2020 4th International Conference on Advanced Systems and Emergent Technologies (IC_ASET)

Comparative Study of Face Recognition Approaches

Yassin Kortli 1,2,* Maher Jridi Mehrez Merzougui

1 AI-ED Department College of Computer Science
Electronic and Micro-electronic
Laboratory Yncrea Ouest, 20 rue du Cuirassé de King Khalid University
University of Monastir Bretagne Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
5000 Monastir, Tunisia 29200 Brest, France Mhrez@kku.edu.sa
2
AI-ED Department maher.jridi@isen-bretagne.fr
Yncrea Ouest, 20 rue du Cuirassé de
2020 4th International Conference on Advanced Systems and Emergent Technologies (IC_ASET) | 978-1-7281-6356-7/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/IC_ASET49463.2020.9318305

Bretagne Areej Alasiry Mohamed Atri

29200 Brest, France College of Computer Science College of Computer Science
yassin.kortli@isen-ouest.yncrea.fr King Khalid University King Khalid University
Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
areej.alasiry@kku.edu.sa matri@kku.edu.sa

Abstract— Face recognition systems have become one of the

most important and interesting research fields in recent years. Thermography

These systems are widely used in various disciplines, despite the

existence of different surveillance systems such as hand
geometry, iris scan, as well as fingerprints. Following their
simplicity and non-intrusive nature, they will be the next
generation solution expected to support security and
Hand palm Fingerprint
surveillance applications. Various approaches are being
developed including local, holistic, and hybrid approaches. The
main contribution of this survey is to review some well-known
techniques for each approach and to give the taxonomy of their
categories. After that, we are going to expose the advantages and
the disadvantages of these schemes in terms of robustness, Iris Face

accuracy, complexity, and discrimination. Finally, we will

criticize the implementation results of various mentioned
databases.

Keywords— Face recognition approaches, surveillance

systems, survey; Signature Typing
Patterns
I. INTRODUCTION Voice

The objective of developing biometric applications, such
as facial recognition, has recently become important in smart
cities. The most commonly used type for recognition is the
password. However, by using the development of information
technologies and security algorithms, many systems are
beginning to use many biometric factors for recognition task
[1-4]. These biometric factors make it possible to identify
people's identity by their physiological or behavioral
characteristics. In this context, many recognition systems
based on different biometric factors such as iris, fingerprints
[5], voice [6], and face have deployed in the recent years, as
shown in Fig. 1.
They are many computer vision approaches proposed to
address face detection or recognition tasks with high
robustness and discrimination, such as local, subspace, and
hybrid approaches [7-13]. However, several issues still need
to be addressed due to various challenges, such as head
orientation, lighting conditions, and facial expression. The
most interesting techniques are developed to face all these
challenges and therefore develop reliable face recognition
systems. Key contributions of this paper review are:
Fig.1. Biometrics applications[1][2][3][4] [5]6].
x We presented the state of the art of the existing face
recognition techniques classified into three
approaches: local, holistic and hybrid.
x The surveyed approaches are summarized and
compared under different conditions.
x We highlighted some new promising research
directions.
Rapid advances in technologies such as digital cameras,
portable devices, and increased demand for security make the
face recognition system is one of the primary biometric
technologies. In this paper survey, we present the general
advantages and the different applications of the face
recognition system. After that, we mentioned the basic steps
and the different challenges needed to locate and discover
human faces. Then, a detailed survey of critical approaches is
presented. In addition, we include a comparative study of the
different methods used for the face recognition system.
Finally, a conclusion and new promising research directions
are presented.

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 2020 4th International Conference on Advanced Systems and Emergent Technologies (IC_ASET)
II. THE BENEFITS OF USING FACE RECOGNITION SYSTEMS
Traditional identification systems such as keys, smart
cards, and passwords are used to recognize the identity. This
may be insufficient, because keys can be forgotten or
misplaced, and the passwords can be guessed or stolen.
However, the physiological features of the individual cannot
be forgotten. For this reason, news biometric systems use the
physiological features for identification such as face, voice
[6], ear, iris, hand veins, hand geometry, finger geometry, and
fingerprints[5]. Compared to the other, face recognition
systems offer many advantages because human faces can be
taken from any distance with inexpensive cameras and the
identification is performed without any user action. However,
data acquisition challenges remain the most crucial task for
many biometric systems. For example, if skin tissue is injured,
biometric systems that rely on fingers and hands can become
useless, signatures can be modified, voice can be affected by
noises [11][6]. Also, identification of the retina and iris is very
sensitive to movements and requires expensive equipment
[14]. In contrast, the face recognition system has several
benefits such as:
x Automatic: It works automatically without any user
action.
x Inexpensive: Easy to obtain with inexpensive cameras.
x Non-Intrusive: There is no health risk.
x Short Time: Must pass by the biometric system only once.
x Success in Public Places: Improve recognition
performance.
These benefits make the face recognition system widely
used in surveillance, security, and surpass other biometric
systems (fingers, hand, signature, eyes, and voice).
III. THE APPLICATIONS OF THE FACE RECOGNITION SYSTEM
As shown in Fig. 2, face recognition can be used in many
areas, such as people verification and crime prevention. As an
example, we can list the following:
Fig. 2. The face recognition applications[16] [17] [20].
- Security [15][16]: is a major concern in public
places. Many airports around the world use face
recognition system to alert the public security. In
addition, we can use the recognition system in many
security applications such as email authentication on
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multimedia workstations, computer/ network
security, ATMs and border checkpoints.
- Biometric Surveillance [1][17]: is widely used in the
surveillance domain like sports arenas retail, casinos,
stores, and banks.
- Criminal justice systems[18]: Forensics, post-event
analysis, and mug-shot/booking systems.
- Smart Card applications: The face-print can be
saved in a smart card, magnetic stripe or barcode, the
recognition is done by matching the stored template
and the target image.
- Identity Verification[19][20]: validate a claimed
identity based on the query face image for a driving
license, passport, etc.
IV. ESSENTIAL STEPS OF THE FACE RECOGNITION SYSTEM
Three basic steps are used to develop a facial recognition
system: (1) Face detection, (2) Feature extraction, and (3) Face
recognition (shown in Fig. 3) [3][21].
Verification
and
Image Detection Features Face identification
Face Extraction Recognition
Faces
Database
Fig. 3. Face recognition structure [3] [21].
x Face Detection: This step is used to detect and locate the
human face image obtained by the system. Many
techniques are used to detect and locate the human face
image, for example, Viola-Jones detector[22],
Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG) [10], and
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) [23]. Also, the
face detection step can be used for video and image
classification, object detection[24], region-of-interest
detection[25], etc.
x Feature Extraction: The main function of this step is
employed to extract the feature vectors for any human
face located in the first step. This step represents a face
with a set of features vector called “signature” that
describes the prominent features of the face image such
as mouth, nose, and eyes with their geometry
distribution[26]. Eigenface [27], Independent
Component Analysis (ICA), Linear discriminant
analysis (LDA)[23][28], Scale-Invariant Feature
Transform (SIFT)[21], Gabor filter, Local Phase
Quantization (LPQ) [29], Haar wavelets, Fourier
transforms [26] and Local Binary Pattern (LBP)[7][3]
techniques are widely used to extract the face features.
x Face Recognition: This step includes the features
extracted from the human face in order to compare it
with all template faces database to decide the human face
identity. Correlation filters [16], Convolutional Neural
Network (CNN) [31], and also k-Nearest Neighbor (K-
NN)[32] are known to effectively address this task.
V. CHALLENGES OF THE FACE RECOGNITION SYSTEM
x Illumination Variations: The variations of illumination
cause radical changes in the appearance of the face.
 2020 4th International Conference on Advanced Systems and Emergent Technologies (IC_ASET)
Therefore, a practical face recognition system must take
into account illumination variations.
x Pose Change: In the surveillance system, the high-
rotation face is another challenge for recognition.
Mainly, the camera is installed in an area that people
cannot access, and faces are detected by a certain degree
of rotation. For example, in uncontrolled public places,
a face can be found in different positions that cause
rotation out of the plane.
x Facial expressions: Compared to variations in
illumination and angles, facial expressions such as
closing eyes, anger, and smile affect the face texture and
geometry, as well as the accuracy of recognition.
x Face Age: The shape of the face changes with age, which
poses a problem because the face image used in identity
cards and passports is generally not updated.
x Dynamic Background: It is also a major challenge, for
example, when the context is active or moving,
recognition becomes more difficult. On the other hand,
recognition is easier when the context is unique or fixed.
x Noise: The quality and the nature of human faces make
this noise inevitable, which severely affects the
recognition.
VI. CLASSIFICATION OF FACE RECOGNITION SYSTEMS
Compared to other biometric systems such as the eye, iris
or fingerprint recognition systems, the face recognition system
is not the most efficient and reliable [5]. However, the
advantage of this system is that it does not require any user
assistance, which makes it widely used in security and
surveillance systems such as airports, public places, and
multiplexes. Several systems are implemented to identify a
human face in 2D or 3D images. In this paper review, we will
classify these systems into three approaches based on their
detection and recognition method: (1) local approaches, (2)
holistic (subspace) approaches and (3) hybrid approaches.
A. Local Approaches
In the context of face recognition, local approaches treat
only some facial features. They are more sensitive to facial
expressions, occlusions and pose[13]. The main objective of
these approaches is to discover distinctive features. Generally,
these approaches can be divided into two categories (Fig.4):
(1) Local appearance-based techniques are used to extract
local features, while the face image is divided into small
regions (patches). (2) Key-points-based techniques are used to
detect the points of interest in the face image, after that, extract
the features localized on these points [33].
Local approaches
Local Appearance-Based Techniques Key-Points-Based Techniques
SIFT
LBP, LBPH, LPT, LPQ
HOG SURF
BRIEF
Correlation filters
etc...
etc...
Fig 4. Face recognition based on Local Appearance techniques.
a) Local Appearance-Based Techniques: It is a
geometrical technique, also called feature or analytic
technique. In this case, the face image is represented by a set
of distinctive vectors with low dimensions or small regions
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(patches). Local appearance-based techniques focus on
critical points of the face such as the nose, mouth, and eyes
to generate more details. Also, take into account
the particularity of the face as a natural form to identify and
use a reduced number of parameters. In addition, these
techniques describe the local features through pixel
orientations, histograms [10][34], geometric properties and
correlation plane[3][30][35].
b) Key-Points-Based Techniques: The key-points
based techniques are used to detect specific geometric
features, according to some geometric information of the face
surface (e.g., the distance between the eyes, the width of the
head, etc.). These techniques can be defined by two
significant steps, key-point detection and feature extraction
[3][25]. The first step focuses on the performance of the
detectors of the key-point features of the face image. The
second step focuses on the representation of the information
carried with the key-point features of the face image.
Although these techniques can solve the missing parts and
occlusions, their computational time is very higher produced
by the high dimensional features vector (i.e., a large number
of key-points). Many techniques that are based on key-points
describe the features of the face image, the location of the
main points or the points of interest and represent the region
pixels feature around the point of interest. Scale Invariant
Feature Transform (SIFT), Binary Robust Independent
Elementary Features (BRIEF), and Speeded-Up Robust
Features (SURF) techniques are widely used to describe the
feature of the face image.
B. Holistic Approaches
Holistic or subspace approaches are supposed to treat the
whole face, e.g., they don't require extracting face regions or
features points (eyes, mouth, noses, etc.). The main function
of these approaches is to represent the face image by a matrix
of pixels, and this matrix is often converted into feature
vectors to facilitate their treatment. After that, these feature
vectors are implemented in low dimensional space. However,
holistic or subspace techniques are sensitive to variations
(facial expressions, illumination, and poses), these advantages
make these approaches widely used. Moreover, these
approaches can be divided into categories, including linear
and non-linear techniques based on the method used to
represent the subspace. The most commonly used linear and
non-linear subspaces techniques are illustrated in Fig. 5.
Holistic Techniques
Linear Techniques Non-Linear Techniques
PCA KPCA
LDA
Eigenfaces KLDA
Fisherface SVM
Gabor Filters
ICA
Fig. 5. Face recognition techniques regarding linear and nonlinear.
a) Linear Techniques: The most popular linear
techniques used for face recognition systems are Eigenfaces
(Principal Component Analysis: PCA) technique, Fisherfaces
 2020 4th International Conference on Advanced Systems and Emergent Technologies (IC_ASET)

(Linear Discriminative Analysis: LDA) technique, and
Independent Component Analysis (ICA).
b) Nonlinear Techniques: Due to their limitations to
manage the linearity in face recognition, the subspace or
holistic techniques are not appropriate to represent the exact
details of geometric varieties of the face images. Then, to
solve this constraint, many researchers used the non-linear
varieties to obtain the proper representation of the geometric
varieties. Linear techniques provide offer a faithful
description of face images when the data structures are linear.
However, when the face images data structures are non-
linear, many types of research use a function named “kernel”
to construct a large space where the problem becomes linear.
Although these techniques (linear and non-linear) allow a
better reduction in dimensionality and improve the
recognition rate, they are not invariant to translations and
rotations compared to local techniques.
C. Hybrid Approaches
The hybrid approaches are based on local and subspace
features in order to use the benefits of both subspace and local
techniques, which have the potential to offer better
performance for face recognition systems. The flowchart of
the hybrid techniques is shown in Fig 6.
TABLE I. THE SUMMARY OF FACE RECOGNITION APPROACHES.
Approaches Advantages
Various techniques are introduced to improve the
performance and the accuracy of recognition systems. The
combination between the local approaches and the subspace
approach provides robust recognition and reduction of
dimensionality under different illumination conditions and
facial expressions. As well as, these technologies are
presented sensitive to the noise, and invariant to translations
and rotations.
Local-based Techniques Holistic-based Techniques
Hybrid-based Techniques
Fig.6. Hybrid techniques for face recognition.
VII. COMPARISON BETWEEN HOLISTIC, LOCAL AND HYBRID
TECHNIQUES
In this section, we present some advantages and
disadvantages of Holistic, Local and Hybrid approaches to
identify faces during the last 20 years. Table 1 presents a brief
summary of the three approaches: local, holistic and hybrid.
Disadvantages

 Easy to implement, allowing an analysis of
images in a difficult environment in real-time.
 It has compactness of facial image
representation and high-speed matching.
Local Appearance
 Invariant to rotation, translation, and facial
expressions.
 High performance in terms of processing time
and recognition rate.
Local  Does not require prior knowledge of the
Key-Points images.
 When frontal views of faces are used, these
techniques provide good performance.
 Recognition is effective and simple.
Linear  Reduction of the dimension.
 Reduction of the dimension.
 They are due to supervised classification
problems.
Non-Linear  The convexity used with SVM classifiers is an
Holistic interesting and important property.
 For large face images, these techniques produce
long histograms (LPB and HOG) and picks
(correlations), which slows the speed of
identification.
 The binary information finds by HOG and LBP
techniques are sensitive to noise.
 More affected by orientation changes or the
expression of the face.
 High processing time.
 Low recognition rate.
 Sensitive to the rotation and the translation of the
face images.
 Can only classify a face, which is “known” to the
database.
 Low speed in the face recognition caused by a
long feature vector.
 The recognition performance depends on the
chosen kernel.
 More difficult to implement than the local
technique.
 Recognition rate unsatisfying.

 High recognition rate  More difficult to implement.

Hybrid  Provides faster systems and efficient  Complex and computational cost.
recognition.

Generally, existing techniques can be classified into three
approaches, depending on the type of desired features. The
local feature approaches such as HOG, LBP, Gabor filters,
BRIEF, SURF, and SIFT are primarily proposed for face
recognition task and all show better performance. The main
purpose of these techniques is to discover distinctive features,
which can be divided into two parts: (1) Local appearance-
based techniques, which are used to extract local features
when the face image is divided into small regions (including
HOG, LBP, Gabor filters and correlation filters). (2) Key-
points-based techniques are used to detect the points of
interest in the face image, after that, features extraction are
localized based on these points including BRIEF, SURF,
SIFT, etc. In the context of face recognition, local techniques
are treated only certain facial features, which make them very
sensitive to facial expressions, and occlusions [4][14]
[36][37][38][39][40].
Unlike the local approaches, holistic approaches are other
methods used for face recognition, which treat the whole face
image and does not require extracting face regions or features
points (eyes, mouth, noses, etc.). In fact, holistic approaches
are sensitive to different variations (facial expressions,

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 2020 4th International Conference on Advanced Systems and Emergent Technologies (IC_ASET)
illumination, and different poses), which make them easy to
implement. Many holistic approaches are implemented to
represent the face such as Eigenface, Eigenfisher, PCA, LDA,
etc., which can be divided into two categories: linear and non-
linear techniques. The main advantage of holistic approaches
is that they do not destroy image information by focusing only
on regions or points of interest. However, these approaches
generally ignore local details, which makes them rarely used
to identify faces.
Hybrid approaches are based on local and global features
to exploit the benefits of both techniques. These approaches
combine the two approaches described above into a single
system to improve the performance and accuracy of
recognition.
VIII. CONCLUSIONS
Face recognition system is a popular study task in the field
of image processing and computer vision, due to its potentially
enormous application as well as its theoretical value. This
paper highlight the recent research on the 2D or 3D face
recognition system, focusing mainly on approaches based on
local, holistic (subspace), and hybrid features. A comparative
study between these approaches in term of advantages and
disadvantages were done. We can conclude that local feature
techniques are the best choice concerning discrimination,
rotation, translation, complexity, and accuracy. We hope that
this survey paper will further encourage researchers in this
field to participate and pay more attention to use the local
techniques for face recognition systems.
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