, methodology, data collection and data analysis.
Chapter 4: describes about the research area, land use, hydrology, tidal fluctuations, and
inundation problems.
Chapter 5: presents about review of past and existing drainage system plan in Semarang.
Chapter 6: describes about land subsidence, past, current and estimate future topography
situation in Semarang.
Chapter 7: analyse design inflow, focuses on past and current drainage system in Kota Lama.
Chapter 8: scenario development and selection for the most appropriate scenario for drainage
system in Kota Lama.
Chapter 9: describes the concluding remarks and recommendation for future outlook.
1.2. Problem Identification

Flooding often occurs in lowland areas because of the land subsidence, high rainfall intensity,
high tides and lack of proper management (solid waste, lack of maintenance, etc.) in the area.
Actually, Kota Lama has developed Tawang retention basin at the northern part of the area, but
unfortunately this was not followed by a polder development which should be completed with
other polder components, so that the retention basin is not appropriate with the planned
capacity. The current condition has been affected by urbanization and the development.
It becomes one of the considerations in determining the drainage operations, the area and type
of polder which are appropriate for Kota Lama.
Figure 1-2 Satellite view of Kota Lama, Semarang (Google Earth, 2016)
Introduction 3
Therefore, the research area will be focussed on Kota Lama, Semarang. The polder type which
is considered is the polder with a pumping station (maximum energy demand) by using
the existing Tawang retention basin. As seen from the satellite imagery research area
(Figure 1-2) is quite congested and it will be very difficult to implement if resettlement should
be carried out.
1.3. Research Questions

Regarding to the problems that occurs in Kota Lama. There are some questions that should be
answered, which are:
a. What are the main causes of the flood problem in Kota Lama?
b. Is polder system appropriate to solve flood problems of Kota Lama?
c. What is the appropriate pumping capacity, other drainage system component and area to
be covered (in case of polder) to protect Kota Lama from flooding?
d. What is the most effective water management in operating drainage and polder system?
1.4. Research Objectives

The general objective of this research is recommendation for improvement of drainage system
and the possibility of polder development. The specific objectives to realize this research are:
a. To analyse existing drainage performance.
b. To analyse the tidal fluctuation and land subsidence that occurs.
c. To determine all the polder water management components and the best combination
between pumping capacity and drainage scheme.
d. To provide the most effective water management in operating drainage and polder system.
Introduction 4
Chapter 2
Literature Review
2.1. Flood Hazard
Jha et. al (2012) explained that flood is the most often occurred as natural disaster and
no exception for urban or rural areas. Demographic growth of cities, towns and villages is one
characteristic of urbanization, especially in developing countries. Flood which is happened in
urban area will get worse and if this triggers super imposes with the other factor of flooding in
urban areas such as improper floodplain planning, ageing drainage infrastructures, increasing
of the impermeable surface and lack of flood management programs. Type and causes of floods
can be described briefly in Table 2-1.
Table 2-1 Types and Causes of Floods (Jha et al., 2012)
Types of Causes Naturally Occurring Human Induced Onset Duration

Flooding Time
Urban flood  Fluvial  Saturation of drainage and Varies From few
 Coastal sewage capacity depending hours to days
 Flash  Lack of permeability due to on the
 Pluvial increased concretization cause
 Groundwater  Faulty drainage system and
lack of management
Pluvial and Convective thunderstorms,  Land use changes, Varies Varies
overland flood severe rainfall, breakage of ice urbanization depending
jam, glacial lake burst,  Increase in surface runoff upon prior
earthquakes resulting in conditions
landslides
Coastal  Earthquakes  Development of coastal zones Varies but Usually a short
(Tsunami,  Submarine volcanic  Destruction of coastal natural usually time however
storm surge) eruptions flora fairly rapid sometimes
 Subsidence, coastal erosion takes a long
time to recede
Groundwater  High water table level Development in low-lying areas; Usually Longer
combine with heavy rainfall interference with natural aquifers low duration
 Embedded effect
Flash flood Can be caused by river, pluvial  Catastrophic failure of water Rapid Usually short
or coastal system; convective retaining structures often just a few
thunderstorms  Inadequate drainage hours
infrastructure
Semi- Sea level rise, land subsidence  Drainage overload, failure Usually Long duration
permanent systems, inappropriate urban slow or permanent
flooding development
 Poor groundwater management
Literature Review 5
Urbanization has changed the natural ground cover and they become impervious surface (roofs,
roads, and paved areas) which gradually reduce the infiltration rate and increase surface runoff.
The runoff water should be able to infiltrate or runoff slowly, instead of flowing in the channels
or runoff over the paved areas which is resulting in increased the channel discharge.
Those situations change the water balance scheme for the area which roughly can be illustrated
in Figure 2-1.
Figure 2-1 The Influence of Urbanization on Different Components of the Water Cycle (APFM, 2008)
Land subsidence also influence the occurrence of urban flooding (frequency, depth and
duration of inundation). The causes are happened because of more on over exploitation of
ground water rather than tectonics movement. The impacts are more exacerbated by storm
events (short term) and sea level rise (long term). Deltares (2015) based on IPCC scenarios
predicted that mean absolute sea level globally will rise in a range of 3-10 mm/year until 2100
while land subsidence rates are in the range of 6-100 mm/year until 2025 in the coastal mega
cities as shown in Figure 2-2.
Figure 2-2 Land Subsidence and Sea Level Rise Rates (Deltares, 2015)
Literature Review 6
Data which is used for analysing the flood are hydrological, drainage network and topography.
Jha et al. (2012) also recommended that hydrological data can be obtained from land
measurement in hydrology, meteorology stations and satellite imageries which is display real
time or post-flood scenario for enriching the flood analysis. Satellite images can be obtained
from national or international organizations. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) can be obtained
through the remote sensing method which can be generated the high resolution, but the accuracy
of final flood hazard analysis and maps are still affected by the errors from data capture and
data accumulation. One of the public domain for DEM is Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
(SRTM) under supervision of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of
the United States. Moreover, it is good that the data is also integrated with population maps,
land price and land cover maps.
2.2. Sustainable Urban Drainage System

Unwanted water on urban areas is removed by the drainage system. Armitage (2011) stated that
the urban drainage usually conveys the wastewater (sewerage and greywater) and storm water.
Greywater is domestic wastewater from the daily activities such as bathing and washing.
The unwanted water may, or may not, be used for other purposes with, or without any treatment.
If the study area is still with combined drainage system, both of waste water and storm water
should be counted into design. Van Duijl (2015) suggested some criteria for designing drainage
system, among others: peak rates of dry weather flow (waste water and ground water
infiltration), design occurrence of rainfall, intensity of rainfall, runoff factor, canal dimension
and its materials, minimum slopes and maximum and minimum water level in canal.
Dry weather flow should be calculated based on the forecasted future. Indonesia has
the standards for the design waste water from several type of activities (SNI-03-7065-2005)
which are generally calculated based on 80% of water demand.
Cordero (2012) proposed the way to assess hydraulic performance of drainage with:
 hydraulic capacity of the network;
 frequency and duration of surcharges;
 overflow volume;
 duration of flooding;
 spatial area affected by flooding;
 cost damage to public or private property.
Ellis et al. (2004), cited by Cordero (2012), defined sustainable indicators which are composed
of sustainability categories, primary criteria, secondary criteria and benchmark standards.
The pillars of drainage sustainability are technical, environmental, social and economic
categories. Those categories are described in primary criteria which are divided into more
specific criteria (secondary criteria). Benchmarks are used for quantifying the criteria which
should be measurable and could be standards or indicators. Table 2-2 is an example for
assessing drainage system sustainability indicators on technical and scientific performance. The
secondary criteria and benchmarks can be adjusted depend on the practitioners, decision-
makers and stakeholders experience.
Literature Review 7
Table 2-2 Example of Drainage System Sustainability Indicators on Technical and Scientific Performance (Ellis et al., 2004)
Sustainability Primary Criteria Secondary Criteria Benchmarks

Category
Technical and System performance Storage and flooding Design storm storage volume, number of
Scientific floods, number of properties affected, etc.
Performance
Receiving water Probability of exceedance, complains per
year, etc.
System reliability Performance Risk of failure, operational safety, etc.
reliability failures:
health and safety
System durability Design life Operational life time, storage volume, etc.
System flexibility and Capacity for change Design free-board, add-on structures and
adaptability and retrofitting features, etc.
The performance assessment is needed in order to define the main cause of under-performance
of drainage system which can lead to the remedial measures for improving the drainage system.
By checking the hydraulic performance of the drainage systems, constraints can be eliminated
and the drainage system can be improved. Smedema et al (2004) discovered several main causes
of under-performance or constraints of drainage system, among others:
 poor or faulty construction;
 inadequate main drainage;
 inadequate maintenance;
 faulty design;
 inadequate secondary measures;
 external constraints.
2.3. Polder System

Polder development forms its own hydrological unit and controlled water levels by a certain
height. Polder area is separated with the surrounding area by dikes that surrounds it.
Water management in a polder can be done by gravity or pump. Water can be drained to the
outside water body by gravity when the water level outside the polder is lower than inside
the polder. According to Witteveen+Bos (2009), cited by the Ministry of Public Works and
Housing (2009), Polder components which is presented in Figure 2-3 compose of:
 drainage system;
 retention pond;
 pumping station or control structures (sluice gate, flap gates, etc.);
 ring dike.
Literature Review 8
Legend:
1. Closed dike-ring
2. Dike-ring surrounding polder area
3. Pumping station
4. Retention pond
Figure 2-3 Polder Components (Witteveen+Bos, 2009)
According to the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (2009), polder development types can
be divided into two, among others:
 New developed area
Development of new territory is a conversion of an area into urban areas, business or
industry. Peak discharge released from the polder areas are advised not to exceed the
peak discharge before the construction of polder.
 Developed Area
Developed area defined as redevelopment of urban areas, business or industry as well
as systems for water management and flood protection. Improvement of water
management needs to be done if the current impervious surface area exceeds the plan
and capacity of the drainage system cannot accommodate the current state (exceeding
the design discharge).
Risk is usually used as a design consideration. For water management in the polder system
is designed with a return period of 25 or 50 years. Meanwhile, the dike should be designed
higher than the water management system. The sketch in Figure 2-4 describes the selection of
design rainfall for polder components design. Polder area can be divided into several sections
based on the different topography or land use. There are three options available to drain water
from the polder area (Figure 2-5), among others:
 one pump station serves the entire area of the polder. Energy and pump capacity
required is maximum;
 pumping stations with series and drainage system with stages;
 polder is equipped by series pump and belt canal which will be pumped out.
Schultz (1986) identified water balance in polder system which is based on the principle of
conservation of mass. The water balance can be described as inflow (Ii) and seepage (S) into
polder is equal to pump capacity (Qp), evapotranspiration (E) and storage capacity of open water
(Bs). Mathematically, it can be expressed as:
+ = + + Equation 2-1
Literature Review 9
Ministry of Public Works and Housing (2009) also has general procedures for calculating
the retention pond capacity inside polder area and then to discharge the water out of the polder.
The procedures are 1-calculating design rainfall, 2-calculating hydrograph of inflow to
the polder, 3-estimate preliminary estimate of system capacity based on steady flow or peak
discharge and outflow, 4-check design capacity and its hydraulic performance.
Probability scale
(ARI)
Building protected in
major design flood
Main dikes Main dikes 1,000 years
Major design flood 50 years
Major System
Drainage system 25 years
Minor system
Road trafficable in
minor design flood
Figure 2-4 Selection of design rainfall for polder components design (Ministry of Public Works and Housing, 2009)
Water level Water level
Alternative 1: 1 pump station
Alternative 2: Series pump station
Alternative 3: Series pump station

and belt canal
Figure 2-5 Polder Types (Ministry of Public Works and Housing, 2009)
Literature Review 10
Control structures or pump station can be used to discharge the water. Flap gate is usually used
for automatic operation which is operated based on the difference in water pressure.
When the water pressure inside the polder is bigger than outside, the gate will be opened and
water flow out. Then, the gate will close if water pressure outside is bigger than inside.
Incase a sluice gate is used, sluice gate also can be operated manually and it needs operator to
monitor water level or computer can be programed to make the gate operate automatically.
Flow capacity of control structure can be calculated based on desired water level inside polder,
water level outside polder and design rainfall. In any case, pump capacity is determined by the
capacity of the retention basin in order to create a balance to the extreme rainfall. The greater
the capacity of the pump the less area of retention pond and vice versa. Optimum combination
should be determined economically.
Design water level is formulated based on desired water level inside polder, duration of
inundation (if it is allowed) and return period. For indicative water level, Ministry of Public
Works and Housing (2009) has some value which are:
 desired water level in drainage is 1 meter below the surface,
 once in 2.5 years inundation in the street is allowed,
 once in 5-10 years drainage system is allowed in bankfull condition,
 indicative discharge of secondary or tertiary open channel is 150 l/day/ha.
Sensitivity analysis is needed if the system is new developed or no supported data with changing
the key parameters with the percentage so it is known changes to the output of the model.
2.4. Design Rainfall

Collected rainfall data sometimes contain some errors due to failure of device, recorder or
operator mistakes. Based on de Laat, et al. (2014), there are two types of error which are
systematic errors and accidental errors. Systematic errors can be caused by errors in installation,
calibration, systematic misreading the device or recorder, etc. Accidental errors can occurs due
to occasional misreading of the observer or malfunctioning of the recorder at some time
interval. Ministry of Public Works and Housing (2009) and Indonesian Standardization
Agency (2015) are suggested that Rainfall data should be homogenous, independence, no
outlier and stationary (no trend, variance consistent and average consistent). Those
requirements can be tested with some methods which are homogeneity with Mann-Whitney
test, independence with Wald-Wolfowitz test, outlier with Grubbs-Beck test, trend with
Spearman’s rank test, variance consistency with F-test and average consistency with T-test.
Those methods are described as follows:
 Mann Whitney test.
Homogeneity test can be known form the comparison of Zcal (calculated) and Ztab
(table). The following equation is Zcal formula:
{ − (( × )/2}
= .
Equation 2-2
{(1/12) × ( × ×( + + 1)))}
Where:
= × + ( /2) × ( + 1) − Equation 2-3
= × − Equation 2-4
Rm : total rank data maximum
N1 : total number of data in group 1
N2 : total number of data in group 2
Ztab value can be defined by the table of Z value with degree of confidence (α) is 5 %.
Conclusion that data is consistent can be known if Ztab_top < Zcal < Ztab_bottom and
if Ztab_top > Zcal > Ztab_bottom, data is inconsistent.
 Wald-Wolfowitz test.
Triola (2009) stated that if the number of data is less than 40, the small sample method
of Wald-Wolfowitz method can be done. First thing is determined the n1 and n2
which are the value of data is less or more than average. Then, counting the number of
runs (G) and compare it to the two critical values of number of runs in the table
(Gtab_bottom and Gtab_top). Data can be accepted as independence data if G is between
Gtab_bottom and Gtab_top.
 Grubbs-Beck test.
This test is determined two limits which are higher limit (xH) and lower limit (xL). Those
two limits can be calculated by the following equations:
( )
= Equation 2-5
( )
= Equation 2-6
Where:
xave : average of data
σ : standard deviation of data
/ / /
= −3.62201 + 6.28446 − 2.49835 + 0.491436 − 0.037911 Equation 2-7
Data is lower than value of xL classified as lower outliers and data on higher than value
xH classified as high outlier. The data is discarded if there is a lower outlier data.
However, proven high outlier data can still be used if the data is stationary (no trend,
variance consistent and average consistent)
 Spearman’s rank test.
The data should be sorted from the smallest to largest (y), give the rank for each sorted
data (Kxi) and also give the rank of sorted data based on the original data sequence (Kyi).
Di value is the difference of Kxi and Kyi. Spearman’s rank-order coefficient (Rsp)
calculation can be calculated as:
6∑
=1− Equation 2-8
( − 1)
Significance for Spearman’s rank-order coefficient (tt) is computed with:
√ −2
= Equation 2-9
1−
Calculated tt value has to be compared to the two tailed invers of student’s t distribution
with degree of confidence (α) is 5 % and v value is
= −2 Equation 2-10
The rainfall data is accepted if the data is proven that is no trend or tt value is between
the critical values of two tailed two tailed invers of student’s t distribution.
 F-test.
Fcal value can be calculated based on the following equation:
{ × ×( − 1)}
= Equation 2-11
{ × ×( − 1)}
Where:
1 : standard deviation of data in group 1
2 : standard deviation of data in group 2
Ftab value is defined by the table of F value with degree of confidence (α) is 5 % and
degree of freedom (dk) are
Then, calculated and table base F value should be compared. If Fcal is more than Ftab,
the rainfall data is in consistent condition (stable variance). The rainfall data is not in
consistent condition (unstable variance), if Fcal is less than Ftab.
 T-test.
The equation to calculate Tcal are presented as follows:
| − |
= .
{∝ [(1/ ) + (1/ )] } Equation 2-14
{ × + × } Equation 2-15
∝=
( + − 2)
Similar as the method before, Ttab value can be defined by the table of T value with
degree of confidence (α) is 5 % and degree of freedom (dk) is
= + −2 Equation 2-16
Where:
xave1 : average of data in group 1
xave2 : average of data in group 2
The result of Tcal and Ttab should be compared. If Tcal is less than Ttab, the rainfall data
is in consistent condition. Then, if Tcal is more than Ttab the rainfall data is not in
consistent condition.
Ministry of Public Works and Housing (2011) stated that if the validation process indicates of
inconsistency and non-homogeneity, so the data need to be checked with document of measured
data, comparing to the nearest station or check the rainfall station condition.
Reoccurrence interval or return period has to be known. Return period is defined as the average
interval of time T within which a flood (or any other extreme event) of given magnitude will
be equalled or exceeded at least one (Patra, 2008). Return period (T) can be calculated, if the
percentage of probability (P) is known, then = 1 . Probability of occurrence (Ro) also
depends on the life span of the structure (n) and can be expressed as
1
= 1− 1− Equation 2-17
Hydrological and meteorological data show no random behaviour. It can be analysed by some
statistical methods based on frequency analysis of precipitation. Mahdavi (2010) stated that
statistical distribution can be employed for studies such as the design of water structure,
the management of water resource and watershed and the determination of effective factors
about hydrologic cycle. Chow et al. (1988) suggested general equation for hydrologic frequency
analysis as:
= + Equation 2-18
Where:
XT : calculated data based on T years return period
k : frequency factor depend on the type of distribution
Basically, standard deviation (σ), coefficient of kurtosis (Ck), coefficient of variation (Cv) and
coefficient of skewness (Cs) are calculated based on the equation in general. Calculation method
for mean (xave) is using arithmetic mean method because Patra (2008) proposed this method for
flat area and assumed the rainfall is in uniform distribution. Log transferred series value is
converted from the series value. Afterwards, normal, log normal, log Pearson type III and
gumbel distributions are suggested for frequency analysis of precipitation by Mahdavi (2010).
Frequency factors (k) are different for each distributions and its own table of distribution factor.
Good fit test also need to be done with Chi square test and Smirnov Kolmogorov test which can
be expressed as (Triatmodjo, 2008):
 Chi square test.
Chi square test is generated from χ2 equation which is presented as follows:
( − )
= Equation 2-19
Where:
χ2 : calculated chi square value
K : number of class (should be more than or equal to 5)
Ef : expected frequency in one class
Of : actual frequency in one class
χ2 value should be less than χcr2 (using chi square critic table) value for a degree of
confidence which 0.05 is usually used and number of parameter (ρ) for Chi-Square is 2.
Then, degree of freedom (dk) can be calculated as
= − ( + 1) Equation 2-20
 Smirnov Kolmogorov test

Smirnov Kolmogorov test can be done with plotting the curve and data in probability
paper. From the plotting, it can be known the deviation of every data to the curve and the
maximum deviation (Δmax) has to be less than critical deviation (Δcr). Critical deviation
(Δcr) can be obtained using table of critical deviation for Smirnov Kolmogorov test.
According to Triatmodjo (2008), Rainfall for small catchment area can be estimated using
analysis of intensity-duration-frequency (IDF). Results of IDF analysis is usually given in the
curve relationship between intensity, duration and return period. IDF carried out to estimate the
maximum precipitation for a rain station (one point). Rainfall depth for each return period has
been obtained from the frequency analysis is converted into intensity by:
= 60 × Equation 2-21
Where:
I : rainfall intensity (mm/hour)
t : rainfall duration (minutes)
Triatmodjo (2008) also suggested to make hyetograph modelling if the there is no hourly rainfall
distribution. Alternating Block Model (ABM) is the simple method to make hyetograph from IDF
curve which is introduced by Chow (1988). Rainfall in IDF is multiplied by the rainfall duration,
then the difference in the calculation between rainfall time and the percentage based on total
rainfall are calculated. The maximum rainfall of this calculation was in the middle of series of
time and the rest of data are arranged in descending order on the right and left of the middle block.
Smedema, et al (1986) proposed that the area reduction factor (ARF) value for small area (equal
or less than 1,000 ha) is 1.0. ARF is usually used for decreasing of discharge in a basin due to
non-uniformity of rainfall coverage of large basin and dynamic storage in drainage system.
2.5. Unsteady Flow and Precipitation Runoff Model
Duflow is the software which will be used for hydraulic mathematical modelling. Duflow is
based on the implicit scheme and one-dimensional partial differential equation that describes
non-stationary flow in open channels (Abbott, 1979; Donkers, 1964 cited by Stowa, 2006).
The software also simulates the flow and includes the structures (pumps, gates weirs, etc.) in
the canals. Duflow is also coupled with precipitation runoff module or RAM (Dutch: Regen
Avfoer Module).
Unsteady Flow
Unsteady flow defines as the flow condition changes at any point of fluid and any time.
Principle of continuity and mass equations are needed to formulate the unsteady flow which are
known as the St. Venant Equation. According to Suryadi (2015), calculation of unsteady flow
can be conducted with explicit and implicit scheme. Explicit scheme is calculated the variable
time t+1 based on the value at time t but this scheme becomes unstable when the courant number
is more than 1. Courant number is a dimensionless number which is calculated by the velocity
times the time step and divided by length interval. Implicit scheme provide more stable
calculation that uses the approximation for both time and spaces derivatives in terms of the
dependent variable on the unknown level x+1 and t+1. Grid points for explicit and implicit
scheme can be seen in Figure 2-6. Thus, the upstream and downstream boundary condition and
initial condition (time zero) are needed for the numerical calculation.
Figure 2-6 Grid Points for (a) Explicit and (b) Implicit Scheme (Colin et al, 1976)
Yevjevich (1975) and Chaudhry (1993), cited by Ministry of Public Works and Housing (2009),
describes some assumption to derive the equation which are 1-shallow flow so the vertical flow
velocity can be neglected, 2-channel slope is small and 3-channel bottom is stable. Unsteady
flow can be assumed as one dimensional calculation which can make simplification as
perpendicular flow velocity can be neglected, average shear stress of channel wall can be
applied to all cross sections and Manning or Chezy equation can be used for evaluating shear
stress of canal’s bottom. The equations with lateral inflow effects can be shown as follows:
 Continuity equation
Figure 2-7 Volume Control for Continuity Equation (Ministry of Public Works and Housing, 2009)
Continuity equation can be expressed as:
+ = Equation 2-22
Or if surface width of channel is defined, it can be written as:
+ = Equation 2-23
 Momentum equation
Changing of momentum in one time in the channel with in compressible liquid can be
written as:
+ + ( ℎ )= − + cos Φ Equation 2-24
Or if the side flow is zero, another form of momentum equation can be expressed as:
ℎ | |
+ ( )+ ( )+ =0 Equation 2-25
Where:
Q : discharge (m3/s)
ql : lateral flow (m3/s/m)
v : velocity (m/s)
A : wetted area (m2)
h : water depth (m)
B : surface width of channel (m)
R : hydraulic radius (m)
β : coriolis coefficient (-)
g : gravity acceleration (9.81 m/s2)
So : bottom slope (-)
Sf : energy slope (-)
At Duflow, the implicit four point Preismann scheme is usually used to discretize in space and
time. Defining a section ∆xi from node xi to node xi+1 and a time interval ∆t from time t = tn to
time t = tn+1, the discretization of the water level H can be expressed as:
 = (1 − ) + at node xi and time t + θ∆. Equation 2-26
 / = in between nodes xi and xi+1 at time t. Equation 2-27
Those expressions approximate the derivatives at the point of references (xi 1/2, tn+θ) as shown
in figure below.
Figure 2-8 The Four Point Preismann Scheme (Stowa, 2006)
The factor controlling numerical dumping (θ) influences the precision and stability of
calculation, because less θ is more precise but less stable of calculation and vice versa.
Control Structures
1. Pumps
Pumps are operated in full capacity operation for assessing the hydraulic performance of
drainage system. Pump operation is controlled by the water level at the upstream of the pump.
Drainage pump type is used for this study which carried the water from the upstream to
the downstream of the pump. The pump starts to operate when the water level is above the start
level and the pump stops when the water level drops below the stop level. The discharge of
the pump is set based on the pump capacity when the pump works and zero when the pump
stops. Illustration of drainage pump operation can be seen in Figure 2-9.
Figure 2-9 Dependence of Drainage Pump Operation on Upstream Water Level (Stowa, 2006)
2. General Structures (Gates)
Gates and weirs in Duflow are operated under the general structures. The flow over
the weirs or through the gates depends on the upstream and downstream water level which
is determined whether its weir flow, free flow or submerged flow. Duflow divided
the flow into 6 categories of flow. Types of flow through general structures are presented
in Figure 2-10.
Figure 2-10 Types of Flow at General Structures (Stowa, 2006)
The general equation for general structures can expressed as follows:
= 2 ∆ Equation 2-28
Where:
Q : discharge through general structures (m3/s)
μ : loss coefficient (-)
H : water depth over the sill (m)
ΔH : head difference (m)
g : gravity acceleration (9.81 m/s2)
The loss coefficient, water depth over the sill and the head difference which are working
depends on its type of flow. These variables are determined based on Table 2-3.
Table 2-3 Determination of Variables for General Structures (Stowa, 2006)
Those variables can be described as:

Hi : water depth at the upstream (m)
Hj : water depth at the downstream (m)
HO : height of the gate opening (m)
μ0 : loss coefficient for free flow (-)
μv : loss coefficient for weir flow (-)
μt : loss coefficient for transition between μ0 and μv (-), which is calculated based
on the following equation:
= +2 −1 ( − ) Equation 2-29
Precipitation Runoff Module
Hydrologic cycle of catchment area is reflected by its water balance. Stowa (2004) described
that Water balance is a balance between incoming water and outgoing water which can be
expressed by the equation below.
+ + = + + +∆ Equation 2-30
Where:
P : precipitation (mm/day)
Qi : incoming flows (mm/day)
Qu : outgoing flows (mm/day)
K : seepage (mm/day)
E : evapotranspiration (mm/day)
W : downward seepage (mm/day)
ΔS : Change in storage in the catchment basin for the reflected time interval (mm/day)
Duflow is using linear reservoir method and effective precipitation for the input. Soil moisture
also take a role in this process, so that the selection of the type of land cover also defines the
runoff that occurs.
The effective precipitation at open water surface is determined by the reduction of evaporation.
Kota Lama is still not using sewage treatment plant and there are not any greenhouses, so
the paved surface for rural areas is applied that causes the precipitation is discharging directly
to drainage canals. The runoff process for unpaved surface are consist of infiltration to
unsaturated zone, percolation into saturated zone and ground water discharge into the drainage
system. Delayed discharge which is drained to the canals is happened because of the resistance
in the soil and the opening. Two parallel Nash-cascades model is selected to describe this
phenomenon by using quick and slow components of linear reservoir methods.
Quick components are the surface runoff, interflow and precipitation to open water. The remaining
effective precipitation which is resulted of unsaturated and saturated zone is the slow components.
Sketch and drainage course of quick and slow components can be seen in Figure 2-11.
Figure 2-11 Sketch (a) and drainage course (b) of quick and slow components (Stowa, 2006)
Chapter 3
Methodology
3.1. Research Methodology
This research will only analyse and discuss the problems and solutions based on hydraulic
aspects then water quality, social and economic aspects are not going to be considered. The
methodology is divided by several steps which are 1-data collection, 2-first analysis, 3-second
analysis, 4-final analysis and 5-output which is described briefly in Figure 3-1.
Research Methodology
Collection
Data
Land Subsidence Existing Drainage Waste water

Spot Height Sea Water Level Hydrological Data Land Use Map
Rate Schemes Discharge standard
First Analysis
Design Rainfall
Exisiting Existing Drainage Design Local
Topography Performance Inflow
Fulfill Desired
Second Analysis
Performance?
Estimating the Future
Topography
No
Scenario
Development
Yes
Polder System Clean Canal Full Pump Cap. Full Gate Opening Flap Gate Close Connection New Pump Cap.
Scenario Scenario Scenario Scenario Scenario Scenario Scenario
Final Analysis
The Most
Test Selected Scenario
Appropriate
with Sensitivity Analysis Scenario
Output
The Most Appropriate Scenario

(Proposed Polder Area [incase of polder], Drainage Scheme and Pump Capacity)
Figure 3-1 Research Methodology
Methodology 23
3.2. Data Collection
Data and information that has been obtained through field observation and collection from local
government offices, universities, seminars and workshops in the form of published reports,
studies, scientific papers, proceedings and maps. The following are the explanation of data and
information which were collected:
- Hydrological data
Rainfall data that was collected from Semarang Climatological Station from 1981 to 2006
which is useful for the design rainfall analysis. This station also recorded climatology data
from 1987 to 2006 which is used for analysis in DUFLOW. Hydrological network is used
to locate the nearest hydrological station from Kota Lama. Tidal fluctuation data was
collected from Water Resources Research and Development Center’s reports which are
useful for the analysis in DUFLOW.
- Topography and land subsidence
Spot height data in 2010 was collected which should be converted to topography map for
analysing. Land subsidence rate from 2009 to 2012 was gained for future topography
analysis and tidal influence.
- Base map
Administration and land use map are included in this type of information. The information
is useful for analysing the design local inflow and possibility of development to improve
the water management in Kota Lama.
- Drainage system information
Drainage canal cross sections and network information of Kota Lama were collected
for year 1998, there is no latest information about Kota Lama sub drainage system.
The thickness of sediment and solid waste in drainage canals were collected by sampling
for several drainage canals in Kota Lama area. Retention basin and pumps information was
quoted from the working report of Semarang Water Resources Management, Energy and
Mineral Resources Agency (Dinas PSDA & ESDM Kota Semarang). The data were used
in the making of drainage model and its Duflow network.
- Flood hazards and events
Several flood events in Kota Lama from 2013 to 2015 were quoted from several local web
news that gave the information of inundation depth and locations. Flood hazard map from
Semarang Drainage Master Plan was also collected. The data is useful for analysing the
performance of Kota Lama drainage system.
- Supporting information
Kota Lama land use master plan (RTBL) and Semarang in Figures 2012, 2013 and 2014
were used for the future development analysis for Kota Lama.
Methodology 24
Table 3-1 presents the summary of the data and information which were collected.
Table 3-1 Data Collection
No. Data and Information Collected From
Hydrological Data
1 Rainfall Semarang Meteorology, Geophysics and
Climatology Agency (BMKG Semarang)
2 Climatology Water Resources Research and Center
(Puslitbang SDA)
3 Hydrological network map Water Resources Research and Center
(Puslitbang SDA)
4 Tidal Fluctuation Water Resources Research and Center
(Puslitbang SDA)
Topography and Land Subsidence
5 Land subsidence Bandung Institute Technology (ITB)
6 Spot Height Diponegoro University (UNDIP)
Base Map
7 Administration map Diponegoro University (UNDIP)
8 Land use map Diponegoro University (UNDIP)
Drainage System Information
9 Kota Semarang drainage master plan Diponegoro University (UNDIP)
10 Kota Lama drainage network Semarang Water Resources Management,
Energy and Mineral Resources Agency
(Dinas PSDA & ESDM Kota Semarang)
11 Kota Lama drainage technical information Semarang Water Resources Management,
Energy and Mineral Resources Agency
(Dinas PSDA & ESDM Kota Semarang)
Flood Hazard and Events
12 Flood hazard map of Kota Lama Semarang Drainage Master Plan 2007
13 Number of flood event in Kota Lama Local Web News from 2013 to 2015
Supporting Information
14 Kota Lama land use master plan (RTBL) Semarang Planning Board
(Bappeda Kota Semarang)
15 Semarang in Figures of 2012, 2013 and Semarang Statistics Bureau
2014 (BPS Kota Semarang)
Methodology 25
3.3. Data Analysis
 First analysis
First analysis is made based on the collected data which will be used for the next phase of
analysis. The analysis which will be done in this phase are:
a. Existing topography
The spot height data is converted to topography with ArcGIS. World Geodetic System
1984 (WGS 84) UTM zone 49S is used for the reference coordinate for this study.
The topography map is adjusted only for Kota Lama area.
b. Design rainfall
Rainfall data is verified with homogeneity with Mann-Whitney test, independence
with Wald-Wolfowitz test, outlier with Grubbs-Beck test, trend with Spearman’s rank
test, variance consistency with F-test and average consistency with T-test. Then,
verified rainfall data is used for calculating design rainfall with frequency analysis
based on the return period. Normal, log normal, gumbel and log Pearson type III
distribution which are suggested by Mahdavi (2010) are calculated. The suitable
distribution is selected based on Chi Square and Smirnov Kolomogorov test.
The selected design rainfall distribution is converted to the Intensity-Duration-
Frequency (IDF) curve. Then, hyetograph is calculated to have the hourly rainfall
distribution by using Alternating Block Model (ABM) method.
c. Design local inflow
Local inflow of the drainage is calculated based on the design standard in Indonesia
(SNI-03-7065-2005) which is calculated based on 80% of water demand. This step should
be done because Kota Lama sub drainage system is still mixed drainage system.
d. Existing drainage performance
Duflow software is used to analyse existing hydraulic drainage performance and also its
rainfall runoff model. The analysis is performed with the existing drainage scheme,
drainage dimensions based on the observed condition and design rainfall that has been
done before. From this analysis, the causes of flooding in Kota Lama should be noticed
whether coming from land subsidence, sea level rise, the channel capacity and lack of
maintenance or combination of these factors.
Rainfall runoff simulation is run based on the type of land cover which is paved, unpaved
or open water area. The open water area is considered as directly connected to
the drainage system. The precipitation on paved area which is discharge to the canals is
calculated based on evaporation, infiltration and direct runoff to the canals. The rainfall
runoff in unpaved area is calculated based on evaporation and Nash-cascade model for
the infiltration and runoff. The rainfall runoff is also run with Duflow.
Assessment of drainage system sustainability on technical and scientific performance
is also done in this phase. The indicator which will be used are referred to the Minister
of Public Works and Housing Regulation No. 14/2010 regarding Minimum Service
Standards, No. 12/2014 regarding Urban Drainage System, Guideline of Drainage
Network Assessment and Semarang Drainage Master Plan 2007 were described in
Table 3-2. After the assessment, it is clear that the main causes of the flood is the poor-
performance of the drainage system.
Methodology 26
Table 3-2 Proposed Assessment of Existing Drainage System Sustainability Indicators for Kota Lama
Sustainability Primary Secondary Criteria Benchmarks

Category Criteria
Technical and System Storage  Canal capacity
Scientific performance  Retention pond capacity
Performance Flooding  Inundation Depth
 Inundation Duration
System Performance  Design return period
reliability reliability failures:
health and safety
System Canal strength  Maximum flow velocity
durability Canal sedimentation  Minimum flow velocity
System Capacity for change  Design free-board
flexibility and
adaptability
 Second analysis
The next phase of the analysis is analysis in estimating the future topography and scenario
development which can be described as follows:
a. Estimating the future topography
The future topography is estimated based on the occurrence of land subsidence
phenomena. This is done because of the effects of land subsidence that occurred in the
study area.
b. Scenario development
Some scenarios are developed based on the causes in study area which are cleaning
the canals and retention basin, using several pump capacities or hydraulic structures,
simulating the effects from development of Banger Polder and developing polder
system for Kota Lama.
 Final analysis
The final analysis will be conducted by doing:
a. Selecting the most appropriate scenario
The scenario that has been developed is assessed with the same indicator which is used
to assess the existing drainage system. The most appropriate scenario is chosen with
the highest score of the assessment. The implementation phases may also be done
through this analysis.
b. Sensitivity analysis
The analysis is be done to know the uncertainties of canal roughness for the selected
scenario. Three different canal roughness is used for calculating which are minimum,
normal and maximum of roughness coefficient for the same canal material in
the study area.
27
28
Chapter 4
Study Area
4.1. Kota Lama as UNESCO Heritage
Semarang has now developed into a modern city with a population of around 1.5 million
inhabitants. However on the other hand, Kota Lama has been a witness to the history of
Semarang City which has been maintaining the continuity of European-style colonial buildings.
Unfortunately, Kota Lama is the home of 105 old buildings are not all well maintained but there
are at least 50 buildings are still well maintained.
Figure 4-1 Blenduk Church at Kota Lama (hotcaramel-s.blogspot.com)
Actually, the government has established regulations to preserve the historical area such as Kota
Lama Semarang from deterioration due to aging and the current situation of the development.
The government with some foundations has been tried to attract the attention of the world and
revive Kota Lama. Moreover, they also took the initiative to nominate Kota Lama as one of the
UNESCO heritage site. Justifications for becoming UNESCO heritage are:
 Kota Lama Semarang was grown as multicultural and international trade city in
Indonesia’s colonial age;
 Kota Lama Semarang reflects the mixture of influence that can be seen from the
uniqueness of the building architecture, cultural mixing and landscape of the region.
According to UNESCO (2015), until these days, Kota Lama has been transformed into a laboratory
of urban development for the world and deserve to be preserved because the unchanged of urban
lay out, rich in architectural masterpiece and its adaptability to the technology.
Study Area 29
4.2. Kota Lama Area
Kota Lama is located in two districts which are Semarang Utara and Semarang Tengah.
From the sea shore, the distance to Kota Lama is only about 1.5 km. Based on Regional
Regulation of Semarang City No. 8/2003 regarding Spatial and Environment Planning of Kota
Lama, the total area of Kota Lama Regional Plan is about 40 ha which consists of 31 ha of Kota
Lama area and 9 ha of influenced area. Boundaries of Kota Lama Regional Plan are:
1. Tawang Railway Station and the northern rail line (North);
2. Haji Agus Salim Street (South);
3. Kolonel Sugiyono Street up to Mpu Tantular Street and Semarang River (West);
4. Ronggowarsito Street, Permasan Village and Grogolan Vilage (East).
However, the boundaries for Kota Lama are:
1. Merak Street (North);
2. Sendowo Street (South);
3. Semarang River and Sleko Region (West);
4. Cendrawasih Street (East).
Then, the boundary for influenced area is boundary outside the boundary for Kota Lama until
the boundary for Kota Lama Regional Plan, see Figure 4-2.
Figure 4-2 Area of Kota Lama Regional Plan (Regional Regulation of Semarang City No. 8/2003)
Study Area 30
The area of Kota Lama which was measured using ArcGIS with Open Street Map as base map,
Google Earth and the area in Regional Regulation of Semarang City No. 8/2003 shows
difference of area whereas the boundaries that is used to measure has followed the regional
regulation. Open Street Map and Google Earth showed that the area of Kota Lama is 23.8 ha
where there is a difference of 7.2 ha with the regional regulation. Based on the discussion with
the local authority, Kota Lama with the area of 23.8 ha will be used in this study.
4.3. Kota Lama Sub Drainage System

Kota Lama is the part of Kota Lama sub drainage system. Kota Lama sub drainage system
has got area of 84 ha. This sub drainage system has got 7 outlets which are 6 outlets directly to
Semarang River and 1 outlets to Baru River. A small part of Banger (East) and Simpang
Lima (South) sub drainage system get into the subsystem. Further discussion on this topic
will be explained in the next chapter. Area of Kota Lama sub drainage system is presented in
Figure 4-3.
Figure 4-3 Kota Lama Sub Drainage System
Study Area 31
4.4. Administrative Region
According to Semarang Drainage Master Plan 2007, Kota Lama and Kota Lama sub drainage
system are in two sub regencies, namely Semarang Tengah and Semarang Utara. Semarang
Utara area is 57.9% of the total area of Kota Lama sub drainage system. The administrative
division of the area can be seen in Figure 4-4.
Figure 4-4 Administrative Region of Kota Lama Sub Drainage System
4.5. Land Use

Based on Regional Regulation of Semarang City No. 14/2011 regarding Spatial Planning of
Semarang City, Kota Lama is the area for trading, services, and residential. In the northern part
of Kota Lama, there is also a retention pond which is about 1 ha and it is located right in front
of the Semarang Tawang Railway Station. 70% of Kota Lama sub drainage system area has
been developed as residential area. Offices and business area occupies 27.1% of the existing land
availability. Green space and open water area are left only 6.9% of the total area. Land use map
of Kota Lama sub drainage system is presented in Figure 4-5. Kota Lama itself is about 95%
occupied by residential area.
Study Area 32
Figure 4-5 Land Use of Kota Lama Sub Drainage System
4.6. Population & Employees

The Semarang Statistic Bureau (2013) claimed that Semarang Tengah and Semarang Utara has
got almost the same in population density. Number of employees in Semarang Utara is 41%
more than Semarang Tengah. Population density in Semarang Tengah and Semarang Utara in
Kota Lama sub drainage system is presented in Table 4-1.
Table 4-1 Population in Semarang Tengah and Semarang Utara (Semarang Statistic Bureau, 2014)
Population Density
Sub Regency Employees
(Inhabitants/km2)
Semarang Tengah 11,596 49,125
Semarang Utara 11,671 69,364
4.7. Hydrology
Kota Lama is in tropical climate area and the rainy season occurs during December – May and
June – November for dry season. Based on the Semarang Rainfall Station from 1981 to 2006,
the maximum rainfall that is occurred is 245 mm/day which occurs in February. Based on
Witteveen+Bos (2008), cited by Ministry of Public Works and Housing (2009), the average
daily evaporation is 4.5 mm/day. The hydrological characteristic of the area is presented in
Table 4-2 and Table 4-3.
Study Area 33
Table 4-2 Semarang Maximum Daily Rainfall of 1981 - 2006
Rainfall 1981 - 2006 Maximum Daily

Semarang Rainfall (mm)
Rainy Season December 235
January 193
February 245
March 111
April 117
May 144
Dry Season June 82
July 51
August 74
September 126
October 111
November 147
Table 4-3 Semarang Average Daily Evaporation of 1987-2006 (Witteveen+Bos, 2008)
Month Evaporation
(mm/day)
January 3.6
February 3.8
March 4.0
April 4.2
May 4.2
June 4.2
July 4.9
August 5.5
September 6.0
October 5.6
November 4.5
December 3.8
4.8. Tidal Fluctuation

In Semarang, the highest high water spring which can be occurred is +0.50 m+MSL and
-0.50 m+MSL of lowest low water spring. Semi diurnal type of tides is happened in Semarang
(twice high tides and twice low tides per day), example of this tides in Semarang can be seen
in Figure 4-6. The highest high water spring (HHWS) will be used for the drainage analysis.
Tidal characteristic of Semarang can be seen in Table 4-4.
Study Area 34
Figure 4-6 Example Semi Diurnal Tides in Semarang (http://www.ukho.gov.uk/)
Table 4-4 Semarang Tidal Characteristic (Witteveen+Bos, 2008)
Tidal Condition Abbreviations Level (m+MSL)

Lowest low water spring LLWS -0.50
Mean low water spring MLWS -0.37
Lowest low water neap LLWN -0.10
Mean sea level MSL 0.00
Lowest high water neap HHWN 0.10
Mean high water spring MHWS 0.38
Highest high water spring HHWS 0.50
4.9. Inundation Problem

Tidal flood often occurs in Kota Lama, especially before the operation of the Semarang River
retention basin and pump. According to Semarang Drainage Master Plan 2007, the tidal flood
occurrence can reach more than half of Kota Lama sub drainage system and an area of about
50 ha could be inundated. It means that the tidal can reach to the land until 2 km from the
coastline. Tidal flood map of Kota Lama sub drainage system is presented in Figure 4-7.
Figure 4-7 Tidal Flood in Kota Lama Sub drainage system (Semarang Drainage Master Plan, 2007)
Study Area 35
The master plan also noted that local flood which is occurred as a result of high rainfall intensity
also happens. The result of the study stated that there are two large areas of inundation which
are 4.0 ha at residential area near Tawang Railway Station and 3.3 ha near Bubakan roundabout.
Inundation depth usually occurred about 20-75 cm at several places in Kota Lama with 2 hours
to 24 hours of duration. Local flood map of Kota Lama sub drainage system can be seen in
Figure 4-8. From those flood events (tidal and local flood), Semarang Drainage Master Plan
2007 provided flood prone map also which is presented in Figure 4-9.
Figure 4-8 Local Flood in Kota Lama Sub Drainage System (Semarang Drainage Master Plan, 2007)
Figure 4-9 Flood Prone Map in Kota Lama Sub Drainage System (Semarang Drainage Master Plan, 2007)
Study Area 36
However, it is unfortunate absence of a complete recording flood events regarding
rainfall intensity, extensive flooding and water level when flooding in Kota Lama. Rainfall
which was recorded by Simongan Hydrological Station in 12 February 2015 was 161 mm/day
(see Figure 4-10). This event affected Merak Street and Tawang Street for 20 cm and 40cm of
inundation as reported by the local web news. Unfortunately, the inundation area and duration
of each events was not recorded. The flood events in Kota Lama sub drainage system were
quoted from local web news in Table 4-5.
Table 4-5 Flood Events in Kota Lama Sub drainage system
Inundation Time of
Location Sources
Depth (m) Occurrence
Inside Kota Lama
Merak Street 0.2 12 February 2015 http://www.antaranews.com
Letjen Suprapto Street 0.6 03 March 2013 http://beta.mediaindonesia.com
Mpu Tantular Street 0.3 04 January 2015 http://daerah.sindonews.com
Ronggowarsito Street 0.3 04 January 2015 http://daerah.sindonews.com
Tawang Street 0.4 12 February 2015 http://www.antaranews.com
Outside Kota Lama
MT Haryono Street 0.3 23 January 2014 http://www.antaranews.com
KH Agus Salim Street 0.5 12 February 2015 http://www.antaranews.com
Bubakan Roundabout 0.7 23 January 2014 http://www.antaranews.com
Figure 4-10 Rainfall Graph at Simongan Hydrological Station (http://www.tech4water.com)
Study Area 37
Study Area 38
Chapter 5
Review of Drainage System Master Plan

5.1. Storm water Drainage Master Plan for the City of
Semarang (1976)
This master plan was developed by Burns & McDonnell and Trans-Asia Engineering
Associates, Inc. in 1976. From the report, drainage condition before the master plan are
1) design rainfall for drainage is inaccurate, 2) most of drainage systems are undersized and
dirty and 3) land use planning in the upstream area is needed to control sedimentation in
downstream drainage systems.
A technical study was conducted for the implementation of the master plan which was done by
Deserco Development Services in 1982. Design rainfall of 5-year return period is used for
primary drainage canals and 2-year return period for secondary drainage canals. The design
rainfall can be seen in Table 5-1.
Table 5-1 Design Rainfall 1982 Technical Study (JICA, 1993)
Rainfall Intensity Duration (minutes)

(mm/hour) 20 40 60 120 180 240 360
Return 2-year 104 72 55 34 24 18 15
period 5-year 145 99 79 55 40 30 23
5.2. Semarang Surakarta Urban Development Project (1991)

The study was conducted by Sinotech Engineering Consultant, Inc. in 1990 to 1991.
The recommendations for design rainfall were 2-year return period and 5-year return period
which was designed for housing and commercial and industrial area.
The objective was to reduce the frequent floods on a coastal flood plain by improving major
drainage system between Silandak and Babon River. There are 6 rivers between those systems.
Most of recommendations were talked about increasing the flow capacity for the rivers,
rehabilitation of secondary and tertiary canals, improvement the tidal gate with pumping station
and also operation and maintenance assistance. The drainage system in densely populated area,
the economic and social benefit will be improved due to the action.

5.3. Master Plan on Water Resources Development, Flood
Control and Urban Drainage (1993)
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has done the comprehensive study for
Semarang in 1993 which contained urban drainage master plan as one of their studies. The
planning areas were consisted of 4 drainage systems, among others: 1) Eastern Semarang, 2)
Central Semarang, 3) Western Semarang and 4) Tugu Sub district. The study are of this project
is presented in Figure 5-1.
Figure 5-1 Study Area for Urban Drainage Plan (JICA, 1993)
Design scale for urban drainage based on JICA (2013) is presented in Table 5-2. According to
this table, there were 7 canals with 10-year return period and 12 canals with 5-year return
period. Semarang River which is located on the western part of Kota Lama was design for 10-
year return period. Design of primary drainage canals is 10-year return period. 5-year return
period suggested for secondary drainage canals. Design of pumps is using 12 hours rainfall with
5-year return period.
Table 5-2 Design Scale 1993 Master Plan (JICA, 1993)
Catchment Area (km2)

Design Flood
< 0.1 0.1 – 1.0 1.0 – 5.0 > 5.0
Return Period (Years) 1 2 5 10

Design rainfalls for urban drainage in this document were written in formula form which are:
1) 2-year return period
 =( . ) .
for t  2 hours
Equation 5-1
 =( for 2 hours < t  12 hours Equation 5-2

. ) .
 =( . ) .
for t  2 hours
Equation 5-3

. ) .
 =( . ) .
for t  2 hours
Equation 5-5

. ) .
Where:
I : point rainfall intensity (mm/hour)
t : rainfall duration time (minutes)
5.4. Drainage Master Plan for Semarang (2007)

This study was conducted by local consultant, PT. Tera Manggala Jaya, in 2007 and Semarang
Planning Board as the owner of the study. The concept of drainage system in Semarang was
classified by upstream and downstream area which was divided by CBZ belt canal, so that the
flood from the upstream area did not encumber the drainage system in the downstream area.
So, the drainage system in downstream area is only focus to drain the excess water from rainfall.
There are four drainage systems and nine teen drainage subsystems that were proposed by this
study. Planned drainage system scheme of the study area can be seen in Figure 5-2.
Design rainfall which is used based on the type of drainage canals, among others:
1) Primary canals (rivers) : 25 years return period.
2) Secondary canals : 10 years return period.
3) Tertiary canals : 2 years return period.
There were 9 rainfall stations in Semarang and 1 rainfall station outside of Semarang that were
used for calculating the design rainfall. However, Simongan rainfall station is the closest
rainfall station to Kota Lama. This study used 2 hours of cumulative rainfall. The design rainfall
of Simongan rainfall station can be seen in Table 5-3.
Table 5-3 Design Rainfall at Simongan Rainfall Station (Semarang Planning Board, 2007)
Design Rainfall Return Period (year)

(mm) 2 5 10 25 50 100
Simongan Station 96 149 190 247 294 345

JavaJAWA
LAUT Sea
K.Mangkang Kulon
K.Mangkang Wetan
K.Plumbon
K.Bringin
K.
K.Baru
K.Banger
Te
K.Siangker
ng
K.Randu Garut
Madukoro
K.Sringin
K. ga
K.Karang Anyar
ng
K.Asin
Si
Banjir Kanal Timur

Banjir Kanal Barat
la
nd
K.Semarang
ak
K.Tapak
K.Tugu Rejo
K.Babon
K.Buntu
K.Jumbleng
Karangayu
Ronggolawe
K.Tambakharjo
Bendung Simongan
Saluran Sabuk
Bendung Pucanggading
Legend:
Keterangan :
Bendungan Jatibarang Bendungan Garang Rivers
Sungai Bendungan Babon
River’s
TanggulDike
Sungai
Bendungan Kripik
Coastal’s Dike
Tanggul Laut
Belt Canal
Saluran Sabuk
Polder
Sistem System
Polder
Bendungan Mundingan
Reservoirs
Embung / Waduk
Figure 5-2 Planned Drainage System Scheme of Semarang in 2007 (Semarang Planning Board, 2007)
5.5. Difference of the Design Rainfall between Master Plans

All master plans has the same classifications for the drainage canals. River is classified as
primary drainage canals, main drainage is classified as secondary drainage canals and tertiary
drainage canals flows to secondary drainage canals.
Information concerning the calculation of each design rainfall on every master plan that has
been described in the previous subsection can be summarized in Table 5-4. It can be seen that
design rainfall between master plan are different. This differences can occur due to several
reasons which are different period of rainfall data and selection of rainfall station.
Kota Lama drainage network was inventoried in 1998 by PT. Indah Karya (Persero) but it is
not clear which return period that was used for the implementations. The closest master plan of
the construction period is the 1993 Master Plan. If it is true, the tertiary drainage canal in Kota
Lama was design for 40 mm (2 years return period) and 55 mm (5 years return period) for
secondary drainage canals. These values are about only 25% of the design rainfall for secondary
drainage canals by the Drainage Master Plan’s calculation in 2007.
The economic issues at the time which master plan is established might be the one of
factors that determines the design rainfall period. Considering the improvement of the living
standard and economical condition in Indonesia and also the Guidence of Urban Polder
Development by Ministry of Public Works and Housing (2009), at least 25 years return period
should be used.

Design Rainfall of Return Period (mm)
Master Plan
2 Years 5 Years 10 Years 25 Years
34 55 - -
Storm Water Drainage Master Plan
Secondary Primary Canals
for the City of Semarang (1976) - -
Canals (River)
- - - -
Semarang Surakarta Urban
Commercial and
Development Project (1991) Housing
Industrial
Master Plan on Water Resources 40 55 62 -
Development, Flood Control and Catchment Area Catchment Area Catchment Area
2 2 2
Urban Drainage (1993) 0.1 - 1.0 km 1.0 - 5.0 km > 5.0 km
96 149 190 247
Drainage Master Plan for
Secondary Primary Canals
Semarang (2007)
Tertiary Canals - Canals (River)
Table 5-4 Resume of Design Rainfall between Master Plans
5.6. Existing Drainage System in Semarang

Semarang Tengah (Central Semarang) Drainage System
Drainage system Semarang is divided into three regions which are western region, central region
and eastern region. Semarang Tengah drainage system with an area of about 27 km2, composed
mostly of lowland with the elevations between 0-10 m+MSL. Kota Lama sub drainage system is
in the central region drainage system. The drainage system is presented in Figure 5-3.
Figure 5-3 Semarang Tengah Drainage System (Haryono et.al., 2008)

East Flood Way (BKT) and West Flood Way (BKB)
East Flood Way and West Flood Way were constructed to divert the excess rainfall from
upstream area with the interception of CBZ belt canal. The condition of those flood way are
1) BKT is overflow when the flood occur because of sedimentation and 2) BKB is still in the
good service. These condition were also captured by google map in 2015 (Figure 5-4).
BKB BKT
Figure 5-4 Google Map image of Semarang, East Flood Way (BKT) and West Flood Way (BKB)
Semarang River Pump and Retention Basin

Directorate General of Human Settlement, Ministry of Public Works and Housing through Drainage
and Sanitation Working Unit (Satker PPLP) constructed a pumping station, retention basin and trash
rack at the end of Semarang River by using a loan from JICA. Specification of the constructions are:
 Pump capacity is 30 m3/s composed of 5 pumps of 5 m3/s and 2 pumps of 2,5 m3/s, a backup
pump of 5 m3/s and a mud pump capacity of 3 m3/minute. The pump has been operating in
the last two years.
 5 units of gates with dimensions of 2.2x4.0 m2.
 Retention pond capacity is 170.000 m3 with the area of 6.0 ha.
 Emergency spillway of 16 m.
Figure 5-5 Sketch location of Semarang River, Baru River, Asin River and Its Infrastructures

The outlet of Baru River is blocked by the local government because the sedimentation from this
river was disturbing the daily operation of Tanjung Mas Port. In Baru River, there is an outlet
(Baru River Pump Station) from Kota Lama sub drainage system, so the flow from Kota Lama is
diverted to Kali Semarang through Baru River. This new system started to operate in the middle
of 2014. The sketch of location can be seen in Figure 5-5.
Figure 5-6 Condition of Kali Semarang Pump Station and Retention Basin in 16/11/2015
Banger Polder
Banger Polder is located on the west side of Kota Lama subsystem (Figure 5-7). Covering
an area of 527 ha and approximately 84,000 residents served by this polder. However, this
polder system has not been fully developed. All the planned pumps has been arrived but still
not tested and operated. Banger retention pond and western ring dike have not been constructed.
Figure 5-7 Location of Kota Lama and Banger Polder

5.7. Drainage System in Kota Lama Semarang
Drainage Master Plan Semarang (2007)
Kota Lama is located in the central drainage system. This drainage system composes of four
drainage subsystems which are Bulu Drainage subsystem, Semarang River, Baru River and
Banger River. Excess runoff from upstream area is intercepted by CBZ belt canal. This belt
canal diverts the water to East Flood Way (BKT) and West Flood Way (BKB). This study
suggested to use Semarang River and Baru River as Long Storage. Semarang River is expected
to have capacity of 726,000 m3 with 3.3 km long. In the other side, Baru River length is 1.0 km
with 35,100 m3 capacity to store. Kota Lama sub drainage system is bordered by:
1. The northern rail line (North);
2. Petudungan Street (South);
3. Semarang River (West);
4. Ronggowasito Street and MT. Haryono Street (East).
Existing Situation
Based on the base map from Open Street Map and information of Kota Lama sub drainage system
boundary, catchment area of this sub drainage system is about 84.3 Ha. However, part of Banger
and Simpang Lima sub drainage system are also still connected to Tawang Retention Basin.
The main drainage of Kota Lama sub drainage system are drainage canals along Mpu Tantular
Street, Bandarharjo Street, Merak Street, Ronggowarsito Street and MT. Haryono Street.
Except drainage canal at Mpu Tantular Street, all drainage canals are connected to Tawang
Retention Basin. Main drainage at Merak Street is very important to Kota Lama because most
of the flow from Kota Lama is going through this drainage canal. Banger drainage is connected
with drainage canal along Merak Street and Simpang Lima drainage is connected from the
beginning of drainage canal at MT. Haryono Street. The sketch of existing condition of Kota
Lama is presented in Figure 5-8.
Figure 5-8 Sketch of Existing Condition of Kota Lama, Semarang

Tawang Retention Basin is about 1 ha with a capacity of 20,000 m3. There are 4 vertical gates of
1.5 m width for inlet and 2 vertical gates of 1.5 m width for outlet and also a pump of 450 l/s
which is used for pumping the water from retention basin to secondary canal on Merak Street.
During wet season the gates are opened and pump operates. The situation of Tawang Retention
Basin is presented in Figure 5-9.
Tawang Retention Basin Tawang Retention Basin Inlet Tawang Retention Basin Outlet
Figure 5-9 Situation of Tawang Retention Basin
Since 2012, the new drainage scheme for Central Semarang drainage system has been
developed, Kota Lama does not connect to tidal fluctuation any more from Semarang River
because all the outlets of Semarang River that connected to the sea has been closed. National
road on the north of Kota Lama has also been raised by 1 m to prevent tide of the sea comes
through the mainland. However, Kota Lama drainage system is still connected to Banger sub
drainage system which is connected to Banger River and the tidal fluctuation still happens in
Banger system and might influences Kota Lama as well.
There are seven outlets of Kota Lama sub drainage system which are Baru River pumps,
two outlets (vertical gate and free outlet) in Kota Lama and other four outlets outside
Kota Lama (a vertical gate and 4 free outlets).
Baru River Pump consists of 6 units of submersible pump with a capacity of 400 l/s for each
unit, 1 unit axial pump of 100 l/s and also equipped with 2 units of vertical gate with 1.5 m for
each gate. There is no water level measurement at the pump station. Based on the interview to
the pump operator, the operator has lost his flood manual and he only operates the pump based
on his previous experiences. Only 3 pumps start when water reached the upper black marked
(marked of high water level) in the canal or about 50 cm below the surface and stop when water
reached the lower black marked about 80 cm below the surface (see Figure 5-10). Vertical gate
near Berok Bridge is consisted of 2 units of vertical gate which is a new structure. There is no
water level measurement at the gate (Figure 5-11).
Pump Start
Pump Stop
Figure 5-10 Condition of Baru River Pump Station

Figure 5-11 Condition of Vertical Gates near Berok Bridge
Existing hydraulic performance of drainage canals of Kota Lama is low which can be seen
from the accumulation of solid waste and sedimentation in the canals, drainage canals are higher
than the streets and blocked inlet to the canals (see Figure 5-12, Figure 5-13, Figure 5-14,
Figure 5-15 and Figure 5-16).
Figure 5-12 Existing Condition of Drainage Condition at Tawang Street
Figure 5-13 Existing Condition of Drainage Condition at Letjen Suprapto Street

Figure 5-14 Existing Condition of Drainage Condition at K.H. Agus Salim Street
Figure 5-15 Existing Condition of Drainage Condition at Bandarharjo Street
±45 cm ±95 cm
Sediment Thickness is about 50cm
Figure 5-16 Existing Condition of Drainage Condition at Merak Street
In fact, some measurements were done by using the simple gauge into the drainage canal, average
sediment thickness in the drainage canal is about 34.2% of canal capacity. The detail and
calculation of sediment thickness sampling is presented in Appendix B and location of sample
points can be seen in Figure 5-17. The impression for Kota Lama drainage are:
1. all the canals’ in Kota Lama are concrete canals,
2. solid waste and sediments fulfilled part of the drainage canals’ capacity,
3. the houses are below the road elevation in some places.

Figure 5-17 Location of Sediment Thickness Sampling in Kota Lama

Chapter 6
Topography Analysis
6.1. Coastline
Ministry of Research and Technology (2009), cited by Abidin et al. (2013) discovered that due
to the coastal sedimentation the coastline of Semarang has gone forward 1.64 km from 1741 to
2007. These changes roughly can be said that the coastline has moved forward for 6.2 m/year
because of sedimentation and land reclamation. Kota Lama has been established in 1705 which
was marked by the construction of Vijfhoek Fort. Land subsidence phenomena that occurred in
Kota Lama is most probably not derived from natural consolidation of young alluvium soil but
due to over exploitation of deep ground water.
1.64 km
Kota Lama
Figure 6-1 Coastline Change in Semarang (Ministry of Research and Technology, 2009)
6.2. Topography of Semarang
There is some data available concerning Digital Elevation Model (DEM) which is provided by
United States Geological Survey (USGS). USGS provides elevation data with worldwide coverage
at high resolution dataset of 1 arc-second (30 meters) or 30 x 30 m2 per grid. SRTM 1 arc-second
data set was released starting on 24 September 2014. Overview of topographical conditions of
Semarang is made with Semarang area which is obtained from Ministry of Public Works and Public
Housing in 2010. The topographical condition of Semarang is presented in Figure 6-2 and it is
known that Kota Lama is laying on about 0.00 m+Mean Sea Level (MSL).
Figure 6-2 Topography Map of Semarang
6.3. Topography of Kota Lama Sub drainage system

Based on the spot height data, Kota Lama topographical condition is analysed by Inverse Distance
Weighted (IDW) interpolation method. The result of interpolation shows that Kota Lama
sub drainage system is lying on 0 to 0.1 m+MSL. Kota Lama is on 0.3 to 0.6 m+MSL (see
Figure 6-3). The largest area in the subsystem's drainage area of 47.7% of the total area is lying
between 0.3 to 0.5 m+MSL. At that altitude, Kota Lama is vulnerable to tidal flooding because
the highest tides (HHWS) can reach 0.5 m+MSL. However, this is unlikely to happen because
Kota Lama’s outlet which is connected to the sea had been closed and the national road on the
northern part of Kota Lama has been raised as described in the previous section. Land subsidence
is still a serious problem in this area and if it is not handled properly then the intrusion of high
tides can still enter through the national road which may go down in the coming years.
Figure 6-3 Topography Map of Kota Lama
6.4. Land Subsidence

Wirasatriya (2005) discovered that land subsidence is the most dominant factor that causes
the sea water intrusion in Semarang. Geological Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Resources and Germany Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (2008)
have analysed the rate of land subsidence in Kota Lama within the range of 4-5 cm/year.
Map of land subsidence is presented in Figure 6-4.
Kota Lama
Figure 6-4 Semarang Land Subsidence Map (Geological Agency, 2008)
Impacts of land subsidence can also be seen in Kota Lama drainage system area which
is presented in Figure 6-5. There is an observation point for land subsidence measurement in
the area which was conducted by Bandung Institute Technology from 2009 to 2012 (Figure 6-6).
Land Subsidence Evidence Land Subsidence Evidence Land Subsidence Evidence

at Lombok Alley at Empu Tantular Street Bandarharjo Street
Figure 6-5 Land Subsidence in Kota Lama Sub Drainage System Area
Figure 6-6 Land Subsidence Measurement Points in Kota Lama Sub Drainage System Area
Log and log relation between amount of land subsidence and years of BM16 point is presented
in Figure 6-7. The result shows that the land subsidence has a tendency to increase in time.
If there is not any measure in 50 years, the land subsidence might be occurred about 2.7 m.
Figure 6-7 Land Subsidence Rate at BM16 Point
6.5. Estimation of Future Topography

Yuwono, et al. (2013) stated that BM16 point has got high correlation between land subsidence
rate and rate of ground water extraction. BM16 point is in the Zone III which has got
1.2-1.4 m/year for the rate of ground water extraction. Land subsidence in Semarang is not only
ground water extraction but there are other factors which are natural consolidation and the
building loads. These can be seen from the compressibility index of range 0.6 to 0.9 and high
of loading scale with range of 3 to 4.
Marsudi (2001), cited by Abidin et al. (2010), explained that the number of registered wells in
Semarang are increasing significantly after 1990s. Then, there are 1050 registered wells in 2000
which extracted ground water of 38 million m3/year. Murdohardono (2007) also explained
the increasing the number of registered wells and ground water extraction in Semarang by graph
which is presented in Figure 6-8.
Figure 6-8 Increasing the number of registered wells and ground water extraction in Semarang (Murdohardono et al, 2007)
Figure 6-9 Land Subsidence Estimation for Bandarharjo-Poncol Trajectory (Sarah et al, 2012)
Sarah et al. (2012) simulated three scenarios which is representing some conditions such as
a) only the natural consolidation scenario, b) decreased ground water level and c) decreased
ground water level and building loads. It was explained that before 2020 the land subsidence is
more dominated by decreased groundwater level of 85%-95% and building loads of 5-16%,
then the natural consolidation will start to dominate at 2020-2060. Then, with the calibrated
data of 2002-2007, the natural consolidation process will be stopped in range year of
5448-11065 which are all the pore water pressure has been dissipated. Land subsidence will be
occurred until the end of consolidation period which is dominated by natural consolidation of
64-78%, decreased groundwater level of 22-27% and building loads of 2-8%.
If the ground water extraction is not regulated strictly and the domestic, municipal and industrial
water provision is not supplied and people of Semarang still use the ground water to fulfil their
demand, the occurred land subsidence will be deeper (scenario B). The difference between
scenarios shows large difference of land subsidence occurrence in the future years. The graph
of land subsidence estimation is shown in Figure 6-9.
56
Chapter 7
Drainage System Analysis

7.1. Design Rainfall
Rainfall data was obtained for 26 years (1981 to 2006) which is recorded by Semarang Rainfall
Station. This rainfall station is selected because it is the closest rainfall station to
Kota Lama which are in Table 7-1.
Table 7-1 Semarang Rainfall Station’s Maximum rainfall in order of magnitude for different rainfall duration
Max Rainfall (mm)

Year
5 10 15 30 45 12
1 Hour 2 Hours 3 Hours 6 Hours
Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes Hours
1981 20 40 50 65 70 80 113 133 189 212
1982 10 20 29 48 60 70 81 100 133 133
1983 15 30 45 60 76 77 77 78 80 80
1984 15 25 30 40 60 66 77 79 81 82
1985 15 25 35 50 65 88 111 111 145 245
1986 30 45 60 70 84 97 102 116 126 126
1987 13 21 30 60 85 88 93 93 96 138
1988 15 25 35 50 70 80 101 101 117 174
1989 20 26 41 51 55 95 125 126 141 144
1990 10 20 30 50 95 58 66 70 82 100
1991 10 20 30 40 48 49 70 82 125 132
1992 16 42 30 55 75 80 88 94 98 99
1993 20 30 36 60 76 86 161 185 193 193
1994 20 30 36 55 66 68 79 79 86 90
1995 15 22 35 60 67 79 100 100 100 100
1996 25 37 66 66 85 110 114 116 117 117
1997 20 30 36 60 76 86 161 185 193 193
1998 20 27 32 46 49 58 98 99 101 102
1999 18 20 30 56 65 70 80 85 93 93
2000 20 20 30 41 60 70 138 145 170 175
2001 20 30 40 50 70 90 100 108 111 111
2002 10 20 30 44 52 85 97 98 98 98
2003 10 20 27 40 48 48 90 97 97 97
2004 20 24 30 60 77 80 82 82 82 82
2005 10 20 30 50 55 78 85 88 88 89
2006 10 20 26 40 54 70 89 89 90 107

Validation
Validation is done for every rainfall duration throughout the availability of data. The data is
valid if it passes from the test of homogeneity, independence, outliers and stationary (trend,
variance consistency and average consistency) and can be used for frequency analysis. Result
of data validation is presented in Table 7-2.
Table 7-2 Rainfall data validation result of Semarang Rainfall Station
Stationarity
Rainfall
Homogeneity Independence Outlier
Duration Variance Average
Trend
Consistency Consistency
Independent Consistent -
5 Minutes Homogen Ok Trend Consistent
(Random) Stable Variance
10 Minutes Homogen Ok No Trend Consistent
Independent High Consistent -
15 Minutes Homogen No Trend Consistent
(Random) Outlier Stable Variance
1 Hour Homogen Ok No Trend Consistent
2 Hours Homogen Ok No Trend Consistent
12 Hours Homogen Ok No Trend Inconsistent
There are some data that are not valid such as 5 minutes duration and 12 hours duration.
The data of 5 minutes duration is declared invalid because the data is following particular trend.
Average inconsistency is found in 12 hours duration data, so that this data will not be used.
High outlier is also found in 15 minutes duration data. However, 15 minutes duration data is
still used as the data is stationary.
Frequency Analysis
Frequency analysis is useful to determine the design of hydraulic structures. This analysis is
conducted to determine the probability of occurrence of maximum rainfall events on a certain
length of time. This maximum rainfall usually calls as design rainfall. The probability
of occurrence (P) is always associated with a return period (T) in which a certain amount
of rain will be surpassed. This does not mean that the rainfall with a specific return period will
only happen once, but the rainfall can be exceeded once in a period which is determined.
Probability of occurrence in accordance with a lifetime of hydraulic structure (R) also can be
known from this analysis.

Calculation of design rainfall is determined from 10 years return period which is planned for
Semarang’s drainage was planned since 1993. The design rainfall is evaluated using Normal,
Log-Normal, Gumbel and Log Pearson Type III distribution. The results of the distribution is
chosen by using Chi Square and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Calculation result of design rainfall is
presented in Table 7-3 and example of frequency analysis calculation can be seen in Appendix B.
Table 7-3 Design Rainfall of Semarang Rainfall Station
Max Rainfall Frequency Analysis Results (mm)

R (in ten
T (Years) P 10 15 30 45
years) 1 Hour 2 Hours 3 Hours 6 Hours
Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes
10 0.1 0.65 36 48 64 84 96 131 144 163
25 0.04 0.34 42 53 68 93 107 149 165 189
50 0.02 0.18 46 56 71 100 115 163 182 209
100 0.01 0.10 50 59 73 107 122 176 198 228
200 0.005 0.05 54 61 75 114 130 190 214 247
1000 0.001 0.01 63 70 83 130 148 221 251 292
Distribution Gumbel Normal Normal Gumbel Gumbel Gumbel Gumbel Gumbel
Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF)
Table 7-4 is showing the result of IDF calculation and its regression formula for each return
period. IDF calculation graph can be seen in Figure 7-1. Power regression is selected because
it has got the best value of R2. Therefore, the intensity of certain minutes besides the existing
duration can be calculated based on the regression formula.
Table 7-4 IDF Table of Semarang Rainfall Station
Rainfall Intencity (mm/hour)

Regression 2
T (years) P 10 15 30 45 60 120 180 360 R
Formula
Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes
-0.568
10 0.1 217 193 128 111 96 66 48 27 y = 896.5x 0.9821
-0.556
25 0.04 249 212 136 124 107 75 55 32 y = 959.4x 0.9841
-0.547
50 0.02 274 224 141 133 115 81 61 35 y = 999.4x 0.9833
-0.539
100 0.01 298 235 146 142 122 88 66 38 y = 1036.8x 0.9812
-0.531
200 0.005 322 244 151 152 130 95 71 41 y = 1068.4x 0.9773
-0.524
1000 0.001 378 280 167 173 148 110 84 49 y = 1198.2x 0.9773
Figure 7-1 IDF Curve of Semarang Rainfall Station

Hyetograph
In the modelling, it is needed to input hyetograph or the hourly rainfall distribution. The rainfall data
which was collected is already in the form of extreme rainfall in order of magnitude for different
rainfall duration. Therefore, model of hourly rainfall distribution should be calculated. Alternating
Block Method (ABM) is selected in this study and calculation result is presented in Table 7-5.
Table 7-5 Hyetograph (3 Hours) of Semarang Rainfall Station
Td Rainfall (mm) based on Return Period

(Hours) 10 Years 25 Years 50 Years 100 Years 200 Years 1000 Years
1 35 43 48 54 59 72
2 96 107 115 122 130 148
3 13 16 19 21 24 30
Total 144 165 182 198 214 250
7.2. Local Inflow and Rainfall Runoff

Local Inflow
Local inflow determined by waste water generated. Local inflow is used to fill the boundary
condition at the node that the system gets the discharge of waste water from domestic use.
According to Kurniawan et al (2014), waste water discharge can be assumed to be 80% of water
needs. Indonesia National Standard has issued standards of water needs by 120 l/c/day for
residential and 50 l/c/day for office. Kota Lama is in two subregencies which are Semarang
Tengah and Semarang Utara, the population is assumed to be proportional to the area of both
regencies in Kota Lama. Sasongko (2006) explained that the maximum discharge of waste
water from domestic use in Semarang disposed at 7.00 to 10.00 and 16.00 to 20.00.
The following is determination of local inflow enter the Kota Lama sub drainage system.
The Local inflow is calculated based on land use and administrative region ratio in Kota Lama
sub drainage system. The results of calculation can be seen in the Table 7-6.
Table 7-6 Local Inflow of Kota Lama Sub drainage system
Wastewater
Water
Population Average Peak
Land Use Consumption
(capita) 3 Peak 3
(l/c/day) (l/c/day) (l/day) (m /s) (l/c/day) (l/day) (m /s)
Factor
Semarang Tengah
Residential 4579 120 96 439578 0.0051 1.5 144 659366 0.0076
Offices 1368 50 40 54720 0.0006 1.5 60 82080 0.0010
Semarang Utara
Residential 4260 120 96 408968 0.0047 1.5 144 613452 0.0071
Offices 469 50 40 18779 0.0002 1.5 60 28169 0.0003
Total 922045 0.0107 1383067 0.0160
The result shows that total of average and peak wastewater discharge consecutively are
0.0107 m3/s (1.1 mm/day) and 0.016 m3/s (1.6 mm/day). Average and peak wastewater
discharge are less than 1% compare to rainfall in 3 hours of 25 years return period which is
166 mm/day. The local inflow for modelling only input for node which have not got are
precedence sections.

Rainfall Runoff
The Rainfall runoff inside the system will be computed with RAM (Dutch: Regen Avfoer
Module) which is calculated based on the land cover in the area. Kota Lama sub drainage
system has got several types of land use which results different types of land cover.
Some assumptions have been made, such as:
 Housing : 90% paved and 10% unpaved
 Office and business : 95% paved and 5% unpaved
 Green space : 100% unpaved
 Road : 100% paved
 Water body : 100% open water
Kota Lama does not have greenhouse area and the drainage system still uses combine drainage
system. According to Stowa (2004), if the area is set by having sewer area, it means that the surface
runoff will be stored to sewer treatment plant and if the quantity is exceeds the capacity of the plant
the water is drained to open water. Therefore, there is no area of green house and sewer.
Certain locations from outside Kota Lama system still enter the system. Area of outside Kota
Lama is determined based on the flow direction on the drainage system map. As results, 4% of
Simpang Lima sub drainage system and 3.4% of Banger sub drainage system enter Kota Lama
sub drainage system. Outside service area map is presented in Figure 7-2.
Figure 7-2 Outside Service Area of Kota Lama Susbystem Drainage

Based on those assumptions, service area of Kota Lama sub drainage system consists of
89% paved, 9% unpaved and 2% open water or can be illustrated in Figure 7-3.
Figure 7-3 Land Cover in Kota Lama Susbystem Drainage
7.3. Existing Drainage Performance

Model Development
Since the modelling is using Duflow software, model development (system schematization,
adjustment for the model features and calculation settings) is needed. The model of existing
drainage condition is set based on the existing condition which has been explained before,
which are:
1) canals are filled by the sediment and waste;
2) the gate is closed and pump operates with 1.2 m3/s at Baru River pump station;
3) the gate and pump with 0.45 m3/s are operated at Tawang Retention Basin outlet;
4) Kota Lama is still connected to Simpang Lima and Banger sub drainage system;
5) tidal fluctuation effects is located 1.45 km far east from Kota Lama which is Banger sub
drainage system inlet (Banger River);
6) there is no tidal fluctuation effect from Semarang river;
7) water level boundary of each outlets (Semarang and Baru river) is 0.3 m-surface level.
The following is the explanation the model development in this study:
a) System Schematization
Kota Lama sub drainage system has got secondary canals as main canals and tertiary canals
as conveyor from the smaller canals to secondary canals. Semarang River and Baru River
as the primary canals are acted as the boundary condition, it is considered that is regulated
by other system and its water level is set to meet the needs of Kota Lama sub drainage
system. Secondary canals and tertiary canals in the system were schematized based on
the existing condition.
There are 2 inlets which are local inlet in Kota Lama and inlet from outside Kota Lama
(Banger sub drainage system). Inlet from Banger sub drainage system is located about
1.45 km from Kota Lama. In schematization, there are 4 outlets which are a free outlet, two
vertical gates and a pump. A retention basin which is equipped with an inlet gate, an outlet
gate and a pump is also described in the schematization. Every segment is set with 2 cross

sections to give smooth topography setting in Duflow but if a section is less than 30 m,
the section is only set with a cross section. Duflow cannot run the model, if a section (between
model features) is less than 10 meters. Length of sections are measured based on the GIS
data with Open Street Map as the base map. Schematization of the system can be seen in
Figure 7-4 and model features are presented in Table 7-7 and the detailed features are
described in Appendix E.
Figure 7-4 System Schematization of Kota Lama Subsystem Drainage
Table 7-7 Model Features of Kota Lama Subsystem Drainage
Number of
Features
Features
Nodes 24
Sections 27
Cross Sections 50
Types of Canal 28
Area 14
Vertical Gates 3
Pumps 2
b) Cross Section Settings

Surface and bottom level of cross sections are set based on the topography in every nodes
and interpolated between features’ elevations. According to drainage system inventories in
1998 by PT. Indah Karya and survey, all the canals materials in Kota Lama drainage system
are made of concrete. Canal dimensions are different in every section, but the side slope
for all canals are the same (1:1).

Sediment thickness sampling were also carried out at 13 points in Kota Lama (see
Appendix B for the detail) and the average of sediment thickness in the drainage canal is
about 34.2% of canal capacity. It means that the height of the canal will be reduced by
34.2% and different canal roughness. Canal material which is affected by sediment is
assumed change from concrete (unpolished) in every sides to canal with concrete, wild
plants in the cracking spots and sand in the bottom of the canals. In other words, the canal
roughness in manning coefficient is changing from 0.017 to 0.022. Since Duflow only
accept Chezy roughness coefficient, so the manning coefficient will be converted to Chezy
coefficient with Equation 7-1. The detailed cross sections are presented in Appendix E.
1 /
= Equation 7-1
Where:
C : Chezy roughness coefficients (m1/2/s)
n : Manning roughness coefficients (-)
R : hydraulic radius (m)
c) Service Area, Rainfall and Tidal Fluctuation Settings
Service area is defined by using the flow direction on the drainage system map.
Land cover which has been defined in the previous sections is set in this step. Land cover
distinction for every service area is presented in Appendix F.
Rainfall intensity is assigned based on the 3 hours hyetograph for several return period
(10 years, 25 years, 50 years, 100 years and 200 years). For existing condition, assigned
rainfall is 166 mm/day which is 25 years return period and rainfall starts at 14.00 to 16.00.
Evaporation is set constant for 3.8 mm/day or the same month of the highest rainfall.
Assigned design rainfall in Duflow is presented in Figure 7-5.
Figure 7-5 Assigned Design Rainfall for Existing Condition in DULFOW
HHWS and LLWS of Semarang is on +0.5 m+MSL and -0.5 m+MSL with semidiurnal type
of tides. In Duflow, the highest high water level of spring tide occurs is set at 03.00 and
15.00. Assigned tidal fluctuation in Duflow can be seen in Figure 7-6.

Figure 7-6 Assigned Tidal Fluctuation in DULFOW
d) Pump and Gate Properties Settings

The pump setting in Duflow set based on the interview with the pump operator. Therefore,
Baru River pump is set to half of pump capacity and maximum pump capacity for Tawang
Retention Basin pump. Pumps starts working if the water level is 0.5 m-surface level and
stop when water level is below 0.8 m-surface level.
The gate is assumed with the sill height is same as the level of canal’s bottom level and
the gate can be opened as high as surface level. Figure 7-7 is the long section and cross
section sketches of the gate.
Cross Section
A-A Sliding Gate
A
Gate level Surface level Surface level Gate level
Flow Height of
Height of Whirlpool
Whirlpool
Canal’s bottom level Canal’s
bottom level
A Gate Width
Figure 7-7 Long section and cross section sketch of the gate
e) Initial Water Level and Boundary Condition Settings

Initial water level is generated from the second running of the model without any structures.
This is done to speed up the computation time because DUFLOW will seek a stationary
condition in advance, so peak rainfall or spring tides should be set when the model
has stabilized.
Boundary conditions are set to nodes which are located at the beginning or the end of
network or there are no precedence sections. The boundary conditions in the model can be
seen in Table 7-8.

Table 7-8 Boundary Condition of Kota Lama Drainage System
Node Description Scheme Type

NOD00007 Baru River Outlet 1 WL Constant
NOD00008 Baru River Outlet 2 WL Constant
NOD00018 Semarang River Outlet 1 WL Constant
NOD00023 Semarang River Outlet 2 WL Constant
NOD00021 Local Inlet Qadd Local Inflow
NOD00024 East Flood Way Inlet WL Tidal Fluctuation
f) Calculation Settings
The model is set for calculating in a day. Time step of computation flow is done for every
1 second and the output is every 5 minutes. Damped is selected for calculation of advection
term. The Froude term is considered by selecting “damped”, but its absolute value will not
exceed the friction term. The factor controlling numerical dumping (θ) of the model is 0.85,
so it is expected to have enough precision and stable calculation, because less theta is more
precise but less stable of calculation and vice versa.
g) Benchmark and Score Determination
Technical and scientific performance is one of the categories in sustainable urban
drainage system. Benchmarks which are used based on the Indonesian National Standard
and several literatures that are provided by the Government. The benchmarks can be
seen in Table 7-9.
Table 7-9 Benchmark for Technical and Scientific Performance Assessment of Existing Kota Lama Sub drainage system
Primary Criteria Secondary Criteria Benchmarks Sources

System Storage Canal capacity 80% of canal capacity Guideline of Drainage
performance Network Assessment,
MPW (2005), cited by
Rizal et al. (2014)
Retention pond 15,000 m3 Semarang Drainage
capacity Master Plan 2007
Pumping/gate Reduce inundation MPW Regulation No.
capacity less than 2 hours 12/2014
Flooding Inundation Depth Less than 0.3 m MPW Regulation No.
14/2010
Inundation Less than 2 hours MPW Regulation No.
Duration 14/2010
System reliability Performance Design return 10 years (for Semarang Drainage
reliability failures period secondary canals) Master Plan 2007
System durability Canal strength Maximum flow 3.0 m/s (concrete) MPW Regulation No.
velocity 12/2014
Canal sedimentation Minimum flow 0.6 m/s MPW Regulation No.
velocity 12/2014
System flexibility Capacity for change Design free-board 0.2 m MPW Regulation No.
and adaptability 12/2014

Score of the performance in drainage system is assigned based on applicable regulations.
In this respect, the scores are given as 5 (more than benchmark), 3 (same as benchmark)
and 1 (less than benchmark). However, score for pumping/gate capacity, depth and
duration of inundation are determined differently such as 5 for no inundation, 3 for less
than benchmark and 1 for more than benchmark. Range of value from 1 to 5 is given to
show the difference easily in performance of each criteria and weight of each criteria is
considered equal.
Discussion of Existing Drainage System

The simulation result shows that Kota Lama is still affected by the tidal fluctuation from Banger
system. However, the effects of tidal has lag time of 1 hour and 50 minutes and the lag time only
45 minutes when high tides. The lag time is occurred because of the canal roughness and pump
operating. The simulation result of tidal effects can be seen in Figure 7-8.
Figure 7-8 Tidal Fluctuation Effects at Merak Street for Existing Condition
The highest water level on Merak and Cendrawasih Street Cross Section is 0.51 m+MSL or
0.22 m above the surface at 15.50 which happens after spring tide and heavy rainfall. According
to the simulation, the inundation is occurred for 0.22 m during the 2 hours and 50 minutes. If it is
compared to the flood event in 12 February 2015 which was 0.2 m of inundation for 161 mm/day
of rainfall, the simulation shows 10% difference which is still acceptable. This is showing that
the assumptions that are used may described the situation on the field. The comparison is
presented in Table 7-10 and the condition of the water level in the main drainage is presented in
Figure 7-9 and Figure 7-10.
Table 7-10 Comparison of Simulated and Real Events
Criteria Simulation Real Events

Rainfall 166 mm/day 161 mm/day
(25 years return period)
Inundation Depth 0.22 m 0.20 m

Figure 7-9 Water Level Condition on Merak Street until Baru River Pump Station for Existing Condition
Flood
No Flood
Figure 7-10 Simulation Result of Existing Condition for Main Drainage of Kota Lama
The pump at Baru River pump station must work to draw water outside the area as a consequence
of the closed gate due to high water level at Baru River (boundary water level). Figure 7-11 shows
pump operation simulation for Kota Lama. For the high rainfall intensity and high tides, the pump
operates from 11:20 to 8:45 in the next day or operates for 21 hours and 25 minutes which is
shown in yellow section. The green section is the pump response to the initial water level.
The pump operation for the hydraulic response and the next high tides can be seen in blue section.
Operating hours of pump becomes longer or not only during the rainfall because of the tidal
fluctuation effects from Banger sub drainage system.
Figure 7-11 Pump Operation Simulation of Existing Condition

The inundation area is simulated with ArcGIS. It shows that 30% of Kota Lama is inundated more
than 0.2 m. 51% of Kota Lama are inundated from 0.1 m to 0.2 m. It is unfortunate that only 11%
of this heritage site is not inundated. Figure 7-12 shows inundated area of Kota Lama.
Figure 7-12 Simulation Result of Inundated Area for Kota Lama
According to the simple survey that has been conducted the average sediment depth in the canals
are 34.2% of canal capacity. The Drainage system in Kota Lama is on the flat area, so it is possible
that the height of the sediment in canals are also the same in the retention basin. The existing volume
of retention basin is 13,943 m3 or less than the 15,000 m3 of effective volume.
Review of drainage system master plan which is discussed in the previous chapter shows that
the existing design period is still for 5 years return period or less than the recommended design
in Semarang Drainage Master Plan 2010 which is 10 years return period. The highest maximum
velocity in the drainage system is 0.25 m/s which is still accepted due to the concrete canal
construction with maximum velocity of 3.0 m/s. In the other side, the lowest velocity is not
expected to occur in the system which is 0.08 m/s or less than 0.6 m/s. It shows that the canal
is very susceptible to the occurrence of sediment.
According to the simple survey that has been conducted the average sediment depth in the canals
are 34.2% of canal capacity. The Drainage system in Kota Lama is on the flat area, so it is possible
that the height of the sediment in canals are also the same in the retention basin. The existing volume
of retention basin is 13,943 m3 or less than the 15,000 m3 of effective volume.
Based on those analysis, the existing condition of Kota Lama drainage is at low performance.
The drainage system only meets two from nine criteria of good technical and scientific
performance. Therefore, the score of existing condition is 15. The resume of technical and
scientific performance assessment of existing condition is presented in Table 7-11.

Table 7-11 Technical and Scientific Performance Assessment of Existing Condition for Kota Lama
Primary Secondary Exisiting Scenario

Benchmarks
Criteria Criteria
Results Scores
65.8% of canal
Canal capacity 80% of canal capacity 1
capacity
Storage Retention pond 3 3

15,000 m 13,943 m 1
capacity
System
performance Pumping/gate Reduce inundation 3 Hours and 10
1
capacity less than 2 hours Minutes
Flooding Inundation Depth Less than 0.3 m 0.22 m 3
Inundation 3 Hours and 10

Less than 2 hours 1
Duration Minutes
Performance Design return 10 years (for
System reliability 5 years 1
reliability failures period secondary canals)
Maximum flow
Canal strength 3.0 m/s (concrete) 0.25 m/s 5
velocity
System durability
Canal Minimum flow
0.6 m/s 0.08 m/s 1
sedimentation velocity
System flexibility Capacity for

Design free-board 0.2 m None 1
and adaptability change
Total 15
If the assumed situations are remain the same and no measures taken, Kota Lama will be remain
inundated when the water level at the boundary condition is high and highest high water level
of tidal occurs through Banger sub drainage system. Even for the rain with 2 years return period,
this system cannot control. The graph relationship between water level at Merak Street drainage
and rainfall intensity of “do nothing scenario” is presented in Figure 7-13.
Figure 7-13 Simulation Result of Do Nothing Scenario for Kota Lama

Chapter 8
Scenario Analysis
Kota Lama needs several measures to improve the performance of existing condition.
In accordance with the assessment that has been discussed, there are several measures that
will be simulated which are full pump capacity, cleaning the canal and retention basin, flap gate
operation at every outlets, restricting incoming water from Banger sub drainage system and
propose new pump capacity for Baru River Pump. The other simulation that should be done
what if the polder system for Kota Lama is fully developed.
8.1. Scenario 1: Cleaning the Canals and Retention Basin
The first scenario is cleaning all the canals and retention basin in Kota Lama. Several
assumptions and drainage scheme are the same as the simulation of existing condition.
The difference are on the canals’ condition due to sediment removal in the canals, so that
the canals become deeper. The canals’ roughness also become smoother because the absence
of sediment at the bottom and wild plants at the cracking spots. It is assumed that the canals
condition are unpolished concrete canals with manning coefficient of 0.017. The converting
calculation of manning to Chezy coefficient can be seen in Appendix E.
Clean canals impact the increasing of discharge capacity and flow velocity. Theoretically,
a comparison can be made by using chezy formula flow velocity for the existing condition and
clean canal scenario. If the relationship between hydraulic radius and Chezy coefficient is
graphed (Figure 8-1), it is shown that cleaning scenario indicates additional discharge capacity
and flow velocity for the same canals' bottom slope. The calculation results, this scenario
provides additional flow velocity with average of 30.7% and 52.8% for discharge capacity.
Figure 8-1 Relationship of Hydraulic Radius and Chezy Coefficient
Cleaning the canal can accelerate tidal to reach the center of Kota Lama. As in Merak Street
main drainage, tidal reaching is faster up to 20 minutes compared to the existing conditions.
The highest water level which is occurred due to high tide and rainfall also reduced by 0.04 m.
However, the highest water level is occurred at 15:50 and the water level is 0.47 m+MSL at
Merak Street or inundated of 0.18 m. Tidal fluctuation effects at Merak Street main drainage
can be seen in Figure 8-2.
Figure 8-2 Tidal Fluctuation Effects at Merak Street for Scenario 1
For the same rainfall (25 years return period), the inundation area is only reduced 0.6 ha
compared to the existing condition. Total of inundation area is 20.6 ha with maximum
inundation of 0.21 m at the cross section of Tawang and Merak Street. This cross section also
the connection point of drainage from Kota Lama and northern side of Kota Lama sub drainage
system. However, this scenario can reduce the inundation depth above 0.2 m from 30% to 3%.
Inundation duration is 3 hours or only better 10 minutes from the existing condition.
The inundation map for this scenario is presented in Figure 8-3.
Figure 8-3 Inundation Map of Kota Lama for Scenario 1: Cleaning Canal and Retention Basin
The working hours of pump also increase to 24 hours which can be operated alternately with
the other 3 pumps of 1.2 m3/s. The addition of working hours of pump due to the water can
reach the pumping station rapidly but the outflow of the pump cannot overcome the inflow
discharge, so the water is stored in the drainage network and inundated the area. This is in
accordance with the principle of water balance with the following equation.
∆ =∑ −∑ Equation 8-1
Where:
S : storage capacity (m3/s)
O : total outflow (m3/s)
I : total inflow (m3/s)
This scenario meet four of nine criteria and the score is increasing 8 points or become 23
although the inundation still occurs. The addition score due to the increasing of the canals and
retention basin capacity. The resume for this scenario can be seen in Table 8-1.
Table 8-1 Technical and Scientific Performance Assessment of Scenario 1: Cleaning Canal and Retention Basin for Kota Lama
Scenario 1: Clean Canal

Primary Secondary
Benchmarks and Retention Basin
Criteria Criteria
Results Scores
100% of canal
Canal capacity 80% of canal capacity 5
capacity
Storage Retention pond 3 3

15,000 m 20,150 m 5
capacity
System
performance Pumping/gate Reduce inundation
3 Hours 1
capacity less than 2 hours
Flooding Inundation Depth Less than 0.3 m 0.18 m 3
Inundation
Less than 2 hours 3 Hours 1
Duration
Maximum flow
velocity
System durability
Canal Minimum flow
0.6 m/s 0.11 m/s 1
System flexibility Capacity for

Design free-board 0.2 m None 1
and adaptability change
Total 23
8.2. Scenario 2: Full Pump Capacity
Full pump capacity scenario is intended to use the pumps with planned capacity of 2.5 m3/s.
The other assumptions also remain the same. This scenario is also simulated in two conditions
which are canals with sediment and clean canals.
a. Canals with sediment and waste (Scenario 2a)
Duration of tidal reaching Kota Lama is longer than the existing condition, the lag time is
up to 3 hour. Full pump capacity also can reduce the high water level due to tidal fluctuation
and rainfall. For instance, the high water level at 16:10 on Merak Street reduces to
0.36 m+MSL. However, the inundation is still occurred of 0.07 m for this scenario. Tidal
fluctuation effects at Merak Street for this scenario is shown in Figure 8-4.
Figure 8-4 Tidal Fluctuation Effects at Merak Street for Scenario 2a
If it is compared to the existing condition, the scenario can reduce inundation depth up to
42% on Merak Street until Baru River Pump Station (see Figure 8-5). This happens because
the pump provides greater outflow thus providing larger storage before high tide and
rainfall occurs.
Figure 8-5 Water Level Condition on Merak Street until Baru River Pump Station for Scenario 2a
Inundation depth is happening can be reduced, as seen in the non-occurrence of inundation

above 0.2 m. No inundation area also increases to 8.8 ha (37%). The inundation is lasted
for 1 hour and 25 minutes or reduced by 55% from the existing condition. The pump is
working for 4 hours and 50 minutes which is 77% faster than the existing condition.
The pump operation simulation and inundation map for scenario 2a are shown in
Figure 8-6 and Figure 8-7.
Figure 8-6 Pump Operation Simulation of Scenario 2a
Figure 8-7 Inundation Map of Kota Lama for Scenario 2a: Full Pump Capacity and Canal with Sediment
b. Clean all the canals and retention basin (Scenario 2b)

Canal cleaning impacts to the more rapid of tidal reaching Kota Lama, in this case the tidal
reach 10 minutes faster than scenario 2a. This scenario also offers lower high water level.
At 16:15 on Merak Street, the high water level is 0.29 m+MSL or 0.07 m lower than
the previous scenario. Even though, inundation is also still occurred less than 0.05 m with
the smaller area. Tidal fluctuation effects at Merak Street for scenario 2b can be seen in
Figure 8-8.
Figure 8-8 Tidal Fluctuation Effects at Merak Street for Scenario 2b
Water level on Merak Street until Baru River Pump Station shows that there is
no inundation in Kota Lama. However, drainage in Kota Lama has not got free board or
in full bank condition so that the drainage system does not give the flexibility aspect and also
drainage canals between Kota Lama and Baru River Pump Station (B-C) is inundated up to
4 cm. Figure 8-9 is showing water level on Merak Street until Baru River Pump Station.
Figure 8-9 Water Level Condition on Merak Street until Baru River Pump Station for Scenario 2b
No inundation area reduce significantly for this scenario which is 19.5 ha (82%).
The highest inundation depth is 0.4 m at the cross section of Tawang and Merak
Street. Inundation that happens is 10 minutes longer than scenario 2a or occur of 1 hour
and 35 minutes. The pump is working for 9 hours which is 58% faster than the existing
condition. The scenario is still better than the existing condition because it can reduce
the inundation duration by 50%. The pump operation simulation and inundation map for
scenario 2b can be seen in Figure 8-10 and Figure 8-11.
Figure 8-10 Pump Operation Simulation of Scenario 2b
Figure 8-11 Inundation Map of Kota Lama for Scenario 2b: Full Pump Capacity and Clean Canal
The pump is working almost twice longer than scenario 2a or working for 9 hours.
This happens because the water level which is coming from high tides reach Baru River
Pump Station is faster so that the pump also works earlier. With pump capacity greater than
Scenario 1, it has an impact on storage for drainage system is also larger and can reduce high
water levels that occur during high tides and rainfall. Even though, the capacity of the pump
is not enough of removing the excess water from the system when it is in high tide and rain
fall in the same time which can be seen with the inundation before pumping station
According to those conditions, the full pump capacity with clean canals has bigger score with
27 (6 of 9 criteria) and 19 for the canals with sediment (4 of 9 criteria). Although, the full pump
capacity with clean canals scenario gives smaller area of inundation, this scenario has
a weakness for longer pump working. The resume for Scenario 2: Full Pump Capacity can be
seen in Table 8-2.
Table 8-2 Technical and Scientific Performance Assessment of Scenario 2: Full Pump Capacity for Kota Lama
Scenario 2a: Full Scenario 2b: Full

Primary Secondary Pump and Canal with Pump and Clean
Benchmarks
Criteria Criteria Sediment Scenario Canal Scenario
Results Scores Results Scores
65.8% of 100% of
80% of canal
Canal capacity canal 1 canal 5
capacity
capacity capacity
Storage Retention pond 3 3 3
15,000 m 13,943 m 1 20,150 m 5
capacity
System
performance Pumping/gate Reduce inundation 1 Hour and 1 Hour and
3 3
capacity less than 2 hours 25 Minutes 35 Minutes
Inundation
Flooding Less than 0.3 m 0.07 m 3 0.02 m 3
Depth
Inundation 1 Hour and 1 Hour and
Less than 2 hours 3 3
Duration 25 Minutes 35 Minutes
System reliability 5 years 1 5 years 1
Maximum flow
Canal strength 3.0 m/s (concrete) 0.61 m/s 5 0.4 m/s 5
velocity
System durability
Canal Minimum flow
0.6 m/s 0.18 m/s 1 0.17 m/s 1
System flexibility Capacity for Design free-

0.2 m None 1 None 1
and adaptability change board
Total 19 27
8.3. Scenario 3: Full Gate Opening Operation at Every

Outlets
The purpose of this scenario is to find out whether the open gate is more effective than using
the pump and close the gate as current practiced by the operator when the water level in
the drainage canal rises during the rainy season. Assumptions which are used are remain
the same. Canals with sediment and clean canals condition will be used for this scenario.
The highest water level at Merak Street main drainage is 0.29 m+MSL which is occurred
at 15:55. This condition does not cause an inundation because the water from the first high
tides before the rainfall is directly remove to Baru River, thus providing an extra storage
before the system gets larger inflow from high tides and rainfall. The fluctuation can be
seen in Figure 8-12.
Longitudinal section from Merak Street until Baru River Pump Station (Gate) shows a draw
down curve (see Figure 8-13). This occurs because the flow is act as weir flow which the
gates does not influence the discharge. When viewed in more detail in Figure 8-14, it is
shown that the upstream water level (Kota Lama drainage) is -0.03 m+MSL which is higher
than the downstream water level (boundary condition, Baru river) of -0.12 m+MSL.
Duflow read this situation on the condition IV where the downstream water depth is higher
than 2/3 of upstream water depth.
gate
(surface & gate level)

0.18 m+MSL
-0.02 m+MSL (downstream wl)
(upstream wl) -0.12 m+MSL
-1.12 m+MSL
(floor level)
Upstream Downstream
Kota Lama drainage Baru River
Figure 8-14 Sketch of Water Level Condition at the River Baru outlet for Scenario 3a at 15:55
Almost the entire area (99%) of Kota Lama can be free from inundation. The highest
inundated depth is only 0.02 m which is lasted for 40 minutes. The inundation map for
scenario 3a is presented in Figure 8-15.
Figure 8-15 Inundation Map of Kota Lama for Scenario 3a: Full Gate Opening and Canal with Sediment

Water level in Kota Lama looks flatter or not too volatile because every inflow
coming from tides is directly discharge to Baru River. Additional inflow from rainfall is
not giving too much affect the water level in Kota Lama. This occurs because drainage
canal can provide faster velocity than the canal with sediment. The highest water level of
0.04 m+MSL is occurred at 15:55 on Merak Street drainage which is happened after
high tides and rainfall. Figure 8-16 is showing the tidal fluctuation effects at Merak Street
main drainage for scenario 3b.
Figure 8-16 Tidal Fluctuation Effects at Merak Street for Scenario 3b
With full gate opening, the flow is act as weir flow and it also gives a draw down curve
flow based on the longitudinal section from Merak Street until Baru River Pump Station
(Gate) which is presented in Figure 8-17. The condition is included as condition IV
in Duflow where the downstream water depth (boundary condition, Baru river) of
1 m is higher than 2/3 of upstream water depth (Kota Lama drainage) of 0.7 m. The sketch
of water level condition at the gate can be seen in Figure 8-18.
This scenario can cope the inundation problem in Kota Lama for rainfall of 25 years
return period and even could give freeboard in the canal. Freeboard which is provide is
up to 0.25 m below surface level or more deep within 5 cm of the freeboard that is required
by the government.
gate
(surface & gate level)

0.18 m+MSL
-0.07 m+MSL (downstream wl)

-1.82 m+MSL
(floor level)
Upstream Downstream
Figure 8-18 Sketch of Water Level Condition at the River Baru outlet for Scenario 3b at 15:55
Scenario 3a and 3b are only limited with the water level of boundary condition (Semarang and
Baru River) which is regulated at 0.3 m below the surface. Some simulations are also done for
several different water level of boundary condition (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 m below the surface)
to know how the water level at boundary condition affects water level in Kota Lama. The result
of simulation or downstream and upstream relations can be seen in Figure 8-19.
Referring to the graph, it can be seen that the full gate open and clean canal scenario can provide
Kota Lama for free of inundation even when the water level at boundary is only 0.1 m below
the surface. However, full gate open and canal with sediment shows that Kota Lama starts to
inundate or drainage canal is in full bank condition when the water level at boundary is 0.3 m.
Figure 8-19 Downstream and Upstream Relations for Scenario 3: Full Gate Opening
The highest velocity is happened just before the gate. Maximum velocity at scenario 3b
is lower than scenario 3a, whereas 3b scenario is a clean canal scenario. The highest water level
at the outlet of both scenarios are in the weir flow condition IV with the following equation.
= 2 ∆ Equation 8-2
Where:
μ : discharge coefficient
B : gate width (m)
H : water depth at gate (m)
g : gravity acceleration (m/s2)
ΔH : difference upstream and downstream head (m)
Discharge coefficient is assumed as 1 or there is no loss for this simulations. Gate width and
opening for both scenario are the same and the only difference is the difference of upstream and
downstream head. According to the calculation, discharge of scenario 3a (4.4 m3/s) is smaller
than scenario 3b (5.2 m3/s). However, the wetted area of scenario 3b is bigger than scenario 3a
which generates the flow velocity of scenario 3a (1.1 m/s) is faster than scenario 3b (0.9 m/s).
According to the analysis and simulations, full gate open and canal with sediment gives a good
performance, but unfortunately this scenario cannot provide freeboard as required and drainage
canal on the fullbank state. This scenario can meet 4 of 9 criteria with a score of 19, because it
does not give Kota Lama are completely free from inundation. Full gate open with clean canal
can provide Kota Lama free of inundation and also provide freeboard in the canals as required.
Therefore, this scenario can satisfy 7 of 9 criteria with a score of 37. The scoring result for
Scenario 3: Full Gate Opening is shown in Table 8-3.
Table 8-3 Technical and Scientific Performance Assessment of Scenario 3: Full Gate Opening for Kota Lama
Scenario 3a: Full Gate Scenario 3b: Full Gate

Primary Secondary Open and Canal with Open and Clean Canal
Benchmarks
Criteria Criteria Sediment Scenario Scenario
80% of canal 65.8% of canal 100% of canal

Canal capacity 1 5
capacity capacity capacity

15,000 m 13,943 m 1 20,150 m 5
capacity
System
40 Minutes 3 None 5
Inundation
Flooding Less than 0.3 m 0.01 m 3 None 5
Depth
Inundation
Less than 2 hours 40 Minutes 3 None 5
Duration
Maximum flow
velocity
System durability
Canal Minimum flow
0.6 m/s 0.26 m/s 1 0.3 m/s 1

0.2 m None 1 0.25 m 5
Total 19 37
8.4. Scenario 4: Flap Gate Operation at Every Outlets

The scenario 4 aims to get better view of the application of flap gates in Kota Lama. There are
three outlets in Kota Lama which are leading to Semarang and Baru River. Those three outlet
are simulated by placing flap gates. The maximum opening of flap gate is assumed as
downstream water depth. The use of flap gate has a consequence that the gate can only act as
free flow or submerge flow Simulations are performed for two conditions which are canals with
sediment and clean canals. The other assumptions are remain the same.
The flap gate only lets the water out based on the upstream water level of the gate.
The high water level due to high tides and rainfall can be cut but the inundation seems still
occur with small area. The highest is occurred at 15:55 of 0.30 m+MSL. The fluctuation in
Merak Street Drainage is shown in Figure 8-20.
In Figure 8-21, the water level in drainage canals along Merak Street until Baru River
Pump Station (Gate) is a draw down curve. Figure 8-22 shows that the 2/3 of upstream
water depth (0.75 m) is lower than gate opening height (1 m) and downstream water depth
(1.11 m). Therefore, the flow at the outlet is free flow or condition V in Duflow which
means discharge at the gate depends on the gate opening, the upstream water level and
the contraction coefficient.
Flap gate
(surface level)
0.18 m+MSL
-0.01 m+MSL (downstream wl and gate level)
-1.12 m+MSL
Upstream Downstream (floor level)
0.4 ha area of Kota Lama is inundated and the highest inundation depth is only 0.03 m.
This scenario can reduce 98% the inundation area. Kota Lama is inundated for 50 minutes
or 10 minutes longer than full gate opening scenario. The inundation map for scenario 4a
Figure 8-23 Inundation Map of Kota Lama for Scenario 4a: Flap Gate Operation and Canal with Sediment

Merak Street drainage is used as the reference of the Kota Lama water level condition
because the position of the drainage canal is the meeting point from Kota Lama itself, the
upstream part of Kota Lama and connection with Banger sub drainage system The highest
water level which is occurred at Merak Street drainage is 0.05 m+MSL is occurred at 15:55.
Water level condition of Merak Street until Baru River Pump Station (Gate) is presented
in Figure 8-24.
The flow at the flap gate for this scenario is free flow or condition V in Duflow which
means discharge at the gate depends on the gate opening, the upstream water level and
the contraction coefficient. This can be seen the 2/3 of upstream water depth (1.17 m) is
lower than gate opening height (1.7 m) and downstream water depth (1.7 m). Other
consideration to determine is 2/3 of upstream water depth (1.13 m) is lower than the
downstream water depth. The sketch of water level at the flap gate is presented Figure 8-25.
Flap gate
(surface level)
0.18 m+MSL
-0.07 m+MSL (downstream wl and gate level)
-1.82 m+MSL
Upstream Downstream (floor level)
The ability of the channel increased after cleaning thus providing additional capacity and
flow velocity of the canals. In addition, the installation of flap gate also provides the
capability of water outside the system cannot enter into the system if the water outside is
higher than that within the system. Therefore, the inflow from high tides and rainfall of
25 years return period still can be overcome and provide adequate freeboard meets
the requirements.
The score of flap gate and canals with sediment scenario is 19 that meets 4 of 9 criteria.
If the same scenario is applied to the clean canals, the scenario generates larger score (37) and
meets 7 of 9 criteria. Scenario 4a has got the larger score because this scenario provide free of
inundation condition for Kota Lama and meets the requirements. The resume for Scenario 4:
Flap Gate Operation at Every Outlet is shown in Table 8-4.
Table 8-4 Technical and Scientific Performance Assessment of Scenario 4: Flap Gate Operation at Every Outlets for Kota Lama
Scenario 4a: Flap Gate Sce nario 4b: Flap

Primary Secondary and Canal with Gate and Clean Canal
Benchmarks
Criteria Criteria Sediment Sce nario Scenario
Results Score s Results Scores

Canal capacity 1 5

15,000 m 13,943 m 1 20,150 m 5
capacity
System
50 Minutes 3 None 5
Inundation
Flooding Less than 0.3 m 0.01 m 3 None 5
Depth
Inundation
Less than 2 hours 50 Minutes 3 None 5
Duration
Maximum flow
velocity
System durability
Canal Minimum flow
0.6 m/s 0.25 m/s 1 0.3 m/s 1

0.2 m None 1 0.24 m 5
Total 19 37
Comparison of maximum discharge which is through both gates (full gate opening and flap
gate) shows both gates has almost the same capacities of each other. The flow type for both
gate are different but the determinant variable for both flow type are the same which are
upstream water depth and difference between upstream and downstream water depth. Cleaning
the canals is shown of increasing the discharge passing through the gate of 31%. This has an
impact on the availability of capacity in the drainage system. Graph of discharge comparison at
high water level (14:00 to 19:00) is presented in Figure 8-26.
Figure 8-26 Discharge Comparison between Full Gate Opening and Flap Gate Operation
8.5. Scenario 5: Close the Connection with Banger

Subsystem Drainage
Close connection with Banger sub drainage system does not intend to permanently close or
block the connection canals. Installation of flap gate can be a choice. Flap gate is chosen for
this scenario because it can operate automatically and prevent the high tide enter into Kota
Lama but the excess water from Kota Lama can be drained through Banger subsystem when
the water level is low. Actually, this scenario might be done soon due to the construction of
Banger Polder System but it is still not clear the which type of closing the connection is chosen.
It is assumed that the gate width follows canals width and maximum level of gate opening is
set at the surface level. Conditions of canals with sediment and clean canals are also simulated
for this scenario. Canal with sediment and waste
Tidal fluctuation is no longer exist for this scenario. Water level in Kota Lama is only from
local inflow and rainfall. Figure 8-27 shows that the water level at Merak Street drainage
is not exceeding the surface level anymore. The highest water level at Merak Street
drainage is reduced by 48% or become -0.23 m+MSL. If the longitudinal section is made
between Merak Street and Baru River Pump Station (Figure 8-28), this scenario is better
than the existing condition. The average of provided freeboard when dealing with rainfall
is 0.5 m which is more than the requirements. This scenario can also handle the rainfall of
25 years return period with the existing pump capacity. However, the pump must be
operated for 18 hours and 40 minutes (see Figure 8-29).
Figure 8-27 Water Level Condition at Merak Street for Scenario 5a
Figure 8-29 Pump Operation Simulation of Scenario 5a

According to the simulation’s results in Figure 8-30, if there are not any rainfall
the maximum water level at Merak Street drainage is -0.32 m+MSL. When the rainfall
comes as inflow for the system, the highest water level which is happened at 17:50 is
+0.08 m+MSL or 21 cm below the surface. Velocity of the canals is increased due to clean
canal that makes the water is faster reaching the outlet. Inflow at the pumping station is
not proportional with the pumping capacity (outflow), so the exceed water is stored in
the drainage system. Cleaning the canals also give the additional discharge capacity of
the canals.
Figure 8-30 Water Level Condition at Merak Street for Scenario 5b
Kota Lama area is free of inundation but some of the canals between Merak Street drainage
and Baru River Pump Station cannot provide the required freeboard due to the backwater
curve. This condition can be seen in Figure 8-31. The pump operation simulation is
Figure 8-32 Pump Operation Simulation of Scenario 5b
Figure 8-32 shows that the pump still does not stop working after the second day. This is
because the two boundaries’ water level in Semarang River are set constant, so the water
still enters into the system even though the rain has stopped. If the connections to Semarang
River at both boundaries are closed, the pump operated for 20 hours which can be seen in
Figure 8-33.
Figure 8-33 Pump Operation Simulation of Scenario 5b (In Case of Close Connection to Semarang River)
Both scenario can provide Kota Lama of inundation free condition. Score of Scenario 5a
(close connection and canals with sediment) is good enough of 29 which meets 5 of 9 criteria,
but this scenario cannot give the expected canal capacity. Scenario 5b (close connection and
clean canals) get better score of 33 and unfortunately, this scenario can meet the freeboard
requirement. So, the scenario 5b only meets 6 of 9 criteria. The resume of the scoring for these
scenario is presented in Table 8-5.
Table 8-5 Technical and Scientific Performance Assessment of Scenario 5: Close the Connection with Banger Sub drainage system
Scenario 5a: Close Scenario 5b Close

Primary Secondary Connection and Canal Connection and Clean
Benchmarks with Sediment Scenario Canal Scenario
Criteria Crite ria

Canal capacity 1 5

15,000 m 13,943 m 1 20,150 m 5
capacity
System
Pumping/gate Reduce inundation
performance None 5 None 5
Inundation
Flooding Less than 0.3 m None 5 None 5
Depth
Inundation
Less than 2 hours None 5 None 5
Duration
Maximum flow
velocity
System durability
Canal Minimum flow
0.6 m/s 0.15 m/s 1 0.06 m/s 1

0.2 m 0.52 m 5 0.19 m 1
Total 29 33
8.6. Scenario 6: Proposed New Pump Capacity
According to Scenario 2, the existing full pump capacity is not enough to handle the high tide
and rainfall of 25 years return period. It is better to add the capacity of the pump at clean canal
condition when the gate cannot be used due to the high water level at Semarang and Baru River.
Ministry of Public Works and Housing (2009) suggested that the design pump should cope
the 50 years return period rainfall with canal’s full bank condition. The result of simulations
based on several pump capacity show that the pump capacity of 3 m3/s is suitable for Baru River
pump. The graph between the highest water level and pump capacity to determine the proposed
pump capacity is presented in Figure 8-34.
Figure 8-34 Pump Selection for Outside of Kota Lama Polder
Water level in Kota Lama with the proposed pump is lower than the existing condition because
the pump can drain the water to Baru River before the high tides become too high to handle.
The highest water level of 0.17 m+MSL is occurred at 16:35 on Merak Street drainage.
The tidal fluctuation effects at Merak Street main drainage for scenario 6 can be seen in Figure 8-35.
Figure 8-35 Tidal Fluctuation Effects at Merak Street for Scenario 6
Rainfall of 25 years return period can be handle with the proposed pump, even though the free
board in the canal is less than 0.2 cm. As the type of flow of using pump in other scenarios,
this scenario is also backwater curve. The pump is working for 8 hours and 10 minutes.
The pump operation simulation and the longitudinal section from Merak Street until Baru River
Pump Station are presented in Figure 8-36 and Figure 8-37.
Although scenario 6 can overcome the inundation at Kota Lama for 25 years return period
rainfall, the score of this scenario is 33. The highest freeboard of this scenario is 0.12 m which
is occur in Merak Street drainage which is less than the required by the government. The score
for Scenario 6: Proposed New Pump Capacity is shown in Table 8-6.
Figure 8-36 Water Level Condition on Merak Street until Baru River Pump Station for Scenario 6
Figure 8-37 Pump Operation Simulation of Scenario 6
Table 8-6 Technical and Scientific Performance Assessment of Scenario 6: Proposed New Pump Capacity
Scenario 6: Proposed
New Pump Capacity
Primary Se condary
Benchmarks and Clean Canal
Criteria Criteria
Scenario
Results Scores
80% of canal 100% of canal
Canal capacity 5
capacity capacity
Retention pond 3 3
Storage 15,000 m 20,150 m 5
capacity
System Pumping/gate Reduce inundation
None 5
performance capacity less than 2 hours
Inundation
Flooding Less than 0.3 m None 5
Depth
Inundation
Less than 2 hours None 5
Duration
Maximum flow
velocity
System durability
Canal Minimum flow
0.6 m/s 0.2 m/s 1
0.2 m 0.12 m 1
Total 33
8.7. Scenario 7: Full Developed Polder System
Polder system for Kota Lama has not been fully developed because there are only 3 of 4 main
polder components which are drainage system, retention basin and pumping station. Kota Lama
has not got any ring dike as the boundary area of the polder system and protection of tidal flood
that used to happen. Kota Lama also has not formed its own hydrological system because
Kota Lama still connected to the upstream Kota Lama drainage scheme, partly of Simpang
Lima and partly Banger sub drainage system. So that, there is a miss understanding about polder
system for Kota Lama in public and government.
This scenario aims to provide advice and analysis when fully developed polder system will be
applied in Kota Lama. Kota Lama Polder is designated in this scenario for referring polder
system for Kota Lama. Proposed area of Kota Lama Polder is 26 ha. Boundaries of Kota Lama
Polder are the same as defined in the Regional Regulation of Semarang City No. 8/2003
regarding Spatial Planning and Environment of Kota Lama, but the northern boundary is
extended partly to Tawang Street that includes Tawang Retention Basin. Boundary map of
proposed Kota Lama Polder is presented in Figure 8-38. Gravity driven polder is chosen due to
the limitation of land availability to implement different types of polders. This type of polder
has minimum construction cost but requires high energy, if it compares to belt canal or separate
polder system.
Kota Lama Polder is still the part of Kota Lama sub drainage system. Thus, to implement this
system some adjustments need to implement. Changes in drainage scheme needs to be done because
there is main drainage canal (Merak Street drainage) which is passing through Kota Lama.
Besides that, the existing control structures still will be used and add several control structures.
Figure 8-38 Boundary Map of Kota Lama Polder
Determination of Pump Capacity
a. Pump within Kota Lama Polder
Gravity driven polder is suitable for Kota Lama Polder due to its limited land availability
and using the existing condition. Capacity of Tawang pump is 0.45 m3/s. Now, this pump
is designed for service area of 26 ha. The simulation is done with the 25 years return period
rainfall. Only the pump is worked (no flow from gates) due to the high water level outside
the polder, the pump should be overcome the rainfall. Based on the simulation, the highest
water level at Merak Street drainage is +0.02 m+MSL and it is not causing inundation.
The water level at Merak Street drainage can be seen in Figure 8-39.
Figure 8-39 Water Level Condition at Merak Street with Existing Tawang Pump Capacity
The simulation is also done for several rainfall return period which are 10, 25, 50, 100, 200
and 1000 years. The inundation starts to occur when the rainfall is more than 100 years
return period rainfall or more precisely the pump can cope with rainfall of 208 mm/day.
If the canal must have a freeboard of 0.2 m below the surface as required, the results show
that the existing pump can serve up to 25 years rainfall return period or 175 mm/day
accurately. Water depth curve for inside Kota Lama Polder is presented in Figure 8-40.
Figure 8-40 Water Depth Curve for Inside of Kota Lama Polder with Existing Pump, (a) Return Period Rainfall & (b) Rainfall
As discussed previously in chapter 2 that the major design flood should be designed for
50 years rainfall return period at full bank condition. Therefore, the existing pump capacity
still meets the criteria. The rainfall frequency curve is shown in Figure 8-41.
Figure 8-41 Rainfall Frequency Curve for Inside of Kota Lama Polder with Existing Pump Capacity
b. Pump at Kali Baru Pump Station (Outside Kota Lama Polder)

2.5 m3/s is the full capacity of Baru River pump. Due to the polder is applied, the pump
serves the smaller area than the existing which are 58.28 ha. The pump is expected can
overcome the tidal fluctuation and 25 years (for existing condition) and 50 years return
period rainfall (suggested by Ministry of Public Work and Housing, 2009) with no gates
opened. For 25 years return period rainfall, the highest water level at Tawang Street
drainage is +0.45 m+MSL which is inundated for 0.15 m. The water level at Tawang Street
drainage is shown in Figure 8-42.
Figure 8-42 Water Level Condition at Tawang Street with Existing Baru River Pump Capacity
According to the water depth curve which can be seen in Figure 8-43, the difference
between water depth of 10 years and 1000 years return period rainfall is only 0.07 m.
The existing pump capacity cannot overcome even for the rainfall of 10 years return period,
so the bigger capacity of the pump is needed. Addition or have larger area of open water is
not possible because of the polder is in the heritage site.
Figure 8-43 Water Depth Curve for Outside of Kota Lama Polder with Existing Pump, (a) Return Period Rainfall & (b) Rainfall
The selection pump capacity is based on the 50 years return period rainfall. According to
Figure 8-44, the results of pump selection simulation shows that the pump capacity of
3.5 m3/s can cope with the 50 years return period rainfall.
Figure 8-44 Pump Selection for Outside of Kota Lama Polder
The proposed pump capacity can handle rainfall up to 189 mm/day accurately or it is better
than the existing pump because it can provide additional design rainfall of 149 mm/day.
The rainfall frequency curve is shown in Figure 8-45.
Figure 8-45 Rainfall Frequency Curve for Outside of Kota Lama Polder with Proposed Pump Capacity
Determination of Dike Height
Ministry of Public Works and Housing (2009) recommended that design of dike height is
1000 years return period rainfall at the outside of polder area. The simulation is run
with the proposed pump capacity. The inundation depth of 1000 years return period rainfall is
0.13 m. Water depth curve for outside of Kota Lama Polder can be seen in Figure 8-46.
Figure 8-46 Water Depth Curve for Outside of Kota Lama Polder with Proposed Pump, (a) Return Period Rainfall & (b) Rainfall
Kota Lama Polder will be the protection for UNESCO-Heritage site. Flood is the main factor
of polder development but the effect of land subsidence and tidal fluctuation effects should be
considered. Considering the occurrence of land subsidence with the “do nothing” scenario in
15 years, the estimated land subsidence is 0.8 m. The highest high water level for Semarang is
+0.5 m+MSL. Therefore, it is recommended that the dike height is 1.0 m. Polder’s ring dike
suggested by elevating the road so it does not diminish the aesthetic values of colonial buildings.
This is possible because the average width of the road as the boundary is 12 m, if it is viewed
the existing conditions of Kota Lama (see Figure 8-47).
Figure 8-47 Condition of Kota Lama Polder Boundaries
Determination of Control Structures
The first proposed adjustment is the two outlets at Semarang River are controlled with vertical
gates (existing) and flap gate (new), so there are not the free outlet anymore to prevent high
water level in Semarang River enter Kota Lama. Main drainage canal that is passing through
Merak Street is diverted to drainage Tawang with canals’ dimension of 4.8 m2 and parallel
to it. Main drainage at Merat Street will be converted its functions as an additional long storage
for Kota Lama because of its connection with the main drainage has been restricted by using
control structures. The western connection of Kota Lama and main drainage also will be
equipped by a flap gate. The eastern connection canal of Kota Lama and main drainage should
be the same as the western connection canal to prevent blockage. Main outlet of Kota Lama
polder are a pump next to Tawang Retention Basin (existing) and vertical gate at main drainage
(new) to control water level inside the polder when the outside water level is low. A flap gate
is proposed to install at the eastern part of Merak Street drainage to prevent the high water level
from upstream Kota Lama drainage system.
Figure 8-48 Proposed Kota Lama Polder Drainage Scheme
The proposed situation of Kota Lama can be seen in Figure 8-48. Resume of proposed control
structures and pumps for Kota Lama Polder and its surrounding, among others:
 Inside Kota Lama Polder
a) Tawang pump station (existing, 0.45 m3/s of pumping capacity),
b) vertical gates for inlet and outlet at Retention Basin (existing, four vertical gates of
1.5 m for inlet and two vertical gates of 1.5 m for outlet),
c) vertical gate at first outlet of Semarang River (existing, two vertical gates of 1 m for each gate),
d) flap gate at second outlet of Semarang River (proposed, width of 0.6 m),
e) flap gate at western part of Merak Street drainage (proposed, width of 3.5 m),
f) flap gate at eastern part of Merak Street drainage (proposed, width of 3.5 m),
g) flap gate at the western connection of Kota Lama and main drainage (proposed, width of 2 m)
h) enlargement of the western canal connection (proposed, dimension of 2.6 m2)
 Outside Kota Lama Polder
a) Baru River pump station for Kota Lama sub drainage system (proposed, 3.5 m3/s of
pumping capacity and two vertical gates of 1.5 m for each gate),
b) connection canal from Merak Street drainage to Tawang Street drainage (proposed,
dimension of 4.8 m2)
The simulation is done by using the rainfall of 25 years return period. The proposed drainage
scheme of Kota Lama Polder is created by the previous description. The canals are in clean
condition. The start and stop interval for Tawang pump and Baru River pump are changed to
0.3 m-surface level for start and stop at 0.50 m-surface level.
Water level inside and outside of Kota Lama Polder is increase after 14:00 because of the addition
of inflow from rainfall. Outside the polder has got higher water level due to it has a larger service
area and tidal fluctuation effects. The highest water level in Kota Lama is occurred at 20:40 of
+0.02 m+MSL or 0.27 m-surface level. Then, for the highest water level outside the polder is
+0.26 m+MSL or 0.04 m-surface level. It is proved that the polder system can keep Kota Lama
from inundation. The water level inside and outside Kota Lama can be seen in Figure 8-49.
Figure 8-49 Water Level Condition on Merak Street and Tawang Street for Scenario 6
Scenario 7: Full Developed Polder System achieves score of 37 for Kota Lama and 28 for
outside drainage the polder. The minimum velocity of both condition (inside and outside the
polder) is no velocity because the water is stored before its pumped. The outside polder also get
the lower score because it does not design with the retention basin and has a little freeboard
left. The scoring for scenario 7 can be seen in Table 8-7.
Table 8-7 Technical and Scientific Performance Assessment of Scenario 7: Full Developed Polder System
Scenario 7: Full Scenario 7: Full

Primary Secondary Developed Polder System Developed Polder System
Benchmarks
Criteria Criteria (Inside Condition) (Outside Condition)
Canal 80% of canal 100% of canal 100% of canal

5 5
capacity capacity capacity capacity
Storage
Retention 3 3
15,000 m 20,150 m 5
pond capacity
System
performance
Pumping/ gate Reduce inundation
None 5 None 5
Inundation
Flooding Less than 0.3 m None 5 None 5
Depth
Inundation
Less than 2 hours None 5 None 5
Duration
Performance
System Design return 10 years (for
reliability None
5 years 1 None
5 years 1
reliability period secondary canals)
failures
Maximum flow
velocity
System
durability
Canal Minimum flow
0.6 m/s 00.02
m/sm/s 1 00.12
m/sm/s 1
System
Capacity for Design free-
flexibility and 0.2 m 0.27 m 5 0.02 m 1
change board
adaptability
Total 37 28
8.8. Selection for the Most Appropriate Scenario

Discussion of Scenarios
Several scenarios have been done and assessed with the technical and scientific category in
accordance with applicable regulations in Indonesia. Each scenarios is made to find out
the condition of each components in the drainage system and also to tackle one or several
causes, for instance, scenario 1 is made to cope with the capacity of canals and retention
basin. The performance of its outflow is assessed with Scenario 2, 3, 4 and Scenario 6. Then,
Scenario 5 is simulated for give the overview if Banger Polder System is fully developed which
also protect Kota Lama from the high tides. Scenario 7 can be adopted to address some issues
such as drainage system, pump capacity and high tides. Besides that, Scenario 7 also provides
the understanding of Kota Lama as fully developed polder. Kota Lama drainage performance
diagram is presented in Figure 8-50.

Figure 8-50 Kota Lama Drainage Performance Diagram
Score for each of the scenarios are summarized and sorted on Figure 8-51. All scenarios have
got the same score for the design return period criteria because canals and retention basin
are still using the existing condition which is rainfall of 5 years return period. The minimum
flow velocity for all scenarios are not more than 0.6 m/s. Almost all scenarios of the canals with
sediment and waste has got score less than 20.
Clean canal with the existing pump operation and full pump capacity has almost the same score
because the inundation still occurs, although it is still less than 20 cm. The difference is clean
canal with the existing pump operation cannot meet the requirement of pumping capacity and
inundation duration because the inundation is occurred more than 2 hours.
Close connection with Banger sub drainage system for canals with sediment and clean canals
consecutively is 29 and 33. Actually, these scenarios provide Kota Lama which is free form
inundation. Canals with sediment scenario cannot meet canals and retention basin capacity criteria.
The clean canals for this scenario can provide the opposite, but cannot give freeboard as required.
The new pump capacity is determined by the 50 years return period rainfall at full bank
condition. The score of proposed new pump capacity is 33. Inundation free condition is
provided but the freeboard criteria cannot be met by this scenario.
The lowest score is the Existing Scenario with 15. There are 3 scenarios with the highest score
of 37 which are scenario 3b: full gate open and clean canal scenario, scenario 4b: flap gate and
clean canal scenario and scenario 7: full developed polder system scenario
From those scenarios, it can be known that main causes of inundation in Kota Lama are
1) high rainfall intensity, 2) sediments and waste inside the canals and retention basin,
3) tidal fluctuation effects and 4) lack of pump capacity.

Figure 8-51 Kota Lama Drainage System Scenarios Performance Assessment
Implementation Phases
Those scenarios can actually be used as the reference of implementation phases to reduce
inundation in Kota Lama. Then, according to Figure 8-19, the clean canal curve shows that
Kota Lama start to inundate when the boundary condition is at 0.18 m+MSL. For fulfilling
the flexibility criteria, the vertical gates can be operated if the water level in boundary condition
is -0.05 m+MSL. So, it can be divided into two cases, namely normal case and critical case.
Normal case is applied when the gate operation can be used as an outlet regulator and the water
level on the boundary condition is less than -0.05 m+MSL. The condition when only pump can
be operated due to the high water level at boundary condition (more than -0.05 m+MSL) can
be categorised as critical case.
Cleaning all the canals is an activity that must be done at least once a year before the rainy
season. If the canal cleaning is not done regularly, the drainage system of Kota Lama cannot
provide the best service with the score of the performance is less than 20 either with pump or

gate operation. As short term solutions in critical case, procurement of pumps with new capacity
needs to be done for creating free inundation condition. While waiting for the new pump,
the existing pump can be operated with full capacity when the same condition is occurred.
Long term solutions are continuing the construction of Banger Polder or developing polder
system for Kota Lama. Banger polder system is actually the idea of a national government,
local and assistance from the Dutch government which has been done for ground breaking of
April 2010. However, Banger Polder cannot be able to operate until this day. Completion of
Banger Polder may provide larger area of Kota Lama Polder. If the Banger Polder fail to finish
the construction, then Kota Lama Polder System can be chosen.
Scenario 7: fully developed Kota Lama Polder System is the most appropriate scenario for
critical case. As consequences, Baru River pump as the pump for outside Kota Lama Polder
should be increased its capacity and new ring dike has to be constructed. The area within
the Kota Lama Polder need to be installed some flap gates to restrict the water from outside
entering the polder system. The existing Tawang pump as the polder’s pump still can be utilised
because the capacity is still sufficient. The diagram of implementation phases for Kota Lama is
Figure 8-52 Implementation Phases for Kota Lama
8.9. Sensitivity Analysis

Sensitivity analysis is done to determine the effect of uncertainty of the variables that affects
the discharges. Discharge is determined by wetted area (A) and flow velocity (v). Based on
Chezy flow velocity equation, variables that affect flow velocity are Manning roughness
coefficient (n), hydraulic radius (R) and longitudinal canal’s slope (S0). Thus, uncertainty of
Manning roughness coefficient is likely to occur because of the sedimentation when the canals
in operation. The Manning coefficients which is used for reference can be seen in Table 8-8.

Table 8-8 Manning Roughness Coefficients for Concrete Canals (Chow, 1959)
Type of Canal and Description Minimum Normal Maximum

Lined or Built-up Canals
Concrete
Trowel Finish 0.011 0.013 0.015
Float Finish 0.013 0.015 0.016
Finished, with gravel on bottom 0.015 0.017 0.020
Unfinished 0.014 0.017 0.020
Gunite, good section 0.016 0.019 0.023
Gunite, wavy section 0.018 0.022 0.025
All drainage canals in Kota Lama are concrete canals. According to Chow (1959), the range of
Manning roughness coefficients for concrete canals is 0.011 to 0.025. Manning coefficient for
clean canal is assumed as unfinished concrete canal with value of 0.017. Those three
coefficients is observed its effects on water depth for several pump capacities. According to
Figure 8-53, the minor effects of canals roughness are occurred for different pump capacity
within Kota Lama Polder.
Figure 8-53 Canals Roughness Effects on Water Depth for Several Pump Capacity within Kota Lama Polder
8.10. Application Considerations

Ellis et al. (2004), cited by Cordero (2012), a sustainable drainage system can be defined based
on technical, environmental, social and economic aspects. Those aspects must be considered
and can be discussed as:
Environmental and Public Health Aspects
a. Sanitation
Densely populated residential in Kota Lama is one of the aspects that must be considered.
Several surveys such as availability, type of sanitation system, maintenance and users
satisfaction should be conducted. Development the big collective waste water treatment for
Kota Lama seems difficult to be realised due to the limitation of land availability.
Thus, the availability of sanitation in each building must be ensured and its performance

should be good. Conditions of residential area in Kota Lama is various, ranging from slum
area until well organised residential area which can be seen in Figure 8-54.
Residential Area at Empu Tantular St. Residential Area at Branjangan St. Residential Area at Cendrawasih 1 St.
Figure 8-54 Residential Area in Kota Lama
b. Solid Waste
Solid waste management is also noteworthy because Kota Lama is one of the trade centers,
tourism, residential and there is still a traditional market. Accumulation of solid waste lead
to unpleasant smells, water pollution, decreasing canal and retention basin capacity and
increasing of pest. Collecting recycled solid waste can be one form of community-based
solutions. Condition of markets in Kota Lama is shown in Figure 8-55.
Kota Lama Traditional Market Kepodang Street Kota Lama Antique Market
Kota Lama
Figure 8-55 Traditional Market, Business Area and Antique Market in Kota Lama
World Bank (2013) explained the existence the bank of waste in Indonesia. Bank of waste
is a place for recycling organic and inorganic waste which has similar works to commercial
banks. Each residents can register themselves by opening the account. They can fill up their
savings by providing the waste with the agreed price and they can draw their savings at any
time. The basic principles of the bank of waste in Indonesia are recycle waste into goods
with economic values, change the public attitudes and maintain the cleanliness.
Ministry of Environment and Forestry (2012) recorded some good results in the
implementation of waste bank. Waste bank concept is just implemented in several cities in
Indonesia. One of the waste bank is in Surabaya City (Rukun Karya Waste Bank) which
was established in 2010 and in 2010 it has got 178 members. This waste bank can process
the waste up to 1000 kg/month, produce organic fertilizer and recycle inorganic waste with
a turnover up to $190/month. The activities of the waste bank can be seen in Figure 8-56.

Figure 8-56 Activities of Rukun Karya Bank of Waste, Surabaya (Ministry of Environment and Forestry, 2012)
c. Water Quality
Visually, water in canals and retention basin of Kota Lama showed poor water quality
which is known from the high turbidity water and unpleasant smells. The condition of water
quality in Kota Lama can be seen in Figure 8-57.
Condition of Water Quality in Merak Street Drainage Condition of Water Quality in Tawang Retention Basin
Figure 8-57 Condition of Water Quality in Kota Lama
Aeration may be an easy way to improve water quality. Some time ago, Tawang Retention
basin had got some water fountains, but the fountains are no longer in operation now.
Reoperation of the fountains in Kota Lama may be able to do to improve water quality and
become the tourist attraction. Operation water fountains in Tawang Retention Basin at 2007
Figure 8-58 Operation the Water fountains in Tawang Retention Basin at 2007 (nisa17.blogdetik.com)

d. Seawater Intrusion
According to Ministry of Public Works and Housing (2009), if there is 5% of
seawater contained in freshwater, the freshwater is already no longer worthy to be used for
drinking water. Sketch of up coning saline groundwater with groundwater with
groundwater extraction can be seen in Figure 8-59.
Figure 8-59 Up Coning Saline Groundwater with Groundwater Extraction (Ministry of Public Works and Housing, 2009)
Jatibarang Reservoir has begun its operation since May 2015 (see Figure 8-60). Besides for
controlling floods and micro-hydro power plants, this reservoir is also used for supplying water
for Semarang through Tirta Moedal Water Utility Company. Jatibarang Reservoir is expected
to provide the certainty of supplying the water, then the water utility company can expand their
network. It is believed this solution can solve the problem of the quality of drinking water.
Figure 8-60 Jatibarang Reservoir (Ministry of Public Works and Housing, 2015)
e. Ecology
Trend of major cities in the world are to have more open space. Regulations on green space in
Indonesia also recommends this concept which is the ministerial regulation of home affairs
No. 1/2007 regarding the green space area for urban area. Green space area can be used as a
recreation area and a source of oxygen. Availability of green space area may also be misused
in the future as for the storage of trash or slums. As the prevention, policies that support and
community participation are needed. The surrounding area at Tawang Retention Basin may be
rearranged by reducing the use of paving blocks, relocate the street food vendors and illegal
parking. Existing situation around Tawang Retention Basin is presented in Figure 8-61.

Figure 8-61 Existing Situation at Tawang Retention Basin
Social Aspects
a. Realisation Phases
In establishing the water management plan in Indonesia, several phases should be done according
to the Minister Regulation of Public Works and Housing No. 10/2015 regarding The Strategic
Plan and Implementation Plan of Water Resources Management. The study must be completed
with the basic study and pre-feasibilities of technical and non-technical aspects. Afterwards, the
drainage plan will be consulted with the technical team from the institution which is responsible
for water management, in this case is Semarang Water Resources Management, Energy and
Mineral Resources Agency (Dinas PSDA & ESDM Kota Semarang).
The public hearing sessions should be carried out for the next phase to introduce the study
results and the implementation plan. This meeting also aims to have feedback, comments,
corrections and clarifications according to the stakeholders’ expectation for later organised into
a collective agreement. After the plan is enriched with the ideas from the stakeholders, the plan
is announced to the public to see the reactions from the stakeholders. The establishing team
should review or clarified the objections, if there are some objections. If there are not any
objections from the stakeholders, the plan can be implemented. The realisation phases is
illustrated in Figure 8-62.
Figure 8-62 Diagram of Realisation Phases

b. Stakeholders Participation
 Public hearing
Stakeholder who have interests in Kota Lama should be reinventored. In the public
hearing phase, all opinions concerning the water management in Kota Lama should be
delivered and several stakeholders such as national government (Pemali Juana River
Basin Organisation), local government (Semarang Planning Board, Water Resources
Management, Energy and Mineral Resources Agency, Sanitation and Landscape Agency,
and Urban Planning and Housing Agency), local universities, non-government
organisations (environmentalists, cultural observers and historical heritage observers) and
local community leaders must present their points of view.
 Polder Board
The initiation for the establishment of polder board can be the next step with the
stakeholders which are really concerned to the water management. The polder board
members should come from some community elements such as local government
representative (Water Resources Management, Energy and Mineral Resources Agency),
local experts, and local community leaders. The establishment of Polder Board should be
strengthened at least by Major Decree. Provisional Polder Board may be established in
advance to initiate the main tasks and the legal aspects for the Polder Board. The tasks
and authorities between the local government and the Polder Board should be clearly
defined and agreed to minimizing the overlap. According to the problems and technical
simulations, the minimum tasks of polder board can be defined such as:
- monitoring programs and activities in Kota Lama Polder,
- establishment the operation and maintenance plan of Kota Lama Polder,
- implementation the operation and maintenance for ring dikes, water quantity (desired
water level, flushing purposes and regulation of control structures) and water quality
(taking care of sanitation, solid waste, cleaning the canals and retention basin),
- recording the data and information regarding water management (hydrological data,
inundation (area, duration and depth) and operations of control structures)
Based on the tasks, proposed organisation structure of Kota Lama Polder Board can be
explained in Figure 8-63.
Figure 8-63 Proposed Organisation Structure of Kota Lama Polder Board

 Social Media Based for Inundation Recording and Emergency Response
The Wall Street Journal (2014), cited by CNN Indonesia (2015), stated the users of
Facebook and twitter in Indonesia in 2014 are 69 million and 50 million users.
Kompasiana (2013) claimed that Semarang is the fifth largest city in Indonesia. Both of
these facts indicate the possibility that the use of social media in Semarang is quite high.
Limitations of government staff observation who is incharge for the monitoring of flood
events imply to the lack of collected data and information of the flood events. People of
Semarang can take a role for this activity to help the government. The collected
information and data may help to improve the further studies of drainage and flood system
and also provide the emergency response. Those considerations give an idea that people
of Semarang can participate to collect data and information of the flood events by using
social media.
Eilander et al. (2015) stated that timely information for emergency response during the
floods is crucial. An application which is integrated with Twitter has been introduced,
the first application aims to derives the near real-time flood extent maps based on
the tweets from the users. Then, the second application will process the tweets become
flood mapping response from satellite imagery. Workflow of the application is presented
in Figure 8-64.
Figure 8-64 Workflow of the Application of Social Media Based for Inundation Recording and Emergency Response (Eirlander et
al., 2015)
Economic Aspects
The series of activities in a project are survey, investigation, design, land acquisition,
construction and maintenance. The cost for each of these activities must be prepared in order
to produce the expected results. Land acquisition for Kota Lama Polder is minimized because
the existing network (canals and retention basin) is still used (canal widening or new drainage
network), Tawang Pumping Station is also still in good condition and the construction of ring
dike is suggested by raising the existing roads. Direct and indirect costs should be reckoned for
survey, investigation, design and construction. Direct costs include expenses that are used to
provide materials, equipment rental and salary workers. Whereas, the indirect costs are related
to the permit cost, tax and project office needs.
Costs of operation and maintenance can be divided into two which are routine operation and
maintenance and large maintenance. Routine operation and maintenance is an activity that must
be done every year such as the payment of staff salaries, energy costs, canals cleaning and
maintenance dike and pump. Large maintenance is done in a certain period of time that includes
pump replacement, ring dike heightening and retention basin dredging.

Chapter 9
Conclusions and Recommendations

9.1. Conclusions
According to the model simulation, analysis and discussion, several things can be concluded
which are:
1. The main causes of flood problem in Kota Lama is the occurrence of sediment and waste
in drainage canal, high rainfall intensity, lack of capacity of working pump during
flood and tidal Fluctuation due to its connection with Banger sub drainage system.
Water level in Semarang and Baru River are also crucial for determination operations of
drainage system in Kota Lama. The existing condition of Kota Lama sub drainage system
is at low engineering performance because it only meets two of nine criteria for good
technical and scientific performance.
2. Polder system is the most appropriate scenario to solve problems of Kota Lama which has
got the highest score of 37. This scenario can provide free inundation condition and meet
the freeboard criteria.
3. Kota Lama Polder can serve 26 ha of Kota Lama Semarang UNESCO heritage site.
The inside area of polder is designed with the existing pump capacity of 0.45 m3/s.
The polder is installed with 4 flap gates to restrict the water outside entering the polder.
Tawang retention basin is used within the polder system. The height of ring dike is 1.0 m
by considering the highest water level outside the polder of 1000 years rainfall, 15 years
the occurrence of land subsidence and tidal fluctuation effects. Capacity of Baru River
pump should also be increased to 3.5 m3/s to protect the outside area of the polder.
4. Gravity driven polder is selected for Kota Lama due to the limitation of land availability
for open water storage or implementing different types of polders. This type of polder has
minimum construction cost but requires high energy.
5. Inundation solutions for Kota Lama can be done in phases. However, all the canals and
retention basin should be cleaned regularly least once a year before the rainy season
to reduce inundation in Kota Lama. This is proven that the area of inundation depth above
0.2 m can be reduced by 27% compares to the Existing Scenario.
6. Vertical gate at Baru River can be operated when the canal is in clean condition and the
water level in Baru River where is less than -0.05 m+MSL. If the canals is still in the
existing condition (canals with sediment and waste), the gate can be operated when the
water level in Baru River level is less than -0.12 m+MSL for canals’ full bank condition.

7. As the short term solution, the Baru River pump operation with the full capacity (2.5 m3/s)
which is combined with the clean canals and retention basin can be done to increase
the inundation free area become 19.5 ha and reduce the inundation duration by 50%.
Furthermore, to provide the conditions of Kota Lama that will be free from inundation,
Baru River pump capacity must be increased to 3 m3/s.
8. Resuming the construction of Banger Polder can be a good choice for long-term
solution to help Kota Lama free from inundation and may provide larger service area for
Kota Lama Polder.
9.2. Recommendation
To improve the operation, maintenance, studies and plannings in relation with Kota Lama
drainage system, several things may be considered, such as:
1. Determination of Kota Lama and Kota Lama sub drainage system area should be
remeasured because the measurement by using ArcGIS with Open Street Map as
based map and Google Earth has got the difference of 23% (7.2 ha) to the area in Regional
Regulation of Semarang City No. 8/2003 regarding Spatial and Environment Planning of
Kota Lama, although the measurement has been done with the same boundaries with the
regional regulation.
2. Inventaritation of canal’s dimension should be done to update the existing data of Kota
Lama sub drainage system.
3. Water level or discharge measurement devices should be installed in every outlet of Kota
Lama Sub drainage system, so the operator can be operated the gates or pumps precisely
based on the flood manual. Studies about flood and drainage system can also be improved
with these data.
4. Availability of flood manual in every outlet (pumps and gates) at operator level should be
checked at least a once a year before rainy season. Therefore the operator can be operated
as the design.
5. Recording of flood events, inundation area and inundation depth by the official institutions
are needed for further studies about flood and drainage system.
6. Land subsidence measurement and study should be conducted continuously to have better
understanding of land subsidence behaviour in Semarang.
7. Supply of raw water for Semarang should be done, especially for Kota Lama and its
surroundings, to control decreasing of ground water level. It is intended to have the life
span as planned for ring dike of Kota Lama Polder, control seawater instruction and provide
good quality of drinking water.
8. Environmental, public health, social and economic aspects should be studied
comprehensively to have a sustainable drainage system.

References
Abidin, H.Z., Andreas, H., Gumilar, I., Sidiq, T.P., Gamal, M., Murdohardono, D., Supriyadi.
2010. Land Subsidence in Semarang (Indonesia) Using Geodetic Methods. FIG Congress,
11 – 16 April, Sydney, Australia
Abidin, H.Z., Gumilar, I., Andreas, H., Gamal, M., Sidiq, T.P., Helmi, M., Nurmaulia, S.L.,
Fukuda, Y., Murdohardono, D. 2013. The Impacts of Coastal Subsidence and Sea Level
Rise in Coastal Cities of Semarang (Indonesia). Land Subsidence and Project for
Training, Education and Consulting for Tsunami Early Warning Systems (Protects),
23 May, Bandung, Indonesia
Armitage, N. 2011. The Challenges of Sustainable Urban Drainage in Developing Countries.
Cape Town: University of Cape Town
Associated Programme on Flood Management. 2008. Urban Flood Risk Management: A Tool
for Integrated Flood Management. Geneva: WMO
Chow, V. T. 1959. Open Channel Hydraulics. New York: McGraw-Hill
Chow, V. T., Maidment, D.R., Mays, L.W. 1988. Applied Hydrology. New York: McGraw-Hill
Colin, E., Pochat, R. 1976. One Dimension Open Channel Flow. International Symposium on
Unsteady Flow in Open Channels, 12-15 April, Newcastle, England
CNN Indonesia. 2015. Berapa Jumlah Pengguna Facebook dan Twiter di Indonesia.
http://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20150327061134-185-42245/berapa-jumlah-
pengguna-facebook-dan-twitter-di-indonesia/. retrieved on 19th March 2016.
Cordero, W.J.B. 2012. Multi-Objective Optimization for Urban Drainage Rehabilitation.
Leiden: Balkema
De Laat, P.J.M., Savenije, H.H.G. 2014. Hydrology. Delft: UNESCO-IHE
Deltares. 2015. Sinking Cities. Delft: Deltares
Eilander, D., Van de Vries, C., Baart, F., Van Swol, R., Wagemaker, J., Van Loenen, A. 2015.
Social Media for Disaster Response During Floods. Delft: Deltares
Haryono, A.T.E., Erdianto, F. 2008. Perencanaan Jaringan Drainase Sub Sistem Bandaharjo
Barat. MSc Thesis. Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro
Indonesia Standardization Agency. 2005. Tata Cara Perencanaan Sistem Plambing. SNI 03-
7065-2005. Jakarta: Indonesia Standardization Agency
Indonesia Standardization Agency. 2015. Tata Cara Perhitungan Debit Banjir Rencana.
RSNI3 2415:2015. Jakarta: Indonesia Standardization Agency
Jha, K. A., Bloch, R., Lamond, J. 2012. Cities and Flooding: A Guide to Integrated Urban
Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank
Kompasiana. 2013. 10 Kota Terbesar di Indonesia. http://www.kompasiana.com/tholo/10-kota-
terbesar-di-indonesia-valid_552047a9813311f77319f72b. retrieved on 19th March 2016.
References 113
Kurniawan, A., Dewi, N.A. 2015. Planning of Domestic Wastewater Sewerage in Bogor City
Using Rainwater for Flushing Flowrate. Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan Vol. 22 No. 1
Mahdavi, M., Osati, K., Sadeghi, S.A.N., Karimi, B., Mobaraki, J. 2010. Determining Suitable
Probability Distribution Models for Annual Precipitation Data (A Case Study of
Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces). Journal of Sustainable Development Vol. 3
No. 1, March. Toronto: The Canadian Center of Science and Education (CCSE)
Ministry of Environment. 2012. Profil Bank Sampah. Rapat Kerja Nasional Bank Sampah.
2-4 November, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
Ministry of Public Works and Housing. 2009. Prosedur and Instruksi Kerja Validasi Data
Hidrologi. Jakarta: Directorate General of Water Resources
Ministry of Public Works and Housing. 2009. Urban Polder Drainage: General Aspects.
Bandung: Water Resources Research Development Centre
Ministry of Public Works and Housing. 2009. Urban Polder Drainage: Institutional Aspects.
Ministry of Public Works and Housing. 2009. Urban Polder Drainage: Technical Aspects.
Ministry of Public Works and Housing. 2009. Urban Polder Drainage: Case Study Banger
Polder Semarang. Bandung: Water Resources Research Development Centre
Ministry of Public Works and Housing. 2011. Pengumpulan dan Pengolahan Data Hidrologi.
Murdohardono, D., Tobing, T.M.H.L., Sayekti, A. 2007. Over Pumping of Groundwater as
One of Causes of Sea Water Inundation in Semarang City. International Symposium and
Workshop on Current Problems in Groundwater Management and Related Water
Resources Issues, 3 – 8 December, Kuta, Indonesia
Patra, K.C. 2008. Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering. Oxford: Alpha Science
International Ltd.
Rizal, R., Ikhwan, Y., Fauzi, M. 2014. Analisis Tata Kelola Sistem Drainase yang
Berkelanjutan Berbasis Partisipasi Masyarakat (Studi Kasus di Perumahan Duta Green
City Kota Pekanbaru Provinsi Riau). Pekanbaru: Pusat Penelitian Lingkungan Hidup
Universitas Riau
Sarah, D., Soebowo, E., Syahbana, A.J., Murdohardono, D., Setiawan, T., Mulyono, A.,
Satriyo, N.A. 2012. Perhitungan Penurunan Tanah Lintasan Bandarharjo-Poncol, Kota
Semarang Berdasarkan Permodelan 2 Dimensi. Prosiding Pemaparan Hasil Penelitian
Pusat Penelitian Geoteknologi LIPI
Sasongko, L.A. 2006. Kontribusi Air Limbah Domestik Penduduk di Sekitar Sungai Tuk
Terhadap Kualitas Air Sungai Kaligarang Serta Upaya Penanganannya. MSc Thesis.
Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro
Schultz, E., Severs, G., Ven, G.A. 1986. Design Study Main Drainage System Markerwaard.
Proceeding of the 2nd International Conference, April, Southampton, United Kingdom
Schultz, B. 2015. Report of the International Workshop on Drainage System Plan in Semarang
Old City. Semarang
References 114
Semarang Planning Board. 2007. Penyusunan Dokumen Master Plan Drainase Kota Semarang.
Semarang: Semarang Planning Board
Semarang Statistic Bureau. 2007. Penyusunan Dokumen Master Plan Drainase Kota
Semarang. Semarang: Semarang Planning Board
Sheskin, D.J. 2007. Handbook of Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Procedures.
Danvers: Chapman & Hall/CRC
Smedema, L.K., Mooren, J.H.M., Veraa, C.J.F.M. 1986. Area Reduction Factors for Land
Drainage Design in Flat Basins in Moderate Temperate Climate. Proceeding of the 2nd
International Conference, April, Southampton, United Kingdom
Smedema, L.K., Vlotman, W.F., Rycroft, D.W. 2004. Modern Land Drainage. Leiden: A.A.
Balkema Publishers
Stowa. 2004. RAM Manual Precipitation Runoff Module
Stowa. 2006. Duflow Modelling Studio Users’ Guide.
Stowa. 2006. Duflow Modelling Studio Manual.
Suryadi, F.X. 1996. Soil and Water Management Strategies for Tidal Lowlands in Indonesia.
PhD Thesis. Delft University of Technology – IHE Delft. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema
Suryadi, F.X. 2015. Unsteady Flow. Lecture Note. Delft: UNESCO-IHE
Triatmodjo, B. 2008. Hidrologi Terapan. Yogyakarta: Beta Offset
Triola, M. F. 2009. Elementary Statistics. Boston: Addison-Wesley
UNESCO. 2015. Semarang Old Town. Jakarta: Indonesia National Commission for UNESCO
Van Duijl, B. 2015. Sewer Design and Layout: Part I. Lecture Note. Delft: UNESCO-IHE
World Bank. 2013. Bank Sampah di Indonesia: Menabung, Merubah Perilaku
http://blogs.worldbank.org/eastasiapacific/id/bank-sampah-di-indonesia-menabung-
mengubah-perilaku. retrieved on 19th March 2016.
Yuwono, B.D., Abidin H.Z., Hilmi, M. 2013. Analisa Geospasial Penyebab Penurunan Muka
Tanah di Kota Semarang. Semarang: Prosiding SNST ke-4 Fakultas Teknik Universitas
Wahid Hasyim
References 115
References 116
Appendices
Extreme rainfall in order of magnitude for
different rainfall duration at Semarang Rainfall Station
Rainfall Station : BMKG Semarang
Max Rainfall (mm) Day of Max
Day of
Year Rain Daily
5 10 15 30 45 12 Rain
1 Hour 2 Hours 3 Hours 6 Hours > 10 mm Rainfall
Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes Hours
1981 20 40 50 65 70 80 113 133 189 212 27 19 235
1982 10 20 29 48 60 70 81 100 133 133 27 13 158
1983 15 30 45 60 76 77 77 78 80 80 22 11 80
1984 15 25 30 40 60 66 77 79 81 82 23 13 82
1985 15 25 35 50 65 88 111 111 145 245 18 11 245
1986 30 45 60 70 84 97 102 116 126 126 27 14 126
1987 13 21 30 60 85 88 93 93 96 138 26 9 138
1988 15 25 35 50 70 80 101 101 117 174 24 11 174
1989 20 26 41 51 55 95 125 126 141 144 23 25 144
1990 10 20 30 50 95 58 66 70 82 100 27 12 115
1991 10 20 30 40 48 49 70 82 125 132 25 15 132
1992 16 42 30 55 75 80 88 94 98 99 19 7 99
1993 20 30 36 60 76 86 161 185 193 193 27 13 193
1994 20 30 36 55 66 68 79 79 86 90 24 14 90
1995 15 22 35 60 67 79 100 100 100 100 22 12 124
1996 25 37 66 66 85 110 114 116 117 117 25 15 117
1997 20 30 36 60 76 86 161 185 193 193 27 13 193
1998 20 27 32 46 49 58 98 99 101 102 22 9 102
1999 18 20 30 56 65 70 80 85 93 93 27 11 93
2000 20 20 30 41 60 70 138 145 170 175 25 11 175
2001 20 30 40 50 70 90 100 108 111 111 23 9 111
2002 10 20 30 44 52 85 97 98 98 98 23 14 98
2003 10 20 27 40 48 48 90 97 97 97 23 15 97
2004 20 24 30 60 77 80 82 82 82 82 21 12 82
2005 10 20 30 50 55 78 85 88 88 89 23 8 89
2006 10 20 26 40 54 70 89 89 90 107 26 13 112
Appendices 117
Sediment thickness sampling
Measurement
Depth of Canal's % of
(cm)
Streets Sediment Height Sediment Photos
(m) (m) in Canal
1st 2nd
Jl. Nuri 20 45 0.25 1.00 25.0%
Jl. Garuda 15 75 0.60 1.00 60.0%
Jl. Garuda 30 70 0.40 1.00 40.0%
Jl. Sri Gunting 20 40 0.20 0.90 22.2%
Jl. Perkutut 35 65 0.30 1.00 30.0%
Appendices 118
Measurement
(cm)
st nd (m) (m) in Canal
1 2
Jl. Perkutut 5 50 0.45 1.10 40.9%
Jl. Merak 10 40 0.30 1.50 20.0%
Jl. Cendrawasih I 30 75 0.45 1.00 45.0%
Jl. Kedasih 45 75 0.30 1.00 30.0%
Jl. Kedasih 30 80 0.50 1.00 50.0%
Appendices 119
Measurement
(cm)
st nd (m) (m) in Canal
1 2
Jl. Merak 40 90 0.50 2.00 25.0%
Jl. Kedasih 20 50 0.30 1.00 30.0%
Jl. Pengapon 45 85 0.40 1.50 26.7%
Average 34.2%
Appendices 120
Model Features in DUFLOW for Clean Canals
Clean Canals
Dimension Section Area (m2) / Surface Bottom

Code Position Distance (m)
Type Length (m) Pump (m3/s) (m+MSL) (m+MSL)
Main Drainage
NOD00000 0.00 0.29
SEC00000 165
CSC00000 Type 1 10.00 10.00 0.29 -1.71
CSC00001 Type 1 155.00 155.00 0.27 -1.73
NOD00001 165.00 0.27
SEC00001 34
CSC00002 Type 1 10.00 175.00 0.27 -1.73
CSC00003 Type 1 24.00 189.00 0.27 -1.73
NOD00002 199.00 0.27
SEC00002 113
CSC00004 Type 1 10.00 209.00 0.27 -1.73
CSC00005 Type 1 103.00 302.00 0.26 -1.74
ARE00000 5814 56.50 255.50
NOD00003 312.00 0.26
SEC00003 48
CSC00006 Type 1 10.00 322.00 0.26 -1.74
CSC00007 Type 1 38.00 350.00 0.25 -1.75
NOD00004 360.00 0.25
SEC00004 70
CSC00008 Type 1 10.00 370.00 0.25 -1.75
CSC00009 Small RB 60.00 420.00 0.25 -1.75
ARE00001 128597 35.00 395.00
NOD00005 430.00 0.25
SEC00005 482
CSC00010 Type 1 10.00 440.00 0.25 -1.75
CSC00011 Type 1 472.00 902.00 0.18 -1.82
ARE00002 63955 241.00 671.00
NOD00006 912.00 0.18
Main Drainage - Baru River Pump
NOD00006 912.00 0.18
SEC00006 20
CSC00012 Type 1 10.00 922.00 0.18 -1.82
PMP00000 2.50 10.00 922.00

NOD00007 932.00 0.18
Main Drainage - Baru River Gate
NOD00006 932.00 0.18
SEC00007 20
CSC00013 Type 2 10.00 942.00 0.18 -1.82
GST00000 3.00 10.00 942.00 0.18 -1.82

NOD00008 952.00 0.18
Appendices 121
Tawang Retention Basin - Inlet

NOD00000 0.00 0.29
SEC00008 20
CSC00014 Type 3 10.00 10.00 0.29 -1.72
GST00001 6.00 10.00 10.00 0.285 -1.715

NOD00009 20.00 0.28
Tawang Retention Basin
NOD00009 20.00 0.28
SEC00009 165
CSC00015 Tawang 10.00 30.00 0.28 -1.72
CSC00016 Tawang 155.00 175.00 0.27 -1.73
ARE00003 7644 82.50 102.50
NOD00010 185.00 0.27
Tawang Retention Basin - Gate Outlet
NOD00010 185.00 0.27
SEC00010 20
CSC00017 Type 2 10.00 195.00 0.27 -1.73
GST00002 3.00 10.00 195.00 0.27 -1.73

NOD00001 205.00 0.27
Tawang Retention Basin - Pump Outlet
NOD00010 185.00 0.27
SEC00011 20
CSC00018 Type 2 10.00 195.00 0.27 -1.73
PMP00001 0.45 10.00 195.00
NOD00002 205.00 0.27

Kota Lama - North of Le tjen Suprapto Street
NOD00011 0.00 0.27
SEC00012 216
CSC00019 Type 4 10.00 10.00 0.27 -0.73
CSC00020 Type 5 206.00 206.00 0.28 -0.62
ARE00004 12724 108.00 108.00
NOD00012 216.00 0.28
SEC00013 357
CSC00021 Type 6 10.00 226.00 0.28 -0.72
CSC00022 Type 7 119.00 335.00 0.30 -0.70
CSC00023 Type 8 238.00 454.00 0.33 -0.87
CSC00024 Type 9 347.00 563.00 0.35 -0.25
ARE00005 44767 178.50 394.50
NOD00013 573.00 0.35
SEC00014 252
CSC00025 Type 10 10.00 583.00 0.35 -1.15
CSC00026 Type 11 126.00 699.00 0.33 -1.18
CSC00027 Type 12 242.00 815.00 0.30 -1.10
ARE00006 15215 126.00 699.00
Appendices 122
2
Dimension Section Area (m ) / Surface Bottom
NOD00014 825.00 0.3

SEC00015 191
CSC00028 Type 13 10.00 835.00 0.30 -1.20
CSC00029 Type 14 181.00 1006.00 0.27 -1.23
ARE00007 19661 95.50 920.50
NOD00015 1016.00 0.27
SEC00016 144
CSC00030 Type 15 10.00 1026.00 0.27 -1.03
CSC00031 Type 15 134.00 1150.00 0.26 -1.04
ARE00008 18082 72.00 1088.00
NOD00016 1160.00 0.26
SEC00017 124
CSC00032 Type 16 10.00 1170.00 0.26 -0.74
CSC00033 Type 16 114.00 1274.00 0.26 -0.74
ARE00009 25279 62.00 1222.00
NOD00017 1284.00 0.26
SEC00018 215
CSC00034 Type 16 10.00 1294.00 0.26 -0.74
CSC00035 Type 16 205.00 1489.00 0.27 -0.73
ARE00010 8714 107.50 1391.50
NOD00011 1499.00 0.27
Berok Bridge - Gate Outlet
NOD00011 0.00 0.27
SEC00025 34
CSC00047 Type 25 10.00 10.00 0.27 -1.73
CSC00048 Type 25 24.00 24.00 0.27 -1.73
GST00003 2.00 17.00 17.00 0.27 -1.73
NOD00023 34.00 0.27
West Connection to Main Drainage
NOD00016 0.00 0.26
SEC00019 20
CSC00036 Type 15 10.00 10.00 0.26 -1.04
NOD00003 20.00 0.26

East Connection to Main Drainage
NOD00014 0.00 0.3
SEC00027 20
CSC00050 Type 26 10.00 10.00 0.30 -0.71
NOD00000 20.00 0.29
Appendices 123
Kota Lama - South of Letjen Suprapto Street

NOD00018 0.00 0.28
SEC00020 236
CSC00037 Type 17 10.00 10.00 0.28 -0.72
CSC00038 Type 18 118.00 118.00 0.29 -0.62
CSC00039 Type 19 226.00 226.00 0.29 -0.21
ARE00011 42486 118.00 118.00
NOD00019 236.00 0.29
SEC00021 293
CSC00040 Type 20 10.00 246.00 0.29 -0.21
CSC00041 Type 21 146.50 382.50 0.32 -0.28
CSC00042 Type 22 283.00 519.00 0.35 -0.35
ARE00012 28209 146.50 382.50
NOD00020 529.00 0.35
SEC00022 22
CSC00043 Type 10 11.00 540.00 0.35 -1.15
NOD00013 551.00 0.35

Cendrawasih Street (South)
NOD00021 0.00 0.38
SEC00023 162
CSC00044 Type 23 10.00 10.00 0.38 -0.52
CSC00045 Type 24 152.00 152.00 0.35 -0.65
ARE00013 75817 81.00 81.00
NOD00020 162.00 0.35
Main Drainage - Inlet
NOD00024 0.00 0.3
SEC00026 1450
CSC00049 Type 1 725.00 725.00 0.30 -1.70
NOD00022 1450.00 0.3

SEC00024 35
CSC00046 Type 1 10.00 1460.00 0.30 -1.70
ARE00014 631492 17.50 1467.50
NOD00000 1485.00 0.29
Appendices 124
Model Feature Changing - In Case of Polder
Tawang Street
NOD00022 0.00 0.30
SEC00028 130.00
CSC00051 Type 27 10.00 10.00 0.30 -1.70
CSC00052 Type 27 120.00 120.00 0.30 -1.70
ARE00015 693108 10.00 10.00
NOD00025 130.00 0.30
SEC00029 347.00
CSC00053 Type 27 10.00 140.00 0.30 -1.70
CSC00054 Type 27 337.00 467.00 0.25 -1.75
ARE00016 31320 173.50 303.50
NOD00004 477.00 0.25
NOD00022 0.00 0.30
SEC00024 35.00
CSC00046 Type 1 17.50 17.50 0.30 -1.71
GST00005 3.50 10.00 10.00 0.30 -1.70

NOD00000 35.00 0.29
SEC00001 - Merak Street
NOD00001 165.00 0.27
SEC00001 34.00
CSC00002 Type 1 17.00 182.00 0.27 -1.73
GST00006 2.00 10.00 175.00 0.27 -1.73

NOD00002 199.00 0.27
SEC00020 - South of Letjen Suprapto Street
NOD00018 0.00 0.28
SEC00020 236.00
CSC00037 Type 17 10.00 10.00 0.28 -0.72
CSC00038 Type 18 118.00 118.00 0.29 -0.62
CSC00039 Type 19 226.00 226.00 0.29 -0.21
ARE00011 42486 118.00 118.00
GST00004 0.60 10.00 10.00 0.28 -0.72
NOD00019 236.00 0.29
NOD00016 0.00 0.26
SEC00019 20
CSC00036 Type 15 10.00 10.00 0.26 -1.04
GST00009 2.00 10.00 10.00 0.26 -1.04

NOD00003 20.00 0.26
NOD00014 0.00 0.3
SEC00027 35
CSC00055 Type 15 17.50 17.50 0.30 -1.01
NOD00000 35.00 0.29
Appendices 125
Model Features in DUFLOW for Canals with
Sediment
Canals with Sediment

Main Drainage
NOD00000 0.00 0.29
SEC00000 165
CSC00000 Type 1 10.00 10.00 0.29 -1.01
CSC00001 Type 1 155.00 155.00 0.27 -1.03
NOD00001 165.00 0.27
SEC00001 34
CSC00002 Type 1 10.00 175.00 0.27 -1.03
CSC00003 Type 1 24.00 189.00 0.27 -1.03
NOD00002 199.00 0.27
SEC00002 113
CSC00004 Type 1 10.00 209.00 0.27 -1.03
CSC00005 Type 1 103.00 302.00 0.26 -1.04
ARE00000 5814 56.50 255.50
NOD00003 312.00 0.26
SEC00003 48
CSC00006 Type 1 10.00 322.00 0.26 -1.04
CSC00007 Type 1 38.00 350.00 0.25 -1.05
NOD00004 360.00 0.25
SEC00004 70
CSC00008 Type 1 10.00 370.00 0.25 -1.05
CSC00009 Small RB 60.00 420.00 0.25 -1.05
ARE00001 128597 35.00 395.00
NOD00005 430.00 0.25
SEC00005 482
CSC00010 Type 1 10.00 440.00 0.25 -1.05
CSC00011 Type 1 472.00 902.00 0.18 -1.12
ARE00002 63955 241.00 671.00
NOD00006 912.00 0.18
Main Drainage - Baru River Pump
NOD00006 912.00 0.18
SEC00006 20
CSC00012 Type 1 10.00 922.00 0.18 -1.12
PMP00000 2.50 10.00 922.00

NOD00007 932.00 0.18
Main Drainage - Baru River Gate
NOD00006 932.00 0.18
SEC00007 20
CSC00013 Type 2 10.00 942.00 0.18 -1.12
GST00000 3.00 10.00 942.00 0.18 -1.12

NOD00008 952.00 0.18
Appendices 126
Tawang Retention Basin - Inlet

NOD00000 0.00 0.29
SEC00008 20
CSC00014 Type 3 10.00 10.00 0.29 -1.02
GST00001 6.00 10.00 10.00 0.285 -1.015

NOD00009 20.00 0.28
Tawang Retention Basin
NOD00009 20.00 0.28
SEC00009 165
CSC00015 Tawang 10.00 30.00 0.28 -1.02
CSC00016 Tawang 155.00 175.00 0.27 -1.03
ARE00003 7644 82.50 102.50
NOD00010 185.00 0.27
Tawang Retention Basin - Gate Outlet
NOD00010 185.00 0.27
SEC00010 20
CSC00017 Type 2 10.00 195.00 0.27 -1.03
GST00002 3.00 10.00 195.00 0.27 -1.03

NOD00001 205.00 0.27
Tawang Retention Basin - Pump Outlet
NOD00010 185.00 0.27
SEC00011 20
CSC00018 Type 2 10.00 195.00 0.27 -1.03
PMP00001 0.45 10.00 195.00
NOD00002 205.00 0.27

Kota Lama - North of Le tjen Suprapto Street
NOD00011 0.00 0.27
SEC00012 216
CSC00019 Type 4 10.00 10.00 0.27 -0.43
CSC00020 Type 5 206.00 206.00 0.28 -0.32
ARE00004 12724 108.00 108.00
NOD00012 216.00 0.28
SEC00013 357
CSC00021 Type 6 10.00 226.00 0.28 -0.42
CSC00022 Type 7 119.00 335.00 0.30 -0.40
CSC00023 Type 8 238.00 454.00 0.33 -0.47
CSC00024 Type 9 347.00 563.00 0.35 -0.05
ARE00005 44767 178.50 394.50
NOD00013 573.00 0.35
SEC00014 252
CSC00025 Type 10 10.00 583.00 0.35 -0.65
CSC00026 Type 11 126.00 699.00 0.33 -0.68
CSC00027 Type 12 242.00 815.00 0.30 -0.60
ARE00006 15215 126.00 699.00
Appendices 127
2
Dimension Section Area (m ) / Surface Bottom
NOD00014 825.00 0.3

SEC00015 191
CSC00028 Type 13 10.00 835.00 0.30 -0.70
CSC00029 Type 14 181.00 1006.00 0.27 -0.73
ARE00007 19661 95.50 920.50
NOD00015 1016.00 0.27
SEC00016 144
CSC00030 Type 15 10.00 1026.00 0.27 -0.63
CSC00031 Type 15 134.00 1150.00 0.26 -0.64
ARE00008 18082 72.00 1088.00
NOD00016 1160.00 0.26
SEC00017 124
CSC00032 Type 16 10.00 1170.00 0.26 -0.44
CSC00033 Type 16 114.00 1274.00 0.26 -0.44
ARE00009 25279 62.00 1222.00
NOD00017 1284.00 0.26
SEC00018 215
CSC00034 Type 16 10.00 1294.00 0.26 -0.44
CSC00035 Type 16 205.00 1489.00 0.27 -0.43
ARE00010 8714 107.50 1391.50
NOD00011 1499.00 0.27
Berok Bridge - Gate Outlet
NOD00011 0.00 0.27
SEC00025 34
CSC00047 Type 25 10.00 10.00 0.27 -1.03
CSC00048 Type 25 24.00 24.00 0.27 -1.03
GST00003 2.00 17.00 17.00 0.27 -1.03
NOD00023 34.00 0.27
NOD00016 0.00 0.26
SEC00019 20
CSC00036 Type 15 10.00 10.00 0.26 -0.64
NOD00003 20.00 0.26

NOD00014 0.00 0.3
SEC00027 20
CSC00050 Type 26 10.00 10.00 0.30 -0.71
NOD00000 20.00 0.29
Appendices 128
Kota Lama - South of Letjen Suprapto Street

NOD00018 0.00 0.28
SEC00020 236
CSC00037 Type 17 10.00 10.00 0.28 -0.42
CSC00038 Type 18 118.00 118.00 0.29 -0.32
CSC00039 Type 19 226.00 226.00 0.29 -0.01
ARE00011 42486 118.00 118.00
NOD00019 236.00 0.29
SEC00021 293
CSC00040 Type 20 10.00 246.00 0.29 -0.01
CSC00041 Type 21 146.50 382.50 0.32 -0.08
CSC00042 Type 22 283.00 519.00 0.35 -0.15
ARE00012 28209 146.50 382.50
NOD00020 529.00 0.35
SEC00022 22
CSC00043 Type 10 11.00 540.00 0.35 -0.65
NOD00013 551.00 0.35

Cendrawasih Street (South)
NOD00021 0.00 0.38
SEC00023 162
CSC00044 Type 23 10.00 10.00 0.38 -0.22
CSC00045 Type 24 152.00 152.00 0.35 -0.35
ARE00013 75817 81.00 81.00
NOD00020 162.00 0.35
NOD00024 0.00 0.3
SEC00026 1450
CSC00049 Type 1 725.00 725.00 0.30 -1.00
NOD00022 1450.00 0.3

SEC00024 35
CSC00046 Type 1 10.00 1460.00 0.30 -1.00
ARE00014 631492 17.50 1467.50
NOD00000 1485.00 0.29
Appendices 129
Canal Cross Sections, Gates & Pumps in
DUFLOW
manning coefficient, n: 0.017 0.022
Clean Canals Canals with Sediment
Dimension
B1 (m) B2 (m) 1/2 1/2
Type H (m) C (m /s) H (m) C (m /s)
Type 1 3.5 3.5 2.0 58 1.3 43

B1
Type 2 3.0 3.0 2.0 57 1.3 43
Type 3 6.0 6.0 2.0 61 1.3 45
Type 4 0.6 0.6 1.0 46 0.7 35
Type 5 0.6 0.6 0.9 46 0.6 35 H
Type 6 0.7 0.7 1.0 47 0.7 36
Type 7 0.8 0.8 1.0 48 0.7 36
Type 8 1.0 1.0 1.2 49 0.8 37 B2
Type 9 1.0 1.0 0.6 47 0.4 35
Type 10 1.5 1.5 1.5 52 1.0 39 Pump (PMP)
Type 11 1.2 1.2 1.5 51 1.0 39 Capacity
Code Section 3
Type 12 1.2 1.2 1.4 51 0.9 38 (m /s)
Type 13 2.0 2.0 1.5 54 1.0 40 PMP00000 SEC00006 2.50
Type 14 2.1 2.1 1.5 54 1.0 41 PMP00001 SEC00011 0.45
Type 15 2.0 2.0 1.3 53 0.9 40
Type 16 0.8 0.8 1.0 48 0.7 36 Gate (GST)
Type 17 0.6 0.6 1.0 46 0.7 35 Width
Code Section
Type 18 0.6 0.6 0.9 46 0.6 35 (m)
Type 19 0.5 0.5 0.5 44 0.3 33 GST00000 SEC00007 3.0
Type 20 0.5 0.5 0.5 44 0.3 33 GST00001 SEC00008 6.0
Type 21 0.5 0.5 0.6 44 0.4 33 GST00002 SEC00010 3.0
Type 22 0.4 0.4 0.7 43 0.5 33 GST00003 SEC00025 2.0
Type 23 0.9 0.9 0.9 48 0.6 36
Type 24 0.8 0.8 1.0 48 0.7 36
Type 25 2.0 2.0 2.0 55 1.3 41
Type 26 1.0 1.0 1.0 49 1.0 38
Type 27 2.4 2.4 2.0 56 1.3 42
Small RB 10.0 10.0 2.0 62 1.3 46
Tawang 65.0 65.0 2.0 65 1.3 47
Appendices 130
Service Area in DUFLOW
Existing Condition
2
Code Section Area (m ) Paved Unpaved Open Water
ARE00000 SEC00002 5814 94% 5% 1%

ARE00001 SEC00004 128597 90% 8% 2%
ARE00002 SEC00005 63955 91% 7% 2%
ARE00003 SEC00009 7644 0% 100% 0%
ARE00004 SEC00012 12724 90% 9% 1%
ARE00005 SEC00013 44767 88% 10% 2%
ARE00006 SEC00014 15215 90% 9% 1%
ARE00007 SEC00015 19661 90% 8% 2%
ARE00008 SEC00016 18082 90% 8% 2%
ARE00009 SEC00017 25279 90% 9% 1%
ARE00010 SEC00018 8714 90% 9% 1%
ARE00011 SEC00020 42486 91% 8% 1%
ARE00012 SEC00021 28209 90% 9% 1%
ARE00013 SEC00023 75817 93% 6% 1%
ARE00014 SEC00024 631492 88% 10% 2%
Average 89% 9% 2%
In case of Polder
2
Code Section Area (m ) Paved Unpaved Open Water
ARE00000 SEC00002 5814 94% 5% 1%

ARE00002 SEC00005 63955 91% 7% 2%
ARE00003 SEC00009 7644 0% 100% 0%
ARE00004 SEC00012 12724 90% 9% 1%
ARE00005 SEC00013 44767 88% 10% 2%
ARE00006 SEC00014 15215 90% 9% 1%
ARE00007 SEC00015 19661 90% 8% 2%
ARE00008 SEC00016 18082 90% 8% 2%
ARE00009 SEC00017 25279 90% 9% 1%
ARE00010 SEC00018 8714 90% 9% 1%
ARE00011 SEC00020 42486 91% 8% 1%
ARE00012 SEC00021 28209 90% 9% 1%
ARE00013 SEC00023 75817 93% 6% 1%
ARE00015 SEC00028 693108 88% 10% 2%
ARE00016 SEC00029 31320 94% 5% 1%
ARE00017 SEC00004 35661 89% 9% 2%
Average 89% 9% 2%
Appendices 131

Masters2 99426

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Masters2 99426

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Click here to insert picture

Urban Drainage and Options of

Fajar Baskoro Wicaksono

Master of Science Thesis

© Fajar Baskoro Wicaksono 2016.

List of Tables xiii

List of Symbols xvii

Drainage System Analysis 57

Conclusions and Recommendations 111

Figure 1-1 Layout of Kota Lama in 1787 (atlasofmutualheritage.nl)

1.2. Problem Identification

1.3. Research Questions

1.4. Research Objectives

Types of Causes Naturally Occurring Human Induced Onset Duration

2.2. Sustainable Urban Drainage System

Sustainability Primary Criteria Secondary Criteria Benchmarks

2.3. Polder System

Figure 2-3 Polder Components (Witteveen+Bos, 2009)

Major design flood 50 years

Water level Water level

Alternative 1: 1 pump station

Water level Water level

Alternative 2: Series pump station

Water level Water level

Alternative 3: Series pump station

2.4. Design Rainfall

 Smirnov Kolmogorov test

Continuity equation can be expressed as:

Or if surface width of channel is defined, it can be written as:

+ + ( ℎ )= − + cos Φ Equation 2-24

 = (1 − ) + at node xi and time t + θ∆. Equation 2-26

 / = in between nodes xi and xi+1 at time t. Equation 2-27

Figure 2-8 The Four Point Preismann Scheme (Stowa, 2006)

Figure 2-10 Types of Flow at General Structures (Stowa, 2006)

Those variables can be described as:

Land Subsidence Existing Drainage Waste water

The Most Appropriate Scenario

Figure 3-1 Research Methodology

No. Data and Information Collected From

Sustainability Primary Secondary Criteria Benchmarks

Figure 4-1 Blenduk Church at Kota Lama (hotcaramel-s.blogspot.com)

4.3. Kota Lama Sub Drainage System

Figure 4-3 Kota Lama Sub Drainage System

Figure 4-4 Administrative Region of Kota Lama Sub Drainage System

4.5. Land Use

4.6. Population & Employees

Rainfall 1981 - 2006 Maximum Daily

4.8. Tidal Fluctuation

Table 4-4 Semarang Tidal Characteristic (Witteveen+Bos, 2008)

Tidal Condition Abbreviations Level (m+MSL)

4.9. Inundation Problem

Figure 4-10 Rainfall Graph at Simongan Hydrological Station (http://www.tech4water.com)

Review of Drainage System Master Plan

Rainfall Intensity Duration (minutes)

5.2. Semarang Surakarta Urban Development Project (1991)

Review of Drainage System Master Plan 39

Catchment Area (km2)

Review of Drainage System Master Plan 40

 =( for 2 hours < t  12 hours Equation 5-2

2) 5-year return period

 =( for 2 hours < t  12 hours Equation 5-4

3) 10-year return period

 =( for 2 hours < t  12 hours Equation 5-6