Department of Political Science

College of Arts and Social Sciences

Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology

Iligan City Street Vendors’ Perceptions on COVID-19 Vaccine

A THESIS PAPER

Presented to the Faculty of the

Department of Political Science

College of Arts and Social Sciences

Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for

Political Science 198

RESEARCH METHODS

DAGPIN, JOHN MICHAEL V.

MAMA-O, HISHAM B.

MANGILALA, LEUFER V.

SEARES, KENT ANDRIONNE M.

Dr. Eucil P. Hussien, DPA

Thesis Adviser

FEBUARY 2023

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………………….…. i

TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………… i
i

LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………… i
ii

LIST OF APPENDICES……………………………...………………………………. i
v

LIST OF ACRONYMS……………………………………………………………..… v

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1Background of the Study…………………….. 1

.1 ………….…

1 Research Problem……….. 4
.2 ………………………………….

1 Significance of the 4
.3 Study…………………………………...

1 Scope and 5
.4 Limitations……………………………………….

1 Theoretical 6
.5 Framework……………………………………..

1 Conceptual 8
.6 Framework……………………………………..

1 Operational 1
.7 Terms…………………………………………. 0

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED

LITERATURE

2 COVID-19 Vaccine Risk and Benefits ……………. 1

.1 ……... 4

2 COVID-19 Vaccination Implementation and

.2 Management…………………………………………………….
1
4

2 Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy………………...

.3 …………….. 15

2 Public Perceptions on COVID-19 Vaccine……...

.4 …………... 16

2Summary…………………………………………… 1
.5 ……….. 7
 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3 Research 1
.1 Design…………………………………………… 9

3 Research Setting……………………. 1
.2 ……………………… 9

3 Sampling 2
.3 Method……………………………………………. 2

3 Research 2
.4 Participants……………………………………….. 2

3 Research 2
.5 Instruments………………………………………... 2

3 Data Gathering 2
.6 Procedure………………………………….. 3

3 Data Analysis/Statistical Treatment of 2

.7 Data……………….. 4

CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION OF DATA

4 The Socio-demographic Profile of the Iligan City

.1 Street
Vendors……………………………………………………… 2
9
 4 The Post Vaccination Health Conditions of Iligan City Street
.2 Vendors………………………………………………………
3
5

4 The Iligan City Street vendors perception on the

.3 COVID-19 vaccine in terms of
Hesitancy……………………………… 3
7

4 The Iligan City Street vendors perception on the

.4 COVID-19 vaccine in terms of
Motivation……………………………… 4
0

4 Responses from Key Informant Interview…………………... 4

.4 3

4 Researchers observation…………………………………… 4
.5 5

CHASUMMARY, FINDING IMPLICATION,

AND RECOMMENDATION

5Summary…………………………………………… 4
.1 ……….. 5

5 Finding------------------------------------------------------- 4
.2 --------- 6

5 Implication………………………………………… 4
.3 ………... 8
 5 Recommendation…………………………………… 4
.4 ………. 9

REFERENCES…………………………………………..………………. 2
…. 7
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………… 3
1
 List of Figures

FI TITLE P
GURE AGE

1.1 Schematic Diagram of The Study…………………………,

………… 8

3.1 Aerial Shot of Iligan

City…………………………………………… 20

4.1 The Histogram of Percentage Distribution of Age of the

Respondents…………………………………………………………….
70

4.2 The Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Gender of the

Respondents…………………………………………………………….
70

4.3 The Frequency and Percentage Distribution of religious

affiliation of the
Respondents………………………………………………………...
70

4.4 The Frequency and Percentage Distribution of daily income of

the
Respondents……………………………………………………………. 75
4.5 Percentage Distribution of the Respondents Street Vendors
COVID-19 Vaccine
Status………………………………………………………….. 80

4.6 Frequency and Percentage of the Respondent having pre-

existing health condition Pre
vaccination……………………………………….. 83

4.7 Frequency and Percentage of the Pre-vaccination health

Conditions as identify of the respondent who answered
“Yes”...................................... 86

4.8 Frequency and Percentage of the Respondent having post

health condition after
vaccination……………………………………………... 90

4.9 Frequency and Percentage of the Post-vaccination health

Conditions as identify by the respondent who answered
“Yes”................................. 10
1
 List of Tables

TA TITLE P
BLE AGE

3.1 Scoring on Survey Iligan City Street Vendors’

Response…………………………….………………………………
23

3.2 Qualitative Description and Corresponding Mean Value of the

Street Vendors Perception towards the Implementation of the COVID-
19 Vaccination Iligan 25
City…………………………………………………

4.3 The Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Highest

Educational Attainment of the 29
Respondents…………………………………………

4.4 The Hesitancy Indicator perceived by the 70

Respondents………………

4.5 The Motivation Indicator perceived by the 70

Respondents………………
 List of Appendices

APPE TITLE P
NDIX AGE

A Letter to the 3
Respondents……………………………………... 1

B Free, Prior, and Informed Consent 3

Form……………….……. 2

C Request Letter for the Thesis Proposal Defense Panel

Member………………………………………………………...
3
3

D Research Questionnaire of the Study…………... 3

……………... 5

E Research Key Informant Interview

 Guide…………………….. 4
1

F Research Observation of the Key Informant

Guide…………... 42

G Approval Letter for Defense of Thesis 4

Proposal……………… 3

H Nomination of Thesis Advisory Panel Form…….. 4

…………… 5

I Request letter to the key informant of the 4

study……………... 6

J Photo documentation during the field 4

survey…………………. 7

K Photo documentation during the KII 4

interview……………….. 8
 List of Acronyms and Terms Used

COVI - A highly infectious virus that is

D-19 mutated from the SARS-COV-2 virus
originated in China

IC - Inform Consent

ICHO - Iligan City Health Office

KII - Key informant Interview

LGU - Local Government unit

NAPOCOR - National Power Corporation

MRC - Mindanao Regional Center

WHO - World Health Organization

 ABSTRACT

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly become a global

pandemic taking more than 1.7 million lives. While many developed countries are

starting their vaccination drive, Philippines efforts are not far behind. Vaccines are

effective interventions that can reduce the high burden of COVID-19 diseases

globally. The street vendors’ vaccine hesitancy and motivation is a pressing problem

for the local government and public health authorities. With the availability of

COVID-19 vaccines, little information is available to the public there is still so much

to know towards the perception of the street vendors in regards with COVID-19

vaccination. This study aimed to investigate motivation and hesitancy factors in

addition to their perception towards these vaccines among the street vendors in Iligan

city. A self-administered likert-scale questionnaire was instrumentalized to survey

street vendor’s participants from Iligan City market places specifically Pala-o,

Poblacion and Tambo on their perception of COVID-19 vaccine. A total of 150

participants completed the survey. The data was analyzed using SPSS. A key

informant interview and observation is also utilized in the study and was analyzed in

theme and thematic analysis. Generally, the result shows that most of the respondents

did not have underlying conditions before the COVID-19 vaccination, and their post-

vaccination condition indicates that no more than 50% experienced post-vaccination

effects this suggests that no alarming changes in the respondent’s health could trigger

more anxiety for future health-related programs.

According to the results for the hesitancy indicator, 6 out of the 15 questions agreed

with the respondents, 5 out of 15 were answered neutrally, and 4 out of 15 disagreed

upon by the respondents. This implies that when it comes to reasons for avoiding

vaccination, the respondents agree more on statements indicating health-related

hazards than statements with non-factual bases such as vaccines causing impotence,

vaccines carrying microchips, vaccines being a sin, and vaccines turning people into

zombies. lastly, regarding motivation, out of 15 statements, 7 were mostly agreed

upon, 7 were considered neutral, and only 1 was frequently disagreed upon by the

respondents. Which suggests that motivation for the COVID-19 vaccine is not

dependent on external terms like incentives but on the respondents' consideration of

what is best for themselves and their families.

 Keywords: COVID-19 Vaccine, street vendors, perception , hesitancy,
motivation,
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

The longstanding COVID-19 outbreak has been marked as one of the worst

global health crises. It affected the lives of the most vulnerable members of our

society, particularly street vendors who are constantly exposed to the hazards brought

by the virus. To say that the COVID-19 pandemic has changed a lot of things is an

understatement. It has changed so many things that most pre-pandemic things are

non-existent to this day. With this being considered, one of history's most giant life

shredders, it has been dramatically predicted that this will damage the economy like

any other pandemic (Joi, 2020).

The predicament of street vendors’ exposure amidst the ongoing battle

against COVID-19 is one of the issues that the Government should work on. Romero

et al., (2021) stated that street vendors remain a source of viral transmission

throughout cities. Despite the "Stay at Home" policy, street vendors cannot cease to

work since the government has not established a reliable mechanism to ensure their

families' survival, leaving them no choice but to be exposed outside as they need

money or income to meet their daily necessities. Moreover, the loss of jobs in the face

of the pandemic also implies having a difficult time looking for jobs in the future

70
(Crayne, 2020), as there is still uncertainty as to when the pandemic will end. While

this is an enormous opening to how the pandemic has altered life, it has also stretched

people’s way of working considering the health crisis, hence the existence of people

shifting to virtual working sites and regular street vendors limit to provide their

service and henceforth other completely stop for a while (Mcdowell et al., 2020).

In merely a few months, the COVID-19 has easily spread to most countries

across the globe. Since the COVID-19’s emergence, death count has reached

approximately 6 million and 500 million confirmed cases (OWD, 2022). In response,

the Philippine government, following the declaration of the World Health

Organization (WHO) to prevent the virus from spreading further implemented the

COVID-19 vaccination on urban and rural areas in the country to reduce the risks of

passing the virus from one person to another, especially to those at high risk of the

specific disease and its possible severe side effects on the person (Kekatos and

Katersky, 2022). However, this plan is not an easy endeavor to execute due to some

ethical considerations that the government needs to be cautious about.

The World Health Ob rganization (WHO), aside from implementing

large-scale social distancing and human mobility restrictions, these measures are

proven to be ineffective and had a profound negative effect on the people's lives and

decelerate the economy from progressing and developing. Moreover, to reach the

herd immunity level of the population, a particular portion of it must be vaccinated

2
and therefore exposed to the lower version of the virus, and this poses to be

scientifically problematic and unethical (Adhamon, 2020). This resulted in fear and

hesitation among the general public. In addition, several studies show how variables

such as medical, philosophical, ideological, and financial perceptions affect people's

decisions toward getting vaccinated (Panagopoulou, 2021; Kabbani, 2022, & Dutta et

al., 2020). Thus, policymakers who conscientiously evaluate the pandemic issue

must balance individuals' rights and promote the public good (Leask et al., 2021).

However, the implementation of the COVID-19 vaccine impacts the individual’s

population health and social perceptions, which has become a challenge due to

people's growing hesitation to participate in the program, leaving the government to

strategize on how to persuade them. As a strategy, the government gave incentives to

those vaccinated and issued a mandate that allows only the vaccinated people to

travel outside their residences, enter any establishments and operate their businesses

or report to their respective jobs. It raised concerns to the people, especially the street

vendors, because these mandates compel them to get vaccinated even though it is

against their will for various reasons. However, Rillorta (2022), stated that people

who do not want to get vaccinated should not be discriminated against in terms of

pay, promotion, benefits, termination of work, and others. They should be given equal

treatment just like those who are vaccinated.

70
 To fill in the gaps in the literature, this paper attempted to investigate the

hesitancy and motivation of street vendors towards the implementation of the

COVID-19 vaccination by looking at their perspectives that affect their perceptions

and decision-making to be vaccinated. The goal of this study is to contribute to the

knowledge gap on analyzing the hesitancy and motivation of the public masses,

specifically the street vendors who are at risk of the virus and how their perceptions

of the COVID-19 vaccine could potentially encourage the government and

institutions to promote voluntary vaccination measures.

1.2 Research Problems

This study focuses on the perception of Iligan City street vendors on the

implementation of the COVID-19 vaccine by the city government of Iligan.

Specifically, this study aims to address the following questions:

1.2.1 What is the socio-demographic profile of the Iligan City street vendors in terms
of:

1.2.1.1 Age

1.2.1.2 Gender

1.2.1.3 Education

1.2.1.4 Religious affiliation

1.2.1.5 Average Daily Income

4
1.2.2. What are the health conditions of Iligan City street vendors prior to their

COVID 19 vaccination?

1.2.3. How do Iligan City street vendors perceive the COVID-19 vaccine?

1.2.4 What programs of action/strategies were implemented by LGU-Iligan to

motivate the street vendors to be vaccinated?

1.3 Significance of the Study

This study is deemed significant by providing a research-based results to

various stakeholders regarding the perceptions of the street vendors towards the

COVID-19 vaccines during this pandemic. Specifically, this study will benefit the

following individuals and organizations:

Government. This study is significant to the different sectors including

government institutions such as the national government, local government unit and

the department of health, city health office, national disaster risk reduction and

management council and other related offices in contributing to the limited

knowledge of the perception of the street vendors regarding the COVID-19 vaccine

and serving as a guide to address the hesitancy and motivation toward the street

vendors to improve vaccination efficiency.

70
 Policy Makers and Policy Implementers; this study will also provide

information on how the perception of the street vendors towards vaccinations can

potentially have adverse effects on resolving the COVID-19 pandemic, the result of

the study will aid the local government unit and national government specifically in

the Philippine legislature sector in creating a appropriate policy actions in the

furtherance of creating COVID-19 countermeasures in the future for safer and

healthier society. Additionally to take precautions in addressing the COVID-19

vaccination without violating various individual rights of the people.

Local Government. The collected data in this study will help assist the local

government of Iligan city to generate an action plan to improve their strategies and

develop the most sustainable and reliable way to address the Covid-19 pandemic and

furthermore to find an efficient way to educate and motivate the street vendors and

the public to voluntarily get the vaccine, enable the LGU to address the issue in the

best way possible.

Political Science. This study will contribute specifically in the field of

political science to aid in gapping knowledge in the field of politics as the result of

this study will help represent the future development of societies and organizations

and will add to the new findings and discoveries to provide quality knowledge to the

scholars that are based on facts and research.

6
 Street Vendors. This study will provide information to the street vendors and

the different hesitancy and motivation they have towards the COVID-19 vaccine also

benefit the improvement of the actions and strategies of the LGU in creating a

humane and harmonious city.

Future Researchers. This study will add to the body of knowledge that will

serve as related literature reference materials that the future researcher could use in

identifying the gaps and conducting a similar study.

1.4 Scope and Limitations

This study investigated the perceptions of the Iligan City street vendors on the

COVID-19 vaccine.

The scope of the data will deal mainly with the responses of the street vendors

in Barangay Palao, Barangay Poblacion, and Tambo Terminal on how they perceive

the COVID-19 vaccine. Hence, the data is limited to the perceptions of the

respondents towards the COVID-19 vaccine and will not attempt to evaluate the

ethical considerations and the methods of implementation employed by LGU-Iligan

with regards to COVID-19 vaccination.

70
 1.5 Theoretical Framework

This study used perceptual theories and models which served asguide for data

analysis. This study also utilizes some behavioral models and theories such as

Utilizing the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), the health belief model (HBM), and

the sage WG vaccine hesitancy model the concept points out that the perception of an

individual can be a huge influence to the adherence in the implementation of COVID-

19 vaccination of the LGU-Iligan.

The main theories in this study are derived from psychological and

perceptions theory and have become a foundation for understanding the individual

motivation for health-related perception and decision-making, taking into account (1)

the desire to avoid threats and (2) the belief that specific health-related actions would

be beneficial and necessary to counteract the threat.

Gregory's Constructivist Theory of Perception

Utilize Gregory's constructivist theory of perception to serve as a guide in

determining the different perceptions of the subjects in this study. This is a top-down

theory of perception that suggests that individual perception is an active process

constantly driven by cognition through different sensory information combined with

the individual's stored knowledge, the field of experience, and expectation. This

suggests individuals have to construct perception since the sensory information they

8
have in the world is incomplete and their brain has to make guesses, assumptions, and

inferences on how they perceive an object based on those visual cues and create a

model of reality the individual perceives and that could be different from the actual

reality (McLeod, 2018). This theory is taken a nurturing approach in explaining

individual perceptions towards vaccination on COVID-19 could be interpreted by two

people very differently due to their difference in demographic, experiences, and

culture, and this very essential in this study to determine the different perceptions of

the street vendors towards the COVID-19 vaccination in Iligan City.

Risk Perception Theory

Another perceptual theory that is used is the Risk perception theory which

suggests that individuals are always susceptible to a threat. This theory is usually used

to target health change interventions through the presence of the degree of the threat

or risk of the current lifestyle of an individual. As used in this study this will serve to

guide the analysis of the perceptual decision changes of the street vendors regarding

the COVID-19 vaccine.

Health Belief Model (HBM)

The health belief model (HBM) shows the intention of the individual to get

vaccinated (Rosenstock et al., 1988); based on this model, individual perception and

intent to get vaccinated relies on multiple predictors such as health and variables such

70
as risk, and motivation (Yang et al., 2019). This model emphasizes the person's belief

in a personal threat of an illness or virus and a person's confidence in the

effectiveness of the mandated vaccination in their workplace. This predicts the

likelihood of perceptions of street vendors towards the recommended health action

and outcome.

Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)

The theory of Reasoned Action (TRA; Ajzen and Fishbein 1980), on the

other hand, suggests that a person's perception is determined by their intention to take

specific actions and decisions. The belief of a person that the perception is a product

of a confident attitude and outcome is determined by three (3) things: first individual

personality, subjective norm, and perceived control over perceptions. This represents

the extent of the belief of an individual or in this study, street vendors to do or not to

pursue such perceptions or action as they believe that they have the adequate

capabilities or opportunity, or they are lacking it (Staats, 2004).

Sage WG Vaccine Hesitancy Model

The third model, the sage WG vaccine hesitancy model, will focus more on

the hesitancy of the Individual to get vaccinated. This model highlights that

individuals have pre-systematic assessments of their different perceptions toward

introducing a vaccine and whether they partake in the vaccination or not depends on

10
their pre-systematic reviews. This means that increasing the vaccination number

relies on these individuals' different motivations and the motivation generated by the

Local authority and social conditions, and the other practical issues behind making

their decisions (Rodrigues, C. M., & Plotkin, 2020).

1.6 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1.1 schematic diagram of the study

Socio-Demographic
Profile
Age
Hesita
Gender
ncy
Religious Affiliation
Average Daily
Income

Perception of the
Health Conditions of Street Vendors
Iligan City Street
Vendors Prior to Their
Towards the
COVID-19 Vaccination COVID-19
Vaccine

Programs of
Actions/Strategies Motivati
Implemented by the LGU- ons
Iligan

To appreciate the significant concept and variables used in the study, this

schematic diagram is intended for the readers and researchers alike to have a common

understanding and grounding of the conceptual foundation of the research. Figure 1.1

70
shows the process of individuals that could potentially influence their perception of

the implementation of COVID-19 vaccination.

The variables of the diagram showed the concepts of the perceptual process

that would likely shape the perception of the street vendor towards COVID-19

vaccination in Iligan City. Depicted in the schematic diagram shown in the three (3)

boxes namely: the socio-demographic profiles, followed by the health conditions of

Iligan City street vendors, and the programs of action/strategies implemented by the

LGU-Iligan. Inside these boxes are the dependent variables of the study as shown in

the schematic diagram these three variables are all connected to the independent

variable of the study which is the perception of the street vendors towards the

COVID-19 vaccine. This depicts that the socio-demographic profile of the

respondents as different unique characteristics of individuals in terms of age, gender,

religion, and income could be strong contributing factors to their perception of the

COVID-19 vaccine. Similar to the street vendors' health conditions, as this factor also

contribute in shaping one's perception, as the street vendors, a working individual will

always put into consideration their health before engaging into something such as

COVID-19 vaccination, and lastly, the programs of action/strategies implemented by

the LGU-Iligan could potentially shape the perception of the street vendors to be

vaccinated. These three factors are what we identified and aim to study how it

12
influences the perception of the Iligan City street vendors towards COVID-19

vaccination.

Furthermore as seen in figure 1.1 there is a broken line that connects the

perception of the Iligan City street vendors to their hesitancy and motivation.

Depending on the different stimuli that shape the street vendors' perception it could

generate a cognitive motivation or hesitancy in the street vendors towards the

COVID-19 vaccine.

Utilizing the socio-demographic profile of the street vendors, their general

health conditions and the programs of actions/strategies that are implemented by the

local government unit, the diagram above depicts that these variables create a model

reality that is based on the available sensory information that the street vendor has

towards COVID-19 vaccinations and based on this visual cues individual fill the gaps

or interference creating their perception towards the COVID-19 vaccination in Iligan

City. All of which collectively aim to gather information and validate the said

information to be used in interpreting the data in the study.

To generate the information, research partners were surveyed, interviewed,

and observed using the research instruments of a structured survey questionnaire and

key informant interview questionnaire, and an observation guide to generating the

data used to interpret the variable of the study: Street vendor's health condition,

demographic profiles, and perception of the COVID-19 vaccination. Then, the

70
collected data will be mainly analyzed using Gregory's constructivist theory of

perception to determine how the Iligan City street vendors perceive these variables.

1.7 Operational Definition of Terms

The following terms are operationally defined as used in the study: These are

the different definitions of the unique terminologies that are used exclusively in this

research:

COVID-19 - According to the World Health Organization (WHO),

Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a deadly infectious disease caused by

the SARS-CoV-2 virus which the whole world is still currently battling and

trying to eradicate. It causes mild to moderate respiratory illnesses in an

infected person and in some cases causes serious illnesses to persons who are

old and those with underlying medical conditions, more specifically lung

problems. As used in this study this referred to the virus that causes death,

economic freeze, and the global pandemic.

COVID-19-Vaccination - This is a strategic action of the world health

organization to address the COVID-19 pandemic and an efficient way to

protect the population from different COVID-19 viruses through

immunization of the vaccine. (DOH, 2021). As referred to in this study this is

14
the action taken by the LGU-Iligan City to protect the local population from

the COVID-19 virus through immunization of the vaccine.

Health Condition - This is the state of well-being of individuals not

being deprived of their essential survival needs. Health does not only limit

one's physical well-being but also includes social and psychological aspects of

the person (WHO, 2010). As used in this study this referred to the physical

health conditions of the street vendors in Iligan City.

Hesitancy- This is a state of reluctance and uncertainty of an

individual that is motivated by fear and confusion manifested into the lack of

desire and confidence to make a decision (Cascini, et al, 2021). As used in this

study referred to vaccine hesitancy or the barriers or the lack of desire of the

Iligan City street vendors to get the COVID-19 Vaccine.

Local Government Unit- It is a political subdivision in the Philippines

composed mainly of provinces, cities, municipalities, and Barangays

collectively known as the Local Government Unit (law insider). As used in

this study this referred to the Local government unit of Iligan City.

Motivation- Is the interest, desire, or willingness of an individual to

do something that could be driven by enthusiasm or positive stimulus

(Murayama, 2011). As used in this study this referred to the interest and

70
willingness of the Iligan City street vendors to get the COVID-19 vaccination

implemented by the Iligan City LGU.

Strategies- A technique and clear roadmap, consisting of a set of

guiding principles or rules to do or implement something (Watkins, 2007). As

referred to in this study these are the programs of actions/strategies of LGU-

Iligan City to motivate the street vendors to be vaccinated with the COVID-19

vaccine.

Perception- Is the sensory experience of the world both consisting of

human cognition and environmental stimuli that we get from our five senses

and our generated response to these stimuli (Cherry, 2020). As used in the

study this referred to the observation, mental image, attitude, and

consciousness of the street vendors towards the implementation of COVID-19

vaccination in Iligan City.

Socio-Demographic Profile- The essential part of every survey

questionnaire which generates the characteristics of the population of the

specific or target audience (Madallia, 2016). As referred to in this study, these

are the different characteristics of the street vendors in Iligan City in terms of

their age, gender, education, religious affiliation, and income.

16
 Street Vendor- This a person selling goods and services in public

places, sidewalks, and street corners where their merchandise can easily be

transported from place to place they are also associated with the word

costermonger or peddler who sells inexpensive goods in a cart or improvised

goods cabinet (Assilanyer, 2015). As used in this study, this referred to the

street vendors who are aged twenty to sixty years old, street selling at public

places in Iligan City specifically on the streets of Barangay Pala-o, Barangay

Poblacion, and Tambo Terminal, street vending either food, RTWs, cellphone,

and other gadget accessories.

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 CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature

This chapter discusses various pieces of literature and research relevant to

the current research. The reviews of the literature and related studies focus mainly on

the core values present in the recent research. This section discusses the risks and

benefits of the Covid-19 Vaccine, the implementation of the vaccine, how to address

vaccine hesitancy, public perceptions of the Covid-19 vaccine, and lastly, it

summarizes the literature that has been gathered.

2.1 COVID-19 Vaccine Risks and Benefits

The effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination could help prevent

sickness in individuals while also limiting community spread (Kabbani et al., 2022).

Vaccination is best justified when it benefits both the individual and the prevention of

disease transmission. It is one of the most effective ways to prevent infectious disease

and lower morbidity and death (Bloom et al., 2021). Although there were minor

effects such as fever or pain in some parts of the body, according to Kaplan &

Milstein (2021), it does not affect the possible risk brought by vaccines to the

vaccinated individual. However, from the neurological perspective, if the person

suffers from severe neurologic complications in the first dose, then it should be

thoroughly analyzed, and ask some health experts whether to take the shot of the

18
second dose vaccine. In some cases, radiation can significantly affect the portion of

the body which is the bone marrow, however, it is uncommon to have such a

profound impact on the immune system that it inhibits vaccinations (Hwang et al.,

2021). Individuals need to analyze and know how crucial vaccines are not just for

their safety but the safety of others.

Laine, et al., (2021), argued that it has been more than two decades since

scientists have successfully prevented viruses because of the help of the mRNA

vaccine, which simply means that it has been properly studied and shown useful in

terms of not harming the genes of beneficiaries. It has also been proven safe and

effective in patients with cancer in the study of Hwang, et al., (2021), who

recommended that cancer patients get vaccinated to protect them from Covid-19.

There were rarely vaccine-associated diseases reported after the recipients got

vaccinated (Haynes et. al, 2020). Thus, Rosenblum (2021), stated that vaccine-

related deaths are extremely rare, but it is still necessary to have a health check before

receiving the Covid-19 vaccine. The higher risk will always underlie the unvaccinated

people as they are most likely to be carriers of the virus (Krause, et al., 2021). On the

other hand, governments or corporations may need to consider gaining public trust

before implementing obligatory vaccination.

Those vulnerable people who are exposed to a high risk of the Covid-19

virus are not directly or indirectly protected (Lipsitch, 2020). On the other hand,

70
governments or corporations may need to consider gaining public trust before

implementing obligatory vaccination. The acceptability of the vaccine is linked to

higher levels of accessibility, affordability, education, and style of living among

urban residents. With more exposure to various sources of information, urban

residents can gain complete access to more accurate vaccine information through the

media and other trustworthy sources. Unverified material that is eventually viewed as

fact has thrived on social media platforms, which have proven to be exceptionally

fertile ground for its creation and dissemination (Landicho-Guevarra et al., 2021).

With the COVID-19 vaccine and vaccination dominating congressional debates,

television headlines, and social media, now is an excellent time to increase vaccine

awareness and build information resilience.

Various governments have recently agreed to participate in enforcing

vaccines for their citizens to promote a healthy and safe environment, as the WHO

advocates the COVID-19 vaccination. The dilemma then becomes how to effectively

encourage and ensure that the public continues to be vaccinated against COVID-19 to

protect vulnerable people while also attempting to restore our economic standing,

educational structure, and social benefits before the pandemic. The Philippines'

COVID-19 vaccination program should employ a multilateral and multi-faceted

strategic framework to solve the loopholes in accelerating vaccination deployment

(Cardenas, 2021). Airline companies have begun to contemplate mandating health

20
passports or vaccine passports as proof of vaccination for passengers traveling to

international destinations. The public was alarmed by the Philippines' recent House

Bill 9252, also known as the 'Covid-19 COVID-19 vaccination Act of 2021, which

aimed to make the vaccine available to all Filipinos for free at any government

hospital or health center, except those who were deemed ineligible due to medical

issues.

2.2 COVID-19 Vaccination Implementation and Management

The alarming numbers of COVID cases resulted in the Government

mandating vaccination. Covid-19 vaccination is best justified when it benefits both

the individual and the prevention of disease transmission (Hurford, 2021). Over the

past two years, the COVID-19 virus and vaccinations have received public attention.

The Government has used the mainstream media and established medical authority to

convince these vaccines are safe and effective. Arora (2022) argues that the Covid-19

vaccination for COVID-19 can be ethically justified whether more directive

regulations are acceptable, considering the dangers involved with vaccination and the

disease itself, and the severity of the disease's threat to the population. Thus, the

implementation is regarded as a Government’s responsibility to protect the public's

health. With the utmost seriousness to cull out this dilemma, the government

identifies and devises strategies without violating the public's right to the vaccination

numbers. Since Covid-19 vaccination and human rights law are sensitive to each

70
other, designing the implementation of the measures should ensure that they are

compatible with each other and that the implementation of the Covid-19 vaccine does

not interfere with and violate fundamental human rights (King et al., 2022; Leask et.,

al, 2021). Illuminating the gray areas of mandated vaccination that answer the

question of who is exempted from vaccinations, such as age factors, doctor

recommendations, and individuals at risk and inherent uncertainties with the new

COVID-19 vaccines.

‌WHO (2021) stated that it shall use the stricter method if these regulatory

measures fail, but in the expense that several ethical considerations are explicitly

discussed, making sure Covid-19 vaccination is ethically justifiable to be

implemented and is supported by credible health authorities so that its

implementation will be transparent, fair and non-discriminatory toward the people. To

produce a large number of acceptance and susceptibility to voluntary vaccinations,

efforts should be made towards promoting the benefit and safety of vaccination in the

workplace. In this critical period of the COVID-19 pandemic, ordinary

citizens/people are filled with fear, and some are losing hope. Kabbani et al., (2022)

stated that when the government labels the vaccine as Covid-19, it will encourage

companies to offer the program to their people and the different communities and

organizations who will benefit from it. With these steps, the Philippine government

should expect a significant increase in the country's vaccination program. Dennis et

22
al., (2022), argue that barriers included low perceived risk of COVID-19, perceived

low effectiveness of the vaccine, concerns about the vaccine, and mistrust in

authorities. In contrast, facilitators included protecting others and perceived higher

severity of COVID-19. Given that the opportunity for COVID-19 vaccinations is only

just emerging and the government’s response to the COVID-19 situation is fluid, it

should continue to monitor new Philippine guidelines or regulations on this matter.

The legal protection of the vaccine COVID-19 to human thought should be

considered. The vaccination's protection against COVID-19 is highly significant to

the notion of legal protection as a means of better respecting human Rights in the

public, social, and personal interests. On this basis, the Philippines has a

responsibility to carry out various efforts and policies issued. King et al., (2021),

revealed that the terminology of duty in the legal sciences has three things: liability,

responsibility, and accountability. First, liability is a legal responsibility that is

usually manifested in the form of civil commitment. Second, guilt comes from the

word “response,” which means action to respond to an issue or issues, and ability

means the ability or “come to bear the burden.” Third, the accountability that is

associated with financial problems or related matters of trust against certain agencies

related to finance.

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 2.3 Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy

Despite the availability of the vaccine, there will always be the presence

of hesitancy to be vaccinated even though it is mandated by the government, and its

hesitancy roots in the difference in social conditions in life, religious beliefs, and even

life experiences (Dutta et al., 2020). In the case of the United Kingdom, their Royal

Society has established strategies in combating misinformations as well as the aspect

in behavior of their vaccine hesitant citizens (Sonawane et al, 2021). As there are

existing individuals that would rather believe the conspiracies they found online

about the Covid-19 vaccine and most likely to believe it (Schwarzinger & Luchini,

2021). The need for an effective vaccination program is a must to further lessen the

vaccine hesitant people not just in Israel but across the world as it contributes to the

safety and restoration of the damage made by the virus (Rosen et al., 2021).

Furthermore, it also stated the importance of encouragement of hesitant individuals.

Perhaps it might be permissible in the case of protecting children and others who are

unable to make their own decisions and those who are unable to get vaccinated due to

medical reasons. Compared to other public health treatments, vaccines are beneficial

to the population and cost-effective. Therefore, vaccination programs should be

considered investments in human capital with long-term economic benefits. In light

of global financial pressures, government agencies must do comprehensive economic

studies of vaccinations and vaccination programs to justify their acquisition. Bloom et

24
al., (2021), stated that vaccine acquisition, infrastructure to conduct the program and

maintain the cold chain, and healthcare/administration people are all direct costs of a

vaccination program. If tight containment measures are in place, economic gains are

reduced since they limit economic activity even while vaccination rates rise.

Similarly, if the country is dealing with a severe outbreak, financial gains will be

limited (Deb et al., 2022). Governments invest in these to improve health, with the

help of charities and non-governmental organizations on occasion.

Through direct and indirect protection, the reduction in morbidity and

mortality associated with successful vaccine programs has resulted in lower disease

incidence, treatment costs, and healthcare expenses (Deogaonkar et al., 2021). This

could result in economic growth if fewer medical tests, surgeries, and treatments are

avoided, and patients/parents spend less time away from work. Better attendance and

cognitive performance are indicators of healthy children's enhanced educational

success at school (Barham & Calimeria, 2020). A healthy population contributes to

and enriches an economy, while economic growth permits funding for initiatives that

increase health (Barnighausen et al., 2020). The World Health Organization (WHO)

defined vaccine hesitancy as a ‘‘delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite

availability of vaccination services. Vaccine hesitancy is complex and context-

specific, varying across time, place, and vaccines. It is influenced by factors such as

complacency, convenience, and confidence” As pressure grows to improve vaccine

70
uptake in the wake of disease outbreaks caused by vaccination delays, refusals, or

lack of awareness or availability, the words commonly used to describe these issues

may have become part of the problem. However, according to Dudley et al., (2022),

words and their interpretations matter when we try to communicate with each other

respectfully and productively. Most challenges to religious-based vaccination

exemptions have been decided by the courts on establishment grounds and concern

the inclusiveness of such exemptions rather than their existence.

2.4 Public Perceptions on Covid-19 Vaccine

The pandemic has affected a person's health and the ability to work,

travel, interact in public spaces, and become productive citizens. Therefore, public

trust is required for promotion and encouragement. Unfortunately, many experts have

criticized researchers for the lack of transparency in the development of vaccinations.

As a result, it's not unexpected that a significant minority of minorities still have

reservations about immunization. However, because seriousness for vaccine safety is

perceived, authorities who voluntarily submit themselves to vaccination boost

people's trust in them. Vergara et al., (2021) stated that public health authorities take

two crucial steps to build public trust: localizing information through education and

modeling a system that anticipates sincerity. The methods above may help authorities'

strategic communication efforts develop public confidence, which is crucial in

boosting COVID-19 vaccination.

26
 However, most people are perceived to have few ideas about the vaccine.

Most of them are concerned with the potential side effects, while lawmakers and

some members of the public applaud the quickness, the pressure to develop a

candidate vaccine, and the speed with which it has been done (Kabbani, 2022). The

perceptions that must also be seen to raise the possibility of the kinds of concerns that

contribute to vaccine hesitancy include the unexpected or rare side effects that take

longer to manifest than the testing process permits or that may be missed in the

testing process for another reason. The task at hand will be to demonstrate

scientifically that the vaccine is safe and effective and to enlighten and reassure the

public, particularly those who are eager to try the vaccination in theory—but only

after others have done so first (Dudley et al., 2022). This boils down to how safe the

vaccine is to people that will build confidence for them to be vaccinated.

2.5 Summary

The existing literature revealed that Covid-19 vaccines are safe and effective

and has rarely cases where there were reported vaccine-related diseases or deaths. It

needs underlying measures that will ensure their safety and protection amidst the

Covid-19 outbreak. With that being said, it will need to have continuous interactions

between the unvaccinated and vaccinated people to discuss the risks and benefits

brought by the vaccine. As the study reveals how important it is to constantly interact

with the unvaccinated ones as they are the main carrier of the virus. In this case, it is

70
highly important to have a study that will analyze the public perceptions, especially

the vulnerable groups of people who are poorly understood and ignored. There should

be a study that would represent them which this research will tackle. The literature

shows that it is very common for policymakers to have benefits given to the

vaccinated individual, however, it is not the right or ethical strategy to convince the

unvaccinated individual. One of the strategies that have been mentioned are battling

against misinformations against Covid-19 vaccines and more on educating the public

in as positive a way as possible, especially in building an effective vaccination

program. Thus, the literature also discusses the responses and strategies that informed

hesitant individuals to be fully convinced to get vaccinated concerning their human

rights.

28
 CHAPTER 3

Research Method

This chapter discusses the methods used in the study including the research

methodology, research design, research setting, research participants, research

instruments, data gathering procedures, and statistical treatment of data.

Research Design

This study focuses on the perception of street vendors towards the

COVID-19 vaccination in Iligan City. the research approach is a descriptive

evaluative study that utilizes a mixed-method of qualitative and quantitative research

design (Shorten & Smith, 2022). Using a Likert scale standardized survey

questionnaire instrument on the one hundred fifty (150) respondents aimed to

describe and assess the perceptions of the Iligan City street vendors towards the

COVID-19 vaccine utilizing the percentage,frequency count, and the weighted mean

of the data to analyze and statistically treat the data that was included in this research.

70
 The second method to be used is the evaluative method that utlizes the

qualitative design in which the researchers are evaluating the data whether the

researchers meet their goals or produce the expected outcomes. The data will be

based on the interview of one (1) key informant of the study that is someone who is

from the Iligan City Health Office (ICHO). Followed with direct observations of the

researcher to the Iligan City street vendors in their work setting while handing the

survey questionnaire.

Research Setting

The locales of this research are Iligan City specifically Barangay Pala-o,

Barangay Poblacion, and Tambo Terminal. These areas were purposively chosen by

the researchers as these where the street vendors are predominantly located. Below

are their brief profiles.

Brief Profile of Iligan City

This study focuses on the perceptions of street vendors’ in Iligan City on the

COVID-19 vaccine. The data will be gathered from the sampling population of street

vendors. The researchers chose Iligan City as the study location because it is

convenient to find respondents knowing that the city has various street vendors and

can quickly generate sampling on how they perceive COVID-19 vaccines.

30
 Iligan City or also known as the City of majestic waterfalls and the first-class

urbanized city in Northern Mindanao; Iligan City has approximately 363,115 people

and lives together with harmonies. They belong to three native tribes, the Higaonon,

the Muslim, and the Christian. Iligan City celebrates its feast every 9th of September

in honor of St. Michael Archangel. Iligan City is recognized as the south's industrial

center, and its economy is centered primarily on heavy industries. It generates

hydroelectric power for the Mindanao region through the National Power Corporation

(NAPOCOR), which houses the Agus V, VI, and VII hydroelectric facilities in the

Mindanao Regional Center (MRC). Furthermore, the city is home to Holcim

Philippines' largest Mindanao cement facility. Steel, tinplate, cement, and flour mills

are among the businesses that call it home. Hence, street vendors are proliferating in

the city because they provide public spaces with easy access to a wide choice of

affordable goods and services. They sell everything from fresh produce to cooked

meals. Most street vendors carry food to their families and pay their children's school

fees as their primary source of income. Street trading brings energy to city life and is

regarded as a cornerstone of historical and cultural heritage in many cities. Despite

their contributions, street vendors suffer several obstacles, are frequently neglected as

economic agents, and, unlike other businesses, are frequently harmed rather than

aided by municipal policies and practices

FIGURE 3.1 Aerial shot of Iligan City (source:www.projectlupad.com/iligan-city-

aerial-view

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Brief Profile of Barangay Pala-o

Pala-o is one of the barangay in Iligan City, the name derived from the root

crop “PALAW” or just like a giant “GABI” as the Bisaya term apart from rice, corn,

and sugarcane, which were grown at the time, it was one of the locals' main sources

of revenue. This barangay is composed of a Cebuano-speaking majority and local

minorities which has approximately 10,778 population as of 2020 which represents

2.97 % total population of the said city. At these coordinates, the elevation is

calculated to be 9.3 meters (30.5 feet) above mean sea level. This barangay is one of

the progressive barangay in Iligan City where lots of establishments are present like

Pure Gold and also markets can be found in this barangay.

Brief Profile of Barangay Poblacion

Poblacion is one of the barangays in Iligan City which has approximately

3,613 population as of 2020 where it represents 1% of the total population in the city.

This barangay is composed of a Cebuano-speaking majority and local minorities.

The elevation is calculated to be 3.9 meters or 12.8 above mean sea level. This is one

of the progressive barangay also in Iligan City for it is centered on many

establishments and also a seaport can be found in this barangay.

32
Brief Profile of Tambo Terminal

Tambo terminal is located in barangay Hinaplanon. The Tambo bus integrated

terminal and wet market can be found in this place. The researchers chose this area in

barangay Hinaplanon because knowing that a wet market and the bus terminal can be

found here, their lots of street vendors are also selling their food for the people who

visit the market and also people who are traveling to different places.

Sampling Method

The study will utilized a purposive sampling method where the respondents

were selected based on the criteria such as: 1. ages between twenty (20) to eighty

(80) years old, 2. street vending at public places within the Iligan City within the

streets of barangay Pala-o, Poblacion, and Tambo, and 3. street vending either food,

RTWs, cellphone, or other gadget accessories. To obtain the number of respondents

to be selected per area, the researchers utilized quota sampling. Fifty (50) respondents

were surveyed per area which totalled to one hundred fifty (150) all in all.

Research Participants

This study included one hundred fifty (150) Iligan City street vendors whose

stall were located at Pala-o market, Poblacion wet-market and Tambo market. The

respondents were chosen at randomly from among the various stalls that are located

70
in the three different marketplaces where the research was conducted: Tambo Market,

Poblacion Market, and Pala-o Market.

To ensure the proper data collection, and to get the qualitative data of the

study, the researchers will interviewed one (1) important key informants (KII) of the

study that is someone in the position from the Iligan City Health Office (ICHO)

whose offices has a significant role in the implementation of the COVID-19 vaccine

in Iligan City Hence to identify also how those in offices motivate street vendors to

get vaccinated and how they respond to the street vendors' hesitancy toward the

vaccine.

Research Instruments

This study utilized a triangulation method in which the researchers conducting

doing a survey, interview, and observations to gatherdata. Hence, the study utilized

three (3) main research instruments; the structured survey questionnaire for the

survey respondents, an interview guide for the key informants, and an observation

guide for the survey researchers’ observation during the conduct of data gathering.

To obtain the data quantitative data, a structured survey questionnaire were

distributed to the purposely selected street vendors. The questionnaire was designed

in three parts. Part I asked for the demographic profile of the respondents which

determined the age, gender, education, religious affiliation, and avarage daily

34
income of the respondents. Part II contained statement indicators which assessed the

perceived hasitancy of the street vendor respondents towards COVID-19 vaccine.

Moreover; part III contained the statement indicator which describes the

perceived motivations of the respondents to be vaccinated.

Using a likert scale, below is the qualitative description and equivalent points

for the survey respondents’ responses.

Table 1 Scoring on the Survey respondent’s Responses

Qualitative Description Weight Points

Strongly Agree 5

Agree 4

Neutral 3

Disagree 2

Strongly Disagree 1

To gather the qualitative data a Key Informant interview guide was used by

the researcher. The third instrument was the observation guide,which was utilized to

record or account the researchers’ observations during the actual survey. This tool

was utilized to validate the survey responses and the data gathered from the Key

Informant interview.

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Data Gathering Procedures

To facilitate efficient data collection, the researchers observed the

following data gathering procedures.

1. A pilot-test of the instruments was conducted by the researchers first

before the actual interviews and surveys to ensure the validity of the

applicability of the research questions.

2. A one hundred fifty copy of the survey questionnaires were be printed

by the researchers to utilized in actual data gathering.

3. The researchers would conduct a field survey in the three locale of the

study, during the data safety health protocols must be observed during

the data gathering.

4. The survey questionnaires will be handled personally by the

researchers to the identified respondents of the study.

5. In the research questionnaire, there's a section that asked for consent of

the respondents to assure that the participation of the respondeds were

voluntary and wholeheartedly and was not forced by the researchers.

6. In term of the qualitative data of the study during the field survey the

researchers also observed the work setting conditions of the

respondents and how the respondents reacts to the certain probing

question ask by the researchers.

36
 7. A resquest letter asking for consent and a interview schedule of the

Key Informant was sent to the president of DOH in Iligan City health

office.

8. After recieving a reply the researchers then proceeded in the interview

setting where the interview would be conducted and then proceeded

with the interview.

Data Analysis/Statistical Treatment of Data

In order to treat the data obtained from the field survey in the three locale of

the study the researchers used the statistical tool of frequency and percentage

distribution to analyze the data and present the observations that exist for each data

point or grouping of data points in terms of demographic profile of the street vendors

in Iligan city. Also weighted mean is also utilized to statistically analyze the

indicators of the street vendors perceived hesitancy and motivation of the study.

Moreover, the data collected that were through Key Informant interview and physical

observations will be treated through thematic analysis. The examined formula as

shown below:

Frequency This was used in this research to know the number of population

statistics or simply count the number of times that each variable occurs, such as the

number of males and females within the sample.

70
 Percentage was used in this research to find a percentage or work out the

percentage given numbers and percent values. Use percent formulas to figure out

percentages and unknowns in equations.

(value/total value)×100%

Weighted Means is a weighted arithmetic means was used in this study to

identify data points that contribute more than others. Hence, the responses of the

Iligan City street vendors on a particular statement indicator were computed using the

weighted mean formula as shown below:

WM=f1 (1) + f2 (2) + f3 (3) + f4 (4) + f5 (5)

F1+f2+f3+f4+f5

Scoring System of the variables in this study, the researcher used this scale

below to interpret the different score numbers of the data in the study.

38
 Table 2 Qualitative Description and Corresponding Mean Value of the

Street Vendors' Perception Towards the Implementation of the COVID-19

Vaccination Iligan City

Qualitative Description Mean Value

Strongly Agree 4.20-5.00

Agree 3.40-4.19

Neutral 2.60-3.39

Disagree 1.80-2.59

Strongly Disagree 1.00-1.79

Observance of the Ethical Considerations in Research Undertaking

During the conduct of the research ethical consideration is practiced in all

aspects and at all times. Informed consent (IS) and the assurance of confidentiality of

data are practiced at all times in conducting the research study. Letter of consent and

formal letter request is used in asking the research personnel involved in the study. In

the conducting of the KII, the researcher asks first for consent and permission from

the key informants and be transparent to the informant before starting the interview

properly and also when asking to take pictures that serve as research documentation

of the session of the interview.

70
 On another hand, proper consent and permission are also asked when

surveying the Iligan City Street Vendors however this will be delivered verbally and

socially as the researcher surveys the locale of the study.

Moreover, secondary data that the researcher has gathered and used in the

related literature of the study and other parts of the paper were also cited properly and

appropriately following the APA format of citation to safeguard the cited author’s

intellectual property rights but also provided in-text citations in writing of the entire

manuscript and to avoid plagiarism.

40
 CHAPTER 4

Data Analysis and Interpretation of Data

This chapter presents the results, analysis and interpretation of data that are

gathered from the answered survey questionnaires distributed from the field and data

from the key informant Interview and the data base on the researchers observation.

The said data of the survey questionnaire were presented in figures and tabular form

followed with their interpretations and implication based on the result in accordance

with the specific questions posted on the statement of the problem. This is followed

by the key informant interview and observation that are presented in themes and

followed by a thematic analysis of the data.

4.1 The Socio-demographic Profile of the Iligan City Street Vendors

4.1.1 Age

Figure 4.1 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of age of the

respondents. The result reveals that only 5 or 3.33% respondents were 20 years old

and below, 30 or 20% respondents aged 21 to 30 years old, 35 or 23.33% were 31 to

40 years old, 34 or 22.67% were 41 to 50 years old, another 35 or 23.33 were 51 to

60 and 10 or 6.67% were 61 to 70 years old and below and only 1 or 0.67% were 71

years old and above. Less than 1% of the population is 71 years old and above. This

indicates that the majority of the represented population are those that are in the

70
middle ages. Street vending has become a choice for those who lack to comply with

requirements needed in their earlier years in the formal sector (Karunaratna &

Tjandra, 2021). Most of them are people who lack of skills and educational

background which hampered them to find a job.This also indicates that the majority

of the street vendor respondents, being in the middle ages, still have the energy and

the capacity to take this kind of job and choose this kind of job to provide their daily

needs.

Figure 4.1 The frequency and Percentage Distribution of Age of the

Respondents

4.1.2 Gender

Figure 4.2 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of gender of the

respondents. The result indicates that the majority of the research respondents were

42
males with 105 or 70% of the population and only 45 or 30% were female. The

results show that the street vendors are predominantly male. According to Napoles et

al. (2023), gender stereotypes that are rooted in local norms and practices in Iligan

City, Lanao del Norte, contribute to the continuous persistence of gender inequality.

Women are still seen as inferior as most of them are denied access in terms of

economic opportunities. Whereas, men are obligated to earn a living for their family.

This implies that patriarchal culture still exists in this community.

Figure 4.2 The frequency and Percentage Distribution of gender of the

Respondents

4.1.3 Highest Educational Attainment

Table 3 shows the fequency and percentage distribution of highest educational

attainment of the respondents. The result discloses that there is 1 or 0.67%

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respondents who had no education at all, another 1 or 0.67% were having a vocational

course and most or majority of 73 or 48.67% were high school graduates. The

informal sector activity of street vending is a significant source of employment and

income for urban people, particularly in nations that are still in the process of

establishing their economies (Forkuor et al., 2017). Some of the things that attract

people to become street vendors are the occupation's low entry requirements, low

start-up costs, and flexible scheduling options. This signifies that people start selling

goods on the street because most of them are unable to obtain work in the formal

economy.

Table 3. The Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Highest

Educational Attainment of the Respondents

Highest Educational Frequency (f) Percentage (%)

Attainment

None 1 0.67%

Elementary Graduate 32 21.33%

High-School Graduate 73 48.67%

College Undergraduate 21 14.00%

College Graduate 22 14.67%

Post-Baccalaureate 0 0.00%

Vocational 1 0.67%

Total 150 100.00%

44
4.1.4 Religious Affiliation

Figure 4.3 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of religious

affiliation of the respondents. The result encloses that the majority of 107 or 71.33%

were Roman Catholic, 26 or 17.33% were Muslim. Iligan City is well-known for

being diverse, embracing different cultures and religion, however, its population

remains predominantly Christian mainly Roman Catholic (Yoshizawa, 2022). This

result indicates that the bigger portion in Iligan City’s business sector comprises

Roman Catholics making use of the abundant supply of the resources and inexpensive

labor.

Figure 4.3 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Religious Affiliation

of the Respondents

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4.1.5 Average Daily Income

Figure 4.4 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the average

daily income of the respondents. The result reveals that 42 or 28% of the respondents

had a daily income of ₱500.00 and below, 43 or 28.67% of the respondents were

having daily income of ₱501.00-₱1,000.00. According to the Philippine Statistics

Authority (2021), the amount of P8,379 per month is enough for a family of five.

This implies that the daily income of street vendors which is P500 and below is

sufficient for their daily needs but below the income of P270 that supports more than

a family of five is not sufficient even with the low cost of living in Iligan City.

Figure 4.4 The Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Daily Income of

the Respondents

46
 Figure 4.5 shows the frequency and percentage distribution in terms of

respondents’ vaccine status show that 134 or 89.33% of the respondents are

vaccinated and only 16 or 10.67% have not yet been vaccinated. Dutta et al (2020),

stated that the vaccines are voluntarily taken by the vaccinated respondents with their

personal reason and interest while those who are not vaccinated are due to their age,

health conditions, and personal belief. This indicates that 89.33% of respondents

chose to get vaccinated with their personal reasons and interest and the 10.67% who

chose to not vaccinate also have personal reasons in terms of age, personal beliefs,

but majority is their health conditions.

Figure 4.5 Frequency and Distribution of the respondents street vendors

COVID-19 vaccine status

Figure 4.6 frequency and percentage distribution in terms of pre vaccination

health conditions. The result reveals that 132 or 88.00% of the respondents do not

70
have underlying health conditions before the vaccination, while only 18 or 12% were

experiencing underlying health conditions that is shown in figure 7 and among the 18

or 12% were experiencing asthma, diabetes, high blood, and fever. This result implies

that most of the respondents are healthy while the 12.00% population are having a

health related condition that is due to age, body condition and nutrition. Ulaszewska

(2022), argues that health workers should have proper communication for those

people who have conditions that are skeptical to get vaccinated. Most of the

respondents having underlying conditions are hesitant to get the vaccine and most of

them are not willing to get vaccinated until now. This implies that these people

should undergo proper communication and awareness in terms of their health prior to

obtaining the COVID-19 vaccination.

Figure 4.6 Frequency and Percentage of the Respondent having pre-

existing health condition Pre vaccination.

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 Table 4 shows that majority of those who answered yes of having pre-existing

health conditions prior from vaccination suffers from high blood pressure with 8 or

5.33%, this was followed by those respondents who have Fever with 6 or 4.00% and

asthma and diabetes with only 2 or 1.33% of street vendors respondents having those

condition.

Table 4 Frequency and Percentage of the Pre-vaccination health

Conditions as identify of the respondent who answered “Yes”

Pre-Vaccinations Health Frequency Percentage

Conditions

Asthma 2 1.33%

Diabetes 2 1.33%

High blood pressure 8 5.33%

Fever 6 4.00%

TOTAL 18 12%

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 Figure 4.7 shows the frequency and percentage distribution in terms of post

vaccination health conditions. The result reveals that 76 or 50.67% of the respondents

experienced post vaccination conditions, while 74 or 49.33% did not experience post

vaccination conditions such as fever, muscle pain, allergic reaction, cold, cough, heart

tightening and headache. The results imply that there is really a side effect as the

majority of the respondents experience fever and other related side effects as shown

in figure 9 however this indicates the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine

offered. This shows that there are possible risks getting the vaccine thus, making it a

challenge to motivate other street vendors to get vaccinated. However, in the study of

Krause et al. (2021), proves that the mentioned post conditions of respondents are

mere side effects of the vaccines and the higher risk will dwell upon the individuals

who are not vaccinated as they are most likely to carry the virus.

Figure 4.7 Frequency and Percentage of the Respondent having post

health condition after vaccination.

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 Table 5 shows that majority of those who answered yes of having post

vaccination side effects and conditions are experiencing fever with 44 or 39.33% and

this was followed by those respondents who experience muscle pain with 10 or 6.67%

and hearth tightening with only 3 or 2.00% making it the least experience post

vaccination side effect by the respondents.

Table 5 Frequency and Percentage of the Post-vaccination health

Conditions as identify by the respondent who answered “Yes”

Pre-Health Conditions Frequency Percentage

Fever 44 29.33%

Muscle Pain 10 6.67%

Allergic Reaction 7 4.67%

cold 4 2.67%

Cough 4 2.67%

Heart tightening 3 2.00%

Headache 4 2.67

TOTAL 76 50.67%

4.3.1 The Iligan City Street vendors perception on the COVID-19 vaccine in

terms of Hesitancy

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 Table 6 shows the hesitancy indicator as perceived by the respondents. The

result indicates that they agree on the following statement; First, vaccines are

dangerous as they cause deadly allergy-like reactions to our body (mean = 3.95).

Second, vaccines are not for everyone like people with no health issues (mean =

3.81). Third, vaccines could kill people with poor health conditions (mean = 3.76).

Fourth, vaccines’ side effects are devastating (mean = 3.61). Fifth, vaccines trigger

some of the existing illnesses (mean = 3.54). Sixth, vaccines are not necessary as I

believe in natural immunity (mean = 3.53). There is vaccination hesitancy among

those who are concerned about their well-being. This is due to their perception that

the vaccine may cause potential side effects that may harm them in the long run

(Kabbani, 2022). Furthermore, they disagree on the following statement; First,

vaccines are scary because they could turn us into “zombies” in the future (mean =

1.75). Second, vaccines are a sin or against my religious beliefs (mean = 1.75). Third,

vaccines are not good for our health as it causes impotence/infertility (mean = 2.07).

Fourth, vaccines are not safe because they contain microchips or any type of tracking

technologies (mean = 2.47). Schwarzinger & Luchini (2021), argues that some

individuals would prefer to believe the theories they discovered online that make

them hesitant. However, the majority of respondents did not concur with the

preconceived notions about the vaccination, particularly the claims that it could result

in infertility, could transform people into zombies, and contained microchips.

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Table 6. The Hesitancy Indicator perceived by the Respondents

SA A N D SD
Hesitancy WM Description
Indicator f % f % f % f % f %
H9 61 41% 51 4% 15 0% 15 0% 8 5% 3.95 Agree

H8 57 38% 47 1% 15 0% 22 5% 9 6% 3.81 Agree

H11 64 43% 37 5% 13 9% 20 3% 16 1% 3.76 Agree

H10 54 36% 33 2% 22 5% 31 1% 10 7% 3.61 Agree

H14 59 39% 34 3% 9 6% 28 9% 20 3% 3.54 Agree

H12 53 35% 32 1% 22 5% 26 7% 19 3% 3.53 Agree

H3 43 29% 52 5% 10 7% 26 7% 19 3% 3.49 Neutral

H13 49 33% 29 9% 17 1% 38 5% 17 1% 3.37 Neutral

H1 35 23% 36 4% 18 2% 31 1% 30 0% 3.08 Neutral

H15 35 23% 29 9% 21 4% 36 4% 29 9% 3.04 Neutral

H6 18 12% 20 3% 30 0% 42 8% 40 7% 2.55 Neutral

H4 11 7% 27 8% 23 5% 48 2% 41 7% 2.47 Disagree

H7 10 7% 8 5% 21 4% 56 7% 55 7% 2.07 Disagree

H2 6 4% 8 5% 5 3% 54 6% 77 6% 1.75 Disagree

H5 5 3% 6 4% 7 5% 57 8% 74 8% 1.75 Disagree

Overall Mean 3.05 Neutral

Legend: SA - Strongly Agree A - Agree N - Neutral D - Disagree SD - Strongly Disagree WM - Weighted

Mean f - Frequency % - Percentage

4.3.2 The Iligan City Street vendors perception on the COVID-19 vaccine
in terms of Motivation

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 Table 7 shows the motivation indicator as perceived by the

respondents. The result indicates that they agree with the following statement; First,

vaccines are highly encouraged and recommended by the local government

authorities (mean = 4.25). Second, vaccines are a must-have to access establishments

that require vaccination passes/cards (mean = 4.05). Third, vaccines could kill people

with poor health conditions (mean=3.76). Fourth, vaccines help reduce discrimination

and social inequalities (mean=3.95). Fifth, vaccines are necessary as it is

recommended by the health workers of Iligan City (mean =3.79). Sixth, vaccines are

our best option to prevent severe symptoms of the virus (mean =3.68). Seventh,

vaccines are our best option to avoid hospitalization (mean = 3.55). Eighth, vaccines

distributed by the LGU protect me and my family against COVID-19 (mean = 3.51).

On the other hand, the respondents provided an answer to the following statement;

First, vaccines are the answer to get things back to “normal” (mean= 3.40). Second,

the local government provides information about the COVID-19 vaccine's level of

protection or immunity against the virus (mean = 3.31). Third, the local government

provides information about the importance of COVID-19 vaccines (mean = 3.29).

Fourth, vaccines are essential to attain the national population herd immunity (mean =

3.21). Fifth, vaccines are currently the best solution for a better and safer city (mean =

3.13). Sixth, vaccines are currently our best option against the virus (mean = 3.11).

Seventh, vaccines boost our immune system (mean= 3.01), while they disagree on the

following statement; The local government provides incentives just for getting

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COVID-19 vaccinated (mean = 2.05). Due to the Covid-19 virus, street vendors were

experiencing serious financial difficulties because they were unable to sell outside

(Ullah, 2021). In order to return to their regular lives on the streets, they are left with

no choice than to comply with the government's regulations, which is to get

vaccinated.

Table 7. The Motivation Indicator perceived by the Respondents

Motivation
Indicator
SA A N D SD
WM Descriptio
f % f % f % f % f % n

M15 84 56% 41 7% 4 3% 17 1% 3 2% 4.25 Agree

M3 66 44% 58 9% 5 3% 10 7% 11 7% 4.05 Agree

M14 64 43% 55 7% 4 3% 14 9% 13 9% 3.95 Agree

M6 51 34% 64 3% 3 2% 17 1% 15 0% 3.79 Agree

M12 48 32% 60 0% 7 5% 16 1% 19 3% 3.68 Agree

M13 54 36% 42 8% 9 6% 23 5% 22 5% 3.55 Agree

M5 43 29% 58 9% 10 7% 11 7% 28 9% 3.51 Agree

M11 41 27% 49 3% 15 0% 19 3% 26 7% 3.40 Neutral

M9 32 21% 62 1% 4 3% 21 4% 33 2% 3.31 Neutral

M7 39 26% 53 5% 4 3% 21 4% 33 2% 3.29 Neutral

M10 23 15% 66 4% 12 8% 18 2% 31 1% 3.21 Neutral

M8 31 21% 49 3% 15 0% 18 2% 37 5% 3.13 Neutral

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 Motivation
Indicator
SA A N D SD
WM Descriptio
f % f % f % f % f % n

M15 84 56% 41 7% 4 3% 17 1% 3 2% 4.25 Agree

M2 33 22% 43 9% 17 1% 22 5% 35 3% 3.11 Neutral

M4 26 17% 45 0% 22 5% 19 3% 38 5% 3.01 Neutral

M1 11 7% 21 4% 5 3% 41 7% 72 8% 2.05 Disagree

Overall Mean 3.42 Neutral

Legend: SA - Strongly Agree A - Agree N - Neutral D - Disagree SD - Strongly Disagree WM -

Weighted Mean f - Frequency % - Percentage

4.4 Iligan City Actions and strategies in Implementing the COVID-19

vaccinations.

This study makes use of another research instrument which is the Key

Informant Interview (KII) is someone in a position in the Local Government Unit

(LGU) and also the Inter-Agency Task Force (IATF) who has a significant role in the

implementation of the COVID-19 vaccine in Iligan City. This instrument was utilized

to get the qualitative data of the study. This section discusses the response of the key

informant about the question for the qualitative evaluation of this study.

4.4.1 Existing or implemented actions to combat COVID-19 aside from

vaccination

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 According to the Key Informant with regards to the Existing or implemented

actions to combat COVID-19 aside from vaccination, mass vaccination is the primary

campaign of the government unit to combat COVID-19. Teams from the Department

of Health and City Health Office are deployed to enforce the mass vaccination in

fixed points such as Robinsons and Gaisano or even extend efforts to provide mobile

vaccination in different places within the city. There are no other efforts or strategic

policies mandated for them to implement.

(Sa mass vaccination? Actually, yung gobyerno natin marami silang pro-
projects nung una there bakunahan 1, and ngayon naman we have bakunahan
2 so, ang ginagawa natin ngayon we have 2 teams. 1 a team from DOH
( department of health) and team from ICHO (Iligan City health office).
Tanan tu sila naga vaccination. Sa ICHO ga follow rasab sila sa DOH pero
ang ilang ginabuhat, they have mobile vaccination they go to places as well
as they have health centers na ginakuanan nilag vaccination. Sa DOH
( department of health) team meron din tayong mga fix point we have
robinson ug gaisano. So far wala pa namang parang fix na sinasabi ng
gobyerno this is what to do and this what gonna happen and ito lang ang
alam ko lang so far as we address the bakunahan dito sa Iligan...)

(In mass vaccination, actually, our government had several pro-projects.

First is the bakunahan 1 and now they are implementing the bakunahan 2 in
which we have 2 teams now, a team from DOH(Department of Health) and a
team from ICHO ( Iligan City Health Office). All of them were doing
vaccination. The ICHO ( Iligan City Health Office) is just following the DOH
however, they have mobile vaccination in which they go to the places and
they also have health centers where they get the vaccines. The DOH
( department of health) team has their own fix points such as Robinsons and
Gaisano. So far the government has no fixed idea on what to do and what is
going to happen but I know this is the only thing so far we can address the
vaccination here in Iligan…) -KI1, Iligan City Health Office President
(2022, December 19)

4.4.2 Mechanisms for Implementing Actions and Public Reaction

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 On the topic of Mechanisms for Implementing Actions and Public Reaction,

the Key Informant stated that the mechanism starts with National Order, for example,

the vaccination for five months and 11 years old. The advisory will be sent and

disseminated from regions to municipalities and the City Health Offices. Upon

receiving the advisory, discussions will be conducted, followed by implementation.

Furthermore, the Key Informant explained that particularly, in the city of Iligan, the

process is duly followed, including specific conditions. The city is highly concerned

about certain complications; thus, the offices ensure that the process is well-

implemented.

(So what happens is from national magsesend yan sila ng executive order, na
for example nung vaccination for 5 months to 11 years old o mag sesend sila
ng advisory and it will be spread out sa atin from regions to municipality and
then CHO’s ganyan and then kapag meron na yung advisory mag me meeting
yan sila and after meeting yun na , implementation na but here in Iligan city
we do not implement yung parang inuunahan natin ba, so parang ang
ginagawa natin dito is ahh nag wiwait tayo at nag oobserve kung ano ang
effects ng ibang city for example in Sinovac 5- 11 years old meron nang
advisory ha, you can now vaccinate 5-11 years old using synovac kay diba
kasi pfizer lang yung gami natin. So you can now use synovac at that age.
Despite na meron na tayong advisory we cannot just ahh automatically gawin
yun, piniprevent talaga ng Iligan city na baka mamaya may complications
para to make sure then that's why then Iligan city is one of the best city so far.
Kasi ganun din talaga ginagawa natin pero hindi naman matagal for example
observe lang muna natin ang condition. So ayun sabi nga nila prevention is
better than treatment so yun yung ginagawa ng Iligan city piniprevent lang
nila na baka mamaya baka magkaroon ng problema…)

(So what happened is that the national government will send an executive
order, for example the mandate that allows the vaccination for 5 months and
11 years old or they will send an advisory where it is spread throughout
regions, municipalities and CHO’s. It will be followed by a meeting and
thereafter its implementation. But here in Iligan we do not immediately

58
 implemented the mandates, what we do is that we wait and observe its effects
from other cities before proceeding for example on the advisory on the
implementation of Sinovac for 5-11 years old even though that there is
already an advisory allowing the vaccination of 5-11 years old using Sinovac
we don't automatically implement it because in Iligan City we wanna prevent
and make sure that there is no complications that why Iligan City is the best
city in implementing the COVID-19 vaccination. That is what we do but it
does not take long but we really first observe the condition because
prevention is better than treatment that what Iligan City did, preventing so
that there will be no problem…) -KI1, Iligan City health office president
(2022, December 19)

4.4.3 Strategies that are currently in development to combat Covid 19

According to the Key Informant with regards to Strategies that are currently in

development to combat Covid-19, efforts are focused on the mobile vaccination

implemented by the LGU to ensure more coverage and a more significant number of

residents get vaccinated.

(So far, sa akin lang ha , based on my ano alam lang ha, ang alam ko lang
yung ginagawa nila is mobile vaccination at tsaka yung drive na parang,
parang example recently we have december 5, 6 and 7 parang anong tawag
dyan? Yung parang day of vaccinations ba na mayroong mass vaccination na
para e pupush talaga yung vaccine so ayon so far yung ginagawa natin, so
ayun na nga we have december 5, 6 and 7 na nag mass vaccination tayo na
enopen talaga sya. I think that was for re-opening the second booster to the
rest of the population if I am not mistaken…)

(So far, for me, based on what I have known . I know that they are having
mobile vaccination and also the drive. For example, recently we have
December 5,6,7 what we call that? Seems like day of vaccinations like they
are having mass vaccination for them to really push the vaccine. So yeah we
had December 5,6 and 7 for the opening of mass vaccination and I think it
will be reopening for the second booster to the rest of the population if I am
not mistaken…) -KI1, Iligan City Health Office president (2022, December
19)

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 4.4.5 Effectivity of Motivational Strategies.

For motivation, the key informant highlighted areas within the city that

provide free rice in exchange for getting vaccinated. One particular area mentioned is

the schools. Also, the key informant recalled the “No Vaccine, No Enter" policy of

some popular establishments in Iligan City, including Jollibee and McDonald’s,

which according to the KI, is one of the factors that highly motivated individuals to

get vaccinated.

(Alam ko na familiar kayu dito no? The LGU’s sa mga other areas na
nagbibigay ng libreng rice, yung iba groceries, lalo na nung kasagsagan ng
vaccination dba they will, they will tell people na kapag nagpa vaccinenate
kayo, ganito, ganyan sa Iligan, sa parts lang meron din tayong mga sa mga
kids, yung gimatin sa kids yung sa school na hindi papapasukin yung batang
walang vaccine so mapupush talaga yung parents na mapa vaccine yung
children. Yun, meron din tayo sa pagpasok ng mga establishment like
mcdonalds, jollibee na hindi ka makakapasok kung wala kang vaccine card
that's one thing din para ma push yung mga tao…)

(I know that you are familiar with this, right? LGU’s in the other areas were
giving free rice and others were groceries, especially in the urge of the
vaccination they will tell people that if they will get vaccinated they will have
this and that. In Iligan, in some parts we also have kids, if they won't get
vaccinated they will not be able to go to school so they are forced to get
vaccinated just for the child to go to school. We also have, when we are going
to enter an establishment like Mcdonalds and jollibee it really requires to have
a vaccine card that is why people will really be forced to get vaccinated…) -
KI1, Iligan City health Office President (2022, December 19)

Concerning the effectiveness of the previously mentioned motivational strategy,

the Key Informant discussed that having such a requirement made an effective push

for people to get vaccinated. Vaccine denial might lead to the inability to go to work

60
and other privileges. Aside from that, not getting vaccinated will eventually cost

more, given that to continue participating in the community, one must be able to take

regular antigen tests, which is way more costly. The effectiveness was also made

evident upon the Mayor’s release of an Executive Order requiring a booster. Such

policies affect Vendors within the city, given that they are also not allowed to sell

their goods if they remain unvaccinated.

Moreover, the Key Informant stated the right of a person to deny a

vaccine, which applies to the vendors. Nevertheless, that does not mean they cannot

suffer the result of their denial to get vaccinated. According to the KI, most sell goods

discreetly and are denied access to certain establishments.

(Oo, oo ako din naman i will not get vaccinated kung hindi lang nirequire sa
work, marami talagang manghahanap especially sa mga employees? Matatakot
yan sila especially kayu yung nag pro-provide sa family mo tapos hindi ka
magpapa vaccinate syempre matatakot sila sa magiging resulta. So the
government implying unvaccinated employees should not go to work , kanang
require silag RTCPR, anong tawag dun?antigen testing? na very costly so yung
nagyari na push talaga at effective talaga sya tulad din nung ano there was one
time iligan yung ano nirequire talaga tayo dito na dapat tumaas yung
vaccination kasi mas maliit masyado yung accomplishment so, ang ginawa
kinausap ng CSO si mayor tapos nag labas si mayor ng EXECUTIVE ORDER
na gina required na ang booster. Na ano niyo yun? Na kailangan ng booster
before makapasok sa robinson ganyan . So, kung wala din yun hindi natin yun
ginawa hindi din talaga tataas yung vaccinated population yung vaccine natin
meron na talaga yang ano na natin na hindi sya dapat sapilitan. By will of the
person yung pagpa vaccinate. So kapag vendor ayaw niya magpa vaccine,
bahala sya. Pero patago tago din sya. Ganon yung nagyayari. Hindi sya
makakapasok sa establishment. Sa amin din, marami din talaga akong kilalang
hanggang ngayon hindi pa sila bakunado…)

70
 (Yes, even me? I won’t get vaccinated if it’s not a requirement for my work.
There are really a lot of employees who should get vaccinated. They are scared
especially if they are the one who proved for their family. So the government
implying unvaccinated employees should not go to work , they are required to
provide RTCPR what is that? Antigen testing? That is very expensive so that's
why they really push to get vaccinated and it is really effective just like for
example there is time that everyone should get vaccinated because Iligan city
only get low accomplishment in terms of vaccinated person, so what they did is
the CSO talk to our city mayor and release an executive order that booster is
required. Have you heard that? That booster is required for you to enter
Gaisano or Robinson. So, without that, the population of those vaccinated will
not increase. The vaccination there is really a law that someone should not be
forced to get vaccinated and it should be the will of the person. So, if that
vendor wants to not get vaccinated then it is up to her/him however, her actions
are limited unlike those vaccinated that they have freedom to sell something. So
that's what happen. he/she can’t enter the establishment. In our place, I have
known plenty of people who are not yet vaccinated…) -KI1, Iligan City Health
Office President (2022, December 19)

4.5 Observation of the implementation of Covid-19 vaccination of the Street

vendors in Iligan City .

In the aim to describe what had happened in the actual implementation of the

Iligan City vaccination and how the policy implementer executed this aspect of

motivating the street vendors , the researchers gathered another type of data,

observation data. The following subsection explains what has been observed.

4.5.1 The implementation of social distancing

As social distancing was the common denominator in all of the classification,

people were expected to observe this regardless of the circumstances . In the actual

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70
 observation of the natural settings of how street vendors perceived in their

daily work in Palao, Tambo and Poblacion, it was observed that there were instances

where security personnel and even police called out the street vendors and the people

who were not observing social distancing policy when buying goods in the streets.

But this is mainly dependent “where” the action takes place. If it happened in the

nearby vicinity or side of the street, there is a higher chance of being called out ,

however for those areas that are far from the policy implementers the social

distancing is not strictly followed by both the street vendors and customers. A

gathering was observed in the barangays in Iligan city, the Palao, Tambo and

Poblacion, with people gathering two issues were seen: first, social distancing was not

followed and second, they were going against the mandate that disallowed mass

gathering and they all pose risk of getting infected with COVID-19 virus as proper

safety protocol is violated.

4.5.2 The capacity restriction of places

Due to the coronavirus, the capacity of people on barangay Tambo, Palao and

Poblacion were strictly observed thus, the city of Iligan mandated that for the capacity

of people to be minimized in buying goods in the market and even street color coding

were imposed. The color orange which consists of six barangays in Iligan city

including the barangay Palao can only go buy goods and even medicine on every

Tuesday and Friday only. The color yellow which consists of 6 barangays also

64
including the barangays in Poblacion and Tambo can only go out every wednesday

and saturday only. Same as the establishment capacity of the people were strictly

observed and vaccine cards are required for people to enter the establishment. In the

first few months of the outbreak, this was strictly implemented as there were

barangay tanod, city personnel and police in post to make sure that the policy was

enforced.

4.5.3 The authorization of those who can sell

Only those vaccinated street vendors not only done with the first dose but also

the second dose of vaccine are allowed to sell their goods in the street for the safety

of the people, especially the street vendors. In support of this, the vaccine card was

made to ensure that the aforementioned policy was practiced. This was strictly

implemented in all street vendors in barangay Palao, Poblacion and Tambo for them

to assure that they are fully vaccinated. However, there are still street vendors who

are not vaccinated but still selling goods in the street but their actions are limited as

they can’t enter the mall due to the restriction that only with those vaccine card can

enter the establishments therefore it’s hard for the street vendors to restock their

selling products and in other hand there are personnel such as police who will

confiscates their products and catch them if they will be seen selling goods in the

street while not being vaccinated.

4.5.4 What the street vendors feels towards the vaccinations

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 Some of the street vendors feel scared of the required vaccine and only see the

vaccination effort of the DOH and ICHO as a requirement or vending pass for them

to sell on the street as majority of them are hesitant of the effectiveness and won’t get

the vaccine if it is possible. Others feel that they are forced to get vaccinated just for

them to have freedom in the streets because if they won't sell how can they make

money and sustain their daily lives where in fact they have a child and family to

support. However, there are still street vendors who did not get vaccinated and really

have a fighting spirit and were not convinced to get vaccinated because they are

scared about the possible effects of it on their health.

Putting the COVID-19 vaccine into effect follows a process similar to

putting it into effect in other parts of the country. The mechanism begins with

establishing a national order, such as mandating vaccination between five months and

11 years. The advisory will be sent to and distributed throughout the municipalities

and city health offices, starting from the regions. After the advisory has been

obtained, there will be a discussion period, and then the plan will be implemented. In

addition, the Key Informant explained that precisely in the city of Iligan, the

procedure is adhered to properly, including all required conditions. Because the city is

very concerned about certain complications, the offices ensure that the process is

carried out correctly to alleviate those concerns. The local government unit (LGU)

66
has organized a mobile vaccination service, which is the primary focus of efforts to

expand coverage and increase the proportion of vaccinated residents.

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, IMPLICATION, AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter discussed the results of the study. Presented in this chapter is the

summary of findings, implications, and conclusion as well as the recommendations of

the researchers.

5.1 Summary

The primary objective of this research was to determine the perception of the

street vendors of Iligan City towards the implementation of COVID-19 vaccination

eand wether Local Government Unit of Iligan (LGU-Iligan) had implemented any

plans, programs, or strategies to motivate and address the hesitancy of street vendors

to get vaccinated against COVID-19. According to the findings, the respondents'

70
socio-demographic profile, which includes their age, gender, educational attainment,

religious affiliation, and daily income, does not appear to have a direct relationship to

their perception regarding the COVID-19 vaccination. Some of the factors that make

up this socio-demographic profile include: Based on these findings, we can conclude

that the respondents, who are assumed to be representative of the industry to which

they belong for this study, are knowledgeable and have a favorable perception of the

COVID-19 vaccination based on the answers they provided to the various statements

about the vaccine. This suggests that the government unit responsible for Iligan's

vaccination programs was able to put in the appropriate amount of effort. As a result

of this approach, the Local Government Unit (LGU) will be in a better position to

organize and carry out various health-related activities for the city's street vendors.

5.1.1 The following are the findings of the study :

● The findings demonstrated that only 3.33% of respondents

were 20 years old, 20% of respondents were aged 21 to 30

years old, 23.33% were 31 to 40 years old, 22.67% were 41 to

50 years old, another 23.33 were 51 to 60 years old, and 6.67%

were 61 to 70 years old and below, while only 0.67% were 71

years old and above.

● In terms of gender, results indicate that most of the

respondents were male (70%), whereas just 30% were female.

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● For the record of educational attainment, according to the

findings, 0.67 percent of respondents had no education, another

0.67 percent were enrolled in vocational training, and the

majority of respondents, 48.67 percent, had graduated from

high school.

● According to the frequency and percentage distribution of the

respondents' religious affiliations, the majority (71.33%)

identified as Roman Catholic, while 17.33% identified as

Muslim.

● In terms of daily income, 28% of the respondents had a daily

income of less than 500.00, 28.67% of the respondents had a

daily income between 501.00 and 1,000.00, and 30% of the

respondents had a daily income of more than 1,000.00.

● The Frequency and Percentage Distribution in terms of Pre-

vaccination health Conditions reveals that 88.00% of the

respondents do not have underlying health conditions before

the vaccination, while 12% were experiencing underlying

health conditions, and 12% were experiencing Asthma,

Diabetes, High blood, and Fever. 12% of the respondents were

also experiencing underlying health conditions before the

vaccination. To sum up, 88.0% of the people who participated

70
 in the study did not have any previous health issues before

receiving the vaccination.

● The Hesitancy Indicator, as perceived by Respondents,

indicates that they concur with the following statements: (1)

vaccines are dangerous as it causes deadly allergy-like

reactions to our body (2) vaccines are not for everyone, like

people with no health issues (3) vaccines could kill people with

poor health conditions (4) vaccines’ side effects are devastating

(5) vaccines trigger some of the existing illnesses (6) vaccines

are not necessary as they believe in the natural immunity while

disagreeing on the following: (1) vaccines are scary because

they could turn us into “zombies” in the future (2) vaccine is a

sin or against their religious beliefs(3) vaccines are not good

for our health as it causes impotence/infertility (4) vaccines are

not safe because it contains microchips or any type of tracking

technologies.

● These findings are complimented by the response of the Key

Informant by discussing the enforced vaccination campaigns

done by the LGU. These efforts to reach out like mobile

vaccinations helped reduce hesitancy caused by non-factual

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 information that further leads to positive perceptions of

individuals towards vaccination.

● And finally , the results showed through the motivation

indicator that They agree with the following statement;(1)

vaccines are highly encouraged and recommended by the local

government authorities. (2) vaccines are a must-have to access

establishments that require vaccination passes/cards. (3)

vaccines could kill people with poor health conditions. (4)

vaccines help reduce discrimination and social inequalities. (5)

vaccines are necessary as the health workers of Iligan City

recommend it. (6) vaccines are our best option to prevent

severe symptoms of the virus. (7) vaccines are our best option

to avoid hospitalization. (8) vaccines distributed by the LGU

protect their family against COVID-19. On the other hand, the

respondents provided a neutral answer to the following

statement; (1) vaccines are the answer to get things back to

“normal.” (2) the local government provides information about

the COVID-19 vaccine's level of protection or immunity

against the virus. (3) the local government provides

information about the importance of COVID-19 vaccines. (4)

vaccines are essential to attain the national population herd

70
 immunity. (5) vaccines are currently the best solution for a

better and safer city. (6) vaccines are currently our best option

against the virus. (7), vaccines boost our immune system, while

they disagree on the following statement; The local

government provides incentives just for getting COVID-19

vaccinated.

● These findings are supported by the response of the Key

Informant who stated that having such a requirement made an

effective push for people to get vaccinated. Not getting

vaccinated will eventually cost more, given that to continue

participating in the community, one must be able to take

regular antigen tests, which is way more costly. Also, although

slightly contradictory to what the respondents have mentioned

with regards to the incentives, it is more fair to recognize that

efforts to incentivize people’s will for vaccination is not yet

enjoyed by the majority, hence resulting in a disagreement for

the final statement.

5.2 Implication

This study's primary objective was to ascertain whether or not the Local

Government Unit of Iligan (LGU-Iligan) had put into motion any programs of action

72
or strategies to encourage street sellers to vaccinate against COVID-19. The primary

purpose of this research is to investigate the opinions of street vendors in Iligan City

concerning the COVID-19 vaccine. The socio-demographic profile of the

respondents, such as their age, gender, educational attainment, religious affiliation,

and daily income, does not appear to have a direct relationship to their perception

regarding the COVID-19 vaccination, as shown by the results. Through these

findings, we can determine that the respondents, who are intended to represent the

sector to which they belong in this study, are well-informed and are giving a positive

perception through the answers given about the various statements about the COVID-

19 vaccination. This implies that the government unit of Iligan was able to deliver the

correct amount of effort for the vaccination programs. Because of this approach, the

LGU will have a better opportunity to conduct or implement various health-related

activities for the city's vendors.

5.3 Recommendation

Based on the findings and conclusions of this study, the researchers would

then like to suggest the following recommendations.

Local Government Units may use the most recent scientific research and

resources accessible data on workforce demands, assessments and other credentials to

improve their strategies. The administration may utilize the findings of this study to

enhance the learning capacity and quality of programs and possible opportunities by

70
determining which values need to be improved in order to achieve better

understanding of the perception of the different sectors about COVID-19 vaccine and

other health related programs.

Future researchers may conduct an in-depth exploration of how different

sectors in Iligan City become committed to health-related changes and how to

influence participation towards such programs. Further research might compare the

perception of the vendors from Iligan City to other cities. Research could explore the

role of government, including non-government-related partners, and how collective

motivation might support practical health-related implementations.

The National Government may use this research as a policy guide to further

improve the process of vaccination for COVID-19 and other illnesses. The National

Government may also proactively disseminate up-to-date information on vaccination

strategies, modalities, and accomplishments in formats that are aggregated as little as

possible, user-friendly, and open source according to the Findings of this study.

74
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 APPENDIX A

Letter to the Respondents

82
 Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology

66QV+WW2, Andres Bonifacio Ave, Iligan City, 9200 Lanao del Norte

(063) 223 8641

Good day!

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Political Science 198: Research

Methods, we the Researchers, Kent Andrionne Seares, John Michael Dagpin, Leufer

Joy Mangilala, and Hisham Mama-o, 3rd year BA political science students from

Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology will be conducting a

survey for our thesis project entitled “Iligan City Street Vendors’ Perceptions on

COVID-19 Vaccine” in partial fulfillment of our major subject POS198 Research

Methods in Political science

Thank you!

70
 APPENDIX B

Free, Prior and Informed Consent Form

84
 Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology

66QV+WW2, Andres Bonifacio Ave, Iligan City, 9200 Lanao del Norte

(063) 223 8641

Benefits

Your participation in this study will have a huge help in getting the

perception of Iligan City street vendors on the COVID-19 vaccination.

Voluntary Participation

Your cooperation is entirely voluntary. You are free to cancel or remove your

participation at any time. If you decide to do so, there is no penalty or loss of benefits.

In the event that you no longer wish to take part in this study, you may directly

inform the researchers or contact the researchers through the contact information

provided at the end of this document.

70
• I understand that my taking part is voluntary; I can

withdraw from the study at any time and I do not have to

give any reasons for why I no longer want to take part.

• All of my questions and concerns have been answered

•I understand the information indicated in this informed

consent form.

• I understand that my participation in this study includes

answering the given questionnaires.

• By signing this form, none of my legal rights have been

gave up.

86
 Signature above the name of participant:

______________________________

Date: ________

APPENDIX C

Request Letter for the Thesis Proposal Defense Panel Members

Mindanao State University

Iligan Institute of technology

Department of Political Science

A. Bonifacio Avenue, 9200 Tibanga, Iligan City, Philippines

www.msuiit.edu.ph +63.63.221.4056

70
May, 2022

[INSERT NAME OF PANEL MEMBER]

Professor, College of Arts in Political Science

Mindanao State University- Iligan Institute of

Technology Andres Bonifacio Avenue,

9000 Tibanga, Iligan City, Philippines

Dear Ma’am/Sir:

88
 Greetings of Peace and Prosperity!

We, the Fourth year students of the Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute

of Technology, pursuing a degree in Bachelor of Arts in Political Science, are

currently enrolled in POS198: Research Methods.

Our research titled “Iligan City Street Vendors’ Perceptions on COVID-19

Vaccine”, as the title suggests this study aims to look into the implementation of the

Covid-19 vaccination in the workplace of the street vendors in Iligan City.

In line with this, we are writing this letter to humbly request your assistance

and expertise to serve as one of our panel members in our Thesis Proposal Defense.

We recognize that your background and expertise in the field of research would

greatly contribute to the realization of our study. We sincerely hope that you would

70
accept our request and aid us in our aspiration in pursuing our studies and contribute

to the body and knowledge in the field of Political Science. Good day and Mabuhay!

Respectfully yours,

The Researchers

Hisham Mama-o

John Michael Dagpin

Kent Andrionne Seares

Leufer Mangilala

90
 APPENDIX D

Informed Consent Form

Research Title: Iligan City Street Vendors’ Perceptions on COVID-19 Vaccine

Dear Respondents,

The undersigned are Bachelor of Science in Political Science Fourth Year

Students of MSU-IIT. Presently, we are conducting a study about the Iligan City
Street Vendors’ Perceptions on COVID-19 Vaccine in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for our undergraduate thesis. Specifically, our respondents are street
vendors of Iligan City. In this regard, we would like to ask for your cooperation and
support to be one of our respondents by answering the questionnaires. On our end, it
is our goal and responsibility to use the information that you have shared correctly.
We would like to assure you the protection and utmost confidentiality of your
identity.

WHAT ARE YOUR RIGHTS AS A RESEARCH PARTICIPANT?

70
 ●This is a voluntary participation. You have the right to participate at all or
leave the interview at any time.

●You can decide to decline the participation.

●You can freely ask for any clarifications, especially about your rights as a
research participant.

●You can also ask for any clarifications regarding the study.

I have read and understood the background information that you provided
about your questionnaire; I recognize the possible demands that this would require
and thus, I volunteer to take part in this.

My participation is subject to the following conditions:

1. That adequate safeguards be provided to maintain the privacy and

confidentiality of my responses.

2. That my test results become part of the College of Arts and Social Sciences,
MSU-IIT. Release of such information may be obtained only with prior
approval from the Department Chairman/ College Dean.

I hereby agree to be one of the respondents of this study.

Respondent’s Name:

Respondent’s Signature:

Thank you very much for your support and cooperation.

Respectfully,

Dagpin, John Michael

Mangilala, Leufer Joy

Mama-o, Hisham

92
 Seares, Kent Andrionne

Prof. Eucil P. Hussien, DPA

Consent of Respondents:

Do you agree to participate?

● Yes

● No (If respondent answers no, “Thank you for taking the time to
speak with us today.”)

In addition to taking notes, we would like to audio record this

session.The recording will help us to summarize today’s discussion concisely.
Rest assured that information gathered will remain confidential and will be used
for academic purposes only.

Do you agree to have this interview recorded? The data from the
recordings will be anonymous.

● Yes

● No

Printed Name and Signature of Respondent: ___________________

Date: ____________

70
94
 APPENDIX E

Research Key Informant Interview Guide

Interview Guide for Key Informants (LGU Personnel)

AREA OF QUESTI PROBE RESPONS

INTEREST ONS E

Other than What are

mass vaccination, these actions? How
are there other do those actions
existing or to be function or will
implemented function?
actions to combat
Action/ COVID-19 by the Do you
Strategies LGU? think it's effective?

Are there
strategies that are
On the currently being
Process developed to
Strategies/To be combat COVID-19 What are
Implemented those strategies?
Strategies

70
 Are there What are
strategies for these?
motivating or
encouraging Do you
Implement people to get think it’s working
ed Strategies to vaccinated by the or effective?
Motivate
LGU Are there
Iligan? incentives being
distributed/provide
d

OTP/To be Are there

Implemented currently being
Strategies to developed What are
Motivate strategies by the these strategies?
LGU to motivate
the unvaccinated?

Other
Strategies

APPENDIX F

Research Observation Guide of the Key Informants

WHAT THE
AREAS TO WHAT TO RESEARCHERS HAVE
OBSERVE OBSERVE NOTED

96
 If the street
Social distancing vendors designated areas
of the workplace and customers are
following the social
distancing protocol

The maximum
Capacity capacity of the locale
Restriction where the street vendors
sell their goods

If the street
Authorization of vendors fulfill the
who can sell requirement to be
authorized to sell.

What the vendors

Other feel towards the
Observations implementation of
vaccination.

70
 APPENDIX G

Letter of Approval for Defense of Thesis Proposal

Department of Political Science College of Arts and Social Sciences

Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology

66QV+WW2, Andres Bonifacio Ave, Iligan City, 9200 Lanao del Norte

(063) 223 8641

98
 APPROVAL FOR DEFENSE OF THESIS PROPOSAL

As members of the Examination Panel for the defense of Hisham B.

Mama-o, John Michael V. Dagpin, Kent Andrionne M. Sears, Leufer Joy V.
Mangilala, we have examined his/her/their manuscript entitled “Iligan City Street
Vendors’ Perceptions on COVID-19 Vaccine” and found it to be in order. We,
therefore, recommend the approval of the student/s’ application for the Thesis
Proposal Defense.

Dr. Eucil P. Hussein, D.P.A________

________________________

Adviser Date

John Gieveson E. Iglupas, MA

____________________

Member Date

Dr. Perla P. Palomares, Ph.D

____________________

Member Date

DATE: _____________ TIME:____________ PLACE:

_______________________

70
 Approved:

Dr. Elaine M. Baulete, Ph. D

Department Chairperson

Date: ________________

100
70
 APPENDIX H

Nomination of Thesis Advisory Panel Form

P.S. FORM 01

Department of Political Science

College of Arts and Social Sciences

MSU-ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

9200, Iligan City

NOMINATION OF THESIS ADVISORY PANEL

__________________

Date

102
 Name/s of Researcher/s: Hisham B. Mama-o, John Michael V. Dagpin,
Kent Andrionne M. Seares, Leufer Joy V. Mangilala

PROPOSED TITLE: Iligan City Street Vendors’ Perceptions on COVID-

19 Vaccine

I/We hereby nominate the following as members of my/our thesis

advisory panel:

Dr. Eucil P. Hussein, DPA

Thesis Adviser

John Gieveson E. Iglupas, MA

Panel Member

Dr. Perla P. Palomares, Ph.D

Panel Member

_______________________________________________

Signature/s of Student/s

======================================
=========

We hereby indicate our willingness to serve as members of the Advisory

Panel

of the abovementioned researcher/s.

70
 Dr. Eucil P. Hussein, DPA
____________________

Thesis Adviser
Date

John Gieveson E. Iglupas, MA

____________________

Panel Member Date

Dr. Perla P. Palomares, D.P.A

____________________

Panel Member Date

NOTED:

Dr. Elaine M. Baulete, Ph. D

Department Chairperson

104
 APPENDIX I

Request Letter to the Key Informant of the Study

Department of Political Science

College of Arts and Social Sciences

Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology

LETTER REQUEST

December 2, 2022

DR. GLENN L. MANARPAAC, MD

Acting City Health Officer

Office of the City Health Officer

Gen. Aguinaldo Street, Pala-o, Iligan City

Dear Dr. Manarpaac,

Good Day.

We are 4th-year Political Science students of Mindanao State University-

Iligan Institute of Technology currently conducting a study entitled, “Iligan City
Street Vendors’ Perceptions on COVID-19 Vaccine” As the title suggests, this
study aims to look into the implementation of the Covid-19 vaccination in the
workplace of the street vendors in Iligan City.

In accordance with this, we humbly request your assistance. We would like to

request a key informant interview with any Health officer who is available and
handles the vaccination program in Iligan City to ask questions related to COVID
protocols and countermeasures.

Please contact us through the contact details below if you approve of our
request. You may also input your convenient time and date of the interview. Rest
assured that the information gathered will remain confidential and will be used for
academic purposes only. Thank you, and more power!

yours,

Hisham B. Mama-o

(0997-422-6520 /
hisham.mamao@g.msuiit.edu.ph)

John Micheal Dagpin

(0926-205-2209 /
johnmichael.dagpin@g.msuiit.edu.ph)

Thesis Adviser: Prof. Eucil P. Hussien,

DPA

Kent Andrionne Seares

(0936-969-6441 /
Kentandrionne.seares@g.msuiit.edu.ph)

Leufer Joy Mangilala

(0956-926-6179/
leuferjoy.mangilala@g.msuiit.edu.ph

70
 APPENDIX J

Photo Documentation During the Field Survey

The photos were taken during the field survey of the study that was conducted

in Pala-o market, Poblacion wet market and Tambo market in a one week time span

from September 04, 2022 - September 11, 2022.

September , 2022 Field Survey at Tambo Terminal Market

70
September 6, 2022 Field Survey at Tambo Terminal Market

38
September 8, 2022 Field Survey at Poblacion Wet Market

70
September 9, 2022 Field Survey at Poblacion Wet Market

40
70
September 11, 2022 Field Survey at Pala-o Market

42
 APPENDIX K

Photo Documentation During the Key Informant Interview

70
 The photos were taken during the researchers key informant interview on

December 19, 2022 that was held inside the Iligan City Health Office. The interview

was conducted by Leufer Joy V. Mangilala, one of the researchers of the study.

44
December 19, 2022 Key Informant Interview at Iligan City Health Office

70