Computer Networks

It reppers to interconnected computing devices that can share resources with each other.

These network devices called communication use a system of roles protocol

→ The communication can be done either by wired or by wireless technologies to transmit the
information

Need of Computer Networks

* To share computer files

To share computer equipments

To utilization of software make effective To reduce the cost of data transfer → To improve
communication speed and accuracy

Router

→ Router is a hardware device to enable internet to connection to negard destination

Modem

Modem is a hardware device which enables the device to send the data packets.

Switch

Switch is a hardware connecting device which is used to forward data packets to its different
connected equipment.
Network Hardware: It is the individual components of the metoo System that are responsible for
tomonnitting data and facilitating the operations of a computer network

A network contains many hardware components. These Are several basic categories that
makeup the complete operation of a network system.

The following of the List of H/W component of CN are :-

NIC: It is used to communicate one device to multiple devices (computers). The NIC consists of
hardware addresses and protocols. data link Layer

Types

Wireless NIC - Laptop use the wireless

NIC. In this connection

made up by using and that employs the radio wave technology.

•Wired NIC Cable used to transfer the data over medium.

HUB: It is a central hardware design that subs the network connection into multiple devices.
When a computer is required for information from another computer, it sends the request to
HUB and the HUB will distribute it to call its connected system.

SWITCH:→ It is a networking device that groups all the devices over the network to transfer the data to
another device. → It is better than HUB as it doesn't broadcast the message over the network

->it sends message to the devices for which it belongs to directly Porn Soder

Cables and Connectors: There are different types of Cables used to link and communicate the
devices in a network system.

Types

Toasted pair cable: The speed of data transmission In this cable is 1Gbps

→ Coaxial Cable: The speed of data transmission 10mbps Fiber optic Cable: High speed data roomster
rate by Using data light beams, compared to other cables. 1Gbps

ROUTER Network router is a hardware device that is corrected to multiple channels for different
channels through an interface that is situated on each network.

→It mainly comments local Area Network (LAN) a to internet by using specific protocol or set of rules to
determine which information package (PDU) - packet data Unit or to the router to certain interfaces
within the network

Bridges :-A network bridge divides traffic on a LAN by separating the LAN into several different
segments.

It is also responsible for filtering data → by determining the data of destination,

Network bridges operate with the layers of the network and also control the data that crosses
boundaries Poom one LAN to other.
Network

Network Software is a software which helps network

administrators

deploy, manage and monitor a network.

* Networks are made-up of specialized for hardware, such as routers and switches that makes
the networking software testo the solution.
Software Defined Networking (ODN) separates that software from the hardware making it easier
to adapt the network to quickly need changing network demand. The separation of formation
from hardware is done by Firewalls.

The key benefit of Network Software is to enable

and manage the network

Functions of Network Software:

• File Management: Lets administrators decide the location of data storage and control user
access to that data.

User Management Allows administrators to add to remove users Promon the network. This is
particularly useful when Writing or relieving the system

Access: Enables users to enjoy uninterrupted access to network resources.

*Network Beaurity System: Assists administrators in looking after security and preventing the
data Poorn um-authorized access/ viruses.

Key Components of Network

i. Application Layer

software

* It refers to the application and services on the network.

It is a program that conveys network info the status of the network and the network
requirements for particular resources availability and application Those done through the control
layers via application programming interfaces. Control Layer It lies at the center of the
architecture and is one of the most important components of the 3 layers which may call as the
balm of the whole

*This Layer includes the network Control software and the network operating system with it. It
will receive respirements Prom the app and translating some to the network componente The
cantal of the infrastructure Layer & network devices,sales done by the controller.

*. Infrastructure Layer
It consists of actual network devices (both physical and virtual) that recite in this layer.

• The primary responsibility is moving or forwarding packet data veit (PDO) after receiving
interactions from the l control layers.

API:

The application program interface (API) thes all 5 Components together, Communication
between these 5 Layers in facilitated from application layer to infrastructure Layer will be taken
care by the APIs in by toi directional

What is a client Computer?

A computer which is seeking amy resource from

Another computer is a client computer. A client as a computer in your network, where a network
user is performing some network activities.

For example: Downloading a Pile from a File Gervers, Powsing intranet/internet etc.

The network user romatly uses

What is a Server Computer ?

• If a computer has a resource which is served to another computer. It is a server computer.

The event establishes a correction to a server and accesses the services metalled on the
servero.

A server is not meant for the network user to browse the internet or to do apoced sheet data
entry work.

A server computer is installed with appropriate 0s and related software to serve the network
client with one of more services.

Client

Server

Model

In a client-server network. high end server installed! with the Network Operating system (Server
03) and the related software, serve the clients continuously on a network, by providing them
with specific services upon request

A server computer is built and installed to contrealy 24/7 without a break. An unexpected event.
shutdown of server computer com cause catastrophic damage to a business.

Advantages:

very secure.

Types of Networks:

i.Personal Area Network PAN

ii.Local Area Network. LAN

iii.Metropolitan Area Network MAN

iv.Wide Area Network WAN

1. PAN

• It is a network formed by connecting a few personal devices Like computer, Laptop, paintes,
phones eta as shown in the figure

•The approximate range is 1 meter (square meter) A PAN may be wired or wireless.
Example: A mobile phone connected to the Laptop through USB forms the wised PAN.

*While two phones communicating with each other through bluetooth technology from a reless
PAN

2.LAN

It is a network that connects computers, phoose, proientero. Laptop tablets elo geographical as
howan is the figure, at a transmitted storage fatan room (10 meters), building (100 meters) and
Campus (1 km) These type of network connection used in 1 on mose building in the sonne lab,
school, college/university campus.

The data transfer in LAN varies from 10 Mbps to 4000 Mbps (Megabits per second)

•The comme-tivity is done by means of wiren, ethernet winey cables, Fiber optics, or wifi shown
in the figure.