2021 14th International Conference on Developments in eSystems Engineering (DeSE)

Real-Time Monitoring and Performance Harvesting

for Grid-Connected PV System – A Case in Sharjah
Mena Maurice Farag
Smart Grid and Power Systems
Research Group & Electrical
Engineering Department
University of Sharjah
Sharjah, UAE
mguirguis@sharjah.ac.ae
2021 14th International Conference on Developments in eSystems Engineering (DeSE) | 978-1-6654-0888-2/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/DESE54285.2021.9719385
Fahad Faraz Ahmad Abdul Kadir Hamid Chaouki Ghenai
Sustainable Energy Electrical Engineering Sustainable and Renewable
Development Research Group Department Energy Engineering Department
University of Sharjah University of Sharjah University of Sharjah
Sharjah, UAE Sharjah, UAE Sharjah, UAE
ffahmad@sharjah.ac.ae akhamid@sharjah.ac.ae cghenai@sharjah.ac.ae
Maamar Bettayeb
Electrical Engineering Department
University of Sharjah
Sharjah, UAE
& CEIES, King Abdulaziz University

Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

maamar@sharjah.ac.ae

Abstract— The unravelling inspiration of solar energy and
its abundance has paved the way for sustainable electricity
generation. Its recent development has led to its integration
within the utility grid to feed various utilities and consumers.
The United Arab Emirates has been blessed with plentiful
sunshine, which in hand encouraged investment in solar energy
integration to reduce its carbon emission index. The need for
sustainable electricity generation requires constant monitoring
in real-time to sustain its performance and longevity, to
maintain long-term results. This has been encouraged through
the involvement of cloud platforms and various network
topologies to achieve this feat. The significant objective of the
study is to realize and evaluate the real-time performance
harvesting monitoring system for PV systems. In this case study,
a real-time monitoring system for a grid-connected photovoltaic
system is demonstrated. Critical parameters affecting the PV
generation are recorded and visualized through the user-
friendly interface. DC power generation from PV arrays, AC
power feed to the utility grid, and environmental conditions i.e.
solar irradiance, ambient temperature, wind speed, and module
operating temperature are recorded in real-time and updated
on the webserver. The sample data of August 2021 is analyzed
that confirms the production of 428.25 kWh AC power from
2.88 kWp grid-connected PV system. The parametric data is
stored in the data acquisition hub, which is responsible to
maintain local backup as well as coordinating with the
webserver to periodically upload the data on cloud storage. Both
real-time and historical data can be accessed locally or remotely
through the webserver for real-time monitoring or scheduling
the next maintenance cycle.
Keywords— grid-connected PV system, real-time data
acquisition, renewable energy, experimental study, AC power
generation, smart monitoring.
I. INTRODUCTION
The substantial depletion of fossil fuels and their
exponential contribution to global pollution has paved the
way for the integration of renewable energy in electricity
generation [1]. As a result, renewable energy has been given
more emphasis in energy generation to ensure longevity and
energy stability [2]. With various renewable energy resources
introduced over the past decade, the attraction was more
profound towards solar energy [3]. The implementation of
solar photovoltaic (PV) systems to harvest solar energy is
considered a sustainable source of electricity for the next few
decades. Furthermore, its implementation is considered a
growing prospect due to its ease of installation, dependence
on zero fuel, and abundant availability that leads to suffice
the global demand for energy over a wide range of
applications [4], [5]. Its popularity has led to the installation
of a total capacity of 227 Gigawatt (GW) worldwide and its
integration with the utility grid was sought to be a major
improvement in sustainable energy production [6]. The
United Arab Emirates has been blessed with plentiful
sunshine that can be harvested and converted into useful
energy [7]. About 13.1 MWh worth of power consumption
per individual in the United Arab Emirates, as well as 123.0
Terawatt-hour (TWh) worth of electricity, was consumed in
the Emirate of Abu Dhabi and Dubai leading to an
exponential spike in the carbon footprint [8]. The United
Arab Emirates has sought to tackle this problem by
implementing long-term strategies that aim to implement
sustainable energy in the long term through various projects
and acting regulations [9].
As demonstrated in Fig. 1, the conventional grid-
connected PV systems work upon the conversion of DC-
generated power from PV strings into AC power through a
DC/AC converter. This provides the ability to supply the
harvested energy directly onto the grid along with electrical
AC loads. Such utilization of energy conversion is of great
advantage to support local utilities by maintaining low carbon
emissions.
Energy
PV DC/DC DC/AC
Meter
Strings Converter Inverter
Electric Utility
Loads Grid
Fig. 1. Typical design of a conventional grid-connected PV system
Since the sustainable generation of electricity has gained
a great prospect through on-grid solar PV systems, the
necessary need to monitor its performance effectively is a
mandatory requirement. The performance of a solar PV
system is mainly dependent on various environmental factors
such as the operating temperature and solar incidence that
determine the generated output performance of any given
system [10]. Researchers sought to carry out various real-
time monitoring techniques to oversee the grid-connected PV
systems to sustain their performance at all times. Xia et al.
[11] proposed a real-time monitoring scheme for PV
generation through possible remote monitoring. The study
focused on the transmission of data between devices to
understand the performance of a given PV system. Aziz et al.
[12] studied the performance of a 2.4 kWp on-grid

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photovoltaic system in France to monitor all its associated
factors. Simulation conducted with the system was compared
to the practical commissioned system to evaluate its
performance using three distinguished PV analysis software.
Suganthi et al. [13] demonstrated analysis of a 300 kWp on-
grid PV system through remote monitoring. The utilization of
IoT presented a real-time analysis of energy output for the
employed system. Jonathan et al. [14] utilized wireless
communication schemes for data transmission within PV
power plants. The experimentation assessed the performance
of the on-grid PV system to test the effectiveness of applied
wireless sensor networks. Furthermore, Juan et al. [15]
proposed the use of wireless topologies to operate and
constantly monitor the real-time operation of grid-connected
PV systems. Proposed wireless connections enable cost
control and real-time detection of present faults in the system.
Finally, Siva et al. [16] presented demonstrated a constructive
review of various operating mechanisms for real-time
monitoring and sensor data acquisition.
In the following study, a real-time network topology has
been implemented on an established 2.88kWp grid-connected
PV system present on the roof at the University of Sharjah
campus, located in the United Arab Emirates. The objective
of this study is to evaluate the network topology through the
wireless transmission of on-grid PV system data through a
central data-managing hub and exporting it for data analysis
through an accessible user interface. Furthermore, the
assessment of this study takes place during August 2021
during the hotter season of the year to evaluate the PV
system’s performance at high operating temperatures.
II. EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY
A. Experimental Approach
A 2.88 kWp grid-connected photovoltaic system mounted
on the rooftop of the W-12 building (Lat. 25.34o N; Long.
55.42o E) at the University of Sharjah, UAE [17] is
considered for this study. The same PV system was reported
in previous study [17] focusing on the enhancement of power
generation by tracking mechanism. While in this study, a
communication topology with aim to monitor the PV system
performance in real-time and store the data locally and update
it on cloud for remote access is demonstrated. The system
consists of nine PV modules of rating 320Wp each with
azimuth tracking to obtain the optimum orientation for the PV
modules at a given time of the day in order to harvest
maximum radiated energy. The system is connected with a
DC/AC inverter to supply AC power to the three-phase utility
grid. The line current and voltage for each phase can be
monitored through a sub main distribution board (SMDB) for
the connected loads. The system is monitored through a
central data acquisition hub used for the transmission of data
for the system performance by the routing of information
through an online user interface within the cloud.
Furthermore, system parameters are monitored on a real-time
basis along with its automatic storage with 5-minute
resolution that can be exported or graphically visualized for
data analysis. In addition, the sample results demonstrated in
this study are monitored for August 2021 after successfully
implementing the monitoring system. Demonstrated in Fig. 2
is the established setup for the complete grid-connected
system starting from DC power generation towards the AC
power feeding to the grid. In addition, the specifications of
the grid-connected system is briefly discussed in Table I.
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TABLE I. SPECIFICATIONS OF PV SYSTEM
Description Purpose & Specifications
 9-PV modules with 320Wp rated capacity
PV System
 Azimuth solar tracking system
DC/AC
 Nominal output of 3.7 kWac
 Synchronization with utility grid
Inverter
 Internal control circuit for power quality
Data Manager Data collection and communication
Energy Meter Measure the power fed to the grid.
Solar
 The connection between AC loads and PV setup
Distribution
Box
 Monitoring of Line Voltages and Current
Cloud-Based Established platform by data manager for monitoring and
Platform analytical purpose using 802.11 IEEE wireless protocol.
Outdoor PV system Grid Connection Configuration
Inverter
Energy Meter
Data Managing Hub
Communication Lines
Solar DB
DC/AC Line
Fig. 2. Grid-connected PV system configuration
B. Visualization of Network Topology
The PV system has two independent loops i.e. power loop
and communication loop. The power loop includes the DC
generation from PV modules, conversion through DC/AC
inverter and the AC power feeding to the utility grid. Inverter
is responsible for converting DC to AC power and
transmitting it to the utility grid. The inverter is configured
with a line filter to reduce the amount of harmonics
(disturbances) during the conversion process. Since the
system is grid-connected, the inverter will be functional if its
connectivity with the utility grid is established. In the
situation of islanding (absence of utility grid), it will be
isolated from the remaining system to avoid the power
injection. The inverter has an internal controller to inject AC
power to the grid after synchronizing with reference grid
parameters i.e. voltage, phase angle and frequency. Besides,
the monitoring of generated and transmitted power along with
the environmental parameters is crucially important. For the
monitoring loop, a communication topology is established
through a data manager that acts as a central hub for data
collection from the inverter and the environmental sensors.
The data manager is supplied with an external 12 V DC
power supply. The data hub can store up to 4096 days’ worth
of data, which is equivalent to 11.22 years. The transmission
of data is ensured through wireless/wired local area networks.
The power data from inverter including current, voltage of
PV generated power, information of converted AC power,
and quality of transmitted power data and the environmental
sensors reading are updated in real-time on the webserver for
remote access. A router is utilized to establish an IP address
associated with the corresponding cloud interface to upload
and visualize the collected data. Furthermore, the real-time
data and archived data can be stored for access through
multiple interfaces in the means of web, mobile application
and even through a dedicated website for local access. Fig. 3
illustrates the topology of the power and communication
transmission with its constant monitoring through a cloud-
based platform.

Energy Meter
WLAN / LAN
2.88 kWp PV System
DC/AC Inverter with Data Manager
WLAN / LAN
Local Access
Power Path
Communication Path Platform for Local User Access
Fig. 3. Network topology for power and monitoring system
C. Commmunication of Sensors
The data manager is medium for the collection of power
data and environmental parameters. External environmental
sensors are connected to a common sensor box that directly
communicates with the data manager to upload live data
through the cloud-based interface. As illustrated in Fig. 4,
four external sensors are communicating with the sensor box
to deliver data through a LAN cable to the data manager.
Sensor A is used for measuring ambient temperature, sensor
B is used to measure the quantity of solar incidence directed
towards the PV modules, sensor C is used to measure
operating temperature of PV module and sensor D is used to
measure the wind speed. Power data along with environment
sensor’s data is retrieved in real-time that can be viewed on
the cloud-based platform along with its automated storage
with a resolution of 5 minutes. Furthermore, in-built voltage
and current sensors of the inverter are providing DC and AC
power characteristics. DC current sensors are utilized to
measure maximum power generation from PV system, while
AC current sensors are utilized to record AC current. Table II
presents a recap of the utilized sensors employed for the
acquisition of data.
be viewed through the cloud platform. Furthermore, real-time
data can be observed for environmental conditions and
Utility Grid Website
inverter efficiency. This section will present the sample results
for the recorded month, August 2021 and also presents the
individual day data.
Mobile
Application
A. Real-Time Monitoring through Cloud & Inverter
Multiple Interface
Access The importance of monitoring a PV system’s
performance in real-time is crucially significant to sustain its
health and maintain its optimum performance on long run.
Through the data manager, an established connection through
the Wi-Fi protocol and LAN connections between the sensors
is present for real-time monitoring. As demonstrated in Fig.
5, the online-based platform presents real-time data in terms
of AC output power and associated environmental sensors
that are connected through the sensor box. The real-time
interface also provides the information about the performance
of the inverter. Furthermore, an internal monitoring interface
is embedded within the inverter to view the AC output power
and total generated energy throughout the day. Therefore, the
performance of the on-grid PV system can be monitored
continually throughout the day both locally and remotely.
(a)
(b)
A B

Sensors
C D

In Out

Sensor Box
PV System DC / AC Inverter with in built Power Path
DC & AC Current Sensors Communication Path
Fig. 5. Real-time monitoring through (a) Cloud (b) Embedded monitoring
Fig. 4. Flow of communication between sensors and data Manager
B. PV System Data Analysis for Individual Day
TABLE II. SPECIFICATIONS OF UTILIZED SENSORS
The analysis of data for all recorded parameters can be
Description Purpose & Specifications achieved through the graphing interface both on the online-
 The connection between environmental platform or exporting into graphical processing software as
Sensor Box
sensors and data manager. illustrated in Fig. 6. The environmental parameters are
 PT-1000 Sensor important for the performance evaluation of the DC
Ambient Temperature
 Measurement range: -50 °C up to +230°C
Sensor generation side i.e. PV modules. A sample data on 26th
 Accuracy: ± 0.8°C
Incidence Sensor Measurement of solar irradiance in W/m2
August 2021 is presented from 6:00 am to 6:00 pm. The key
 PT1000 Sensor decisive factors that affect PV power production are solar
Operating Temperature irradiance and module operating temperature. Solar
 Accuracy of ± 0.8°C
Sensor
 Measurement range: -20 °C up to +150°C irradiance reached an average of 670 W/m2 with peak value
Anemometer Measurement of Wind Velocity (m/s) of 942 W/m2. Module operating temperature reflects an
DC/AC Current / Sensors used for detected of DC generation average of 56.21°C with peak reaching at 73°C. Similarly,
Voltage Sensors and AC generation. PV module power generation at maximum power point is
computed by equation 1:
III. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Results retrieved from the on-grid 2.88kWp PV system 𝑃𝑚𝑝𝑝 = 𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝 ∗ 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑝 (1)
were recorded during August 2021. The Data acquisition
interface records data based on 5-minute intervals that can be
exported to graphical processing software for data analysis or

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 Where 𝑃𝑚𝑝𝑝 indicates the DC power at maximum power voltages must be regulated within 230 ± 5V and frequency of
point, 𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝 is the voltage at maximum power point and 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑝 50 Hz ± 1%. Table III presents the associated parameters at
is the current at maximum power point. the generation side retrieved through data acquisition.
The observed average DC power generated reached (a)
1480W and reached up to a maximum 2117W. The trend in
2500 1000
generated DC power can be observed in Fig. 7(a) with solar
900
irradiance throughout the day that gives an indication of the

Solar Irradiance (W/m2)

2000 800
efficiency of the PV module. This can be expressed through
700
equation 2:

Power (W)
1500 600
can add one more graph 500
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 representing efficiency
𝜂= (2) 1000 400
𝐺 ∗ 𝐴𝑃𝑉 300
500 Power Produced at MPP 200
Where 𝜂 represents the efficiency of the PV module, Solar Irradiance
100
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 represents the maximum power generated by PV
0 0
module, 𝐺 represents the solar irradiance directed and 𝐴𝑃𝑉 is
the PV module surface area.
Time
Electrical efficiency of 12.66% is recorded that indicates (b)
the performance of the PV module in terms of DC generation. 350 9
8
(a) 300
7
250

DC Current (A)
DC Voltage (V)
6
200 5
150 4
3
100
Voltage at MPP 2
50 Current at MPP 1
0 0

Time
Fig. 7. Analysis of (a) Power produced by PV modules (b) DC voltage &
current of modules

(b) TABLE III. LINE VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS FEEDING TO THE GRID
1000 80
900 AC Voltage Per Line AC Current Per Line
70
800 Unit Voltage (V) Ampere (A)
Solar Irradiance (W/m2)

60 Phase 1 2 3 1 2 3
700
Temperature (°C)

Average 224.62 224.07 227.33 2.07 2.07 2.05

600 50

500 40 C. AC Power Generation During Month of August 2021

400 Finally, the significant objective of an on-grid PV system
30
300
is to generate AC power and feed it to the utility grid. Energy
Solar Irradiance 20 production in kilowatt-hour (kWh) accumulated for the
200
Ambient Temperature whole month reached 428.25 kWh. The average AC energy
10
100 Module Operating Temperature produced by the PV system for a day is 13.81 kWh with a
0 0 maximum of 17.07 kWh. An important parameter that is also
monitored by the system is the specific yield. This metric is
used to assess the performance PV system or the health of the
Time
PV module array. This factor is dependent on various factors
Fig. 6. Extracted parameters from (a) Cloud (b) Graphical processing such as the PV module orientation, location, weather profile,
software type of module and system losses. The specific yield can be
calculated through equation 3:
Furthermore, DC Voltage and DC current trends with
respect to time are illustrated in Fig. 7(b). A present inverse 𝑘𝑊ℎ
relation between temperature and voltage leads to its 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = add a graph (3)
decrement during peak hours. While current and irradiance 𝑘𝑊𝑝
provide a direct relation that leads to its peak value at during
noon time. Where 𝑘𝑊ℎ is the power produced over the whole day
and 𝑘𝑊𝑝 is the rated power of the system.
Finally, the importance of synchronizing power to be fed
to the grid is crucial and must be regulated within given The average specific yield during the month of August was
standards. As known in the United Arab Emirates, Line 4.80 kWh/kWp.day reaching a peak value of 5.93
kWh/kWp.day. The trend of energy production per day verses

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the specific yield is illustrated in Fig. 8. The ecofriendly
generation of power is responsible for the reduction of CO 2,
which in hand can be tracked over the course of the month.
By considering a quantity of 0.60 kgCO2/kWh and 428.25
kWh-generated energy during the month of August 2021,
CO2 savings accounted to 256.95 kg. This provides the green
metric for sustainable and ecofriendly power generation.
Daily Energy Produced Vs Specific Yield during August
18
Energy Produced (kWh)
16
Specific Yield (kWh / kWp)
Total AC Energy Produced
14
12
10
8 3
6
4 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2021.100840.
2 1
0 0
Fig. 8. Observed trend in Energy Produced during month of August 2021
Thus, the performance analysis of PV system can be
done in real time by implementing a monitoring system. It
will help the end-user or operator to not only monitor the
performance of system but also to schedule the next
maintenance cycle for the PV plant. can check similar papers to
know if anything else can be added or not
IV. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this study demonstrated the importance
and communication topology of a real-time monitoring
system for a grid-connected PV system for optimal operation
and scheduling the maintenance cycle. The monitoring of
critical parameters on a regular basis such as the
environmental operating conditions that have a direct impact
on the power generation from PV array is indispensable. In
this study, a communication topology is established between
cloud server, data manager, inverter, and sensors to record the
critical parameters related to PV generation and
environmental conditions in real time. Monitoring and
maintaining the quality of power fed to the grid ensure the
reliable operation of on-grid PV system in the long term. A
crucial factor that while designing the monitoring system is
the reliable data acquisition hub that acts as the link between
sensor’s data and the cloud platform. Furthermore, the data
retrieved from the established monitoring network for on grid
PV system for the month of August 2021 is analyzed that
represents the performance of PV system during the hot
climatic conditions of the United Arab Emirates.
In addition, the next step is to extend this study over the
period of the whole year to assess the complete ability for
data acquisition and the cloud platform. Furthermore, the
possible future forecasting of energy generation through
involvement of artificial intelligent algorithm trained by
historical data would give an indication about the health of
PV system and helps the operator to formulate the energy
policy to meet the demand load.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to express the complete
acknowledgment for the financial support provided by the
University of Sharjah. In addition, the authors would like to
acknowledge Fronius International for the provided system.
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