MODULE 3

INTEGRATION BY PARTS
OVERVIEW
Module 2 discussed about the direct use of integration formulas through u-substitution
and by inspection method. But there are some integrals that cannot be solved directly
using the mentioned integral techniques, it requires a laborious effort in solving these
integrals. This module will discuss how to deal with those problems through the
application of integration by parts method.

LEARNING OUTCOME
The learners are expected to solve understand the integration by parts technique and be
able to apply it in solving complex problem of integration. Since this topic requires time
and effort, the students’ patience in solving complex problems will also be tested.

LEARNING PLAN
When u and dv are differentiable functions of x,
𝑑 (𝑢𝑣 ) = 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
By “transposition”
𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑(𝑢𝑣 ) − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
Then if we integrate the equation, we get,

∫ 𝒖 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗 𝒅𝒖

In using the GENERAL FORM, the given integral must be separated into two parts, one
part being u and the other part, together with the dx, being du. (For this reason,
integration by using the GENERAL FORM is called integration by parts). Two general
rules can be stated;
1. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐬 𝐝𝐯 𝐦𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝐛𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐥𝐲 integrable.

2. ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐓 𝐍𝐎𝐓 𝐁𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐑𝐄 𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄𝐗 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣.

EXAMPLE 1
∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

STEP 1. Select which is set to u and dv.

𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
STEP 2. Differentiate u and integrate dv.
𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
DIFFERENTIATE u INTEGRATE dv
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = 𝑒𝑥

STEP 3. Apply the GENERAL FORMULA to the solution.

∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
u=x
∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑥 du = dx

= 𝒙𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪

EXAMPLE 2

∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let:
𝑢 = ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
DIFFERENTIATE u
1 INTEGRATE dv
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣=𝑥
𝑥

1
∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (ln 𝑥)(𝑥) − ∫ 𝑥 ( 𝑑𝑥)
𝑥

= 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥

= 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝑪
EXAMPLE 3

∫ 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let:
𝑢 = ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
DIFFERENTIATE u
𝑑𝑥 𝑥3 INTEGRATE dv
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑣=
𝑥 3
𝑥3 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 − ∫ ( )
3 3 𝑥

𝑥3 𝑥2
= ln 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
3 3
𝑥3 1
= ln 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
3 3

𝒙𝟑 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟑 + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟗

EXAMPLE 4

∫ ln(𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑑𝑥

Let:
𝑢 = ln(𝑥2 + 2) 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
DIFFERENTIATE u
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 INTEGRATE dv
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑣=𝑥
(𝑥2 + 2)

2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ ln(𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 = ln(𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑥 − ∫(𝑥) ( )
(𝑥 2 + 2)

2𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 ln(𝑥 2 + 2) − ∫ ∫
(𝑥 2 + 2) (𝑥2 + 2)
BY LONG DIVISION
4 4
= 𝑥 ln(𝑥 2 + 2) − ∫ (2 − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 2 ∫ (2 − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 2
 4
= 𝑥 ln(𝑥2 + 2) − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 +2
4 𝑥
= 𝑥 ln(𝑥2 + 2) − 2𝑥 + arctan +𝐶
√2 √2
𝒙√𝟐
= 𝒙 𝐥𝐧(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐) − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐√𝟐 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 +𝑪
𝟐

EXAMPLE 5

∫ 𝑥√1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let:

𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = √1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
DIFFERENTIATE u
2 3 INTEGRATE dv
𝑑𝑢 = 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = (1 + 𝑥)2
3

2 3 2 3
∫ 𝑥√1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 [ (1 + 𝑥)2 ] − ∫ (1 + 𝑥)2 (1 𝑑𝑥)
3 3
2 3 2 3
= 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)2 − ∫(1 + 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
3 3
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓
= 𝒙(𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐 − (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟏𝟓

EXAMPLE 6

∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let:
𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = − cos 𝑥

∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 (−cos 𝑥) − ∫(− cos 𝑥 ) (1 𝑑𝑥)

 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −𝑥 cos 𝑥 + ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
u=x
du = dx
= −𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝑪

EXAMPLE 7

∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let:
𝑢 = 𝑥2 𝑑𝑣 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = − cos 𝑥
∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 (−cos 𝑥) − ∫(− cos 𝑥 ) (2𝑥 𝑑𝑥) This integral is the
same with example 4.
In order to solve this,
= −𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
do the integral by parts
again.

Solving for: ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let:
𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = sin 𝑥

∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥(sin 𝑥) − ∫ sin 𝑥 (𝑑𝑥)

= 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − (− cos 𝑥) + 𝐶

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙

= −𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= −𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2[𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥] + 𝐶

= −𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝑪

EXAMPLE 8

∫ arcsin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let:
𝑢 = arcsin 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑣=𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
∫ arcsin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (arcsin 𝑥)(𝑥) − ∫(𝑥) ( )
√1 − 𝑥2
𝑥
= 𝑥 arcsin 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√ 1 − 𝑥2
1
−
= 𝑥 arcsin 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥(1 − 𝑥2 ) 2 𝑑𝑥

= 𝒙 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪

EXAMPLE 9

∫ sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∫ sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (sin 𝑥) (sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Let:
𝑢 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = − cos 𝑥

∫ sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 (− cos 𝑥) − ∫ − cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= −sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + ∫ cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Double Angle Identity

sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
1 1 + cos 2𝑥
= − sin 2𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Half Angle Identity
2 2 1 + cos 2𝑥
cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
2
 1 1 1
= − sin 2𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2
1 1 1 2
= − sin 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + ∫ cos 2𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
= − sin 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + ∫ cos 2𝑥 (2)𝑑𝑥
2 2 4
1 1 1
= − sin 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2 2 4
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟒

ACTIVITY 1. EVALUATE THE FOLLOWING INTEGRALS

1. ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 5. ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫ 𝑥 sec2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

3. ∫ arccos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 7. ∫ 𝑥 arcsin 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

4. ∫ arctan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

***
SUMMARY
If the integral is not solvable using the direct formula or u-substitution presented on
module 2, maybe it can be solved through integration by parts. But some problems require
the combination of u-substitution and followed by integration by parts, and it was
discussed here on this module. Make use of the internet and search more about integral
by parts.

SUGGESTED ITEM FOR RESEARCH

There are integral problems that require a lot of effort. In fact, it may consume your entire
notebook because of the solution. But there are problems that have formulas that were
derived by our mathematicians and can be use directly in order to minimize the effort in
solving these complex integrals. These formulas were only a derivation from those
laborious problem, if you master the integration by parts then you can derive also these
formulas, hence they are called REDUCTION FORMULA.
Using any means of learning, give at least 3 examples of these reduction formulas and
each formula must have a corresponding example. Submit your output through a tutorial
video presentation.

REFERENCES

Frank Ayres, Jr., Ph.D, Elliot Mendelson, Ph.D: Theory and Problems of
Differential and Integral Calculus Third Edition: Copyright © 1962