RESEARCH “CAREFUL,CRITICAL,DISCIPLINED INQUIRY,VARYING IN TECHNIQUE AND METHOD

ACCORDING TO THE NATURE AND CONDITIONS OF THE PROBLEM IDENTIFIED,DIRECTED TOWARD THE
CLARIFICATION OF A PROBLEM”. ( Good, p. 464)

“RESEARCH IS, SIMPLY, THE SYSTEMATIC SEARCH FOR PERTINENT INFORMATION ON A SPECIFIC TOPIC
OR PROBLEM”. ( Aquino, p. 1)

“THE PROCESS OF GATHERING DATA OR`INFORMATION TO SOLVE A PARTICULAR OR SPECIFIC PROBLEM

IN A SCIENTIFIC MANNER”. ( Manuel & Medel, p. 5)

“A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OR INVESTIGATION OF SOMETHING FOR THE PURPOSE OF ANSWERING

QUESTIONS POSED BY THE RESEARCHER”. ( Cited by Sanchez, p. 2)

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH

1. RESEARCH IS SYSTEMATIC- IT FOLLOWS AN ORDERLY AND SEQUENTIAL PROCEDURE THAT LEADS

TO THE DISCOVERY OF TRUTH, SOLUTION OF A PROBLEM, OR WHATEVER IS AIMED TO BE
DISCOVERED.
2. RESEARCH IS CONTROLLED- ALL VARIABLES ARE KEPT CONSTANT
3. RESEARCH IS EMPIRICAL- ALL THE PROCEDURES EMPLOYED AND THE DATA GATHERED ARE
PERCEIVED IN THE SAME MANNER BY ALL OBSERVERS..
4. RESEARCH IS ANALYTICAL- THERE IS A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF ALL DATA USED.
5. RESEARCH IS OBJECTIVE, UNBIASED & LOGICAL - ALL FINDINGS & CONCLUSIONS ARE LOGICALLY
BASED ON EMPIRICAL DATA AND NO EFFORT IS MADE TO ALTER THE RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH.
6. RESEARCH EMPLOYS HYPOTHESIS
7. RESEARCH EMPLOYS QUANTITATIVE OR STATISTICAL METHODS- DATA ARE TRANSFORMED INTO
NUMERICAL MEASURES AND ARE TREATED STATISTICALLY TO DETERMINE THEIR SIGNIFICANCE.
8. RESEARCH IS ORIGINAL WORK
9. RESEARCH IS ACCURATE INVESTIGATION ,OBSERVATION AND DESCRIPTION- ALL CONCLUSIONS
ARE BASED ON ACTUAL EVIDENCE.
10. RESEARCH IS PATIENT & UNHURRIED ACTIVITY – THIS IS TO ENSURE ACCURACY.
11. RESEARCH REQUIRES COURAGE
IMPORTANT ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN RESEARCH

1. THE RIGHT TO REMAIN ANONYMOUS- ANY PARTICIPANT IN HUMAN RESEARCH HAS THE RIGHT
TO REMAIN ANONYMOUS. ANONYMITY IS KEPT BY FEATURING GROUP DATA RATHER THAN
INDIVIDUAL DATA.
2. THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY- A PARTICIPANT MAY NOT WANT TO REVEAL SOME INFORMATION
ABOUT HIM SELF/HERSELF.
3. THE RIGHT TO CONFIDENTIALITY- PARTICIPANTS HAVE THE RIGHT TO INSIST THE DATA
COLLECTED FROM THEM BE TREATED WITH CONFIDENTIALITY.
RESEARCH FRAUD

1. TAMPERING DATA
2. FABRICATION OF DATA
3. SUPPRESSION OF DATA
4. BIAS IN RECORDING ACTUAL OBSERVATIONS
5. SELECTIVE RECORDING OF DATA
6. STOLEN OF DATA
7. PLAGIARISM
NINE BASIC METHODS OF RESEARCH
1.HISTORICAL- BASED ON DESCRIBING THE PAST. [WHAT WAS] ITS PURPOSE IS TO
RECONSTRUCT THE PAST OBJECTIVELY AND ACCURATELY OFTEN IN RELATION TO THE
TENABILITY OF HYPOTHESIS.
2. DESCRIPTIVE- [WHAT IS] TO DESCRIBE SYSTEMATICALLY A SITUATION OR AREA OF INTEREST
FACTUALLY AND ACCURATELY.
3. DEVELOPMENTAL- ITS PURPOSE IS TO INVESTIGATE PATTERNS AND SEQUENCES OF GROWTH
&/OR CHANGE AS A FUNCTION OF TIME
4. CASE & FIELD ITS PURPOSE IS TO STUDY INTENSIVELY THE BACKGROUND,CURRENT
STATUS,AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS OF A GIVEN SOCIAL UNIT, AN
INDIVIDUAL,GROUP,INSTITUTION OR COMMUNITY.
5. CORRELATIONAL- [RELATIONSHIP ] ITS PURPOSE IS TO INVESTIGATE THE EXTENT TO WHICH
VARIATIONS IN ONE FACTOR CORRESPOND WITH VARIATION IN OR MORE OTHER FACTORS BASED ON
CORRELATIONAL COEFFICIENTS

6. CAUSAL COMPARATIVE OR EX POST FACTO- ITS PURPOSE IS TO INVESTIGATE POSSIBLE

CONSEQUENCES AND SEARCHING BACK THROUGH THE DATA FOR PLAUSIBLE CAUSAL FACTORS.

7. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL- ITS PURPOSE IS TO INVESTIGATE POSSIBLE CAUSE & EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS BY
EXPOSING ONE OR MORE EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS TO ONE OR MORE TREATMENT CONDITIONS AND
COMPARING THE RESULT TO ONE OR MORE CONTROL GROUPS NOT RECEIVING THE TREATMENT
( RANDOM SAMPLING BEING ESSENTIAL).

8. QUASI EXPERIMENTAL- ITS PURPOSE IS TO APPROXIMATE THE CONDITIONS OF THE TRUE

EXPERIMENT IN A SETTING,WHICH DOES NOT FOLLOW THE CONTROL,AND/OR MANIPULATION OF ALL
RELEVANT VARIABLES

9. ACTION- ITS PURPOSE IS TO DEVELOP NEW SKILLS OR NEW APPROACHES AND TO SOLVE PROBLEM
WITH DIRECT APPLICATION TO THE CLASSROOM OR OTHER APPLIED SETTING. IT SHOULD BE APPLICABLE
IMMEDIATELY.