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8Impersonal test- unbiased test

Ujian objektif- unbiased

Ujian subjektif- categorize ikut knowledge

Based on the BOLAM case; as long as the D can prove that the practice is established/recognized in
the profession then they can be excluded from liability. They can bring other competent (doctors
etc)

Rogers v whitaker tolak prinsip BOLAM because it involves non-disclosure of risks. Even u kata this is
the standard practise

Bolitho v city hackney health authority tolak prinsip case BOLAM

Advise to risk- rogers v whitaker

Treatment/diagnosis- bolam together with bolitho

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