Now in your own words, Explain.

In pairs, discuss the key properties, different types, and grades of the
following materials. Give examples of the properties that make each
material good or bad for watchmaking, from a quality perspective
MATERIALS PROPERTIES TYPES

1. Steel The most important properties of steel are Corten steel

formability and durability, tensile strength and Scared Steel
good creep resistance, good thermal
conductivity, and, for stainless steels,
Corrugated Steel
resistance to corrosion. Galvanised steel
Stainless steel
Rolled steel
Carbon Steel
Alloy Steel
Mild steel
Effervescent Steel
Cold Drawn Steel
Structural steel
Weathered Steel
Mild Steel
Black Steel

2. Glass The properties of common glass are a function of both Tempered glass
nature, the raw materials, and the chemical composition Printed Tempered.
of the product obtained. This chemical composition is Anti-reflective.
usually represented in the form of percentages by weight Double glazing.
Laminated or Laminated Glass.
of the most stable oxides at room temperature of each of
Screen printed.
the chemical elements that form it. The compositions of
Watch glass.
the most widely used sodium silicate glasses are within Smoke glass.
the limits established in the attached table.
3. Aluminium Physical properties: Series 2000: Copper.
Aluminum is a very abundant element in Series 3000: Manganese.
nature, only surpassed by oxygen and silicon.
It is a light metal, with a density of 2700 kg /
4000 Series: Silicon.
m³, and a low melting point (660 ° C). Its color 5000 Series: Magnesium.
is grayish and reflects well the 6000 Series: Magnesium and
electromagnetic radiation of the visible and Silicon.
thermal spectrum. It is a good electrical 7000 Series: Zinc.
conductor (between 35 and 38 m / (Ω mm²))
and thermal (80 to 230 W / (m · K)).
8000 series: other elements.
Properties mechanical:
It is a soft material (Mohs scale: 2-3-4) and
malleable. In its pure state, it has a tensile
strength limit of 160-200 N / mm² (160-200
MPa). All this makes it suitable for the
manufacture of electrical cables and thin
sheets, but not as a structural element. To
improve these properties, it is alloyed with
other metals, which allows it to be carried out
on foundry and forging operations, as well as
the extrusion of the material. Also, in this way
it is used as a solder.
Properties chemistry:
The valence shell of aluminum is populated by
three electrons, so its normal oxidation state
is III. This causes it to react with oxygen in the
atmosphere, rapidly forming a thin matt gray
layer of alumina Al2O3, which covers the
material, isolating it from further corrosion.
This layer can be dissolved with citric acid.
Despite this, it is so stable that it is often used
to extract other metals from their oxides.
Otherwise, aluminum dissolves in acids and
bases. They react easily with hydrochloric acid
and sodium hydroxide.

4. Titanium Properties physical: Commercially pure titanium. ...

It reflects most of the visible Pure titanic with increased
electromagnetic radiation, making it a corrosion resistance. ...
very good white pigment. It also absorbs Alpha alloys. ...
ultraviolet light and is able to maintain its
Alpha-Beta alloys. ...
color despite being exposed to solar
Beta alloys.
radiation.
Properties chemistry:
Like aluminum and magnesium, titanium
and its alloys rust when exposed to air.
Titanium reacts with oxygen at
temperatures of 1200 ° C (1470 K) in air
and 610 ° C (883 K) in pure oxygen,
forming titanium dioxide.8 However,
 oxidation reactions in contact with air and
water are slow, due to the passivation
that forms an oxide layer that protects the
rest of the metal against its own
oxidation.3 Initially, when this protective
layer is formed, it is only between 1 and 2
nm thick, slowly increasing in size up to 25
nm in a four-year period.15
Titanium has a high resistance to
corrosion, comparable to that of
platinum, capable of resisting the attack
of strong mineral acids such as sulfuric
and other oxo acids, most organic acids
and chlorine solutions.4 However, Attacks
by concentrated acids do cause increased
corrosion.16 Titanium is
thermodynamically very reactive, as
indicated by the fact that the metal begins
to burn before reaching the melting point,
and fusion itself is only possible in an inert
atmosphere or in the void. It combines
with chlorine at a temperature of 550 ° C
(823 K), 4 reacts with the rest of the
halogens and absorbs hydrogen.5
It is one of the few elements that burns in
pure nitrogen, reacting at a temperature
of 800 ° C (1070 K) to form titanium
nitride, which causes a loss of ductility in
the material.17

5. Gold The chemistry of gold is more diverse Yellow gold

than that of silver, its immediate White gold.
group neighbor: six oxidation states Pink gold. ...
exhibit –I to III and V. Gold –I and V Red Gold. ...
has no counterpart in silver chemistry. Blue gold. ...
The relativistic effects, contraction of Green gold. ...
the 6s orbital, make gold different in Gray gold.
relation to the lightest elements of its
group: formation of Au-Au interactions
in polynuclear complexes. The
differences between Ag and Au must
be found in the relativistic effects that
are exerted on the 5d and 6s electrons
of gold. The covalent radius of the
triad of its group follows the trend Cu
<Ag> - Au; gold has a covalent radius
slightly less than or equal to that of
silver in similar compounds, which we
can assign to the phenomenon known
as "relativistic contraction +
 lanthanide contraction".
6. Plástico The properties and characteristics of most PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate)
Plastic plastics (although they are not always HDPE (High Density Polyethylene)
fulfilled in certain special plastics) are LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene)
these: PVC (Polyvinyl chloride)
easy to work and mold,
PP (Polypropylene)
they have a low production cost,
PS (Polystyrene)
have low density,
they are usually waterproof, Others (Plastic mix)
good electrical insulators,
acceptable acoustic insulators,
good thermal insulators, although most
do not withstand very high temperatures,
resistant to corrosion and many chemical
factors,
some are not biodegradable or easy to
recycle and, if burned, they are highly
polluting.

7. Cobre Copper has several physical properties • Tenacious thermal copper

Copper that favor its industrial use in multiple (FRTP)
applications, being the third most • High conductivity thermal
consumed metal in the world, after iron copper (FRHC)
and aluminum. It is reddish in color and
• Tenacious electrolytic copper
has a metallic luster and, after silver, it is
(ETP)
the element with the highest electrical
and thermal conductivity. It is an • Oxygen-free copper (OF)
abundant material in nature; it is • Low phosphorous deoxidized
affordable and is recycled indefinitely; copper with phosphorus.
forms alloys to improve mechanical
performance and is resistant to corrosion
and oxidation.

The electrical conductivity of pure copper

was adopted by the International
Electrotechnical Commission in 1913 as
the standard reference for this quantity,
establishing the International Annealed
Copper Standard or IACS. According to
this definition, the conductivity of
annealed copper measured at 20 ° C is
equal to 5.80 × 107 S / m.43 This
conductivity value is assigned a 100% IACS
index and the conductivity of the rest of
the materials is expressed as a percentage
of IACS. Most metals have conductivity
values less than 100% IACS but there are
exceptions such as silver or special very
high conductivity coppers designated C-
103 and C-110.
8. Caucho Rubber is an elastic polymer, cis-1,4- SBR rubber.
Rubber polyisoprene, isoprene polymer or 2- Silicone rubber.
methylbutadiene. C5H8 that arises as a Neoprene rubber.
milky emulsion (known as latex) in the sap Natural rubber - NR.
of various plants, but which can also be
Nitrile acryl rubber - NBR.
produced synthetically. The main
EPDM rubber.
commercial source of latex are
euphorbiaceae, of the genus Hevea, such
as Hevea brasiliensis. Other plants that
contain latex are the ficus and the
common dandelion. Rubber is obtained
from other species such as Urceola
elastica from Asia and Funtumia elastica
from West Africa. It is also obtained from
Elastic Castile latex, KalulePatenium
argentatum and Gutta-percha Palaquium
gutta. It should be noted that some of
these species such as gutta percha are
trans isomers that have the same
chemical formulation, it is the same
product but with different isomerism.