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c;kmn ePsf] k'li6 ub{5 . b]zsf] jt{dfg /fhgLlts ;+s6sf] plrt dfldnf pkdGqL leS6f]l/of g'NofG8n]
lgsf;sf] nflu ;+;b\jfbL bnx?;Fu s'g} k|i6 b[li6sf]0f 5}g . pgLx? klg g]kfnsf] b'O{ lbg] e|d0f ug'e { Psf]
cfˆgf] JolQmut / bnLo :jfy{eGbf dfly p7\g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . lyof] . e|d0fsf qmddf pxfFn] g]kfndf
olta]nf ;+;b\jfbL bnsf] efuj08fsf] /fhgLltn] b]z / hgtfsf] pRr /fhgLlts e]6jftf{ ug{s ' f ;fy}
ljleGg ;f+ : s[ l ts ;Dkbfsf]
cl:tTj ;+s6df k/]sf] 5 . /fi6«, /fli6«otf / hghLljsf lbgk|ltlbg cjnf]sg;d]t ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
;+s6u|:t / si6s/ aGb} uPsf] 5 . ls;fgn] v]tL ug{ ;dodf dn, cd]l/sL /fi6«klt hh{ 8An' a';sf]
aLp, ljBfyL{n] k9\gsf] nflu ;dodf kf7\ok':ts, kLl8tn] cbfntaf6 bf]>f] sfo{sfndf ;g\ @))% b]lv
plrt Gofo kfPsf 5}gg\ . zflGt ;'/Iff Psfb]zsf] sxfgL ePsf] 5 @))* ;Dd g]6f]sf nflu cd]l/sL
cyf{t\ htf x]¥of] pt} eb|uf]nsf] l:ylt 5 . dxFuL, sfnf]ahf/L, /fhb" t /xg' ePsL g' N of08sf]
e|d0fnfO{{ klg g]kfnsf] ;'/Iff;Fu
clgoldttf / e|i6frf/n] ;Ldf gf3]sf] 5 . Pd;L;Lh:tf] /fi6«3ftL hf]8]/ rrf{ ul/Psf] lyof] . pxfFn]
;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 eg] :6]6 kf6{g/;Lk k|fu] f| d -P;kLkLkL_ h:tf] /fi6«3ftL g]kfn e|d0fsf qmddf k'iksdn
;Demf}tf ug{ ljleGg k|kGr ul/Fb5} . t/, o; ljifodf ;/sf/, ;Qfwf/L bfxfn g] t [ T jsf] gofF ;/sf/sf]
/ ;+;b\jfbL /fhgLlts bn / g]tfx?nfO{ s'g} lrGtf / rf;f] /x]sf] cd]l/sf—g]kfn ;xsfo{af/] 5nkmn
b]lvFbg} . pgLx? t b]z / hgtfsf] ljifodf eGbf s;/L cfˆgf] n'6sf] ug'{sf ;fy} ldn]lgod Rofn]Gh
:ju{ sfod /fVg] eg]/ bQlrQ eP/ nfu]sf 5g . h'g Hofb} 3[l0ft / skf]/{ z
] g -Pd;L;L_ g]kfn sDKofS6
;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogaf/] klg 5nkmn
lgGbgLo sfo{ xf] . ;+;b\jfbL /fhgLlts bn / g]tfsf] o; lsl;dsf] ug'e { Psf] lyof] . To;cl3 sl/j rf/
xs{taf6 jt{dfg ;+;bLo Joj:yfaf6 b]z / hgtfsf] d'lQm ;Dea 5}g dlxgfsf] cjwLdf rf/hgfeGbf a9L
eGg] k'li6 x'G5 . cd]l/sL pRr clwsf/Lx?n] g]kfnsf]
To;sf/0f, !) jif]{ hgo'4 / !( lbg] hgcfGbf]ngsf] pknlAwsf] e| d 0f u/] s f] / ;a} s f] rf;f]
/Iff ug{ / nf]stGqsf] gfddf eO/x]sf] n'6tGqnfO{ tTsfn aGb ug{sf] Pd;L;Lsf] sfof{Gjog / g]kfnsf]
;'/Iffdf s]lGb|t /x]sf] b]lvPsf] lyof] .
nflu g]skfn] eg]sf] h:tf] j}1flgs ;dfhjfb :yfkgf ug{s ' f] lasNk To;}u/L ut ;ftf ;f]daf/g} g]kfnsf]
5}g, To;af6 dfq b]z / hgtfsf] d'lQm ;Dej 5 . cGoyf nf]stGqsf] b'O{ lbg] e|d0fsf nflu sf7df8f}F
gfddf cem} n'6tGq df}nfpFb} hfg] / b]z k'gM åGådf km:g] lglZrt 5, cfOk'Ug' ePsf ef/tLo ljb]z ;lrj
;a}df r]tgf eof . ljgodf]xg Sjfqfn] /fi6«klt laBfb]jL
e08f/L, k|wfgdGqL k'iksdn bfxfn
/ Pdfn] s f cWoIf s] k L cf] n L,
PsLs[t ;dfhjfbLsf cWoIf dfwj
g]kfnnufot ;+;bdf /x]sf k|foM
g]kfnsftkm{af6 k//fi6«sf] blIf0f
Plzof l8lehg k|d'v /fdk|;fb
;'j]bL;lxtsf clwsf/L ;xefuL
lgdGq0fdf rf/ lbg] e|d0fsf nflu
pxfF g]kfn cfpg' ePsf] atfOG5 .
pxfFn] o;cl3 ut ebf} !( ut]af6
bnsf cWoIf / ;efkltx?;Fu e]6 x'ge
' Psf] lyof] . ef/tLo ljb]z ;lrj kfFr lbg] g]kfn e|d0fdf ug'e
{ Psf]
ug'{ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] k//fi6«dGqL Sjfqf k//fi6«;DaGwL a}7sdf efu lyof] . To;}u/L ef/tLo ;]gfsf
8f= ljdnf /fO{ kf}8o\ fn, pkk|wfgdGqL lng g]kfn cfPsf] elgP klg pxfFn] kfFrhgf k"j:{ yn ;]gfWoIfx? klg
8f= s]zj b]jsf]6f
ut k'; !) ut] dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|sf cWoIf
bfxfnsf] g]tT[ jdf gofF ;/sf/ ag]bl] v g}
ef/t / cd]l/sfnufotsf klZrdf /fi6«n]
g]kfndf ;'/Iff rf;f] a9fPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
o;aLrdf g]kfnsf nflu cd]l/sf / ef/tsf
/fhb"tx?n] Ps;fy k"jL{ t/fO{sf] s]xL
lhNnfx?sf] e|d0f ul/;Sg' ePsf] 5 . o;/L
ef/tLo / cd]l/sL clwsf/L tyf ;}Go k|dv ' x?sf] e|d0f a9]kl5 g]kfndf
;/sf/ kl/jt{gsf s'/fx? klg cfPsf 5g\ . ef/tLo ljb]z ;lrjsf]
g]kfn e|d0f nuQ}af6 g]kfnsf g]kfnL sf+u;]| , Pdfn] / h;kfnufotsf
ljleGg kf6L{sf g]tfx?n] ;Qf ;+s6sfaf/]df rrf{ ug{ yfn]sf] b]lvPsf]
5 . w]/n} ] cgf}krfl/s?kn] g]kfndf ef/t / cd]l/sfsf] ;'/Iff rf;f]
a9]sf] / s'g} klg a]nf cgk]lIft /fhgLlts b'36{ gf x'g ;Sg] cf+sngx?
ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . b]zeQm, jfdkGyL / k|ultzLn zlQmsf] o;tkm{ Wofg
hfg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
Pj+ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoftdGqL cfkm\gf] e|d0fsf] clwsf+z ;do g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Ps sfo{qmddf efu
gf/fo0fsfhL >]i7, pkk|wfgdGqL Pj+ /fhgLlts e]63f6d} latfpg' ePsf] lng g]kfn cfpg' ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf
cy{dGqL lji0f' kf}8n ] , pkk|wfgdGqL lyof] . pxfFsf] rf;f] cfufdL @% ut] /IffdGqL pk|t] Ln] lbNnLtkm{ k|:yfg
Pj+ pmhf{ d GqL /fh] G b| x'g] /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rgdf s]lGb|t ug'{cl3 ;}lgs d'Vofnodf ut df3
lnª\b]gnufotsf g]tfx?nfO{{ klg /x]sf] b]lvGYof] . g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqL @( ut] cfof] l ht k[ t gfklt
e]6g\ e' Psf] lyof] . pxfFn] e|d0fsf] bf]>f] bfxfnnfO{{ ef/t e|d0fsf] cf}krfl/s ;dGjofTds a}7sdf ;xeflutf
lbg d+unaf/ dw]z s]lGb|t clwsf+z lgdGq0f ug{ cfpg' ePsf] elgP klg hgfpg' ePsf] lyof] . ;f] a}7sdf
bnsf g]tfx?nfO{{ e]6g\ e ' Psf] lyof] . ljb]z ;lrj Sjfqfn] clGtd ;dodf /IffdGqL pk|]tLn] afx\o / cfGtl/s
pxfF g]kfnsf k//fi6« ;lrj e/t/fh lgdGq0ff x:tfGt/0f;d]t ug'e { Pg . b'j} ;'/Iff vt/fnfO{{ ;"Id ljZn]if0f
kf}8]nsf] lgdGq0ffdf g]kfn cfpg' ;f] lgdGq0ff klg /fi6« k ltsf] / d"Nof+sg u/L Go"gLs/0fsf nflu
ePsf] eP klg kf}8n ] ;Fu ofs P08 lgjf{rgkl5 dfq cfpg] ;+st] ul/Psf] g]kfnL ;]gf tof/L cj:yfdf /xg'kg]{
otL xf]6ndf a;]sf] a}7sdf ;Ldf 5 . hasL k|d bfxfnsf] e|d0f oxL wf/0ff JoQm ug{e ' Psf] lyof] .
;DaGw, jftfj/0f, ko{ 6 g, km]a|'c/Ldf x'g] eGb} b'a} b]zsf To;}u/L ut df3 @% ut] g]kfnL
oftfoftnufotsf ljifodf sl/j clwsf/Lx?n] cfaZos tof/L ;]gfsf k|wfg;]gfklt k|e/' fd zdf{ /
cfwf 306f dfq 5nkmn ug'{ePsf] ul/;s]sf lyP . o;cl3 g]kfnsf a]nfotsf k|lt/Iff ;]jfdf cfa4
lyof] . ;f] a}7sdf b'O{ b]z tyf ;du| k"jk{ w| fgdGqL /xg'ePsf k'iksdn hgzlQm;DaGwL dGqL Pg8« o '
If]qs} lxtsf nflu cfly{s tyf bfxfn ef/t e|d0fdf hfFbf ef/tLo d'//{ L;gaLr e]6jftf{ ePsf] lyof] .
ljsf; ;fem]bf/L yk ;'b[9 ug]{ k|wfgdGqLn] e]6;d]t lbg'ePsf] ;}lgs d'Vofno h+uL c8\8fdf ePsf]
;xdlt ePsf] atfOPsf] lyof] . lyPg . bfxfnn] ToxfFsf sd{rf/L;Fu e]6jftf{df pxfFx?aLr b'O{ kIfLo lxt
ljb]z ;lrj Sjfqf;Fu} ef/tLo jftf{ u/]/ kms{g' k/]sf] lyof] . t/ tyf kf/:kl/s ;DaGwsf ljifodf
ljb]z dGqfnosf] g]kfn / e'6fg x]g{] ef/tLo ;lrjn] eg] ljrf/–ljdz{ ePsf] atfOPsf] lyof] .
l8lehgsf ;x;lrj cg' / fu c:jfeflas?kdf g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqL To;}u/L k|wfgdGqL bfxfn;Fu ut;ftf
>Ljf:tj;lxtsf clwsf/L klg / /fi6«kltnufot ljleGg kf6L{sf !$ d+unaf/ blIf0f sf]l/ofsf /fi6«kltsf

d"Noj[l4 !@ k|ltzt;Dd k'Ug ;Sg] Û

sf7df8f}F . g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn]
;j{;fwf/0f pkef]Qmfn] cfufdL tLg
dlxgfdf !) k|ltzt / Ps jif{df !@
k|ltzt;Dd d"Noj[l4 x'g; ] Sg] cg'dfg
u/]sf] atfPsf] 5 . a}s + sf] cfly{s
cg';Gwfg ljefun] u/]sf] d"Noj[l4
ck]Iff ;j]I{ f0fdf pkef]Qmfn] cfufdL
lbgdf clxn]sf] eGbf klg a9L d"Noj[l4
x'g;Sg] cg'dfg u/]sf x'g\ . /fi6« a}s
+ n]
@$–#) k'; @)&( df ^) ahf/
If]qsf b'O{ xhf/ !) hgf JolQmx?;Fu
cGtjf{tf{dfkm{t\ ;DkGg u/]sf] pQm
;j]I{ f0fdf *$=^ k|ltzt pQ/bftfn]
cfufdL tLg dlxgfdf !) k|ltzt
d"Noj[l4 x'g] ck]Iff u/]sf 5g\ .
To;}u/L (@=# k|ltzt pQ/bftfn]
cfufdL Ps jif{df !@ k|ltzt;Dd
d"Noj[l4 x'g] ck]Iff u/]sf 5g\ .
cfufdL tLg dlxgfdf clxn]sf]
eGbf pRr d"Noj[l4 x'g] cg'dfg !*=!
k|ltzt, clxn]s} b/df d"Noj[l4 x'g]
cg'dfg ug]{sf] ;+Vof #$=% k|ltzt
/ clxn]sf] eGbf d"Noj[l4 36\g]
cg'dfg ug]{ pkef]Qmfsf] ;+Vof #@=!
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o:t} d"No l:y/
/x]g cg'dfg ug]{ pkef]Qmf !$=#
k|ltzt / 36\g cg'dfg ug]{ pkef]Qmf
klg !=! k|ltzt /x]sf] /fi6« a}s + n]
hgfPsf] 5 .
cfufdL tLg dlxgfdf d"Noj[l4 x'g]
cg'dfg ug]s { f] ;+Vof c;f]hdf *^=^
k|ltzt / c;f/df ($=& k|ltzt
/x]sf]df k';df 36]sf] 5 . cfufdL !
jif{df d"Noj[l4 clxn]sf] eGbf pRr x'g]
cg'dfg ug]{ ;j{;fwf/0f @*=! k|ltzt,
clxn]s} b/df d"Noj[l4 x'g;Sg] cg'dfg
ug]{ ;j{;fwf/0f $)=! k|ltzt / clxn]sf]
eGbf d"Noj[l4b/ sd x'g] cg'dfg ug]{
pkef]Qmf @!=! k|ltzt /xsf] /fi6« a}s
+ n]
hgfPsf] 5 . o:t} ^=% k|ltztn] d"Noj[l4
l:y/ x'g] / !=! k|ltztn] cfufdL !
jif{df clxn]sf] eGbf d"No 36\g;Sg]
cg'dfg u/]sf 5g\ .
cfudL # dlxgfdf vfB j:t'sf]
d"No a9\g] cg'dfg ug]{ pkef]Qmf
**=( k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ . vfB
pk;d"xcGtu{tsf] df5f, df;', b"w,
£o" tyf t] n / xf] 6 n tyf
/]:6'/G] 6afx]ssf ;a} vfB pk;d"xdf
casf] tLg dlxgfdf d"Noj[l4 x'g]
ck]Iff ug]{ pQ/bftfx¿sf] lx:;f
c;f]h, @)&( sf] t'ngfdf a9]sf]
/fi6« a}+sn] hgfPsf] 5 . u}/vfB
j:t' tyf ;]jf / 3/hUuf -cfjf;_
;d"xdf casf] tLg dlxgfdf d"Noj[l4
x'g] ck]Iff ug]{ pQ/bftfx¿sf] lx:;f
c;f]h, @)&( sf] t'ngfdf s]xL
36]sf] 5 . o:tf] pQ/ lbg] pkef]Qmf
c;f]hdf &^=! k|ltzt /x]sf]df
k';df &$=% k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ .
vfBj:t'sf] d"No cfufdL Ps
jif{df a9\g] cg'dfg ug]{ pkef]Qmf
c;f]hsf] t'ngfdf 36]sf 5g\ eg]
vfBj:t'sf] d"No 36\g;Sg] cg'dfg
ug{ pkef]Qmf s]xL a9]sf 5g\ .
c;f] h df cffudL Ps jif{ ; Dd
vfBj:t'sf] d"No a9\g] cg'dfg ug]{
pkef]Qmf (%=^ k|ltzt /x]sf]df k';df
($=^ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . cfufdL Ps
jif{ vfBj:t'sf] d"No l:y/ /xg]
cg'dfg ug]{ pkef]Qmf c;f]hdf #=(
k|ltzt /x]sf]df k';df $ k|ltzt /
Ps jif{df vfBj:t'sf] d"No 36\g]
cg'dfg ug]{ pkef]Qmfsf] ;+Vof
c;f]hdf )=$ k|ltzt /x]sf]df k';df
a9]/ !=$ k|ltzt k'us ] f] 5 . vfB
pk;d"xcGtu{tsf] df5f, df;', b"w
tyf £o", k]o kbfy{ tyf ;'tL{ / xf]6n
tyf /]:6'/]G6 afx]ssf ;a} vfB
pk;d"x, u}/vfB tyf ;]jf / 3/hUuf
-cfjf;_ ;d"xdf casf] Ps jif{df d"No
a9\g] ck]Iff ug]{ pQ/bftfx¿sf lx:;f
c;f]h, @)&( sf] t'ngfdf 36]sf] xf] .
/fi6« a}+ssf] ;j]{If0fdf cfufdL #
dlxgfdf ck]lIft d'b|f:kmLlt !)
k|ltzt / Ps jif{df !@ k|ltzt;Dd
x'g;Sg] cg'dfg pQ/bftfn] u/]sf
5g\ . ut c;f]hdf ePsf] ;j]{If0df
klg # dlxgfdf !) k|ltzt / !
jifdf !@ k|ltzt ck]lIft d'bf| :kmLlt
x'g] cg'dfg pkef]Qmfsf] lyof] .
pkef]Qmfn] clxn] klg !@ k|ltzt g}
d"Noj[l4 /x]sf] cg'dfg u/]sf] atfPsf
5g\ . t/, /fi6« a} + s ssf]
tYof+scg';f/ eg] @)&( k';sf]
jflif{s laGb'ut pkef]Qmf d'b|f:kmLlt
&=@^ k|ltzt /x]sf] cg'dfg u/]sf
5g\ . c;f]hdf ePsf] ;j]I{ f0fdf klg
pkef]Qmfn] !@ k|ltzt g} d'bf| :kmLlt
/x]sf] ck]Iff u/]sf lyP .
hgf g]tfx?;Fu e]6 u/]sf] b]lvPsf]
lyof] . To;}u/L ut df3 @( ut]
kfF r lbg] ef/t e| d 0fsf nflu
gofF l bNnL k' U g' e Psf g] k fnsf
/IffdGqL xl/k|;fb pk|t] Ln] kmfu'g
Psut] ;f]daf/ ef/tLo ;dsIfL
/fhgfy l;+xnfO{{ e]6\g'ePsf] lyof] .
;f] e]6df b'O{ b]zaLrsf] cfk;L lxt
/ rf;f]sf] ljifodf 5nkmn ePsf]
atfOPsf] lyof] . To;}u/L ;f]xL lbg
/IffdGqL pk|]tL / ef/tLo :yn
;]gfWoIf dgf]h kf08]aLr klg e]6jftf{
ePsf] lyof] . /IffdGqL pk|]tLn]
;]gfWoIf kf08];Fu b'O{ d'n'ssf] /Iff
;DaGwaf/] 5nkmn ug'e { Psf] ef/tLo
;~rf/ dfWodx?n] hgfPsf lyP .
pxfFx?aLr b'O{ b]zaLrsf] ljBdfg
alnof] /Iff ;DaGwnfO{{ yk lj:tf/
ug]a{ f/] 5nkmn ePsf] elgPsf] lyof] .
dGqL pk|t] Lsf ;fydf g]kfnL ;]gfsf
anflws[t /yL ;/f]hk|tfk /f0ff /
/IffdGqfnosf ;x;lrj afa'/fd
clwsf/L klg /xg' ePsf] lyof] .
/IffdGqL pk|t] L ut kfFr ut]
z'qmaf/ :jb]z kms{g' ePsf] lyof]
eg] ef/tLo ;]gfsf :yn ;]gfWoIf
dgf]h kf08] klg ;f]xL lbg sf7df8f}F
cfpg' ePsf] / ef]ln * ut] :jb]z
ljz]if b"t ;'ª ldg hª;lxtsf]
cf7hgfsf] 6f]nLn] e]6jftf{ u/]sf]
lyof] . k|wfgdGqLsf] lgjf; afn'jf6f/df
ePsf] ;f] e]6jftf{df b'O{ b]zaLrsf]
cfk;L ;DaGw, cfk;L lxt / rf;f]sf
ljifodf 5nkmn ePsf] k|wfgdGqLsf]
;lrjfnon] hgfPsf] lyof] .
To;qmddf låkIfLo ;DaGwnfO{{ yk
;'b9[ agfpg], cfly{s ;xof]u cfbfg–
k|bfgnufotsf ljifodf dxTjk"0f{
5nkmn ePsf] elgPsf] lyof] . blIf0f
sf]l/of cd]l/sL ;'/Iff 5ftfdf /x]sf]
d'ns ' dflgG5 . ut k'; !) ut]
dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|sf cWoIf bfxfnsf]
g]tT[ jdf gofF ;/sf/ ag]bl] v g} ef/t
/ cd]l/sfnufotsf klZrdf /fi6«n]
g]kfndf ;'/Iff rf;f] a9fPsf] b]lvPsf]
5 . o;aLrdf g]kfnsf nflu cd]l/sf
/ ef/tsf /fhb"tx?n] Ps;fy k"jL{
t/fO{sf] s]xL lhNnfx?sf] e|d0f
ul/;Sg' ePsf] 5 . o;/L ef/tLo /
cd] l /sL clwsf/L tyf ;} G o
k|dv ' x?sf] e|d0f a9]kl5 g]kfndf
;/sf/ kl/jt{gsf s'/fx? klg cfPsf
5g\ . ef/tLo ljb]z ;lrjsf] g]kfn
e|d0f nuQ}af6 g]kfnsf g]kfnL sf+u; ]| ,
Pdfn] / h;kfnufotsf ljleGg kf6L{sf
g]tfx?n] ;Qf ;+s6sfaf/]df rrf{ ug{
yfn] s f] b] l vPsf] 5 . w] / } n ]
cgf}krfl/s?kn] g]kfndf ef/t /
 @)&( ;fn kmfu'g & ut] cfOtaf/ 3

hgo'4, hgo'4 lbj; / PsLs[t hgqmflGt

olta]nf xfdL c¶fO;f}F hgo'4 :d/0fdf tfh} 5 . g]kfnL hgtfsf] kxnsf nflu klxnf] of]hgfn] lgwf{/0f kg]{ / s'g} klg xfntdf kf6L{leq sDo'lgi6 hgtfsf] lglDt dxfg\ lbg a9\g gLlt of]hgf / ljrf/x?nfO{
lbj; dgfO/x]sf 5f}F, s]xL u'dfPsf] kl/jt{gsf] cfsf+IffnfO{{ dhj't ?kdf u/]sf ;}4flGts k|ltj4tfx? cfh b]zL Pj+ k|ltlqmofjfbLsf] bjfj xf] . of] lbgnfO{ ka{sf] ?kdf dgfpg' ljsf; ug{ g;Sbf d'Vo g]tT[ jdf
s]xL k|fKt u/]sf] k[i7e"lddf hgo'4 kqmg]sf] hgo'4 slxNo} k/flht klg ;a} dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ngaf6 wDsL / k|nf]egdf gkg]{ eg]/ ;Rrf qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] st{Jo;Fu cfTd;'/Iffjfb k}bf eof] / cGttM
lbj; dgfO/xFbf xfdL ;a}sf cf– ePg . qmflGt dxfg\ alnbfgsf] cfPsf] zlQmn] :d/0f ug{ h?/L 5 . k|ltj4tf hfx]/ ul/Psf] 5 . hf]l8Psf] s'/f xf] . hgo'4af6 cfPsf] To;} d f 6] s ] / k' F h LjfbL
cfˆgf cg'ej cg'e"lt kL8f pT;fx cfxfnaf6 cufl8 a95 / d'6'df :d/0f dfq xf]Og o;nfO{{ cfhsf] &_ n]lggsf] …qmflGt cfkm}n
F ] cfˆgf] Pp6f zlQm larlnt ePsf] 5 t/ ;fd|fHojfbLx?n] g]tT[ jnfO{ g} cfˆgf]
/ lhjgufyfx? 5g . hgo'4 g]kfnL ;fx; ePsf] dfG5]n] To;sf] g]t[Tj qmflGtsf] sfo{ef/;Fu hf]8\g h?/L ljsf;qmddf ;w}F g} c;fwf/0f hl6n pxL :t/df geP klg hgo'4sf] kf]N6fdf lnof] kl/0ffdtM dfcf]jfbL
/fhgLltdf Ps dxTjk"0f{ kl/36gf ub{5 . g]kfnL hgtfsf] alnbfgLk"0f{ x'G5 . kl/l:ylt l;[hgf ub{5Ú eGg] egfO{ p2]Zo;lxt qmflGtsf] ;kgf k'/f ug{ cfGbf] n g sdhf] / aGg uof] .
xf] ;sf/fTds ?kdf xf] ; \ jf ;fx;sf] cufl8 ;fdGtjfb Pskl5 !_ dfcf] å f/f ljsf; u/LPsf] pb[t ub}{ hLt / xf/, pknlAw / rfxg] zlQm cfh klg hLljt 5 . dfS;{ j fb l/h6 lj1fg xf] O g,
gsf/fTds ?kdf g} lsg gxf];\ csf]{ ub}{ k/flht aGb} uPsf] lyof] . ;a{ x f/fju{ s f] ;fa{ e f} d / Ifltsf rqmx? kf/ u/]/ hgo'4 qmflGtx?n] s'g} g s'g} gf}nf s'/fx? dfS;{jfb a:t' kl/l:ylt cg's'n
hgo'4sf] :d/0f gug]{ sf]xL klg 5}g . xhf/f}F alnbfgsf] hudf plePsf] ck/fho dfS;{ j fbL ;} G o cufl8 a95 / ljhoL aG5 elgPsf] lbP/ g} hfG5g\ g]kfnL hgo'4n] ljsf; x'G5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{ kqmFb}
ufpF, zx/, ls;fg, sd{rf/L, dhb'/, g]kfnL hgo'4 s;/L s'g ;}4flGts l;4fGtsf ?kdf hgo' 4 sf] 5 . v/fj s'/fnfO{ c;n s'/fdf cfhsf] g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ bnfn g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{n] ljrf/ l;4fGt
?kfGt/0f ug] { cGt/la/f] w sf] k'FhLjfbL eP klg u0ftGq lbP/ / bz{gdf ;d]t gofF vf]h cg';Gwfg
c;n ;L lgodnfO{ { l7s 9Ën] kqm] / g}
hgo'4sf] g]tT[ j ug{ ;lsg] k|ltj4tf
uPsf] 5 . of] u0ftGq lglZrt
bnfnx?sf] kf]N6fdf 5 bnfnx?sf]
ub}{ cfPsf] 5 of] Pp6f ;'Gb/ kIf
xf] . hgo'4sf ;kgfx?sf] xTof ug{
g]kfnsf] ;+;bLo Aoj:yf sdhf]/ / hfx]/ ul/Psf] 5 . dgkl/ t 5 g} t/ ;fdGtjfbeGbf vf]Hg] ;fd|fHojfbL k|ltlqmofjfbL
P] l txfl;s hgo' 4 sf] klxnf] cln cu|ufdL g} dfGg' kb{5 . pTkL8t zlQmnfO{ Pp6f 7"nf] r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf
w/fzoL aGb} uO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf of] h gfsf] b:tfj] h df ul/Psf hflt If]q / ;d'bfosf] r]tgfnfO{ PsLs[t hgqmflGtsf] sfo{lbzf cufl8
;Rrf sDo'lgi6x?n] ;dodf g} ;xL ;}4flGts k|ltj4tfx? s] k"/f ePsf hgo'4n] clwsf/sf] lglDt n8\g' al9/x]sf] 5 . hgo'4sf ;kgfx? k'/f
x'g\ t < cfh hgo'4sf] d"n g]tT[ jdf kb{5 eGg] txdf ljsf; u/]sf] 5 ug{' PsLs[t hgqmflGtsf] d"n bfloTj
s'/f a'‰g] / g]kfndf ljeQm ?kdf of] k|Zg qmflGtsf/L hgtf, sfo{stf{, cfh ;a} 7fpFdf tL n8fOx? 5g\ / xf], csf]{ efiffdf eGbf PsLs[t
;lxb a]kQfsf kl/jf/, hgo'4sf s]xL clwsf/x? k|fKt klg ePsf hgqmflGt hgo'4 s} lg/Gt/tf xf] .
/x]sf] sDo'lgi6 qmflGtnfO{ Pstfj4 ug]{ 3fOt] ckfËx?sf] 5 . olb k'/f ePsf 5g\ . lglZrt ;fdGtx?sf] ;Qf hgo' 4 sf] huaf6 g} PsLs[ t
/ Pstfj4 x'g] xf] eg] hgo'4n] b]vs ] f] x'g eg] dxfg\ p2]Zo;lxt lgdf{0f ;/sf/ / g]t[Tjaf6 hgtfsf] txdf hgqmflGtsf] hGd ePsf] xf] . PsLs[t
ePsf] hgd'lQm ;]gf sxfF 5 < Nofpg] k|oTg ug{' hgtfnfO{ cu|ufdL hgqmflGtnfO{ hgo'4af6 ljeQm u/]/
;kgf k'/f x'g w]/} ;do nfUg] 5}g . hgo'4sf ;kgfx?nfO{ /5\ofgdf qmflGtsf/L r]tgfn] n}; ug{' hgo'4sf] x]g{ x'Fb}g . sof}F gofF cfofdx?sf]
hgo'4sf] c¶fO;f}F lbj;sf] ;Gbe{df ;a} ldNsfP/ k'FhLjfbsf] /;ftndf 8'Ag' dxfg\ sfo{ xf] . ;a{xf/f ju{ >lds ljsf; ePsf] 5, sof}F gofF ljifox?n]
g]tT[ jsf] larng xf]Og / < Ps k6s hgtfsf] ;Qf :yfkgf ug{ g;s] klg ?k u|x0f u/]sf 5g\ t/ o;sf] d'Vo
sDo'lgi6 36sx?n] ;kmf lbnn] xltof/ p7fO;s] kl5 cGt;Dd g] k fnL df6f] n fO{ sDo' l gi6do cfwf/ hgo'4 g} xf] . lsgls hgo'4
cfTd;dLIff u/f}F cfk"mn] u/]sf uNtLx?k|lt lgd{d agf}F qmflGt clgjfo{ 5, n} h fg] eg] / ul/Psf] ;} 4 flGts agfpg'df g]kfnL hgo'4s} e"ldsf qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] uf}/jk"0f{ cfbz{ xf] .
k|ltj4tfnfO{ g]kfnsf qmflGtsf/Lx?n] dxTjk" 0 f{ 5 . cfh xfdL ;a} cfh hgo'4sf] :jfldTj u|x0f PsLs[t
kl/jt{g ;+ej 5 . PsLs[t hgqmflGtsf] em08fd'lg ;a} zlQm uf]na4 /xf}F . s;/L a'‰g] < qmflGtsf/L hgtf ;]gf sDo'lgi6 qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] cl:tTj hgqmflGtdf ePsf] 5 . qmflGtx?
/ xltof/nfO{ aLrd} Tofu] / l6s]sf] 5 / xfdLn] ua{sf ;fy gofF–gofF vf]h / cg';Gwfgdfkm{t\ g}
j}1flgs ;dfhjfb tyf hgtfsf] Aoj:yf :yfkgf ug{' g} sDo'lgi6x?sf] d"n k|ltlqmofjfbLx?;Fu 3fF6L hf]8\g' s] sDo'lgi6 qmflGtsf/Lsf] klxrfg x' G 5g t/ k' / fgf uf} / jk" 0 f{
bfloTj xf] Tof] k'/f u/f}F . ;+;b\jfbsf] 3]/fleq /x]sf sDo'lgi6 gfdsf zlQmx? qmflGt g} xf], o;nfO{ qmflGtsf/L lbO/x]sf 5f}F / elg/x]sf 5f}F eg] Oltxf;x?nfO{ ;fIfL /fv]/ g} gofF–
hgtfk|lt ul/Psf] ck/fw 7fGg] ls xfd|f] To;sf] d"n cfwf/ g]kfnL hgo'4 gofF cg';Gwfgx? ePsf x'G5g\ . xfd|f]
cfˆgf ;a} :yfy{x?nfO{ Tofu]/ 3]/f aflx/ lg:sg] xf] / g]kfnL hgtfsf] lglDt g7fGg] < ha dfcf] j fbL g] t [ T j g} xf] . To;sf/0f g]kfndf hgo'4 kf6L{ / g]t[Tjn] u/]sf cg';Gwfg /
n8\g,] ;fd|fHojfb ;+/lIft k'hF LjfbnfO{ k/f:t ug]{ p2]Zo /fVg] xf] eg] hgo' 4 sf] ;} 4 flGts dfGotfaf6 z'? ePsf] lbg P]ltxfl;s / dxfg\ vf]hx? k'/fgf uf}/jk"0f{ Oltxf;x?nfO{{
lrlKnof] / u2f/L u¥of] ljhosf] lbg xf] . of] lbgk|lt k|ltlqmofjfbL 6] s ] / g} ePsf x' g . cfh
sDo'lgi6x? Pstfj4 x'g] jf a[xt\ j}1flgs ;dfhjfbL df]rf{ aGg ;Sg] ;lGgs6 k'u]sf] g]kfnsf] dfcf]jfbL ;fdGtL zlQmn] 8fxf ug{' :jefljs k|ltlqmofjfbLx?sf] ;Qfdf h'g ;+s6
;+efjgf /xG5 o;f] ubf{ ;dfhjfbsf] cyjf g]kfnL hgtfsf] lht l56f] x'G5 . cfGbf]ng lj36g / la;{hgsf] lbzf xf] . lsgls ;fdGtL k|ltlqmofjfbL b]vf kl//x]sf] 5 To;sf] d'Vo lgsf;
kqmof] . k|ltlqmofjfbL zlQm sfFu|]; zlQmsf] ;Qfdf wfjf af]lnPsf] kmfu'g qmflGt xf] kl/jt{g xf] . k'FhLjfbsf]
Pstfa4 gx'bF f lhTg ;lsFbg} o;f] xf]Og s]xL ;do nfUg ;Sb5 Pstfa4 / Pdfn];Fu 3fF6L hf]8]/ s';L{ 5f]8\g} Ps, cyf{t bz jif{sf] cys d]xgt, lasNk k'h F Ljfb ;+;bjfbsf] lasNk
gx'g] k|a[lQnfO{ s;/L qmflGtsf/L alnbfgsf] la/f;tdf ;fdGtL ;+;bjfb x'g ;Sb}g, o;sf] lasNk
gx'bF f klg qmflGtsf/L zlQm t n8\5 / lht klg qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] g} x'g5] . dfGg ;lsPnf / < ;} 4 flGts ;QfnfO{ w'nf]lk7f] kf/]/ qmflGtsf/L j}1flgs ;dfhjfb xf] . j}1flgs
a'l4hLlj 7"nf] 3/flgofFbl] v em'k8Lsf dfGotfdf 6]s/] cufl8 a9of] / clxn] l;4fGtk|lt clarn /xg] k|lt1f dfGotfx?nfO{ la/fpFbf lj36g x'g' ;Qf ljhosf] ;lGgs6 k'us ] f] lyof] ;dfhjfb PsLs[t hgqmflGtdf 6]s/]
;a}sf] b[li6df hgo'4 Ps P]ltxfl;s g]kfnL qmflGtsf] cj:yf s] 5 cfh klxnf] ;}4flGts k|ltj4tf xf] . g} kb{Yof] cGttM ToxL eof] cfh ul/g] ;fdGtL ;Qfsf] ;dfKtL t eof] g} dfq ;+ej 5 . PsLs[t hgqmflGt
kl/36gf Oltxf;sf] ?kdf bh{ xfdL ;a}n] rrf{ ug{ h?/L 5, o; @_ /fHo ;Qf afx]s ;a} s'/f e|d xf] kZrftfkn] s]xL x'g]jfnf 5}g . hgtfn] rfx] s f] hgjfbL ;Qf cfhsf] qmflGtsf] lj1fg xf] ,
e};sf]sf] 5 . cfhsf pknlAwx? cfn]vdf klg o;}af/] rrf{ ug{ eGg] dfGotfdf cfwfl/t /xL ;Qf hgo'4df Tof] a]nfsf] o'jf k+lQm lgM;t{ :yfkgfsf] sfo{ef/ cem} afFsL g} 5 . dfn]dfjfbsf] ;}4flGts dfGotfx?nfO{
hgo'4sf] nIf p2]Zo cg'?k 5}gg\ vf]lhPsf] 5 . sAhf g} ;z:q ;+3if{sf] k|dv ' nfu] s f] lyof] s' g } :jfy{ lyPg, ar]vr ' s
] f] ;fdGtjfbL ;f]r lrGtg kqm]/ ljsf; ePsf] ljrf/ xf] .
tyflk hlt ePsf] 5 To;sf] d'Vo hgo' 4 sf] yfngL / o;sf p2]Zo /fVg' / kf6L{leq b]lvg] lg:sn+ l st lyof] g] t [ T jk| l tsf] / hgo'4sf] hudf :yfkgf ePsf] cGtdf– g]kfnsf] ;+;bLo Aoj:yf
cfwf/ hgo'4 g} xf] eGg] s'/f ;a}n] dfGotfx? unt lrGtg / k|al[ tsf la?4 ljZjf; cufw lyof] . xfdLnfO{ yfxf hgla/f]wL bnfn k'FhLjfbL ;QfnfO{ sdhf]/ / w/fzoL aGb} uO/x]sf] 5 .
:jsf/]s} ljifo xf] . olb hgo'4 x'bF G} Yof] hgo'4sf] P]ltxfl;s kxn x'g' lg/Gt/ ;+3if{ ug{ k|ltj4 /xg' . lyPg d'Vo g]tT[ j Tof] a]nf sxfF lyof] k/f:t u/L hgo'4sf] ;kgf cg'?ksf] g]kfndf ;Rrf sDo'lgi6x?n] ;dodf
eg] cfh klg b]z ;fdGtjfbsf] k"jl{ jleGg 9Ësf ax; 5nkmn / #_ Ps k6s xltof/ p7fPkl5 t/ Ps cfb]zdf g]kfnL o'jf zlQm j}1flgs ;dfhjfbL ;Qf :yfkgf ug{ g} ;xL s'/f a'‰g] / g]kfndf ljeQm
3] / feGbf dfly cfpg] ;+ e fjgf kf6L{ leqs} cj;/jfbL zlQm;Fu To;nfO{ { cGt;Dd n} h fg] alnbfg ug{ tof/ x'Gyof] . sof}F qmflGtsf] gofF sfo{ef/ k'/f ug{' cfhsf ?kdf /x]sf] sDo'lgi6 qmflGtnfO{
x'Fb}GYof] . tn tn;Dd h/f uf8]/ qmflGtsf/L zlQm n8g' kg]{ eof] . b[9tflagf ;z:q ;+3if{sf] yfngL sd/] 8 k| r 08 lhGbfjfb eGb} ;Rrf dfcf]jfbL qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] Pstfj4 ug]{ / Pstfj4 x'g] xf] eg]
a;]sf] ;fdGtjfbnfO{{ k/f:t ug]{ Pstf dxflwj]zgaf6 cfPsf] Pp6f ug{' ;a{xf/fju{ / cfdhgtfk|lt alnbfg u/] . d[To'df klg xf:g gjLgtd sfo{ef/ xf] . ;frf] cy{sf] hgo'4n] b]v]sf] ;kgf k'/f x'g w]/}
tfut af]s]sf] hgo'4sf] :d/0f h'g klQm hgo'4sf] kxnsf] k"j; { GWofdf ck/fw x' g ] s' / fdf b[ 9 x' g ] l;s]sf lyP o'jfx? lsgls g]tT[ j / hgo'4 lbj; ToxL g} x'G5 h;n] ;do nfUg] 5}g . hgo'4sf] c¶fO;f}F
?kdf eP klg ug{' clgjfo{ g} 5 . g} al/i7 g]tf lgd{n nfdfsf] g]tT[ jdf k|ltj4tf;lxt cf+l;s ;'wf/, qmflGtk|lt ckf/ ljZjf; lyof] . ha hgtfsf] ;Qf hgtfsf] ;] g f lbj;sf] ;Gbe{df ;a} sDo'lgi6
sl/j cl; k|ltzt e"uf]n / cfd kf6L{af6 lgl:sof], qmflGtla/f]wL gag] k|ltlqmofjfbLnfO{{ bjfj lbO{ dfGotfx? tf]l8G5g\ ToxfF ljZjf; lgdf{0f;lxt cfhsf] ;+;bLo k'h F LjfbL 36sx?n] ;kmf lbnn] cfTd;dLIff
>lds ls;fgsf] zlQmsf] ?kdf klg qmflGtsf] kIfw/ zlQm aGg ;fdfGo ;Demf}tfdf 6'U+ ofpg] ;fwg /xFbg} g]kfnL hgo'4df d"n g]tT[ jn] ;QfnfO{ Wj+z ug]{ p2]Zo /fVb5 / u/f}F cfk"mn] u/]sf uNtLx?k|lt lgd{d
hgo'4 :yflkt dfq xf]Og Aofks ;s]g . zflGt k|lqmof cfpFbf k'gM x'g sbflk lbOg] 5}g . k'FhLjfbL g} qmflGtsf dfGotfx? tf]8\bf Tof] lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] af6f]df cl3 a9\g] agf}F qmflGt clgjfo{ 5, kl/jt{g
ag] s f] lyof] . ljZj sDo' l gi6 Tof] zlQm qmflGtaf6 k|fKt /zsf] ;+sL0f{tf, /fi6«jfbL, wfld{s, a] n fsf dxfg\ k| r 08 ub{5 . hgo'4 lbj;sf la?4 ePsf ;+ej 5 . PsLs[t hgqmflGtsf]
cfGbf]ng /IffTds tyf lj3l6t nf]edf kf6L{df t cfof] t/ ;f] zlQmsf] ;fDk| b flos / hfltjfbsf] k|ltlqmofjfbLx?n] lvl;l6p/L ug]{ / lrRofx6x? ;fdGtL k/flht em08fd'lg ;a} zlQm uf]na4 /xf}F .
e}/x]sf] kl/j]zdf g]kfnL e"lddf unt ljrf/ / hgo'4sf] d"n g]tT[ jsf] lje|daf6 d'Qm x'g ul/Psf] qmflGtsf/Lx?n] htfaf6 gfKbf klg dfgl;stfsf] pkh dfq xf] o:tf j}1flgs ;dfhjfb tyf hgtfsf]
df}nfPsf] dfcf]jfbL hgo'4 ljZj cfTd;d{0fjfbL b[li6sf]0fsf sf/0f k|ltj4tf . ljZjf; ug{ g;lsg] k| r 08df ;fdGtL k| a [ l Qx?nfO{ cfhsf Aoj:yf :yfkgf ug{' g} sDo'lgi6x?sf]
sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] lbof]sf] ?kdf cfh dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ng l5GgleGg $_ g] k fnL qmflGt cGt/f{ i 6« j fbL ?kfGt/0f ePsf 5g\ . hgo'4df qmflGtsf/Lx?n] w'nf]lk7f] kf/]/ v/fgL d"n bfloTj xf] Tof] k'/f u/f}F .
:yflkt / cfzf aGb} uPsf] lyof] . x'bF } sdhf]/ kg{ uPsf] 5 . hgo4sf efjgf;lxt ljZj sDo' l gi6 sdfPsf] /fhgLlts rft'ot{ f / ;}Go agfOlbg' kb{ 5 . hgo' 4 sf ;+;b\jfbsf] 3]/fleq /x]sf sDo'lgi6
ljZje/sf ;a{xf/f ju{n] g]kfnL ;}4flGts dfGotfx? cf]em]ndf k/]sf qmflGtsf] cleGg c+usf] ?kdf sf}zntf ;a} vf]l;Psf] 5 jf u'ds ] f] pknlAwx?sf] /; r':g] hgo'4sf] gfdsf zlQmx? cfˆgf ;a}
hgo'4k|lt P]Soa4tf hgfO/x]sf lyP 5g\ jf tL dfGotfx?df s'7f/f3ft /xL ljZj qmflGtsf] ;]jf ug]{ / 5 . of] u' D g' d f g] t [ T jsf] ckdfg ug]{ 5'6 s;}nfO{ lbg ;lsFbg} . :yfy{x?nfO{ Tofu]/ 3]/f aflx/ lg:sg]
eg] aiff}{+b]lv ;fdGtjfbsf] zf]if0f ePsf] 5 . hgo'4sf] ;kgf ckdflgt ljZj cGt/f{li6«otfjfbL cfGbf]ng cfTd;dk{ 0 fjfbL ?emfg / hgo' 4 lbj; / PsLs[ t xf] / g]kfnL hgtfsf] lglDt n8\g],
pTkL8gsf] hfFtf] d'lg lkN;P/ a;]sf] x'Fb} d[t cj:yfdf 5 . hgo'4sf] (RIM) sf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k|ltlqmofjfbL zlQmsf] if8\oGq g} xfjL hgqmflGt ;fd|fHojfb ;+/lIft k'FhLjfbnfO{
g]kfnL hgtfsf] zlQm ckf/ aGb} yfngLsf] nflu @)%@ c;f/df a;]sf] k'¥ofpg ul/Psf] k|ltj4tf . x'g k'Uof] . xfdLn] hgo'4 lbj; dgfOpFb} ubf{ k/f:t ug]{ p2]Zo /fVg] xf] eg]
uPsf] lyof] . hgo' 4 dxfg\ a} 7 sn] ;ftj6f ;} 4 flGts %_ qmflGtsf/L ;+ o ' Q m df] r f{ / hgo'4 lbj; M g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ g]kfnL sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf Pp6f sDo'lgi6x? Pstfj4 x'g] jf a[xt\
P]ltxfl;s / clj:d/0fLo If0f xf] . k|lta4tfx? hgfPsf] 5 . tL ;ft qmflGtsf/L ;] g f lgdf{ 0 fsf] ;dfhjfbL hgjfbL Aoj:yf lbg g;s] gjLg ax;sf] ;'? ePsf] 5 ax; j}1flgs ;dfhjfbL df]rf{ aGg ;Sg]
olb g]kfnL hgo'4nfO{{ g]kfnsf s'g} k|lta4tfx? cfh lnnfd laqmL ;}4flGts dfGotf, cGt/la/f]wsf] klg hgo'4n] ;fdGtjfbsf] r+un ' af6 ug{ h?/L klg 5 . hgo'4sf] cfwf/ ;+efjgf /xG5 o;f] ubf{ ;dfhjfbsf]
klg qmflGtsf/L zlQmn] ckgTj u|x0f e};s]sf 5g\ / qmflGtdf au]sf] /ut lgodsf] ;fa{ef}ldstfcg';f/ b]z / hgtfnfO{ d'Qm ug{ ;s]sf] 5 / l;Ëf] ljZj sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ng, cyjf g]kfnL hgtfsf] lht l56f]
ug{ ;Sb}gg\ / o;af6 ;sf/fTds / g] k fnL qmflGtsf] ;kgf klg kf6L{ leqsf cGt/la/f] w x? / hghfu/0f k}bf u/]sf] 5, ;fdfGo g]kfnL sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ng / cfhsf] x'G5 . Pstfa4 gx'Fbf lhTg ;lsFb}g
lzIff lng ;Sb} g g\ eg] Tof] k'FhLjfbLx?n] lvl;6\o'/L ug]{ ljifo åGåfTds ?kdf u|x0f / ;+rfng dfG5]df ;d]t /fhgLlts r]tgf, l;+uf] qmflGtsf] /]vf g]kfn sDo'lgi6 o;f] xf]Og s]xL ;do nfUg ;Sb5
qmflGtsf/L zlQm x'g ;Sb}g jf ;Dej aGb} 5 . hgo'4sf] pknlAwaf6 k|fKt u/L kf6L{nfO{{ ;lhj /fVg] / clwsf/ / d'lQmsf] nflu n8\g' kb{5 kf6L{n] bz{g /fhgLlt / ljrf/df Pstfa4 gx'bF f klg qmflGtsf/L zlQm
5}g . zlQmzfnL ;]gf cfˆg} hg;Qf /; klg r':g] / qmflGtsf] ckdfg To;sf] g]t[TjnfO{ :yflkt ug{' . eGg] r]tgfsf] :t/ a9fOlbPsf] 5 . sf]b{} cfPsf] 5 ;fy} gofF gofF k|of]ux? t n8\5 / lht klg qmflGtsf/Lx?sf]
hg cbfnt / dha' t cfwf/ ug]{ 7fpFdf k'FhLjfbLx? 5g\ . dxfg\ hglbzfsf] l;4fGtdf clarn hgo'4sf] ;kgf k'/f ug{ cem w]/} klg ub} { 5 . cfhsf] o' u df g} x'g]5 . of] ;TonfO{ :jLsf/ ug{
Onfsfx? lgdf{0f ub}{ ;fdGtjfbsf hgo'4sf] d"n g]t[Tj k+lQm klg /xg] egL ul/Psf] k|ltj4tf . afFsL 5 . To;sf/0f kmfu'g ! cyft{ dfS;{jfbsf] ;xL ljsf; ug{ g;Sbf ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; hgo' 4
Onfsfx?nfO{{ k/f:t ub}{ qmflGtsf] ;fd|fHojfbsf] v]nf}gf aGb} uPsf] 5 . ^_ s[lif qmflGtnfO{ d]?b08 dfgL hgo' 4 z' ? ePsf] lbg g] k fnL ljZje/sf qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngx?n] lbj;sf] ;Gbe{df ;a}df xj; .
gofF / dxfg\ x's
F f/;lxt cufl8 a9]sf] tyflk hgo'4 Ps dxfg\ p2]Zo;lxt ;z:q ;+3if{ >dhLlj hg;d'bfo dfcf]jfbL qmflGtsf/Lx?sf nflu dfq ult lng ;s]sf 5}gg\ . g]kfnL ;a}df c¶fO;f} hgo'4 lbj;sf]
hgo'4 cfh klg ls;fg dhb'/sf] p7]sf] lyof] . hgo'4sf] P]ltxfl;s d'VotM ul/j ls;fgx? dfly e/ xf] O g l;+ u } g] k fnL qmflGtsf/L hgo'4 klg kl/l:ylt cg'sn " cufl8 ;Gbe{df z'esfdgf .
 4 @)&( ;fn kmfu'g & ut] cfOtaf/
gjf}“ dxflwj]zgsf d'Vo ;+Zn]if0fx?
lalQs} O{zfk"j{b]lv dfS;{–n]lgg–
dfcf];Ddsf p4/0f km6fkm6 l6k]/
y'kf| ] nufpg yfN5g\ . ToxL y'kf| d ] f
pleP/ plk|m–pk|mL …o;f] xf], p;f] xf]Ú
eGb} nSs' v]Ng yfN5g\, ckm;f]r
pgLx? plePsf] wtL{ stflt/
3' l d/x] s f] 5, dfG5] x ? e| d jz
stflt/ lx+l8/x]sf 5g\, ltgnfO{{ stf
lxF8fpg] xf] eGg] af/]df hfgsf/L g}
/fVb}gg\ of a]kjf{x 5g\ of Totflt/
k:g] emGem6 a];fpg rfxFbg} g\ . cln
gofF tl/sfn] x]/f},+ a'emf}+ / u/f}+ eGg]nfO{{
6]9f cfFvfn] x]b{} em6\k6 dfS;{–n]lggsf]
Pp6f plQm lgsfn]/ 6fpsf]df ‰jfDd
kmflnlbFb} c§xf; ug{ yflnxfN5g\ .
xfd|f] ;f]r eg] oL ;a}eGbf leGg
tl/sfn] bz{gsf ljifodf cWoog
ug'k{ 5{, ;f]Rg'k5{ / lxF8g\ k' 5{ eGg]
5 . xfdLn] cfhnfO{{ lxhf]sf] cfFvfn]
x]5f}{ / a'em]sf] bfjf u5f}{+ eg], lxhf]s}
tl/sfn] rNg / lxF8\g vf]H5f}+ eg],
cem c?nfO{{ klg cfkm}F+h:tf] agfpg
/ lxF8fpg vf]H5f+}, cfhk|lt s]jn
k"Jff{u|xLh:tf] Jojxf/ bzf{pF5f}+ eg]
xfdL oyfy{, gofF ;To / ;Defjgfaf6
5'l§;S5f}+ . 5'6s ] f] ofqLn] hltg} ;/fk]
klg uNtL cfˆg} x'G5 Û
aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf k|fo …;dfhjfbÚ
9n] . v'|Zrf]en] ubf{, l66f]n] ubf{,
uf]ef{rf]jn] ubf{, h;n] ubf{ eP klg
tL 9n] . 9Ng'sf] sf/0f / kl/0ffdnfO{{
hfFr ug]{ xf] eg] b]lVfG5 ls of] s]jn
/fhg}lts Joj:yfsf] ;d:of dfq
xf]Og . of cfly{s ;d:ofdfq xf]Og,
o;df bz{gsf] ;d:of klg 5 . cyf{t\
o;df åGåfTds ef}ltsjfbsf] ck"0f{tf
JoQm ePsf] 5 .
åGåjfbn] eG5 …ljkl/tsf] PsTj,
dfqfaf6 u'0f / lgif]wsf] lgif]wÚ . t/,
olQ lgodn] ;dfhjfbsf] k/fho /
k'FhLjfbsf] k'g/f]bonfO{{ ;Dk"0f{?kn]
kqmg ;s]g, ck"0f{ eof] . olb of]
lgodn] kof{Kt sfd ub{Yof] eg]
k'/fgf]af6 gofFdf k'uk] l5, Pp6f d/]/
csf]{ k}bf ePkl5 of] k'h F Ljfb 9n]/
j}1flgs ;dfhjfb plePkl5 k'gM
k' F h Ljfblt/} kmls{ g ' x' F b } g Yof] .
;dfhjfbL ljkl/tx? k' F h LjfbL
ljkl/tdf, ;dfhjfbL dfqf k'h F LjfbL
u' 0 fdf / k' / fgf] lgif] w ePkl5
k'hF Ljfbsf] k'gh{Gd gx'g' kb{Yof] t/
eof] . of] k'h F Ljfbaf6 ;dfhjfblt/sf]
ofqf ;dfhjfblt/s} cufl8sf] ofqf
x'gk' g],{ k'/fgf]sf] k'g/fudg gx'g' kg],{
t/ o:tf] ePg . k'FhLjfb 9Nof],
k/flht eof], j}1flgs ;dfhjfb
p7\of], ljhoL eof] t/ j}1flgs
;dfhjfb klg 9Nof], k/flht eof]
k'FhLjfb k'gM p7\of] / ljhoL eof] .
k/Gt' k'h F Ljfbdf klg dfG5] ;Gt'i6
5}g, ;+3if{ rln/x]sf] 5 / of] klg
dg]{ of k/flht x'g]lt/} uO/x]sf] 5 .
of] oyfy{ xf] .
k'FhLjfb d¥of] of 9Nof] eg] s]
cfpF5 < j}1flgs ;dfhjfb of c?
s'g} < j}1flgs ;dfhjfb cfof] eg]
klg aL;f}+ ztfAbLs} h:tf] ;dfhjfb
of gofF < o;af/] olQ eGg ;lsG5–
k'h
F Ljfb /xFbg} t/ j}1flgs ;dfhjfb
klg aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] h:tf] cfpg] 5}g .
gofF, u'0ffTds?kn] gofF cfpg]5 .
o;sf] cfly{s rl/q, ;f/, /fhg}lts
;+/rgf, k|fljlws ljz]iftf, g]tT[ j
k|0ffnL, ;+:s[lt, ;dfh ;a} rLh gofF
eP/ cfpg] 5 . Tof] klg To;/L dfq
afFRg] 5 hxfF x/]s k'/fgf ;DaGwdfly
lg/Gt/ ?kfGt/0f eO/xg' kg]5 { . tL
?kfGt/0fn] x/bd dfgj rfxgfnfO{{
k|ltgLlwTj u/]sf] of g]tT[ j k|bfg u/]sf]
x'gk' g]5 { .
;dfhjfb / k'FhLjfbaf/] olt
eg]kl5 xfdLn] hf]8g\ k' g]{ bz{gsf] ljifo
cfpF 5 . Tof] eg] s f] åGåfTds
ef}ltsjfbaf6 clgZrosf] l;4fGttkm{
cufl8 a9\gk' 5{ . ef}lts lj1fgdf
aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] ;f7Lsf] bzsdf
j}1flgs l;4 ePsf] clgZrosf]
l;4fGt ;dfh ?kfGt/0f of j}1flgs
;dfhjfb / k'FhLjfbdf klg nfu"
x'G5 . j:t'leq h;/L Pp6} c0f'
C0ffTds / wgfTdsdf ablnG5 Tof]
klg lgs} tLj| t fdf, ;dfh of
;dfhjfbleq klg Tof] u'0f x'G5,
k'h F Ljfbdf klg Tof] u'0f x'G5 . To;nfO{{
;do / :yfgn] k|efj kfb{5 . h:tf]
ls rln/x]sf] SjfG6f tn hfFbf
C0ffTds x'Fbf dfly hfFbf wgfTds
x'g,] dfly hfFbf wgfTds x'G5 eg]
tn embf{ C0ffTds x'G5 . o;n] Pp6}
j:t' s;/L Pscsf]d { f ablnG5 eGg]
u'0f b]vfpF5 . oxL u'0f ;dfhsf]
hLjgdf klg nfu" x'G5 . ;dfhjfbdf
klg nfu" x'G5 . x]bf{ ;dfhjfb b]lvP
klg Tof] leq k'h F Ljfb of csf]{ ljkl/t
klg Tolts} hLljt x'G5 h;n] pko'Qm
:yfg / ;dodf aflx/ JoQm x'g]u/L
b]vfk5{ . k'h F Ljfbdf klg oxL lgod
nfu" x'G5 . ?kdf k'h F Ljfb eP klg of]
s] j n k' F h Ljfb dfq 5} g o;n]
;dfhjfbsf s}of}+ u'0f af]s]/ dfq
l6Sg ;s]sf] 5 . Tolt ubf{ klg
;ª\s6af6 plDsg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .
h:tf] ls pGgfO;f}+ / aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf]
k' F h Ljfbsf] sNkg} gu/f} + , aL;f} +
ztfAbLsf ;dfhjfbn] k|of]u gu/]sf
s}of}+ ;dfhjfbL rl/qsf ljz]iftf
;xj/0f u/]/ dfq k'h F Ljfb rln/x]sf]
5 . o;n] k'li6 u5{ ls j:t'df h:t}
;dfh / j}1flgs ;dfhjfbsf] hLjg
/ ljsf;df klg clgZrosf] lgod
nfu" x'G5 . o;f] eg]/ j}1flgs
;dfhjfb–;fDojfbsf] s'g} lgZrotf
g} gePsf] xf] of gx'g] xf] t < Tof]
xf]Og . j:t'sf] ef}ltsTj, ult /
ljsf;sf] lgZrotf 5 . tL
lgZrotfleq sfd ug]{ lgoddfq
clgZrotf xf] . h;n] j}1flgs
;dfhjfbsf] /Iff / ?kfGt/0fnfO{{
a'‰g / k|of]u ug{ d2t ub{5 .
clgZrosf] l;4fGtsf k|0f]tf ljg/
sfn{ xfOh]gju{ x'g\ . xfOh]gju{
-!()!–!(&^_.
kZrft\ DofS; Knfª\ s n] zlQm
SjfG6f
(Energy Quanta) sf]
cg';Gwfg u/] . ef}lts lj1fgdf
gf]an ] k'/:sf/ kfPsf DofS; Knfª\s
-!*%*–!($&_n] zlQm SjfG6fdf 7"nf]
of] u bfg u/] . pgn] kbfy{ s f
tTjx?nfO{{ 6'qm\ofpFb} nluof] eg]
Sjf06fdf k'U5 hf] cfkm}F b'Od { f x'G5 .
Ps sfn / :yfgdf …wgfTdsÚ / csf]{
sfn / :yfgdf …C0ffTdsÚ x'bF } aU5 .
o;sf] tTjsf] rl/qnfO{{ clglZrt
5 eGg] ;fljt ul/lbof] . olb hLj
/ dfgj cl:tTjnfO{{ k|sl[ ts} Ps
c+z dfGg] xf] eg] kbfy{sf] SjfG6fdf
b]lvg] clglZrotf dfgj ;]ndf klg
b]Vg ;lsG5 . cyf{t\ Sjf06fsf] u'0f
dfgj ;]ndf klg 5 . kl/l:ylt /
:yfgn] To;sf] u'0fnfO{{ lgwf{/0f u5{ .
dfgj ;]ndf /x]sf] clglZrt u'0f
s'g} klg a]nf dfgj ;f]r / :jefjdf
k|s6 x'g;S5 . To;sf] k|ToIf k|efj
;dfhjfbdf kg{;S5 . h:tf] ls
v'Z| rf]enfO{{ lnpFm, pm :tflng hLljt
x'bF f;Dd ;dfhjfbL, vfF6L ;j{xf/fjfbL
;dfhjfbL lyof] . t/ :tflng
lat]kl5sf] km/s ;do / kl/l:yltdf
pm ;+zf]wgjfbL, k'FhLjfbLdf ktg
eof] . o;df v|Z' rf]eleq dfS;{jfb;Fu}
;+ z f] w gjfb klg lyof] , pko' Q m
jftfj/0f kfpg] lalQs} gsf/fTds
kIfdf kN6f vfgk' U of] . pxL
;dfhjfbL, pxL k'h F LjfbL Û rLgdf lng
lkofcf]df klg o:t} k|jl[ Q b]vfk¥of] .
pm dfcf] s f] ;fd' hlxn] klg
pQ/flwsf/L aGof], ;dfhjfbL /
qmflGtsf/L aGof], t/ cfk"mn] eg]sf]
;dodf kb gkfpg] ePkl5 leqleq}
dfcf]sf] xTof ug]{ 7fpFdf k'Uof] .
g]kfnd} x]/f}+– k|r08–afa'/fdx?
hgo'4 rNbf;Dd vfF6L sDo'lg:6 /
;dfhjfbL lyP t/ ha zflGtsfndf
k;] , ta /ftf/ft ;' w f/jfbL,
k'FhLjfbLsf ldqdf ktg eP . xfn}
;'bz{g–s~rgs} s'/f u/f}–+ sf7df08f}+
afg]Zj/df ;ª\3if{ x'Fbf;Dd PsLs[t
hgqmflGt kIfw/ qmflGtsf/L lyP,
leqleq} ;8\ b } uP/ r' g fjL
sfo{ g LltnfO{ { axfgf agfP/
if8\oGqsf/Lsf ?kdf b]vfk/] . o;n]
:ki6 u¥of] ls k'h F Ljfb uP/ ;dfhjfb
cfO;Sof], ca oxL rln/xG5 eg]/
dfGg ;ls+bg} . olb ;dfhjfbnfO{{ gofF
u'0fdf ?kfGt/0f ul//lx+bg} eg], ljsl;t
k':tfsf] rfxgf / cfjZostfcg'?k
lg/Gt/ ?kfGt/0f ul/+bg} eg] ;dfhjfb
lg/Gt/ ghfg ;S5 .
;dfhjfbeGbf km/s h;df gofF
k':tf v';L;Fu a:g ;S5 cfpg klg
;S5 . olb ;dfhjfbnfO{ {
;fDojfblt/ n}hfg] xf] eg] x/]s
Joj:yfsf] lg/Gt/tf To;a]nf dfq
x'G5 ha To;nfO{{ /Iff ug]u{ /L lg/Gt/
gofF cfwf/ / u' 0 fdf ?kfGt/0f
ul//lxG5 . clgZronfO{{ cfˆg}
?kfGt/0fåf/f ;dfwfg u/]/ dfq
;dfhjfbsf] /Iff x'g;S5 . cGoyf
;dfhjfbsf] 7fpF h'gs'g} a]nf leGg
Joj:yfn] lng;S5 . clxn]nfO{{ Tof]
k'FhLjfbn] lng;S5 . t/, k'/fgf]
k'hF Ljfbn] xf]Og ;dfhjfbaf6 lzIff
lnP/ ;' w fl/Psf] of ?kfGtl/t
k'FhLjfbn] lnG5 . o;}nfO{{ xfdLn]
clgZro, /Iff / ?kfGt/0fsf] bz{g
eg]sf 5f}+ .
PsLs[ t cfly{ s :jfldTj
cfly{s :jfldTjsf] rrf{ x'g]
lalQs} w]/s } f] lbdfu lghL / ;fd'lxs
b'O{ :jfldTjeGbf k/ hfFbg} . ;a}nfO{{
tL b' O { s f] dfq :d/0f x' G 5 .
sDo' l g:6sf] lbdfu ;fd' l xs
:jfldTjnfO{{ ;xL b]vfpg]df s'b5 \ eg]
k'h
F LjfbLsf] lbdfu lghLnfO{{ a'§f eg]{
/ ;fd'lxssf] cfnf]rgf ug]{lt/
s' b \ 5 . jf:tljstfdf oL b' j }
:jfldTjn] dfG5]nfO{{ ;Gt'li6 lbg
;s]sf 5}gg\ . lghL :jfldTjsf]
;Ddf]xg g} ;f/f b'Mvsf] sf/0f xf] .
ju{ pTklQ, hft pTklQ, ;Qf
pTklQb]lv zf]if0f, :jfy{, e|i6frf/,
8s}tL, cltqmd0f, ;ª\3if{ / o'4sf
sf/0f ;DklQdf lghL :jfldTjs}
kl/0ffd x'g\ . bf; o'uaf6 ;'? eP/
;fdGtL, k'FhLjfbL, ;fd|fHojfbL x'Fb}
e"d08nLs[t k'h F Ljfb–;fd|fHojfbdf
k'Ubf klg lghL :jfldTjsf] k|eT" jn]
cTolws gful/snfO{{ ;Gt'li6 lbg
;s]sf] 5}g . pN6f] ;f/fnfO{{ ql;t,
cftlª\st / qm'4 agfO/x]sf] 5 .
dfG5]x?n] of]eGbf pQd :jfldTj
vf]lh/x]sf] k|i6 a'‰g ;lsG5 .
dfS;{n] lghL :jfldTjsf] cGTo ug]{
l;4fGt cg';Gwfg u/]b]lv cTolws
gful/sn] d' V otM >ldsju{ n ]
dgk/fPsf] / ?;, rLgdf Pp6f
cjlw;Dd lgs} ;kmn / nf]slk|o
/Xof] t/ ;fd'lxs :jfldTj klg @)cf}+
ztfAbLsf] cGTodf k'Ubf l6Sg ;s]g .
;fd' l xs :jfldTjsf] ;} 4 flGts
dfGotfn] nfdf] ; do ;fdflhs
hLjgdf ;Gt'li6 lbg ;s]g . ?kdf
;fd'lxs eg] klg leqaf6 lghL
:jfldTjn] gofF ljz]iftf;lxt 7fpF
agfof] . olta]nf g]kfnh:tf b]zdf
t vfF6L sDo'lg:6 eGg]x? ;a} g}
lghL :jfldTjdf afFlwPsf 5g\ .
sDo'lg:6n] -slDtdf g]kfndf_ /6fg
nufpg] ;fd'lxs :jfldTjsf] l;4fGt
s]jn k9fpg] kf7eGbf cufl8 hfg
;s]sf] 5}g . o;n] xfdLnfO{{ ;f]Rg /
vf]Hg pTk|l] /t u¥of] ls s] gfddfqsf]
b]vfj6L ;fd'lxstfeGbf jf:tljs
;fd'lxstfnfO{{ d'vl/t ug]{ gofF
:jfldTj cg';Gwfg ug{ ;lsFb}g <
cjZo ;lsG5 . oL b'O{ :jfldTj
k|0ffnLsf] ;dfwfg g} PsLs[t cfly{s
:jfldTj xf] .
olb cfhsf] e"d08nLo ljZjsf]
cTofw'lgstf / ljsf;nfO{{ k'h F LjfbL
lghL :jfldTj ePsf] cy{k|0ffnLsf]
kl/0ffd 7fGg] xf] eg] klg o;n] k'h F Lsf]
;fdflhs rl/qnfO{{ olt ljs[t /
lgolGqt agfOlbPsf] 5 ls dfG5]
k'hF Lsf] dflns xf]Og k'h F Lsf] bf; aGg
k'us ] f] 5 . gfd lghL :jtGqtfsf]
lnP klg d'77\ Le/ k'h F L dflnsx?sf
nflu of lghL :jfldTjsf] /Iffsf nflu
cTolws gful/ssf] lghL hLjg Wj:t
eO/x]sf] 5 . dfgj hLjgdf dfgjLo
;DaGwsf] xf]Og k'h F Lsf] c/fhstf
5fPsf] 5 . of] lghL :jfldTjsf]
c;kmntf / ;ª\s6 xf] . lghL
:jfldTjn] hGdfPsf] ju{ lje]b / ju{
;ª\3if{sf] ;dfwfg dfS;{–Pª\uN] ;n]
vf] H g' e of] . n] l gg, dfcf] x ?n]
l;4fGtnfO{{ Jojxf/df 9fNg] / kl/0ffd
lbg] d f ;kmntf k| f Kt ug' { e of] .
;fd'lxs :jfldTj To;}sf] cleJolQm
lyof] . t/ @)cf}+ ztfAbLsf] ()sf]
bzs;Dd k'Ubf klxnf] ;dfhjfbL b]z
?;nufot k"jL{ o'/f]ksf ;dfhjfbx?
9n] eg] rLgnufotn] ;fd'lxs
:jfldTjnfO{{ abn]/ cfˆg} ljz]iftfsf]
;dfhjfb eGg]df k'us ] f 5g\ . ToxfF
cd]l/sfdf eGbf w]/} v/akltx?
hlGd;s]sf 5g\ . h] ljZNf]if0f u/]
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;xdlth:tf] alg;s]sf] 5 . t/
ablnPsf] k'FhLjfbnfO{{ s'g zAbn]
cleJoQm ug]{ eGg] ljifodf cg]s
ts{ / ljZn]if0f 5g\ . o;aLrdf xfd|f]
kf6L{df klg ljleGg sf]0faf6 x]g,{]
ljZn]if0f ug]{ / lgisif{ lgsfNg] k|of;
eP . xfdL] n ] u/] s f] k' F h Ljfb–
;fd|fHojfbsf] gofF ;+ZNf]if0f pQ/–
;fd|fHojfbsf] ;f/df Ps?ktf sfod
x' F b } hfF b f k| l taGw leq g}
pQ/;fd|fHojfbeGbf csf]{ s'g} kbfjnL
h;n] xfd|f] ;+Zn]if0fsf] ;f/nfO{{ ;/n
/ 7f];?kn] cleJoQm ug{ ;sf];\ ldNbf
;f]Rg' plrt x'G5 eGg] 5nkmn ub}{
cfof} + . s} o f} + sd/] 8 x?;lxtsf
5nkmn, aflx/ rln/x]sf ax;,
;'emfj / xfdL cfk}m+n] ul//x]sf]
cWoogaf6 k'h F Ljfb–;fd|fHojfbsf]
gofF rl/qnfO{ { pQ/;fd| f Hojfb
eGg'eGbf e"d08nLs[t k'h F Ljfb eGg'
;xL x'G5 eGg] wf/0ff ljsf; x'bF }
cfof] . ljifosf] uDeLo{tfnfO{{ dgg
ub}{ o; ljifodf dxflwj]zgn] lgisif{
lbPsf] 5 .
e"d08nLs[t k'FhLJffb eg]sf]
cfhsf] k'FhLjfbsf] d"n rl/q /
ljz]iftf xf] . o;leq ;fd|fHojfbL
rl/q klg 5 t/ of] ahf/, d'gfkmfsf
nflu k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ of o'4 yf]kg]{
rl/qsf] dfq geP/ cfly{ s ,
/fhg}lts, k|fljlws, ;fF:s[lts,
sfg"gL If]qaf6 ljZjJofkL?kdf
lgoGq0f / k|eT" j yf]kg]{ vfnsf] 5 .
o;sf] ;f/tTj eg]sf] k'FhLjfbnfO{{
ljZjJofkL?kaf6 :yflkt ug' { ,
k'FhLJffb gePsf b]zdf k'FhLjfb
k'gM:yfkgf ug',{ k'h F Ljfb ePsf b]zdf
cfˆgf] s7\kt' nL v8f ug'{, sdhf]/
b]znfO{{ gjpklgj]zdf kl/0ft ug'{ /
ljZjnfO{{ k'h F LjfbL ljZjdf abNg' xf] .
cfh e"d08nLs[t k'FhLjfbsf] g]t[Tj
cd]l/sfn] ul//x]sf] 5 / To;sf
jl/k/L la|6g] , o'/f]k, ci6«l] nof, hfkfg,
ef/t, a|flhn cflb 5g\ .
sDo' l g:6 cGt/f{ l i6« o
sDo'lg:6 cfkm}F+df cGt/f{li6«o
k| j [ l Q xf] . sDo' l g:6 cGbf] n g
cGTf/f{li6«o cfGbf]ng xf] . sDo'lg:6
;ª\ 3 if{ cGt/f{ l i6« o ;ª\ 3 if{ xf] .
sDo'lg:6 nIo cGt/f{li6«o nIo xf] .
o;sf ljrf/, ;ª\u7g / ;ª\3if{
;a}n] cGt/f{li6«o dxTj /fV5g\ .
cyf{t\ sDo'lg:6x? To;a]nf dfq
k"0f{?kn] ;kmn x'g]5g\ hlta]nf
pgLx?n] j} 1 flgs ;dfhjfbL
qmflGtnfO{{ ljZjsf sDo'lg:6 / >lds
hgtf;Fu hf]8g\ ;kmn x'g5 ] g\ . dxfg\
;fDojfbL Joj:yf To:tf] dfgj ;Eotf
xf] hxfF s]jn Pp6fdfq /fHo xf]Og
ljZjsf ;f/f hgtf ;Fu;Fu} k|j]z
ug]5{ g\ . sDo'lg:6 l;4fGtsf k|jt{s
dfS;{ – PË] N ;n] sDo' l g:6nfO{ {
;} 4 flGts?kn] dfq geO{
;ª\ u 7gfTds ?kn] g}
cGt/f{li6«o:t/df PsLs[t /fVg'eof] .
kl5 n] l ggn] t] ; | f ] cGt/f{ i 6« s f]
lgdf{0fåf/f To;nfO{{ cufl8 a9fpg'
eof] . pxfFn] eGg'eof] æ>ldsx?sf]
cGt/f{li6«o Pstf /fli6«o PstfeGbf
dxTjk"0f{ 5 .Æ dfcf]n] l;4fGt, ljrf/
/ cfGbf]ngdf cGt/f{li6«o e"ldsf k'/f
u/] klg ;ª\ u 7gfTds ?k lbg
;Sg'ePg .
cfhsf] ljZjn] sDo'lg:6aLr emg\
Jofks, pRr / k|ToIf ;DaGw /
;xsfo{sf] dfu ub{5 . ljZjsf]
e"d08nLs[t rl/q Pjd\ e"d08nLs[t
k'FhLjfbsf] cGt/f{li6«o k|j[lQsf
sf/0fn] klg sDo'lg:6sf] cGt/f{li6«o
;DaGw s]jn ;}4flGts b[li6n] dfq
geO Jojxfl/s cfjZostfsf b[li6n]
klg cfjZos ag]sf] 5 . xfd|f] kf6L{n]
k'gu{7gsfnb]lv g} sDo'lg:6sf]
cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / ;xsfo{sf nflu
Wofg lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . cfh To;nfO{{
c? uDeL/ kxn ul//x]sf] 5 . xfd|f]
lgisif{ 5 ls rf}yf] cGt/f{i6«sf nflu
Pp6f gofF sDo'lg:6 3f]if0ffkq h?/L
aGg uPsf] 5 . h'g 3f]if0ffkqn]
@!cf}+ ztfAbLsf gf}+nf / df}lns
ljz] i ftf;lxtnfO{{ gofF cfwf/df
;+Zn]if0f u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 . xfdLn] To;
lbzfdf d]xgt ug'{ kb{5 . sDo'lg:6
cfGbf]ngsf s]xL hl6ntfsf afah'b
cufl8 pHofnf] ;Defjgf b]Vg ;lsG5 .
;L hflt ;dfhdf dfgj hfltnfO{{
ljeflht / ljvl08t ug]{ d"n cfwf/
cy{;DaGw / To;af6 ;[lht ju{
ljefhg xf] . t/ ju{n] dfq xf]Og
dfgjnfO{{ ;fdGtjfbL hft k|yfn] klg
ljeflht ul//x]sf] 5 . hftx?sf]
aLrsf] cGt/lj/f]wdf ju{ ;Qf /
cfly{s :jfldTjsf] k|efj klg 5 t/
xhf/f} + jif{ s f] hflto cEof; /
;fdflhs k/Dk/fsf sf/0fn] dfgj
hfltnfO{{ ;fF:s[lts Pjd\ dgf]j1} flgs
?kn] klg ljeflht ug]{df hft
k/Dk/fn] sfd u/]sf] 5 . t;y{
o;nfO{ { s] j n ju{ ;d:ofleq
/fv]/dfq k'Ub}g . ju{ ;d:of ;dfwfg
x'g] lalQs} :jtM hflto ;d:of
;dfwfg x'bF g} . k'/fgf hftx?aLrsf
cGt/lj/f]wnfO{{ ;dfwfg ug{ k'/fg}
hftaLrdf ;dfgtf k}bf ug{ vf]h]/
k'Ub}g / gofF hfltsf] cfwf/ ;[hgf
ug{ cfjZos 5 . hft Joj:yf
;fdGtjfbsf] pkh xf] eg] of]
k'h
F Ljfbsf] ;+/If0fdf l6ls/x]sf 5g\ .
oL hftsf] ;DaGw lgZro klg
;fdGtL Pjd\ k' F h LjfbL ;Qf /
/fhg}lts Joj:yf;FUf 5 . t/ hft
k| y fn] ;dfhnfO{ { ;d] t o;/L
ufFlh;s]sf] 5 ls s]jn ;Qf /
Joj:yfsf] kl/jt{g u/]/ of sfg"gdf
;dfgtf n]v/] dfq xhf/f}+ jif{bl] vsf
lje]b / ljefhg ;dfwfg x'Fb}gg\ .
cem blIf0f Pl;of / g]kfnh:tf lxGb'
j0ff{>d Joj:yfn] afFw]sf] ;dfhdf
/fhg}lts kl/jt{gaf6 dfq hft
Joj:yfsf] pGd"ng ;+ej 5}g . To;sf
nflu /fhg}lts ;Qf, Joj:yf / ju{df
kl/jt{g ;Fu} hfltdf klg kl/jt{g
cfjZos 5 . k'/fgf] ;Qf / Joj:yfsf]
lgif]w;Fu} k'/fgf] hfltsf] klg lgif]w
h?/L 5 . bnfn k'h F Ljfbsf] lgif]w /
j}1flgs ;dfhjfbsf] :yfkgf;Fu}
j}1flgs ;dfhjfbL hfltsf] :yfkgf
klg rflxG5 . cyf{t\ gofF ;Qf, gofF
ju{;uF } gofF hfltsf] lgdf{0f u/]/ dfq
jf:tljs ;dfgtfd"ns gofF ;dfhsf]
lgdf{0f ;Dej x'G5 . xfd|f] kf6L{n] s]xL
jif{ klxn] b ] l v g} gofF hfltsf]
lgdf{0faf/] ljdz{ ub}{ cfPsf] lyof] .
gjf}F dxflwj]zgn] o; ljifonfO{{ klg
lgisif{ lbFb} gofF hfltsf ?kdf …;LÚ
-sDo'lg:6 jf ;fDojfbL_ hfltsf]
;+Zn]if0f u/]sf] 5 . ca g]kfn
sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf g]tf–sfo{stf{n]
cfˆgf] k'/fgf] hflt TofUb} …;LÚ hflt
wf/0f ug]{5g\ . klxn] lhNnf / ;f]
;/xsf ;a} ;ldltx?n] nfu" ub}{ ;a}
kf6L{ ;b:ox?n] u|x0f ug]{ 5g\ . xfd|f]
hf]8 Ps lbg l;Ë} ;dfhn] of] hfltnfO{{
cg';/0f ug]5{ g\ . h;n] g]kfnL ;dfhdf
cfh;Dd ljBdfg ;of}+ hfltnfO{{ Pp6}
…;LÚ hfltdf ?kfGt/0f ug]5 { .
…;LÚ hfltsf] wf/0f bf;o'u,
;fdGtL o'u, k'h F LjfbL o'u, xhf/f}+
jif{b]lvsf] hft Joj:yf / hft
ljefhgsf] qmdeË xf] . k' / fgf
hftx?sf] lgif]w / gofF hfltsf]
ljsf; xf] . dfcf]sf] bfz{lgs efiffdf
eGbf k'/fgf hfltx?sf] gofF hfltdf
;+Zn]if0f xf] . of] cfkm}d
F f o'ufGtsf/L
sbd / gofF dfgj ;Eotfsf] cf/De
klg xf] . of] ljZjJofkL?kdf cg'z/0f
ul/of];\ eGg] xfd|f] wf/0ff 5 .
…;LÚ hfltsf] ljsf;n] :jefjtM
gofF ;dfhsf] /rgf ug]{5 . o;n]
…;LÚ hfltsf] b[li6sf]0f, cy{;DaGw,
;+ : s[ l tsf] ;[ h gf ug] { 5 . tL
;f/e"t?kdf sDo'lg:6 s} ljz]iftfdf
x'g5] g\ . oBlk o;n] ljifox?nfO{{ olt
;';ª\ul7t, ;[hgfTds / /rgfTds
agfpg] 5 ls dfgj hfltn] gofF
cfwf/df gofF Pstf / gofF ;dfgtf
k|fKt ug]5 { .
5
>d lbg k|of]unfO{{ lgoldt ;~rfng u¥of}+ eg]
>d lbg sDo'lg:6sf nflu s'g} b]znfO{{ g} pTk|l] /t ug]{ lglZrt 5 .
gofF ljifo xf]Og . of] n]lgg–dfcf]sf] ;lxb sf] i f
;dob]lv k|of]u ePsf] xf] . kl/0ffdx? x/] s qmflGt of /fhg} l ts
klg a]hf]8 k|fKt ePsf lyP . g]kfndf kl/jt{gsf nflu ;a}eGbf ;DdfggLo
s]xL sDo'lg:6 kf6L{x?n] a]nfavt kfq ;lxb tyf j]kQf of]4f / 3fOt]
lg0f{o u/]sf] ;'lGfG5 . t/ s;}n] klg of]4fx? x'G5g\ . pgLx?sf] alnbfg,
k|of]udf n}hfg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . xfd|f] Tofu / b]gsf] t'ngf sf]xL;Fu klg x'g
kf6L{n] cf7f}+ dxflwj]zgaf6 klg of] ;Sb}g . /fHon] pgLx?sf] d"Noaf]w
lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] t/ s]xL ;do u/]/ ;Ddfg lbFbf pgLx?sf] :yfg
nfu" eP/ k|ltaGwkl5 5'6g\ k'Uof] . /fli6«o uf}/jdf kl/0ft klg x'G5 .
t/, lgoldt zlQm / sfof{nosf] 6f]nLn] t/, /fHon] a'‰g / sb/ ug{ hfg]g
nuftf/ >dsfo{ ;~rfng u¥of] . eg] l:ylt lgs} kL8fbfoL aGg k'U5 .
o;sf kl/0ffd kf6L{ kª\ltdf dfq xf]Og hgo' 4 / PsLs[ t hgqmflGtsf
hgtfdf ;d]t Psbd} nf]slk|o / ;lxbx?sf] ;Gbe{df o:t} cj:yf ag]sf]
:yflkt alg;s]sf 5g\ . xfdLn] ;fFRr} 5 . o:tf]an ] f s]jn /fHosf] d'v tfs]/
g} uj{ ug{nfos sfd / kl/0ffd k|fKt of cfz u/]/ x'bF g} . kf6L{n] cfˆgf]
u/]sf 5f}+ . g]kfndf ;fob xfd|f] kf6L{ kxndf h] ;+ej x'G5, ;lxb tyf j]kQf
afx]s of] cEof; ug]{ csf]{ s'g} kf6L{ of]4fsf kl/jf/ / 3fOt] sd/]8x?sf]
5}g . o;n] xfdLnfO{{ cfly{s If]qdf hLjgdf ;xof]uL aGg] gLlt /
vf;u/L b}lgs pkEff]Uo j:t'df s;/L sfdx?nfO{{ cufl8 a9fpg' k5{ . o;sf]
cfTdlge{/ x'g ;lsG5 eGg] lzIff yfngL klg P] l txfl;s gjf} F
lbPsf] 5 . dxflwj] z gn] oL dxflwj]zgn] u/]sf] 5 . l;Ëf] aGb;qsf]
lzIff;lxtnfO{{ cfTd;ft ub}{ s]Gb|Lo rfxgf, ;'emfjsf ;fy} kf6L{ s]Gb|Lo
;ldlt, s]Gb|Lo k|ltgLlw, lhNnf ;ldlt ;ldltsf] cfˆg} ;f]r cg';f/ % nfvsf]
/ lgoldt zlQmn] b'O{ dlxgfdf Ps ;lxb tyf j]kQf sf]if v8f ul/Psf]
lbg >ddf efu lng] / cfly{s 5 . % nfvn] t'?Gt} 7"nf] of]hgf
pTkfbg ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . algxfNg] of ;d:of ;dfwfg eOxfNg]
;fFrf] s'/f xf] ls xfdLn] ukm xf]Og . t/ o;n] bL3{sfnLs ;f]r
r'6\g] /fhgLltnfO{ { pTkfbgd'v L k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . h;af6 s]xL g s]xL
/fhgLltdf ts{ dfq ug]{ g]tf– pknlAw xfl;n x'bF } hfg] 5g\ . sf]ifaf/]
sfo{ s tf{ n fO{ { >d ug] { g] t f– lxtlrGtsx?;Fu k/fdz{ lnFb,} lj:tf/
sfo{stf{df, k/lge{/ cfly{s sfo{nfO{{ ub}{ nluof] eg] kSs} klg ;ª\s6df
cfTdlge{/ pTkfbg sfo{df abNg} b'Mv afF8g\ ] l:ylt lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
k5{ . xfdLn] hgtfdfly e/kg]{ ;f/;ª\ I f] k df eGbf, xfd| f ]
cfly{s gLltnfO{{ hgtfnfO{{ l;sfpg] P]ltxfl;s dxflwj]zg ju{ ;ª\3if{
of hgtf;FUf ldn]/ sfd ug]{ gLltdf / cGt/;ª\3if{sf r'gf}ltx? ;fdgf
abNg' k5{ . o;sf nflu >dsfo{ ub}{ gofF ljrf/ ;+Zn]if0f ug{ ;kmn
Ps dxTjk"0f{ k|of]u x'g5 ] . >d lbg ePsf] 5 . kf6L{nfO{{ ;'b9[ / Pstfa4
s]jn b'O{ dlxgfdf Ps lbg sfd agfpg ;kmlne" t ePsf] 5 .
u/L b]vfpg];Fu ;DalGwt 5}g . g PsLs[t hgqmflGtnfO{{ gofF prfOdf
t of] Ps lbg k};f sdfpg] / kf6L{nfO{{ p7fpg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . o;sf
lbg];uF dfq ;DalGwt 5 . of] Pp6f ;+ Z n] i f0fx?nfO{ { k| o f] u ug] {
sDo'lg:6 b[li6sf]0f, Jojxf/, gLlt / tTk/tf;F u } qmflGt / sDo' l g:6
;+:s[lth:tf ax'cfoflds ;DaGw;Fu cfGbf]ngn] gofF prfO xfl;n ug]{5
hf]l8Psf] 5 . o;n] sDo'lg:6sf] eGg] k"0f{ ljZJff; 5 . l;Ëf] kf6L{ kª\lt
;+:yfut Pjd\ cfly{{s kIfnfO{{ dfq k"0f{ ljZJff;, hf]; / pT;fxsf ;fy
dfly p7fpg] 5}g clkt' ;fdflhs / o;}df ;dlk{t eP/ 86f}+ . xfd|f]
lghL hLjgnfO{{ ;d]t r':t–b'?:t cufl8sf] lIflth rlDsnf] 5 .
/fVg d2t ug]{5 . xfdLn] o;sf] – hgqmflGt c+s ^ af6
gSsnL :df6{ nfO;]G; agfpg] tLghgf kqmfp
sf7df8f}F . sf7df8f}F pkTosf cg';Gwfg sfof{non] gSsnL ;jf/L rfns
cg'dlt kq -:df6{ nfO{;]G;_ agfPsf] cf/f]kdf tLghgf kqmfp u/]sf] 5 .
kqmfp kg]d { f kf]v/fsL #% jifL{o s~rg u'?ª, g'jfsf]6sf #* jifL{o clgn
/fO{ / g'jfsf]6s} #^ jifL{o /fhg tfdfª /x]sf 5g\ . sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf
s]xL JolQmx¿n] lnvt sLt]{ u/L gSsnL :df6{ ;jf/L rfns cg'dlt kq
agfO{ k|of]u ub}{ cfO/x]sf] eGg] uf]Ko ;"rgfsf cfwf/df k|x/Ln] tL JolQmx¿
kqmfp u/]sf] xf] . k|x/Ln] sf7df8f}Fsf ljleGg 7fpFaf6 km/s km/s lbgdf
df3 @( ut], kmfu'g ! ut] / kmfu'g @ ut] cf/f]lkt tLghgfnfO{{ kqmfp
u/]sf] 5 . k|f/lDes cg';Gwfgsf qmddf s~rg u'?ªn] cfˆgf] kmf]6f], u+uf
tfdfªsf] gfdsf] ;jf/L rfns cg'dltkq / kfFr xhf/ ?k}ofF cfˆgf lrghfgsf
dflg; clgn /fO{nfO{{ lbPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
pQm k};faf6 clgn /fO{n] cfk"mn] Ps xhf/ kfFr ;o ?k}ofF lnP/ pQm
kmf]6f], sfuhft / afFsL tLg xhf/ kfFr ;o /fhg tfdfªnfO{{ lbPsf]
b]lvG5 . ;fy} clGtddf /fhg tfdfªn] tLg xhf/ kfFr ;o lnP/ u+uf
tfdfªsf] ;jf/L rfns cg'dltkqdf s~rg u'?ªsf] kmf]6f] 6fF;L gSsnL
:df6{ ;jf/L rfns cg'dltkq agfO pknAw u/fpg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] xf] .
pgn] o;/L cGo w]/} JolQmx¿nfO{{ gSsnL ;jf/L rfns cg'dltkq pknAw
u/fPsf] v'Ng cfPsf]n] yk cg';Gwfg sfo{ hf/L ePsf] cg';Gwfg sfof{non]
pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . kqmfp k/]sf /fhg tfdfª o;cl3 klg lnvt;DaGwL
s;'/df lhNnf k|x/L kl/;/, hfjnfv]n, nlntk'/af6 kqmfp k/]/ l/xf
ePsf] klg v'n]sf] xf] . cf/f]lkt tLg}hgfnfO{{ lnvt;DaGwL s;'/df lhNnf
k|x/L kl/;/ 6]s', sf7df8f}F k7fOPsf] sfof{nosf k|jQmf ;f]d]Gb| l;+x
/f7f}/n] hfgsf/L lbPsf 5g\ .
 6 @)&( ;fn kmfu'g & ut] cfOtaf/
g]kfn leqsf] cflbjf;L j0f{jfb ‘afx'gjfb’ af/]
cflbjf;L hghflt / blnt
;d'bfosf] clwsf/ dof{bf / ;'/Iffsf]
lglDt egL ;'? ePsf] hflto /
;fd'bflos ;+u7gsf] nx/ cflv/df If]qL
/ afx'g;Dd klg k'Uof] . v; If]qLn]
cfk"mnfO{ klg cflbjf;L hghfltdf
;"rLs[t ug{k' g]{ dfu leQf–leQfdf
n]Vgyfn], kl5 afx'gx?n] klg a|fXd0f
;dfhsf] :yfkgf u/L cfˆgf] clwsf/sf
lglDt clwj]zg u/] . la=;= !(**
df sf7df8f}dF f o'jfx?n] …k|r08 uf]vf{Ú
sf] :yfkgf u/]sf] b]lvG5 To;otf
@))& b]lv @)^# ;Ddsf cfGbf]ng
qmflGtx? ;fdGtL Joj:yf / ljb]zL–
x:tIf]klj?4 nlIft juL{o / /fli6«o
rl/qsf lyP . t/, clxn] PsPs lsg
/ s;/L hflto / If]qLo s'/fn] ltgnfO{{
5f]Kb} cfP of] Pp6f ljrf/0fLo 5 .
ljZjsf cGo b]z dxfb]zeGbf km/s
vfnsf] blIf0f Pl;ofsf] ;fdGtL
Joj:yfleq j0f{–Joj:yfsf] ?kdf
hfthfltsf] e]befj / 5'jf5"t h:tf]
cdfgjLo k|0ffnLsf] aL; k|frLgsfnb]lv
g} km}lnb} cfPsf] xf] .
To;sf] lj?4 ;dfh ;'wf/sx?n]
z'?b]lvg} cfjfh p7fpFb} cfPsf lyP
h}g / af}4x?b]lv z'? ePsf] Tof]
cleofg slj/ / hf];dgL ;Dk|bfo
x'bF } xfnsf /fhgLlts ;d'bfox?;Dd
rNb} cfPsf] 5 . jf:tjdf
j0f{Joj:yfn] ;fdGtjfbsf] cf>d
kfP/ o:tf] hl6n ?k lnof] . To;n]
j0f{ J oj:yf jflx/sf hflt–
hghfltx?nfO{{ ;d]t ckdfg /
e]befjsf] e"d/Ldf km;fpFb} Nofof] .
ljZjsf c? d'n'ssf]eGbf blIf0f
Pl;ofsf ef/t–g] k fnnufotsf
ljleGg b]zsf] of] ljlzi7 ;d:of xf] .
o;/L ;fdGtL Joj:yfleq j0f{Joj:yf
h]lnPsf]n] oxfFsf qmflGtx?sf] ;+u7g
/ sfo{qmd c?–c? /fi6«x?sf] eGbf
leGg k|sl[ taf6 x'G5 / x'g] 5 . oxfFsf]
;fdGtL juL{o ;QfnfO{{ /fhgLlts
qmflGtaf6, cfly{s c;dfgtfnfO{{
;dfhjfbd'vL cfly{s qmflGtaf6
j0f{ut / hflto lje]bnfO{ ;fdflhs
;f+ : s[ l ts / z} l Ifs qmflGtaf6
;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o; ;DaGwdf
/fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx?sf] Jofks
b[li6 of]hgf g/fd|f] ePsf]n] cfGbf]ng
qmdzM hflto bnbndf km:g] cj:yf
5 . of] hflto bnbndf km:b} uPkl5
åGå j9b}hfg] x'G5 To;kl5 qmdzM
sltkon] cfk"mnfO{{ oxfFsf vf6L
cflbjf;L / kmngf l9:sgfhflt kl5
cfPsf euf}8f z/0ffyL{ h:tf unt
k|rf/ cfIf]k ug{ yfn]
sf] cflbjf;L sf] hghflt <
g]kfnsf s'gs'g hflt cflbjf;L
x'g < sf]sf] hghflt x'g < s}n]b]lv
j;]sfnfO{{ cflbjf;L eGg], s] s:tf
nIf0f ePsfnfO{ hghflt of u}/hflt
eGg] oL ljifosf] :ki6 cWoog /
ljZn]if0f ug{' cfjZos 5 . s]xL
Oltxf; l6kf]6cg';f/ dfgj ;dfhsf]
Oltxf;df dWo9'Ë] o'usf] cGqL
cfhsf] jfx| xhf/ jif{ cl3;Dd
;+;f/df sxLF klg :yfoL 3/ / ufpF
a:tL jg]sf lyPgg\ . xfn ljleGg
7fpFdf k|frLg dWo 9'Ëo] u' sf cjz]if
e]l6P tfklg tL :yfoL j;f]jf;sf
k|ljs dflgb}gg\ . gofF 9'ªu] o'udf
k|f/lDes 5fk|] j:tLx? z'? ePsf]
t]nsf] yf]kfyf]kf hf]ufcf}+
OGwg vr{ 36fcf}+
dflgG5 . blIf0f Pl;ofsf] e"uf]n c?
dxfb]zsf] eGbf ljz]if cjl:ytdf
5 . k"jL{ uf]n4{sf rf/} dxfb]zsf]
l7s dWo efudf kg]{ of] If]qrf/}
dxfb]zsf dflg; cf]xf]/–bf]xf]/ ug]{
rf}jf6f] k5{ . of] /fd|f] hnjfo' ePsf]
pj{/ If]q x'gfn] plxn]bl] vg} dflg;x¿
;Gtf]if ;L
To; 7fpFdf uP/ a:g] xf]8 rNbYof]
Psyl/sf] j:tLnfO{{ nv]6L csf{sf]
sJhf ug]{ qmd rln/xGYof] . rf/ kfFr
;o jif{ cl3;Dd g]kfnsf] clwsf+z
e"lddf hËn lyof] . dfG5]sf j:tLx?
kftnf lyP . s]xL bzs cl3;Dd
s';'08f h:tf 3'dGt] h+unL ;d'bfo
oxfF k"j–{ klZrd 3'Db} lyP . tLdWo]
/fp6] ;d'bfo cem} hËnd} 5 . oxfF
s'g–s'g hflt cf7 b; xhf/ jif{bl] v
nuftf/ :yfoL a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf
5g\ eGg] s'/f vf]håf/f k|i6 k|dfl0ft
ug{ afFsL g} 5 . 7fpF–7fpFdf 9'ªu\ ]
o'usf cj;]z e]l6Psf 5g\ t/ tL
s'g hfltsf k'vf{sf ;+/rgf lyP eGg]
klg vf]h ePsf] 5}g clxn] ;a}n]
cg'dfg k'/f0f bGTosyf ;fÍ]lts
cfwf/df cfk"mnfO{ cflbjf;L eGg
vf] H b} 5g\ . klxn] k' / ftTj /
Oltxf;sf k|fdfl0fs cfwf/df ;a}sf
k"jh { sf] j;f]jf;sf] cjlw lgwf{l/t
u/]kl5 dfq sf] eGbf sf] klxnfb]lvsf]
oxfFsf] jfl;Gbf xf] eGg] 7x/ x'g ;S5 .
of] s'/f dgg u/f}F oxfF s'g} hfltsf
k"v
\ f{ Ps}rf]l6 xhf/f}s
+ f] ;+Vofdf cfP/
j;]sf xf]Ogg\ . cfpg]x¿ klxn] ;fg}
;+Vofdf cfP/ oxfF j:bfj:b} ltgsf]
j+z lj:tf/ eO{ ;+Vof a9\b} uof] .
afx'g–If]qLx? ;aeGbf kl5 cfPsf
x'g eGg] cfIf]k nflu/x]sf] ;Gbe{df
oxfF yf]/} ljifo hf]8f}F . clxn];Ddsf
cg]sf} vf]hx?n] CUj]bnfO{{ ljZjsf]
h]7f] u|Gy dfg]sf 5g\ . To;sL
/rgfsfn O{=k'= b'O–{ 9fO{ xhf/ jif{lt/
/x]sf]df w]/} cg';Gwfgbftf ;xdt
5g\ . sltkon] t To;nfO{{ O{=k'= kfFr
–5 xhf/ jif{sf] ;d]t eg]sf 5g\ .
CUj]bsf] k|yd d08n / ztky
a| f xd0f cflb k| f dfl0fs u| G ysf
cg' ; f/ l/Uj] b o' u sf] k| f /lDes
cj:yflt/ If]qLo u0f/fh ldyL /
ltgsf k'/f]lxt a|fXd0f uf}td /x'u0f
cfP/ hËn NofO{ ldlynfsf] j:tL
j;fPsf] Oltxf; e]l6G5 . ;+:s[t u|Gy
k9]sf ;anfO{{ yfxf xf]nf b'kl| ;å j}lbs
C[ifL of1jNSof /fhf hgssf] ;efdf
;Ddflgt bfz{lgs lyP . ltgn] g}
oh'jb{] sf] ;Dkfbg u/]sf lyP . hgs
;efsf csf{ CifL ci6faqmsf] lutf
k|l;4 ;Dkfbg u/]sf lyP . hgs
;efdf ztfgGb nufot a|fXd0fx?sf]
hdft lyof] . dWo Pl;ofb]lv sflZd/
g]kfn cfon lgud lnld6]8
kmf]g g+=+ $@^@(&), km\ofS; M $@^#$&!
/ klZrd g]kfn;Dd v; cfo{x?
a'4eGbf w]/} cl3g} km}lnO;s]sf lyP .
j}lbssfn / /fdfo0fsfnb]lv g}
g]kfnsf] t/fO{ / kxf8df o;/L jfx'g,
If]qLx? km}lnFb} cfPsf] k|i6 5 . To;}n]
g} g]kfnsf ljleGg 7fpF ljZjfldq,
e[s'6L, cf}j{, b]jbQ, b'jf{;f, cf}j{,
df08\To, cflb Clifsf tfkf]e"ldsf
?kdf k'/f0fdf jl0f{t 5g\ . O{=k'= 5}7f}+
ztfAbLlt/ slknj:t' jl/kl/ j0f{
Joj:yfsf] k|rng a9L ;s]sf] lyof] .
uf}tdj'å :jo+ If]qL s'nsf lyP .
pgn] j0f{ Joj:yf dg gk/L ;dfg
dfgjtfsf] ljrf/ k|rf/d} cfˆgf]
;Dk"0f{ zlQm nufP . slknj:t'af6
sf7df8f}F cfPsf ;a} zfqmL / sf]lno
If]qL lyP . a'4eGbf Ps b'O{ ;o jif{
kl5 g]kfn cfPsf j}zflnsf lnR5lj
/ s'lzgu/ -uf]/vk'/_ sf dNnx?
If] q L lyP . lnR5lj sfnsf
lznfn] v x?df a| f xd0fb] l v
r08fn;Ddsf cf7f/ k| s [ l tsf
hfltnfO{{ ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5 . s]
o;/L rf/ xhf/ jif{eGbf cl3b]lv
g]kfnsf ljleGg 7fpFdf j;f]jf; ub}{
cfPsf jfx' g If] q Lsf j+ z hx?
cflbjf;L 7xb} { g g\ < g] k fnsf]
Oltxf;n] eG5 O{=k'= !#)) ;Dd
sf7df8f}F jl/kl/ gfu hflt lyP .
t/fO{af6 lg:s]sf uf]kfn / dlxifkfn
j+zL ofbjx?n] ltgnfO{{ lht]/ cfˆgf
u0ftGq rnfP .
O{=k'= cf7f}+ ztfAbLdf tL ofbjnfO{{
lht]/ ls/fFtx?n] *)) jif{ u0f/fHo
rnfP . dxfef/tdf lxdfnL If]qdf
ls/fFtx? /x]sf] j0f{g 5 . j]bdf of]
s' / f b] l vG5 . t/, clxn] s f
ltAatd]{nL eflifs kl/jf/sf ;a}
g]kfnLx? ltg} k|frLg ls/fFtx?sf
j+ z h dfq xf] O gg\ . Odfgl;+ x
r]dhf]ªsf] vf]hcg';f/ lnDa", lwdfn,
cflb ls/fFtsfneGbf lgs} kl5 -bzf}–
P3f/f}+ ztfAbLlt/_ cf;fdlt/sf] af6f]
g]kfn cfPsf lyP . ltAatL d"nsf
y'k|} hg;d'bfo ;|f]ªrg uDof] /
e[s6' Lsf] ljjfx -;ftf}F ztfAbL_ kl5
qmdzM g]kfn cfpFb} u/]sf] Oltxf;
5 . To;}n] g]kfndf ls/fFt – d+uf]n
d" n sf hflt of t/fO{ s f yf?,
/fhjªzL, ;tf/ cflb dfq cflbjf;L
x'g eGg] ljZn]if0f lgtfGt PsfËL 5 .
To;}n] cfo{dn " sf ljleGg hfltx?sf]
g]kfn j;f]jf;sf] k|frLg Oltxf;nfO{{
k'/} gsfg{ vf]hs ] f] k|i6 5 . ef/tdf
d';ndfg cfqmd0fkl5 g]kfn cfPsf
;Lldt afx'g–If]qL / blnt ;d'bfosf]
cfwf/df c? k|frLg afx'g:–If]qLsf]
Oltxf;nfO{{ k'/} gsfg{ vf]Hg' sltsf]
hfoh xf]nf < g]kfndf jfx'gx?n]
ljB't k|flws/0fnfO{{ OG6/g]6sf] tf/ gsf6\g cfb]z
sf7df8f}F . pRr cbfnt kf6gn]
OG6/g]6sf] tf/ gsf6\g cNksflng
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] 5 .
kmfu'g # ut] pRr cbfnt kf6gn]
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fnfO{{ OG6/g]6
;]jfsf] tf/ gsf6\g / ;]jf cj¿4
gug{ cNksflng cGtl/d cfb]z
lbPsf] xf] . OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfos ;+3
g] k fn -cfO{ : kfg_ n] ljB' t
k|flws/0f;lxt phf{ hn;|f]t tyf
l;+rfO dGqfno l;+xb/jf/ sf7df8f}F
hgo'4
j0f{Joj:yf km}nfP/ wfld{s u|Gyåf/f hgo'4 lbj;sf] z'esfdgf Û
ljqmfGt ;L
hghfltx?nfO{{ k5fl8 kf/L 7Ub} cfP Ps yfg b/afl/ofx?n]
eGg] klg cf/f]k nufO{b5 } . j0f{Joj:yf sDtf ;tfPsf lyP
blIf0f Pl;ofsf] ax'hflto ljlzi6 sDtf x]ks ] f lyP
l:yltdf pAh]sf] ljlrq k|yf xf] . Tof] r':g' r';s ] f lyP
g]kfnsf] dfq s'/f xf]Og . ;+;f/sf hgtfsf] v'g / kl;gf
c? efudf j0f{ Joj:yf g pAhL blIf0f tL ;fdGtx?n]
Pl;ofd} pAhg'sf cg]sf} sf/0f 5g\ . ldRg' ldr]sf lyP
To;nfO{{ clxn] afx'gjfb egL ;fdGtL hgtfsf] cl:tTj
k|lts[ofjfbnfO{{ dfq kmfObf k'U5 . Ps yfg ljb|fx] Lx?n]
wfld{s tGqdGqsf k/Dk/f of k':ts wfjf af]Ng] cfF6 u/]
;a} hfthfltsf x'g . tL ;j}sf zf;sx?sf lj?4df
k'/f]lxt, emfFqmL, cf]emf, nfdf, cflbn] hgo'4sf] lju'n km's/]
cf– cfˆg} hfltdf wfld{s s[ofsnfk cl3 a9\g] lxDdt u/]
u/L cfly{s nfe ul//x]s} 5g\ . lgd'vf, ul/a hgtfsf] ;fydf
cGwljZjf; ehfP/ jf]sf s'v/' f klg s/f]8f}+ >dhLlj hgtfsf] d'lQmsf] nflu
vfO/x]s} 5g\ . ls/fFt– d+uf]n d"nsf To;kl5
dfG5] / :jo+ blnt ;d'bfo leq}sfn] bdgsf lj?4df aGb's p7\of]
klg hftkft 5'jf5"tsf] e]befj ub}{ cTofrf/sf lj?4df snd p7\of]
g} cfPsf 5g\ . tL ;a}n] dlxnfnfO{{ ;Qf vf]:g] ;f; u/]
af]S;L eGg] cf/f]knufO{ wfdL emfFqmL >L % sf] xftaf6 8/kf]vn] klg
cfˆgf] clwsf/sf] nflu
a;fPs} 5g\ . j0f{Joj:yfsf cf+lzs
?kdf ls/fFt d+uf]n / blnt ;d'bfodf n8\g] rfxf /fv]
klg 5g\ . u'?ªsf] rf/hft] / ;f]xf| ] a[4, dlxnf, o'jfn] klg
hft] laefhg klg Pp6f afGsL xf] . lyof] zf]if0f / bdgaf6
ysfnLdf klg To:tf] hflto e]befj d'lQm kfpg] rfxgf
5 . bofnnfO{ { sfdL / ;fsL{ n ] xf] ToxL lbgsf] tld ;a}sg
tNnf] h ft eGg] u/] s } 5 blnt d:t} d:t} z'esfdgf
;d'bfodf klg 5'jf5"tsf] z[v + nf 5 . hgo'4 lbj;sf] xflb{s z'esfdgf Û
j0f{ Joj:yfnfO{{ …afx'gjfbÚ eGg] xf] zfxL ;]gfsf] lj?4df
eg] ofbj s'nsf If]qL s[i0fn] …rft'jo{ Ú hgtfsf] ;]gf v8f eof]
dof ;[i6d u'0f sd{ laefu; u'0f / lg/Í'z ;Qf lj?4df
sfdsf] laefusf] cfwf/df rf/ j0f{sf] hgjfbL ;Qf v8f eof]
;[li6 u/] egL lutfdf uh]s { f] s'/fnfO{{ lbn axfb'/ /Dt]n hGdfof]
s] eGg] < g]jf/x?n] klg afx'gjfb tL dxfg\ of]4f hGdfof]
eGb} em6f/f] xfGg] xf] eg] cfk"mleqs} lyof] k|ltlqmofjfbL /fHo;Qf
rf/ j0f{ rf};¶L hftnfO{{ s] eGg] < Wj:t kfg]{ hgjfbL ;Qf
To;sf] k'gJo{j:y ug]{ g]jf/ /fhf v8f ug]{ rfxgf
hol:ytL dNnnfO{{ s] eGg] < If]qLx?n] xf] ToxL lbgsf] tld ;a}sg
5'§} hflto ;+u7g agfO{ jfx'glt/ d:t} d:t} z'esfdgf
aGb's ;f]‰ofpg] xf] eg] cfˆg} /fh hgo'4 lbj;sf] xflb{s z'esfdgf Û
vnssf j0f{ Joj:yfsf k|Voft Pslbg To:tf] lbg cfof]
Joj:yfks /fdzfxnfO{{ s] eGg] < em'k8L p7\of], ufpF p7\of]
g]kfnL hgftfsf] ljut Oltxf; a:tLx? p7], zx/ p7\of], nx/ h'6o\ f]
d"Nof+sg / elj:oaf/] lrGtg u/]/ ;f/f hgtf ;8sdf cfP
cufl8 j9g' cfjZos 5 . clxn]sf] uf]nL rNof], d;fn aNof]
k/j]z cg';f/ dfgj :jefj dfgj juL{o cfGbf]ng lg/Gt/ rNof]
lrGtgsf] ljsf; km/s 9+un] ePsf] 5 Tof] dlSsPsf] /fh;+:yf
h;/L b]zdf Pskl5 csf]{ cj:yf af6 ;w}sF f] nflu 9Nof]
;+l3otfdf b]z k'Uof] To:t} dfgj hfltsf] lg/Í'z b/afl/ofsf] gfOs]
klg ;a} If]qdf ljsf; ePsf] b]Vg gf/f0flx6Laf6 gfufh{g' uof] .
;lsG5 . /fhgLlts ?kdf c? /fi6«eGbf To;kl5
k5fl8 /x]sf] g]kfn xfnnfO{{ eg] k|To]s hgo'4sf] gfOs]n] hgtf 5f]8k] lg
JolQm /fhgLltaf6 cnu 5 eGg ;lsFbg} k'gM bnfn Joj:yf /f]h] klg
Pskl5 csf]{ o'u Joj:yf kl/jlt{t eP cem} qmdzM hgo'4 rln/x]sf] 5
g]kfnL hgtf klg To;/L g} kl/jlt{t cem} hgqmflGt rln/x]sf] 5
ePsf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . cem} ;8sdf d;fn aln/x]Psf] 5
-n]vsM g]skf kfFry/ lhNnfsf cfpm g cfpm ;a} hgf cfpm
k"j{ lhNnf ;]qm]6/L x'g\ ._ bnfn Joj:yfsf lj?4df
wfjf af]nf},F gf/f nufpm
Tof] lbgsf] ;kgf k"/f u/f}F
;lxbnfO{{ :d/0f u/f}F
;d]tnfO{{ ljkIfL agfP/ lgif]wf1f ;lxbn] b]vfPsf] af6f]df lxF8o\ f}F
cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpF eGb} l/6 bfo/ cl3 a9\of},F lxdfn r9\of}F
u/]sf] lyof] . ;dfhjfbsf] em08f af]sf}F
pQm bfo/ u/]sf] d'2fdf ;'g'jfO{ ldNsfO{ lbp bnfnsf] ;Qf
ub} { pRr cbfnt kf6gsf] lxsf{O{ lbp e|i6x?sf] 6fpsf]df
lbk]Gb|axfb'/ dNnsf] Psn Ohnf;n] gj zf;sx?sf] 6fpsf]df
cNksflng cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L cem} klg hgo'4 hf/L 5
u/]sf] xf] . l/6df lgj]bssf tkm{af6 r'k nfu lrtfsf nf;x? xf]
clwjQmfx? cGhg lwtfn, honfn b/afl/of bf;x? xf]
e08f/L, ls/0f kf}8n ] / czfÍgjxfb'/ hgo'4 rln/x]sf] 5
dNnn] ax; u/]sf lyP . hgqmflGt rln/x]sf] 5
xfdL ToxL af6f]n]
b]vfPsf] dxfg\ af6f]df
hgqmflGtsf] ;'gf}nf] lbzfdf
tLj| /ˆtf/df nlDs/x]sf 5f}F
rlDs/x]sf 5f}F
cem} klg hLljt 5
hgtfsf] Joj:yf k|fKt ug]{ rfxgf
j}1flgs ;dfhjfbL rfxgf
xf] ToxL lbgsf] tld ;a}sg
d:t} d:t} z'esfdgf
hgo'4 lbj;sf] xflb{s z'esfdgf Û
dxfg hgo'4 –lhGbfjfb
dxfg\ ;lxb–nfn;nfd
3fOt] tyf a]kQf of]4f –lhGbfjfb
n]vs M clvn -qmflGtsf/L_sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o x'g\ .
 @)&( ;fn kmfu'g & ut] cfOtaf/ 7

dxfg\ hgo'4, cw'/f ;kgf / xfd|f] bfloTj

ljifo k| a ] z ljhosf] rSs/ o'Qm af6f] lxGof] t/ a9L/x]sf] dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ng /fli6o x'g' c:jeflas laNs'n x'Fb}g .
g]skf kf“ry/n] ;+3if{ rsf{pg] Û
sf7df8f}F . g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ kfFry/n] hgtfsf] hLjgdf k}bf ul/Psf
;+s6x?lj?4 ;+3if{nfO{{ cufl8 a9fpg] atfPsf] 5 . ;f] kf6L{sf] xfn} ;DkGg rf}yf]
cfd zf]lift kLl8t >dhLlj ;fx;sf ;fy lxF8o\ f] . slxNo} larlnt ?kdf dfq xf]Og cGt/fli6o?kdf cw' / f ;kgf / xfd| f ] bflxTj k"0f{ a}7sn] pQm lg0f{o u/]sf] atfOPsf] 5 . g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ kfFry/sf] rf}yf]
ju{sf] k"0f{ d'lQmsf vflt/ tTsflng ePg gt p:n] ljhosf] ltly ldtL ;d]t :yflkt e};s]sf] ;Gwe{df hgo'4sf] ;'?jftb]lv lalwjt k"0f{ a}7sn] u/]sf lg0f{ox? o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5– …xfd|f] hglk|o kf6L{ g]kfn sDo'lgi6
g] s kf -dfcf] j fbL_ sf] g] t [ T jdf b]v]sf] lyof] gt k/fhosf vf8nx? qmflGtsf gfos sf] pkdf kfPsf s cGt;Dd cfpFbf hgtfnfO{{ o'4df xfd kf6L{ kfFry/ lhNnf ;ldltsf] rf}yf] k"0f{ a}7s kf6L{sf lhNnf ;]qm]6/L s= x'sd' ;Lsf]
;+rflnt dxfg hgo'4n] cfˆgf g} b]vs
] f] lyof] p cl3 a9\of] t s]jn k|r08 / afa'/fd df lalrqsf] kmfNg tof/ ug]{ dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ ;Fu cWoIftfdf Pjd\ kf6L{sf d]rL Jo'/f] OGrfh{ s= ;'dg l;+x ;Lsf] k|dv ' cfltYotf /
uf}/ado @& jif{ k"/f u/L @* jif{ ln8/l;ksf] ljZjf;n] dfq a9\of] . cfTd;dk{0f sf] lah leq leq} alnof Ph]08fx? lyP hf] cfh ;Dd kf6L{sf kfFry/ lhNnf OTrfh{ s= ;Gtf]if ;Lsf] pkl:yltdf oxL kmfNu'g # ut]
cfpFbf Tof] zlQm n] k'/fsf] k'/} 5f]8s
] f]
/0flbk ;L 5 / vf]hLsfo{ hf/L /x]sf] 5 Tof]
dWosf] klxnf] ;kgf xf] Aoa:yf,
dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ng gofF ljrf/ gofF ;+a}wflgs ;+;lbo /fhtGqfTds
ax'blno Aoa:yfsf] 7fpdf gof
g]tT[ j / gof sfo{lbzfsf] ;+Zn]if0f, hgjfb, ;dfhjfb x'bF } ;fDojfb sf]
ljsf; / k|of]u;lxt ;';u+ l7t x'bF } ;kgf / o:k|tL ePsf] hg:s'lnª h:n]
hgtfdf 7"nf] hfu/0f NofPsf] lyof]
cufl8 a9\b} cfO/x]sf] 5 . hgo'4sf] d'¶Le/ AofQmLx?sf] xftdf /x]sf]
Pp6f lx:;f ;lsP klg afFsL gf]s/zfxL k'h F L / clwsf+; hgtf n]
ef]Ub} cfPsf] ul/aLsf] rqmAo' af6
sfo{ef/sf nflu cufl8 a9\g] hdsf]{ cufl8 a9L/x]sf] ;dfh nfO{{ of] Ph]08f
ul//x]s} 5 . PsLs[t hgqmflGtsf] n] r'Das em} tfg]sf] lyof] . aflx/ /
leq lglhs/0fsf] cGtsf] gf/f lgs}
;'gf}nf] / a:t';u+ t j}1flgs sfo{lbzf :yflkt lyof] . ;fd'lxQmflt/ ;dfh
af]s/] cufl8 a9L /x]sf] 5 . j}1flgs qmd; cu|;/ u/fpFb} lyof] . tTsflng
kf6L{ g] t [ T jdf cfPsf] a} r fl/s
;dfhjfbsf] /fhgLlts nIo;lxt larngtf / ju{kl| tsf] lgi7f u'Db} a}7s ;DkGg eof] .
qmflGtsf] ofqfnfO{{ hf/L /fv]sf] klg hfg'n] ;kgf ;kgfd} l;ldt /x] . olta]nf bnfn k'h F LjfbL ;+;bLo Joj:yfsf] ;a}n] b]Vg]u/L c;kmn ;fljt x'bF }
;f9] gf} jif{ e};s]sf] 5 cfhsf] Aoa:yf kl/at{g ;Fu} hgtf nfO{{ ufF;, uPsf] 5 . gful/sx?sf] hLjgdf of] ;Qfn] eofgs ;+s6, zf]if0f, cGofo, cTofrf/
afF;, skf;, :jf:Yo, lzIff, /f]huf/L bdg / lje]bx? lbgfg'lbg hj/h:t ?kdf nflb/x]sf] 5 . hgtfx? cfqmfGt 5g\
;dfhsf] a:t';u+ t JofVof / laif]:tf / :jflwgtf ;Fu ;DalGwt tTsflng / hgtfsf] Pp6f lx:;f cfGbf]lnt x'bF } hfg] k|lqmofsf] yfngL ePsf] 5 . /fHo
;lxt cufl8 a9L/x]sf] PsLs[t gf/fn] lgs} 7"nf] :yflkt sf] :yfg ;Qfsf] of] r/d ;+s6 / c;kmntfnfO{{ 9fs5f]k ub}{ gofF /Ë / cfj/0fdf of]
lnPsf] dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ hgtfsf] cfzf ;QfnfO{{ of] cfˆg} s7\kt' nL agfO/xg klZrdf zlQms]Gb|x?sf] of]hgf kfngdf gofF–
hgqmflGtnfO{{ ljhosf] uGtJo;Dd / e/f];fsf] s]Gb| ag]sf] g} lyof] . cfh gofF kfqx? v8f u/]/ lg/Gt/ nfluk/]sf 5g\ . cfk\mgf] s';L{ n'6 dRrfpg] dfWodsf]
k'¥ofpg' / lrxfg 3f6df k'us ] f] Tof] ;a} ;kgfdf l;ldt x'bF f 3[0ff ;dflKt x'g] 8/df ;+;b\jfbLx? k|To]s lbg hgtfsf] cfFvfdf 5f/f] xfNg cg]sf
cfqmf]; / cfa]u dfq hGdfPsf] 5 . cg]s skf]slNkt e|d k}bf ub}{ uPsf 5g\ . o;sf] xn Pp6} dfq pkfo s]jn
;+;bLo Aoa:yf s'?k cg'xf/;lxt h;/L k'ghL{ljt e} ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs s;}n] vf8L d'n's af6 larlnt hgtfsf] xftdf /fHo ;Qf / j}1flgs ;dfhjfb k|flKtaf6 dfq ;Dej 5 .
u0ftGqfTds bnfn k'h F LjfbL ;+;bLo Aoa:yfsf] ?kdf cfPsf] 5 o;sf] cGtsf nflu g]tT[ jnfO{{ ;Qf];/fk ul//x]sf] 5 eg] ;+;b\jfbL bn / zlQmx? pgLx?sf s7\kt' nL uf]7fnfsf] ?kdf sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ .
s;}n] ljutsf cfwf/ O{nfsfsf] xfd|f] k|f6L{ of] b]zdf olta]nf klZrdfnufotsf ljb]zL zlQm s]Gb|x?n] k}bf ug{ ;Sg]
o'4 xf]Og PsLs[t hgqmflGtdfkm{t\ cufl8 a9\g' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . unt gLlt em'k8Lsf] cfugaf6 s;}n] cfk"m /x]sf] ljleGg vfn] if8\oGqaf6 b]znfO{{ arfpg g]kfnsf ;+;b\jfbLx?n] gofF gofF kfqx?dfkm{t\
g]tT[ j / Aojxf/sf] kl5 nfUbf kl/0ffd ;xL / c;n cfpg] kSs} klg lyPg / cfPg df6f]dg' L af6 t s;}n] cfz' kl;gf hgtfdf k}bf ul/Psf u|daf6 hgtfnfO{{ d'Qm ub}{ g]kfndf ;Qfsf] h'g b]vfk/]sf]
r'jfPsf] e"ldaf6 o:af6 tTsflng r/d ;+s6nfO{{ b]z / hgtfsf] cg'sn" tfdf abNg' kg}{ cleef/f xfd|f] sfFwdf
klg . cfh gfd dfqsf] hLlat dfcf]jfbL kf6L{sf] xfn;Ddsf] kl/0ffdn] oxL tYonfO{{ g]tT[ jn] s'g} klg ;xh af6f] af6 cfPsf] 5 . b]zsf] /Iff / >dhLlj hgtfsf] ;Qf lgdf{0fsf] lhDd]jf/L xfd|f] kf6L{n]
phfu/ u/]sf] 5 . t;y{ gofF ljrf/ gofF g]tT[ j j}1flgs sfo{lbzf cfhsf] cfjZostf pGd'lQm kSs} klg gkfpg] s'/f k'/f ug]5 { . log} ;Gbe{df ax; 5nkmn ub}{ xfd|f] kf6L{ g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ kfFry/
kSsfkSsL b]lvG5 . tyfkL log} cw'/f lhNnfsf] rf}yf] a}7s a;L hgtfsf] hLjgdf k}bf ul/Psf ;+s6x?lj?4 ljleGg
xf] o;}sf] pkh xf] PsLs[t hgqmflGt Û hgo'4sf cw'/f ;kgfx? PsLs[t ;kgf n]dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ngnfO{{ vfn] ;+3if{nfO{{ cufl8 a9fpg] lg0f{o ul/Psf] 5 .
hgqmflGtdfkm{t\ cjZo k"/f e} 5f8\g] 5g\ . jf:tljs ;lxb 3fOt] ckfË a]kQf / la;{lht x'g lbg] lyPg / 5}g klg lg0f{ o x?
qmd; dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ng gofF ljrf/ != kf6L{nfO{{ hgcfwfl/t kf6L{ agfpg] u/L ;Fu7g lj:tf/ ug]{ .
hgo'4k|d] L hg;d'bfosf] cfzf PsLs[t hgqmflGtdfkm{t\ k"/f x'g5] g\ . xfdL ljZj:t dfq gofF g]tT[ j / gof sfo{lbzfsf] ;+Zn]if0f, @= b]ze} l/sf cfz hgtfnfO{{ j|x0f nufgLsf] gfddf 3/jf/ljxLg agfpg]
xf]Og bfloTjaf]wsf ;fy Pstfa4 xf} hgo'4sf cw'/f ;kgf k"/f eP/} 5f8\g5] g\ . ljsf; / k|of]u;lxt ;';u+ l7t x'bF } cfTdxTof;Dd ug{ afWo agfpg], n3'ljQ ;+:yfx? kfFry/df klg ;lqmo /xL
cufl8 a9\b} cfO/x]sf] 5 . hgo'4sf] dxËf] Jofh ls:tf c;'Nb} ljleGg ;d"x agfp hgftfsf] >daf6 cflht
k|a]zsf nflu Ps lbg dfq afFsL p:sf] ;xf/f dfq ln8/l;kk|ltsf] pld|Psf] bf];|f] txsf ln8/n] a'em]g Pp6f lx:;f ;lsP klg afF s L ljs]lGb|st[ k'h F LnfO{{ s]lGb|st[ ug]{ gfddf cfly{s a|Dxn'6 u/]sf] x'bF f oL o:tf
5 . /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs cf3ft ljZjf;, ljhosf df]rf{ / / slyt sfo{lgtLsf] afxfgf agfP/ sfo{ef/sf nflu cufl8 a9\g] hdsf]{ sfo{ tTsfn /f]Sg / hgtfsf] Hofgwgsf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu kmfNu'g % ut]af6
/ ;f+ : s[ l ts ?kfdf hsl8osf] hg;d'bfo afx]s s]xL klg lyPg . 7f]; a:t'sf] 7f]; ljZn]if0f sf] unt ul//x]s} 5 . PsLs[t hgqmflGtsf] lg/Gt/ ;+3if{ ug]{ / o:tf ljQLo ;+:yfnfO{{ /fHoaf6 tTsfn lgodg u/L vf/]h
;dfh?kfGt/0fsf] nIo af] s ] / cfh;Dd hlt klg o'4x? ePdf 5g\ JofVof ub}{ b/jf/ xTofsf08 kl5sf] ;'gf}nf] / a:t';u+ t j}1flgs sfo{lbzf ug{ ;d]t bjfad"ns ;+3if{ ug]{ ;fy} kLl8tx?nfO{{ ;+ul7t ug]{ .
pbfPsf] hgo'4?kL nfnls/0f cfh ltgLx?sf] af6f] ;'?df ;tk|lt;t lasl;t 36gfqmdnfO{{ cfwf/ agfpFb} af]s/] cufl8 a9L /x]sf] 5 . j}1flgs #= nfu" cf}ifw sf/f]af/L tyf b'Jo{;gLsf] klxrfg u/L ;r]tgf / hfu/0f;lxtsf]
s'g cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] 5 < o;n] b]Vg ;Dej ePsf] klg 5}g / b]lvb}g !@ a'Fb] ;xdtL x'Fb} la:t[t zfGtL ;dfhjfbsf] /fhgLlts nIo;lxt sf/jfxL ug]{ .
cfˆgf] uGtAosf] ofqf k"/f u¥of] of klg . hgo'4sf] ofqf klg o;sf] ;Demf}tg ;Dd cfpFbf hgo'4sf] qmflGtsf] ofqfnfO{{ hf/L /fv]sf] klg $= kfFry/af6 rNg] nfdf] tyf 5f]6f] b"/Lsf oftfoft Joj;fox?n] dgf]dfgL ef8f
u/]g < hgo'4sflng :yflkt Ph]08f ckjfb x'g ;Sb}gYof] o;} ljifodf s lalwjt cGt ul/of] / l/l33'dL ;f9] gf} jif{ e};s]sf] 5 cfhsf] c;'nL /x]sf] x'bF f ;DalGwt lgsfo;Fu} 5nkmn u/L plrt ef8fb/ lgwf{/0fsf
k"/f u¥of] jf 5f]8o\ f] < nIo k|flKtsf] n]lgg eGg" x'G5 o'4s:tf] x'G5 eGg] ?Demf6f/ eg]h:t}c3f]l;t ?kdf ;dfhsf] a:t';u+ t JofVof / laif]:tf nflu 5nkmn ug}{ olb xfd|f] cfu|xnfO{{ a]jf:tf u/] s8f ;+3if{df plqg] .
clenf;f;lxt alnbfg ug]{ dxfg\ s'/f tkfO{+ hfGg rfxg'xG' 5 < eg] o'4 ;+;lbo Aoa:yfsf] lx:;]bf/ aGg] ;lxt cufl8 a9L/x]sf] PsLs[t #= kfFry/df ;+rflnt / lgdf{0ffwLg cj:yfdf /x]sf xfO8«fk] fj/ k|f=ln=n] :yfgLo
jL/la/Ëgfx?sf] /ftf] /utnfO{{ s'NRof] ug{'xf];\ eg] h:t} ;dfhdf cGofo dfcf]jfbL k|so[ f ;'? eof] / dfcf]jfbL hgqmflGtnfO{{ ljhosf] uGtJo;Dd hgtf;Fu u/]sf] ;xdltcg';f/ ljsf; lgdf{0f kof{j/0f ;fdflhs sfo{ gu/L
of lz/f] w fo{ u¥of] < hgo' 4 sf zf]if0f, bdg AofKt lyof] o:tf] hgo'4sf] pknlAwsf] /Iffsf] afxfgf k'¥ofpg' / lrxfg 3f6df k'u]sf] k|fs[lts >f]t ;fwgsf] bf]xg ;d]t u/]sf]n] To;sf lj?4 :yfgLo hgtfnfO{{
l;kfxLx? l;kfxLsf] :t/af6 dfly ;dfhnfO{{ ljz]if ul/ o'jfx?n] abNg agfpFb} ;+l3otf, wd{ lg/kIf]tf ;+;bLo Aoa:yf s'?k cg'xf/;lxt ;fydf lnO{ zzQm ;+3if{ ug]{ .
5g\ jf u/fof] . < sDAof8n] ;lhPsf rfxfGYof] / ;Dk"0f{ vfn] zf]if0f ;dfa];Ltf h:tf gf/fx? ngo h;/L k'ghL{ljt e} ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs ^= kfFry/sf ;Dk"0f{ :yfgLo txdf b]lvPsf e|i6frf/ sld;g / ckf/blz{tfsf]
hgd'lQm ;]gf la;{hgkl5sf] cj:yf plTk8g af6 d'Qm ;dfh rfxfGYof] dfkm{t\ cWog ub}{ u/fpFb} dfcf]jfbL u0ftGqfTds bnfn k'h F LjfbL ;+;bLo lj?4df hgu'gf;f] ;'gL cfjZos ;+3if{ cufl8 a9fpg] .
s:tf] /x]sf]5 vf]hL eof] of ePg < l7s o;} ;do @)%@ ;fn kmfNu'0f cfGbf]ng nfO{{ ;+;bjfbL cfxfndf Aoa:yfsf] ?kdf cfPsf] 5 o;sf] &= oxL kmfNu'g !$ ut]af6 ;'? x'g] ;lxb ;Ktfxsf] cj;/df kl/jt{gsf nflu
hgo'4 k|]dLx?sf] lbgrof{ s;/L ! ut] hgo'4sf] ;'?jft eof] / o'4df 8'jfpg] gofF catf/ b]vk] l5 kf6L{leq cGtsf nflu o'4 xf]Og PsLs[t kfFry/af6 alnbfg ug{x' g' ] ;lxbx?sf] ;Ddfg / ;Demgfdf lkmlbd g=kf= leq
lat]sf] 5 / hgo'4 n8fpg] g]tfx?sf] n]lgg s} egfO{ cg';f/ a'‰g / nfu" rsf]{ b'On{ fog ;+3if{ n] :yfg lnof] / hgqmflGtdfkm{t\ cufl8 a9\g' cfhsf] ;lxb :d[lt k|ltIffno lgdf{0f sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg] lg0f{o ul/of] .Ú
lbgrof{ s;/L lat]sf] 5 lx;fa 5 ug{ ;Dk"0f{ zlQm nfda2 eof] . a'em]/ dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ngsf] la36gsf] cfjZostf xf] . unt gLlt g]tT[ j /
of 5}g < dfcf]jfbLx? dfcf]jfbL nfUof] jf nx6df nfUof] km/s s'/f k|s[of ;'?jft eof] / hgo'4sf] Aojxf/sf] kl5 nfUbf kl/0ffd ;xL g]skf ;'v]{tåf/f pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, 3/]n' tyf
ePsf]df ue{ u5{ jf kZrtfk < oL
/ o:tf k|Zgx?n] ;dfh / dfcf]jfbL
xf] . oxL s'/fsf] ;Gwe{ lnP/ n]lgg
eGg" x'G5 " s'g} klg qmflGtsf] af6f]
ofqfdf k"0f{la/fd nfUof] . h'g p2]Zosf
;fy ;+;bjfbL bnn] aftf{sf] sf8{
/ c;n cfpg] kSs} klg lyPg /
cfPg klg . cfh gfd dfqsf] hLlat ;fgf pBf]u / g]kfn lgdf{0f Joj;foL;“u 5nkmn
dgx?nfO{{lt/ xflg/x]sf] 5 . xnf] ;'?df k'/fk'/ b]Vg ;lsFbg} / cg]s ˆofs]sf lyof] Tof] p2]Zodf pgL ;kmn dfcf] j fbL kf6L{ s f] xfn;Ddsf] sf7df8f}F . g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ ;'v]{tn] lalxaf/ a}+s, n3'ljQ, dL6/
sf]bfnf] / 8f]sf] gfDnf]df /dfO{/x]sf] k6s cGwsf/df kfO{nf rfNg' kg]5 { eP t/ b]z n] u/]sf] ck]Iff k"/f kl/0ffdn] oxL tYonfO{{ phfu/ u/]sf] Aofhnufot ;d;fdlos ljifodf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 ;'v]{t, 3/]n' tyf
ls;fg dhb'/x? / :s'n] o'lgkmddf cWo/fdf 5fd5fd 5'd5'd ug{' kg]{ ePg x'g] s'/f klg lyPg . o'4 of 5 . t;y{ gofF ljrf/ gofF g]tT[ j ;fgf pBf]u Joj;foL / g]kfn lgdf{0f Joj;foL ;+3;Fu ;+oQ ' m ¿kdf 5nkmn
;lhPsf gf}hjfg o'jfx? emf]nfdf 5 t/ cl3 nDsg] tl/sf rflxF oxL qmflGt lg0ff{os ljhodf gk'u'Gh]n j} 1 flgs sfo{ l bzf cfhsf]
skL–snd yGsfP/ kl/at{ g sf] g} xf] . " oxL egfO{ xfdL hgo'4 k|d] L Ps g Ps qmflGtsf/L zlQm hfUg' cfjZostf xf] o;}sf] pkh xf]
clenf;f af]sL hgo'4df Hofg sf] lhjgdf nfu" eof] . xfb}{ lhTb} ;dfhljsf; sf] clgafo{ lgod ;+ut PsLs[t hgqmflGt Û hgo'4sf cw'/f
xTs]nfdf /fv]/ dfcf]jfbL kf6L{df n8\b} k8\b} ofqf hf/L /fVof} Ps csf{ s'/f xf] . hgo'4 af/] h'g e|dx? ;kgfx? PsLs[t hgqmflGtdfkm{t\
;fd]n eof] / eGof] xfdL of] b]znfO{{ k| t L ;+ s f ljZjf; t/ ljZjf; 5g\ lsg 5g\ eGbf hgo'4sf] k"0f{ cjZo k"/f e} 5f8\g] 5g\ . jf:tljs
aiff} { b ] l vsf] cw{ ; fdGtL / ul//x]of} . ufpFdf k'/fgf] k|ltlqmofjfbL ljho lagf oL e|dx?sf] cGt gx'g' ;lxb 3fOt] ckfË a]kQf / hgo'4k|d] L
cw{cf}klga]lzs zf]if0faf6 d'Qm ug]{ ;Qf sf :yfgLo lgsfox? l/lQb} cgf}7f] s'/f xf]O{g /lx/xG5 lsgls hg;d' b fosf] cfzf PsLs[ t
5f} / gofF hgjfb, ;dfhjfb x'Fb} vfnL x'g] qmd / To;sf] :yfg df lhTg]u/L p7fh ul/Psf] hgo'4 hgqmflGtdfkm{t\ k"/f x'g]5g\ . xfdL
;fDojfbdf k'Ug]5f} / cfd g]kfnLsf] hgtfsf] hgjfbL ;Qf wdfwd 3f]if0ff ;Demf}tfdf t'xfP kl5 o:t} x'g' lyof] ljZj:t dfq xf]Og bfloTjaf]wsf ;fy
d'xf/ km]g]{ 5f}, a? alnbfgsf] sf]6f x'g] qmd lgs} lta| ?kn] rNof] cfwf/ / eof] . olt dfq xf]O{g la:yflkt Pstfa4 xf} hgo'4sf cw'/f ;kgf
r'Qmf ug]{ 5f} xfdL em'Sg] 5}gf} sfo/ O{nflso sfdsfhdf hgtf kf6L{ ug{' kg]{ zlQm :yflkt eof] :yflkt k"/f eP/} 5f8\g]5g\ . u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ ;'v]{tsf] sfof{nodf OGrfh{ w'|j ;L /
/ sfFt/x?sf] hLjg Ho'g] 5}gf} of] cEo:t e};s]sf] lyof] . hgtfdf 7"nf] x'g' kg]{ zlQm la:yflkt eof] oL ;a} hgo'4 – lhGbfjfb lhNnf ;lrj hLt ;Lsf] pkl:yltdf ;f] 5nkmn ePsf] atfOPsf] 5 .
cfbz{ af]s]/ gyfsL kf6L{ lgb]{zgsf] cfzfsf] ls/0f b]lvGYof] . dfcf]jfbL s'/f o;}sf] kl/0ffdx? x'g eGbf PsLs[t hgqmGtL – lhGbfjfb . pQm 5nkmn sfo{qmddf ;'v]{t pBf]u jfl0fHo ;3+sf nId0f sF8]n,
kfngf ub} { cufl8 a9\ o f] . gePsf] ufpF lyPg alnbfg gePsf] clt;o'QmL gxf]nf . @* cf} alf\iflssf] -n]vs M g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf s]Gb|Lo 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf k|ltgLlw a|d Pl8, g]kfn lgdf{0f Joj;foL ;+3sf
lbgk|ltlbg ljho, k/fho / km]l/ 7fpF /x]g o:tf] cj:yf af6 cufl8 ca;/df olts'/fsf] :d/0f clgafo{ ;b:o Pa+ afFs] lhNnf OGrfh{ x'g\ ._ lrqgfy of]uLnufotsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .
 8 sf= lh= k|= sf= b= g+= !^#÷@)^#÷^$
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ph'/Lsf cfwf/df sG;N6]G;Ldf k'us ] f]
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E-mail : chhepyastra@gmail.com,website: www.janakhabar.com d'bs
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