Please print and put in a

flip file for your child.

It’s a piece of cake
COMMAS ( , )
1. Used to separate words or phrases in a list
->(We bought books, pens, pencils and erasers.)
2. Indicate where one phrase or clause ends and another begins
->(Andre won his tennis match, to the delight of the spectators.)
3. Additional Information can be placed between commas
->(Mr Jenkins, the Principal, addressed the pupils.)
4. Before and after words such as however & nevertheless
->(She was, however, late for the appointment.)
5. Introductory words/ phrases are separated from the rest of the sentence with a comma
->(Once again, I was ignored.)

QUESTION MARKS ( ? )
1. Occur at the end of a question.
2. Rhetorical questions end in question marks
->( Why do we need an education?)
EXCLAMATION MARKS ( ! )
1. Follows exclamations or interruptions
2. Use to accentuate and strengthen the tone of a statement
3. Used after sentences, phrases or word containing emotions.

SEMI-COLONS ( ; )
1. Long pause - that balances two equally important ideas
->(She went by train; she would rather have flown.)
2. Indicates opposite ideas
->(In summer she swims; in winter she skates.)
3. Joins two main clauses where there is no conjunction
->(She worked hard for the exams; she had nothing to fear.)
QUOTATION MARKS (INVERTED COMMAS) ( ' ' or " " )
1. Used to indicate Direct Speech
2. Used to quote someone else's words.
3. Used to 'excuse' oneself for using slang
4. To indicate metaphoric usage.
HYPHEN ( - )
1. Links prefixes to words or link 2 words in order to form compound word
->(pre-school/ life-threatening)
2. Used to give additional information
->(the same as commas or brackets)
3. Can separate a comment or afterthought from the rest of the sentence
->(I checked and there was no one there - or so I thought!
4. It creates a dramatic pause leading to a climax / anti-climax
->(I ran to the window, I looked out and saw - the cat!)
ELLIPS ( ... )
1. Indicate that a sentence is incomplete or that something has been omitted.
2. We can usually guess the meaning from the context
->(You better tidy your room or else ...)
1. Regular Nouns = Add -s
Eg. Dog = dogs
2. Nouns ending on S, CH, SH, X or Z = Add -es
Eg. Dish = dishes
3. Nouns ending on F or FE = Remove F/FE and add - ves
Eg. Leaf = leaves
4. Nouns ending on a vowel + y
Eg. Day = days
= Add -s
PLURALS
5. Nouns ending on a consonant + y = remove y and add -ies
Eg. City = cities
6. Irregular nouns
Eg. Man = men
7. Nouns ending on a vowel + o = add -s
Eg. Zoo = zoos
8. Nouns ending on a consonant + o = add -es
Eg. Hero = heroes
9. No change
Eg. Sheep = Sheep
 FORMING ADJECTIVES:
1. Add -er to the adjective to compare 2 things

Eg. A bicycle is quitER than a car

2. Add -est if you compare 2 or more things

Eg. A bus is louder than a car, but a truck is the loudEST

If adjective ends on Y = change y to i = THEN add er / est
Eg, Pretty - Prettier - Prettiest
3. When an adjective is long, do not add -er / -est, rather add MORE / MOST is front

Eg. A cobra is MORE dangerous / A tsunami is the MOST dangerous

ADVERB:
• Describes the VERB, tell us more about the action

1. Adverb of TIME = WHEN (When I run TOMORROW)

2. Adverb of PLACE = WHERE (I run OVER THERE)
3. Adverb of MANNER = HOW (I run FAST)
4. Adverb of DEGREE = HOW MUCH (He is VERY upset)
 MODALS:
Verb used to indicate modality
->(likelihood, ability, permission, request, capacity, suggestions, order, obligation or advice).
1. Ability
- CAN & COULD

2. Permission
- CAN , COULD & MAY

3. Advice
- SHOULD

4. Obligation
- MUST & HAVE TO

5. Possibility
- MIGHT, MAY, COULD & CAN
 ACRONYMS:
- Initial of a group of words are used to form a new word
- Common Acronyms:
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
TIP To improve performance
BRB Be Right Back
LOL Laughing Out Loud
ASAP As Soon As Possible
PIN Personal Identification Number
RADAR Radio Detecting and Raging
RIP Rest in Peace
SCUBA Self-contained Underwater Breathing
FOMO Fear of Missing Out
ZIP Zone Improvement Plan
DVD Digital Versatile Disc
AWOL Absent Without Leave
SWAT Special Weapons and Tactics
ICU Intensive Care Unit
 COMMON IDIOMS:
• A blessing in disguise = a good thing that seemed bad at first
• Beat around the bush = Avoid saying what you mean, usually because it is uncomfortable
• Better late than never = Better to arrive late than not to come at all
• Bite the bullet = To get something over with because it is inevitable
• Break a leg = Good luck
• Easy does it = Slow down
• Give someone the benefit of the doubt = Trust what someone says
• No pain, no gain = You have to work for what you want
• Pull someone's leg = To joke with someone
• Speak of the devil = the person we were just talking about showed up!
• Under the weather = Sick
• Wrap your head around something = Understand something complicated
• Your guess is as good as mine = I have no idea
• We'll cross that bridge when we come to it = Let's not talk about that problem right now
• Time flies when you're having fun = You don't notice how long something lasts when it's fun
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
COMPOUND AND COMPLEX NOUNS FINITE VERBS
SIMPLE PRESENT AND PAST TENSE PERSUASIVE AND MANIPULATIVE LANGUAGE

UNUSUAL PLURALS

CHECKLIST FOR AN ADVERTISEMENT

 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES

EMOTIVE LANGUAGE CLAUSES

 DIRECT SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES

RELATIVE ADJECTIVES
 THE APOSTROPHE

TRANSITIVE AND INSTRASITIVE VERBS

PUNCTUATION MARKS
SOMPLE, COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES

NOUN CLAUSES
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

STEREOTYPES
RELATIVE PRONOUNS

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

PREPOSITIONS
ADVERBS
PARTS OF A SENTENCE
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS

AUXILIARY VEBRS

MODAL VERBS
MODALS

VERBS TO BE