PAVEMENT

DESIGN
ENGR. PAOLO T. MANUEL
23 OCTOBER 2021
 Session Objectives
At the end of the session, the students will be able to:
• Identify different types of pavement;
• Identify the composition of different types of pavement; and
• Design flexible and rigid pavement.

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 Pavement
Design
This is the process of determining
the thickness and strength of a
pavement laid on a soil
foundation (subgrade) for the
purpose of providing an even
non-skid, stable and desirable
surface, and permitting efficient,
rapid, and safe flow of traffic in
accordance with specified loads.

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 Types of Pavement
There are three major types of pavement present in the Philippines:

Flexible (Asphalt Pavement) Rigid (Concrete Pavement) Gravel (Unpaved Roads)

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 Flexible Pavement (Asphalt)
• It is generally consist of three main
layers, the bituminous surface
course, base course, and the sub-
base course.
• The base and sub-base may also be
laid in a composite form using different
materials designated as upper and
lower base or sub-base.
• The surface of the subgrade is termed
the formation level.
• Gravel surfaced pavements are a form
of flexible pavement without a bound
surface course.
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 Flexible Pavement (Asphalt)
• Bituminous prime coat is used to bind the
granular base to the asphalt layer.
• Bituminous tack coat is a very light
application of bituminous asphalt, used to
ensure a bond between the surface being
paved and the overlying course.
• Base course serves as the structural
portion of the pavement.
• Sub-base course prevents intrusion of
fine-grained roadbed soils into base
course, prevents accumulation of water
below pavement structure, and provide
working platform for construction
equipment.
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 Rigid Pavement (Concrete)
• It is generally consist of two layers only,
pavement slab and the sub-base
course.
• It is a structure comprising of a layer of
cement concrete which may be
supported by a subbase between
concrete and the subgrade.
• Unlike in the case of the flexible
pavements, the major portion of the
structural capacity is taken by the
concrete base layer itself
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 Rigid Pavement (Concrete)

• Pavement slab may be constructed

with or without reinforcement. It maybe
designed as continuous structural
elements or jointed structural elements.
• Sub-base course is used to provide a
stable working platform, provision of a
uniform bearing surface under the
pavement, reduce deflection at joints,
and prevent pumping at joints and slab
edges.

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 Gravel Pavement
• The thickness of gravel layers must be sufficient to distribute the heaviest loads.
• Small amount of surface deformation can be tolerated in this type of pavement.

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 Pavement Design
The main factors which influence the performance of a pavement are:

Traffic Volume Subgrade Support Strength Water

Material Performance Quality of Construction

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 Pavement Design
Flexible Pavement
𝑊
𝐴2 =
𝑓
𝐴1 = 𝜋𝑟 2
By ratio and proportion:
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝑊
= 𝑡 + 𝑟 = 0.564
𝑟 2 𝑡+𝑟 2 𝑓
𝑊
𝜋𝑟 2 𝑓 𝑊
2
= 𝑡 = 0.564 −𝑟
𝑟 𝑡+𝑟 2 𝑓
2
𝑊
𝑡+𝑟 =
𝜋𝑓
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 Pavement Design
Example (Flexible Pavement Thickness)
A flexible pavement carries a static wheel load of 53.5 𝑘𝑁. The circular contact area of
the tire is 85,806 𝑚𝑚2 and the transmitted load is distributed across a wide area of the
subgrade at an angle of 45°. The subgrade bearing value is 0.14 𝑀𝑃𝑎, while that of the
base is 0.41 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Design the thickness of the pavement and that of the base.

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 Pavement Design
Solution
𝐶𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑊
85,806 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑡1 = 0.564 −𝑟
𝑟 = 165.27 ≈ 165 𝑚𝑚 𝑓2

𝑊 53,500
𝑡 = 0.564 −𝑟 𝑡1 = 0.564 − 165
𝑓1 0.41
𝑡1 = 38.73
53,500 𝒕𝟏 = 𝟑𝟗 𝒎𝒎 (𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)
𝑡 = 0.564 − 165
0.14 𝑡 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2
𝑡 = 183.65 184 = 39 + 𝑡2
𝑡 = 184 𝑚𝑚 𝒕𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝒎𝒎 (𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒)
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 Pavement Design
Example (Flexible Pavement Thickness)
A flexible pavement having a thickness of 46 mm carries a static wheel load of “W.”
The circular contact from that time has an equivalent radius of 150 mm. If the load “W”
is assumed to be transmitted across a wide area of subgrade at an angle of 45°,
compute the value of the wheel load “W” of the bearing stress of the base is 0.42 Mpa.
Solution:

𝑊
𝑡 = 0.564 −𝑟
𝑓

𝑊
46 = 0.564 − 150
0.42
𝑊 = 50,722.8 𝑁 ≈ 50.72 𝑘𝑁
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 Pavement Design
Rigid Pavement
Without dowels or tie bars:
The critical section is at the edge of a contraction joint,
it will crack approximately 45° with the edges.
6𝑀
𝑓= 2
𝑏𝑑
𝑀 = 𝑊𝑥
𝑏 = 2𝑥; 𝑑 = 𝑡
6𝑊𝑥
𝑓=
2𝑥𝑡 2
3𝑊
𝑡=
𝑓
𝑓 = 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝑊 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
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 Pavement Design
Rigid Pavement
With dowels or tie bars:
The purpose of dowel is to transmit the stresses due
to the load from the adjacent pavement.
6𝑀
𝑓= 2
𝑏𝑑
At the edge of the pavement: At the center of the pavement:
𝑊𝑥 𝑊𝑥
𝑀= 𝑀=
2 4
𝑊𝑥 𝑊𝑥
6 6
2 4
𝑓= 𝑓 =
2𝑥𝑡12 2𝑥𝑡22

3𝑊 3𝑊
𝑡1 = 𝑡2 =
2𝑓 4𝑓
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 Pavement Design
Example (Rigid Pavement Thickness)
A rigid pavement is to be used to carry a wheel load of 53.5 kN, design the thickness
of the pavement. The allowable tensile stress of concrete is 1.38 Mpa. Sufficient
dowels are used across the joints.
Solution:
At the edge of the pavement: At the center of the pavement:

3(53,500) 3(53,500)
𝑡1 = 𝑡2 =
2(1.38) 4(1.38)
𝑡1 = 241.15 𝑚𝑚 𝑡2 = 170.52 𝑚𝑚
𝑡1 = 241 𝑚𝑚 𝑡2 = 171 𝑚𝑚
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 Pavement Design
Example (Bar Spacing)
A concrete pavement 8 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 wide and 150 𝑚𝑚 thick is to be provided with a center
longitudinal joint using 12 𝑚𝑚 ∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠. The unit weight of concrete is 2,400 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 .
Coefficient of friction of the slab on the subgrade is 2.0. Assuming an allowable
working stress in tension for steel bars at 138 MPa, determine the spacing of the
longitudinal bars in mm.

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 Pavement Design
Solution
Consider one meter length of slab:
𝑊 = 0.15 4 1 2400 (9.81)
𝑊 = 14,126.4 𝑁
𝐹 = 𝜇𝑁 = 2 14,126.4
𝐹 = 28,252.8 𝑁
𝐹 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠
𝜋
𝐹 = 12 2 138
4
𝐹 = 15,607.43 𝑁
15,607.43
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = 0.552 𝑚 ≈ 550 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
28,252.80
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 Pavement Design
Example (Length of bar and spacing)
A cement concrete pavement has a thickness of 18 cm and has two lanes of 7 meters
with a longitudinal joint. Design the spacing of the tie bar and the length of bar. Use 16
mm diameter bars.
𝑘𝑔
𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 800 2
𝑐𝑚
𝑘𝑔
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 2400 3
𝑚
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 = 1.5
𝑘𝑔
𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 24 2
𝑐𝑚

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 Pavement Design
Solution
Consider one meter length of slab:
𝑊 = 0.18 3.5 1 2400
𝑊 = 1,512 𝑘𝑔
𝐹 = 𝜇𝑁 = 1.5 1,512
𝐹 = 2268 𝑘𝑔
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 = 𝐹
𝐴𝑠 800 = 2268
𝐴𝑠 = 2.84 𝑐𝑚2 /𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 1.6 2
4
𝐴𝑠 = 2.01𝑐𝑚2
2.01𝑐𝑚2
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 2 = 0.71 𝑚 ≈ 70 𝑐𝑚 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
2.84 𝑐𝑚 /𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
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 Pavement Design
Solution
Length of the bars:
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 = 𝜋𝐷𝐿 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
2.01 800 = 𝜋 1.6 24 𝐿
𝐿 = 13.33 ≈ 14 𝑚𝑚
Note: The length of the bar must be
at least twice the computed value
𝐿 = 2 14
𝐿 = 28 𝑚𝑚

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 Pavement Design
California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
This test is performed to evaluate the strength of
soil subgrades and base course materials. CBR
test values is used when selecting pavement and
base thicknesses.
𝑃𝑇
𝐶𝐵𝑅 = 𝑥 100
𝑃𝑆
𝑃𝑇 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝑆 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 5
1000
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑘𝑔 = 225
9.81
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 Pavement Design
Standard load values of crushed stones U.S. Corps of Engineers
for different penetration values
1.75 1
𝑡= 𝑊 −
𝐶𝐵𝑅 𝜋𝜌

Where:
𝑡 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚.
𝑊 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔.
𝐶𝐵𝑅 = 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑎 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝜌 = 𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2

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 Pavement Design
Example
The soil sample was obtained from the project site and the CBR test was conducted at
the field. The sample with the same subgrade imposed upon it is then subjected to a
penetration test by a piston plunger of 5 cm. diameter moving at a certain speed. The
CBR value of a standard crushed rock for 2.5 mm penetration is 70.45 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 . The
sample was subjected to a load of 83 kg. and it produces a penetration of 2.5 mm.
a. Compute the CBR value of the soil sample
b. Using this soil for a subgrade of a pavement, determine the thickness of the
pavement when a wheel load of 3000 kg with a tire pressure of 8 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 is
imposed on the subgrade. Use U.S. Corps of Engineers formula

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 Pavement Design
Solution:
a. CBR of soil sample: b. Thickness of pavement:
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 83
𝑃𝑇 = =𝜋 1.75 1
𝐴 5 2 𝑡= 𝑊 −
4 𝐶𝐵𝑅 𝜋𝜌
𝑃𝑇 = 4.23 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
𝑃𝑇 1.75 1
𝐶𝐵𝑅 = 𝑥 100 𝑡= 3000 −
𝑃𝑆 6 8𝜋
4.23 𝑡 = 27.49 𝑚𝑚
𝐶𝐵𝑅 = 𝑥 100
70.45
𝐶𝐵𝑅 = 6%

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 Conduct of the Midterm Exam
• Our midterm examination will be conducted on 13 November 2021 (Saturday) during
our synchronous class.
• The examination duration will be 1.5 hours.
• The midterm examination will cover the following topics:
1. History and Principles of Transportation
2. Agencies Involved in Highway and Railway Planning
3. Highway and Railway Planning
4. Road Vehicle Performance
5. Geometric Design of Highways
6. Highway Construction and Materials
7. Pavement Design

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 Conduct of the Midterm Exam
• Google forms will be used as an online platform for the examination.
• Everyone is required to open their camera during the examination.
• No make-up exams will be given except for legitimate medical excuses. Grace
period for the make-up exam is within one week after the original schedule of exam.
• All forms of cheating (e.g., plagiarism, copying, communicating with others during an
exam) are not acceptable in this class. The instructor reserves the right to invalidate
exams or answers that have been borne out of cheating.
• Cheating in a major examination will entail a failing mark for the given course.
Cheating, dishonesty, and plagiarism in other works will entail a zero score for the
said requirement.

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Questions?

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