PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

RAYMOND W. DELA CUESTA, LPT, MAED

NATURE OF RESEARCH
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
- RESEARCH CAN BE SPLIT INTO TWO (2) WORDS:RE, A PREFIX WHICH MEANS "AGAIN" AND SEARCH, WHICH
MEANS "TO LOOK FOR SOMETHING." THUS, RESEARCH MEANS "TO LOOK FOR SOMETHING, AGAIN.
CLEMENTE AND JULATON (2016).
- RESEARCH CAN BE A SYSTEMATIC AND ORGANIZED PROCESS OF COLLECTING,ORGANIZING, ANALYZING,
AND INTERPRETING DATA TO FIND ANSWERS TO OUR QUERIES. CLEMENTE AND JULATON (2016).
- RESEARCH IS A PROCESS OF EXECUTING VARIOUS MENTAL ACTS FOR DISCOVERING AND EXAMINING FACTS
AND INFORMATION TO PROVE THE ACCURACY OR TRUTHFULNESS OF YOUR CLAIM OR CONCLUSIONS
ABOUT THE TOPIC OF YOUR RESEARCH ( BARACEROS, 2019)
- RESEARCH IS USED TO ANSWER QUESTIONS AND SOLVE PROBLEMS, AS WELL AS IDENTIFY TRENDS AND
OPPORTUNITIES. IT IS AN ESSENTIAL TOOL FOR BUSINESSES AND ORGANISATIONS, AS IT ALLOWS THEM TO
MAKE MORE INFORMED DECISIONS AND STAY COMPETITIVE IN THEIR RESPECTIVE MARKET
(HOWANDWHAT.NET & RAHMAN, 2016).
AIMS OF RESEARCH
 TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE
 VERIFICATION OF EXISTING KNOWLEDGE
- Research aims to verify or improve the truthfulness of existing theories or knowledge. It may lead to the
development of new ideas, strengthen a current knowledge, or debunk a theory.
 ACQUISITION OF NEW KNOWLEDGE
- Research can bring forth new ideas regarding the theory or even create a new theory.
 APPLICATION OF NEW KNOWLEDGE
- If a new knowledge has been proven through research, the researcher's next move is to utilize that new
knowledge into something useful to humankind.
 ADVANCEMENT OF THE RESEARCHER’S EXPERTISE
- As researchers conduct more studies, their knowledge on a particular field widens. They gain and learn a lot
from every experience they encounter.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
 REALISTIC
- The results of an investigation should be based on actual data which was gathered by the researchers
himself.
 LOGICAL
- Research should follow valid procedures and principles.
1. Identification of Research Problem
2. Formulation of Hypothesis and Planning for Data Gathering
3. Collection and Organization of Data
4. Analysis and Interpretation of Data
5. Reporting of Results
 CYCLICAL
- It should start with a problem and ends with another problems.
 ANALYTICAL
- Proper analysis of the data should be done before making final conclusion.
- Thematic analysis is a qualitative data analysis method that involves reading through a data set (such as
transcripts from in depth interviews or focus groups), and identifying patterns in meaning across the data to
derive themes.
 OBJECTIVE
- It is defined as the lack of bias or prejudices. Conclusion should be drawn based on the accuracy of the
empirical data that supports of the study.
 CRITICAL
- A researcher should exhibit careful and precise judgment.
 - He/she must establish a high level of confidence with regards to the data that he/she gathered.
 REPLICABLE
- Research should be written in such a way that other researchers can perform the same study having the
same results as the original researchers.
TYPES OF RESEARCH
BASED ON APPLICATION OF RESEARCH METHOD
 PURE/BASIC RESEARCH
- Pure/Basic research is a type of research approach that is aimed at gaining a better understanding of a
subject, phenomenon or basic law of nature. This type of research is primarily focused on the
advancement of knowledge rather than solving a specific problem (Formplus Blog,2020).
 APPLIED RESEARCH
- Applied research is a type of research that attempts to find practical solutions to existing problems. These
can include a variety of challenges, such as infrastructure and conservation.(Basic vs. Applied Research:
Definitions and Examples, 2022)
BASED ON PURPOSE
A. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
- This type of research aims at defining or giving a verbal portrayal or picture of a person, a thing, an event, a
group, or a situation among others. It explains the ins and outs of present event or problem in the society by
collecting data capable of casting light to such societal issue or problems.
B. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
- It shows relationships or correctedness between two factors,circumstances, or agents called variables
(independent and dependent variable) that affect the research.
TYPES OF CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
 POSITIVE CORRELATION : A positive relationship between two variables is when an increase in one variable
leads to a rise in the other variable. A decrease in one variable will see a reduction in the other variable.
 NEGATIVE CORRELATION : A negative correlation is quite literally the opposite of a positive relationship. If
there is an increase in one variable, the second variable will show a decrease and vice versa.
 NO CORRELATION : There is no correlation between the two variables in this third type. A change in one
variable may not necessarily see a difference in the other variable. For example, being a millionaire and
happiness are not correlated. An increase in money doesn’t lead to happiness.
C. EXPLANATORY RESEARCH
- It focuses on the reasons behind the occurrence of something and on the present or future effects of sucH
happening.
- A cause and effect research method that explores why something occurs when limited information is
available.
D. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
- Exploratory research is defined as a research used to investigate a problem which is not clearly defined.
E. ACTION RESEARCH
- An ongoing practice of a school, an organization, a community, or any institution for the purpose of
obtaining results that will bring about the improvements in the system.
BASED ON TYPLES OF DATA NEEDED
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
- It deals with the characteristics observed from the subjects and uses no statistical analysis (Clemente and
Julaton, 2016).
- Qualitative research is research that involves analyzing and interpreting text and interviews and observations
in order to discover meaningful patterns descriptive of a particular phenomenon (ISTSS - Trauma Research
Methods,2023).
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
- It focuses on the analysis and interpretation of the raw numerical data gathered.
- Quantitative research is a systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and
performing statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques (Fleetwood,2018).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
 RRL – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE/ REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE, 8-15 PAGES
 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
QUALITATIVE: INTERVIEW
- IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW: ONE ON ONE INTERVIEW
- FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION: INTERVIEWING SET OF PARTICIPANTS WITH THE SAME QUESTIONS,5-15
PARTICIPANTS
QUANTITATIVE: SURVEYS
 ANALYSIS METHOD
QUALITATIVE: THEMATIC ANALYSIS, AT LEAST THREE PARTICIPANTS WITH THE SAME THEME TO ARRIVE TO
A CONCLUSION.
QUANTITATIVE: STATISTICAL TOOLS/ STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, Z-TEST, R- TEST, T-TEST, AND ETC.
 HYPOTHESIS- AN EDUCATED GUESS, USED IN QUANTITATIVE
 NULL HYPOTHESIS – MEANS “NO HYPOTHESIS”
 SA INTRODUCTION NA PART SA RESEARCH
1ST PARAGRAPH: POV/POINT OF VIEW
2ND PARAGRAPH: INTERNATIONAL
3RD PARAGRAPH: NATIONAL
4TH PARAGRAPH: LOCAL (OWN EXPERIENCE IS ALLOWED)
 KEYWORDS FOR RESEARCH TITLES
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: A QUALITATIVE INQUIRY, PLIGHT, TRAVAILS, JOURNEYING
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: LEVELS, EFFECTS, IMPACTS
 FONT STYLE TO BE USED: GEORGIA