PRE-COLONIAL ● Panawagon

● Balitao [Ilonggo]
PERIOD ● Bayok [Maranao]

Pre-colonial period inhabitants of our ● Ambahan [Mangyans]

islands showcase a rich past through - About human
their folk speeches, folk songs, folk relationships, social
narratives, and indigenous rituals and entertainment, and also
mimetic dances that affirm our ties with serve as a tool for teaching
our southeast Asian neighbors. the young

FOLK SONG WORKING SONGS

A Form of folk lyrics w/c ● Kalusan [Ivatan]
expresses the hopes and aspirations, the ● Soliranin [Tagalog rowing song]
people’s lifestyles, as well as their loves. ● Mambayu [Kalinga rice pounding
These are often repetitive and sonorous, song]
didactic and naive as in the children’s ● Magtanim Ay ‘di Biro [ Tagalog
songs. rice planting song]
● Bahay Kubo [Tagalog working
● Ida-ida [Maguindanao] song]
● Tulang Pambata [Tagalog]
● Canciones Para Abbing [Ibanag] DUPLO
Verbal games / jousts during
LULLABIES wakes.
● Ili-ili [Ilonggo]
- A traditional Ilonggo folk song DRINKING SONGS
from the Panay island in the PH ● Tagay [Cebuano and Waray]
- The lyrics are in Hiligaynon, a
dialect mainly used in Iloilo LAMENTATION FOR THE DEAD
- Traditionally sung by an older ● Kanogon [Cebuano]
sister or elder female relative to ● Annako [Bontoc]
pacify a baby and encourage sleep ● Dung-aw [Ilocano]
while the mother is at work or on
errand away from home NARRATIVE SONG
● Kissa [Tausug]
● Parang Sabil [Tausug]
LOVE SONGS
 ○ Uses for its subject matter DABAKAN
the exploits of historical
and legendary heroes. It
tells of a muslim hero who
seeks death at the hands of
non-muslims

INSTRUMENTS

- Often played along with

KULINTANG
- A set of 5 - 9 pieces of Gongs that
vary in size and sound. They’re
aligned horizontally next to each
other, usually on a rack, and
KUDYAPI / KUTIYAPI
arranged in order of pitch
- The gong with the lowest pitch =
left side
- Two wooden sticks are used to hit
the gongs
- The Kulintang is usually played
for entertainment during festivals,
weddings, and healing ceremonies
Kulintang ensemble
- Has an hourglass, conical, tubular,
or goblet shape; usually less than
2 ft tall and ft wide. The body is
made from hollowed out coconut /
jackfruit wood
- The body is intricately designed
with fine carved details. The
drumhead is made from deer hide,
carabao or goat skin
- Stringed wooden lute, 4 - 6 ft long
- Played traditionally by men,
mainly when singing love songs
- Female equivalent = Korlong, a
zither-like instrument made w/
bamboo, played with both hands
like a harp
- The strings are traditionally made
with abaca fibers or horse hair,
 but modern versions use wires
like a guitar
COLONIAL PERIOD:
Spanish Period
Music developed during this period is
one of the roots for modern Filipino
music. It was during this period that
guitars became popular.
The 3 main forms introduced to the
Filipinos: Harana, Kundiman, Rondalla.
Most of these forms were developed as a
result of the fusion between tribal music
styles and traditional Spanish and
Mexican music.
HARANA
Also called Habanera Filipina;
this is because its rhythmic element came
from the Spanish Tango / Habanera.
This is how the men court the
women from before. A man
accompanied by his friends would visit a
woman and sing to her love songs to
make her fall in love with the man. The
man is usually accompanied by his
friends to give him moral support + help
him with the songs he will use to
serenade the woman.
KUNDIMAN
A man is singing about his
longing for a loved one. This was also
used in the Spanish era as a means to
express one’s love for country and
longing for freedom. The Kundiman was
used this way because the Spaniards did
not allow songs pertaining to patriotism.
Whereas Harana is in 2/4 time,
Kundiman is in ¾. The formula is Verse I
on Minor Key (e.g., C minor), followed
by Verse II on parallel major key (C
major) midway through.
RONDALLA
An ensemble of instruments. It is
used to accompany several
Hispanic-influenced song forms and
dances. It is a plucked string ensemble,
composed of 5 main instruments:
● Bandurria: small pear-shaped
instrument, similar to a Spanish
guitar. It plays the main melody in
the Rondalla
● Octavina: tuned like the
Bandurria, but an octave lower
like the Laud. It plays the melodic
counterpart / fills
● Laud: pear-shaped instrument
similar to the Bandurria.
Compared to the Bandurria, it has
F holes and a longer neck. It plays
the counter melody in the
Rondalla
 ● Guitarra: a stringed instrument
which has frets along the
fingerboard with six strings. It
plays the chordal and rhythmic
accompaniment in the Rondalla,
and is either plucked or strummed
● Bajo: has 4 or 6 strings, usually
compared to a double bass
SACRED MUSIC
Music written over the ages to be
used in the sung liturgy of the Roman
Catholic Church.
● Gregorian chants and melodies
● Polyphonic pieces in the middle
ages + the Renaissance
● Natives were not only instructed
in singing, but also in using
instruments
SECULAR MUSIC
● Non-sacred music
● Love songs, political satire,
dances, dramatic words
● Used for singing in entertainment
MUSICIANS
MARCELO ADONAY (1848 - 1928)
- Filipino composer, organist,
conductor, music teacher
- “Prince of the Philippine Church
Music”
- His most notable work: Pequeña
Misa Solemne Sobre Motivos de
la Missa Regia del Canto
Gregoriano
AMERICAN
COLONIAL PERIOD
Philippine music underwent another
transformation with the coming of the
Americans.
The Philippines was a colony of the
United States from 1898 to 1946.
The American educational system has
greatly influenced the Philippine system
of music education (Republic Act no.
4723)
- Textbooks and song books
Developed the musical skills of the
Filipinos who used this skill to imitate
Western music and to create local
versions of Western music:
- American singing through Jazz
invaded the country
- Instrumental + vocal music are
important in this period
American music brought the notion that
music could be used purely for
entertainment.
MOST POPULAR AT THE TIME
JUKEBOX: a coin operated machine that
plays tracks of the hits of the generation
w/c we now call classics
 - 1889: inventor Louis Glass
installed a music machine in a
corner of the Palais Royale
Saloon in San Francisco
- Jukeboxes were most popular
from the 1940s through the
mid-1960s particularly during the
1950s
- By the middle of the 1940s,
3-quarters of the records produced
in America went into Jukeboxes
A.M. Radio: golden age of American
radio, period lasting roughly from 1930 -
1940s.
- June 1992: first Philippine radio
were set by Henry Hermann
- First A.M. radio station KZKZ
- The test broadcasts delivered
music over the air to wealthy
residents who owned radio
receivers
- All radio programs back in the
day were english. They resemble
pretty much like those radio
shows heard from the continental
U.S.
VINYL RECORDS: analog audio
recording pressed in vinyl
- 1948: backed by Columbia
records, the first vinyl record was
introduced
- Vinyl records have been
delighting listeners and collectors
since the 1900s
- Main vehicle for the commercial
distribution of music from the
1950s - 1980s
MOST POPULAR FORMS OF
MUSIC DURING THIS ERA
VAUDEVILLE [BODABIL]: More
commonly referred to as Bodabil, was a
popular genre of entertainment in the PH
from the 1910s until the mid-1960s
- 1898: the first Bodabil was
produced by the Manila Dramatic
Guild
- First theatrical performance since
the Revolution
- Became an avenue to vent out
frustrations of a new government,
new situation, and new world,
reeling from the sudden liberation
from Spanish rule
- 1901: Theater Zorillo, a leading
theater in Manila, promoted some
of the Vaudeville acts
● Borromeo / Borromeo Lou:
Filipino entertainer who performs
under the stage name Borromeo
Lou. He organized what became
the first Philippine Bodabil
company. It was also Borromeo
who dubbed the emerging form as
“VOD-A-VIL”, w/c soon became
 popularly known by its Filipinized
name, Bodabil.
○ King of Jazz
○ 1921: he returned to the
PH to perform at the
Manila Carnival
○ Formed a Classical Jazz
band
○ The genre led to his
Bodabil acts, known as
Borromeo Lou Follies
● Katy de la Cruz: leading Filipina
singer who specialized in Jazz
vocals and torch songs in a career
that lasted 8 decades.
○ Queen of Filipino Jazz
○ Queen of Bodabil
○ Age of 13: she was a rising
star in the Bodabil circuit
○ 1925: she was the highest
paid entertainer in the PH
● Toggo & Pugo: Filipino comedy
team in PH movies during the
1940s - 1950s. Popular for their
brand of humor consisting of
short skits, slapstick, and funny
dialogues. They began their career
as Vaudeville performers in the
1930s.
● Bayani Casimiro: a Filipino
dancer who was among the
leading stars of Bodabil in the
1930s and 1940s.
○ Late 1930s: he began
headlining major Bodabil
productions in Manila
○ He made a name for
himself as a tap dancer,
often in top hats and tails
○ “The Red Astaire of the
PH”
CABARET [KABARET]: One of
America’s most unusual forms of art and
entertainment. Interconnects comedy,
song, dance, theater, speech,
performance art, american musical
theater. It occurs in more intimate and
unusual venues.
- The audience, often dining or
drinking, does not typically dance
but usually sits at table
- The Cabaret was introduced by
the American as a form of
entertainment for their citizens
and soldiers, and also to
influential Filipinos
- Cabaret music was considered
bawdy, vampish, rhythmic, often
lewd, w/ numerous lyrical double
entendres
JAZZ: The Philippines has always been a
home for Jazz in Asia. It was in 1898,
Jazz found a home on Philippine shores,
introduced by American soldiers. The
genre opened up many opportunities for
Filipino performers who have turned it
into a musical tradition in the
Philippines.
- 30s - 50s: the PH became largely
open to all things American,
including hollywood movies,
food, and jazz music
- First came to the PH in the 1920s
w/ the help of a Cebuano named
Luis Borromeo
- Borromeo was an entertainer who
came back to the PH after his
sting in North America
- Upon his return, he brought back
his newfound love for Jazz with
him, created his own group, and
slowly ushered in the golden age
of Jazz in the country
● Katy de la Cruz: exposed
Filipinos to American Jazz music
○ Immortalized the naughty
song Balut, w/ her unique
singing style
○ The Queen of Filipino Jazz
○ Late 1940s and early
1950s: top-billed performer
at the famed forbidden city
nightclub in San Francisco
● Emil Mijares: emerged in the
1950s as a Jazz vibist and pianist.
He was a musical director on
Filipino TV, as well as a
composer, arranger, bandleader,
and producer.
○ Grandfather of PH Jazz
○ Won the Aliw Award for
Best Jazz Performer
(1983), and Best Musical
Director (1985)
● Bobby Enriquez: a Jazz pianist
from the PH, called “The
Wildman” due to his energetic
playing style. He was performing
professionally from the age of 12.
He recorded a no. of astonishing
Jazz Albums for Crescendo
records in the 1980s.
ROCK AND ROLL: Genre of popular
music that evolved in the U.S. during the
late 1940s and early 1950s. Music during
the 1960s and the early 70s in the PH
were largely characterized by the rock
genre.
- Classic rock and roll is usually
played with one or two electric
guitars (one lead, one rhythm)
- After the mid-1950s, electric bass
guitars “Fender Bass” and drum
kits became popular in classic
rock
● Pinoy rock: brand of rock music
produced in the PH or by
Filipinos
● Juan dela Cruz Band: Filipino
rock group formed in 1968,
pioneered what became known as
 Pinoy Rock. The original ● The Hi-Jacks: a Filipino rock
members were: band formed in the early 1960s.
○ Wally Gonzalez The group was established during
[Guitar/Vocals] a period when rock bands, also
○ Sandy Tagarro [Bass locally known as “Combos”.
Guitar/Vocals] ○ Rose in popularity in the
○ Edmond Fortuno [Drums] PH among young people
○ Bing Labrador ○ They cover pop music
[Keyboards] from the U.S. and the U.K.,
○ Alex Cruz [Saxophones & such as “Pa Pa Ou Mau
Flute] Mau” and “Hey Jude”

Current members: JAPANESE COLONIAL

● Pepe Smith [Vocals,
Drums, Composer] PERIOD
● Wally Gonzalez [Vocals,
Guitar] The Japanese occupation of the PH
● Mike Hanopol [Vocals, occurred between 1942 and 1945. Not
Bass, Composer] much has been written about music in
the PH during this period. Playing and
“Himig Natin” became the anthem of listening to music were among the
Manila’s post-hippie culture and leisure activities that somehow made life
underground radio network. bearable for Filipinos.

● Pepe Smith: Joseph William - Imposed their own music on the

Feliciano Smith was
Filipino-American
singer-songwriter, drummer, and
guitarist
○ Known by his stage names
“Joey Smith” and “Pepe
Smith”
○ One of the pioneering
figures in original Filipino
rock music / Pinoy Rock
○ Mick Jagger of the PH
a country
- Radio broadcasts
- Their songs were also taught in
public schools, however never
took these songs to heart
- The performance of Jazz and
Western music identified w/ the
allied nations of the war was
prohibited
- Held conferences and lectures on
oriental music in Manila w/ the
hope of diverting the loyalty of
 the Filipinos away from the ● The MSO refused to perform as a
Americans. protest and hid their instruments
● In retaliation, the Japanese formed
● Japanese Musical mission to the the new Philippines symphony
PH, May 7, 1943 orchestra under the baton of
○ Headed by Kosaku Francisco Santiago
Yamada
○ The Japanese encouraged - The PH Conservatory of Music
creation and performance was one of the few music schools
of music with native in the country that opened during
themes the war
○ Concerts were also a - Music-making remained a popular
common form of pastime
amusement for Filipinos at
the time POST COLONIAL
● The new Philippine symphony - PERIOD: Indigenous
the first All-Filipino orchestra was
organized
Music

MANILA SYMPHONY OPERA Practiced by ethnic groups found

[MSO]
● One of the oldest orchestras in
Asia
● Alexander Lippay
● The orchestra acted as a symbol
of resistance during the WWII
● Alexander Lippay suddenly died
on May 3, 1939, and was replaced
by Herbert Zipper as Conductor
the same year
● During the Japanese occupation in
1942, Zipper was briefly detained
by the Japanese as a “political
prisoner”
mostly in the highlands of Luzon
and Mindanao, and scattered areas
in Mindoro, Palawan, Sulu, and the
Visayan islands. These include
various vocal and instrumental
genres.
● Leann Pandayroy
● The Bilaan Yadadang
● The Bukidnon Pagliban sa Bata
● The Dumagat Bendolin
● The Ibaloi Tami
● The Ilongot Emaga
● The Kalinga Owiwi
 ● The Maguindanao Sangel
● The Manobo Panlibay
● The Maranao Bomboman

INDIGENOUS MUSICAL
INSTRUMENTS

BAMBOO FLUTES: Much like a KOLITONG: A bamboo polychordal

western flute, and is commonly carved tube zither w/ six strings that run parallel
out of a single piece of bamboo with a to its tube body. The body acts as the
cork-lined blow-hole. instrument’s resonator. The body may be
a whole tube or a half tube.
KALALENG: A nose flute made from
Bamboo from the PH. It is usually
around 2 ft in length, and has holes cut in
the side. The player closes one nostril
with a bit of cotton, then forces the air
from the other into a small hole cut in the
end of the tube.

BUNGKAKA: A.k.a the ‘Bamboo

Buzzer’; is a percussion instrument
[idiophone] made out of bamboo,
common in numerous indigenous tribes
around the PH, such as the Ifugao,
Kalinga, and Ibaloi.

ZITHERS: Approximately 10 cm in
diameter, and averaging half a meter
long. It is closed on both ends by nodes,
which are partially opened for more
resonance.
XYLOPHONE: From Greek Xylon and
Phone, “wood” and “sound”. It is a
percussion instrument consisting of a set
of graduated, tuned wooden bars
supported at nodal [non vibrating] points,
and struck w/ sticks or padded mallets.
WELL KNOWN COMPOSERS
LUCRECIA ROCES KASILAG: was a
Filipino composer and pianist. She is
known for incorporating indigenous
Filipino instruments into orchestral
productions. She has written more than
350 musical compositions, ranging from
folk songs to opera, to orchestral works:
● Love songs
● Legend of the Sarimanok
● Ang Pamana
● Philippine Scenes
● Her Son
● Jose
● Sisa
● Fantaisie on a 4-note theme
● East meets Jazz Ethnika
JOSE MONTSERRAT MACEDA: was a
Filipino ethnomusicologist and
composer. He was named a National
Artist of the Philippines for Music in
1998. He appeared in France, the PH,
and the USA from 1935 - 1937, during
w/c time he introduced many new works,
mainly by french composers, and
pioneered a french style of piano playing
in the PH.
RAMON PAGAYON SANTOS: a
Filipino composer, ethnomusicologist,
and educator. Known for being the
Philippines’ foremost living exponent of
contemporary Filipino classical music,
for work that expounds on the “aesthetic
frameworks of the PH and Southeast
Asian artistic traditions”. He created
open-ended temporal and spatial forms:
● Ritwal ng Pasasalamat
● Likas-an
FRANCISCO FELICIANO: he was a
Filipino composer and conductor, and a
National Artist of the Philippines for
Music. He created more than 30 major
works [operas and music dramas]:
● La Loba Negra
● Ashen Wings
● Sikhay sa Kabila ng Paalam
[Beyond the Farewell]
● The Life of Wartime Filipino
Hero, Jose Abad Santos
ELISEO PAJARO: wrote 50 masses in
Latin, 20 in English, and has more than 1
000 musical compositions in the Library
of the University of the Philippines.
LEVI CELERIO: born in Tondo, he was
a Filipino composer and lyricist who is
credited with writing over 4 000 songs.
He joined the MSO, and made it to the
Guinness Book of World Records as the
only person able to make music using
just a leaf.
ANTONIO MOLINA: known as the
Claude Debussy of the Philippines due to
his use of impressionist themes in music.
He taught some of the country’s musical
icons.
- Dean of Filipino composers
- Hatinggabi
- Awit ni Maria Clara
FRANCISCO SANTIAGO: was a
Filipino musician who wrote “Pilipinas
Kong Mahal”.
- Father of the Kundiman Art Song
TRADITIONAL FILIPINO
AMERICAN MUSIC
RONDALLA: comes from the Spanish
word ronda, meaning ‘serenade’. It is an
ensemble of string instruments played w/
the plectrum or pick, and generally
known as plectrum instruments.
CHORAL GROUPS: usually used in
performing PH folk songs, and can vary
in diverse Filipino languages. Certain
choral / vocal ensembles have funding by
the federal national endowment for the
arts.
- It is very common for groups to
dismantle, and form under
different names and even
directors.
SPANISH
INFLUENCED MUSIC
Spanish musical influences are mainly
intended to bring the Christian faith
closer to the natives. The Spanish regime
gave new forms to PH music in
particular.
MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The music developed during this period
is one of the roots for modern Filipino
music. It was during this period that
guitars became popular. Because of this,
almost all the musical forms in this
period made use of the guitar.
PASYON
Appears in almost all major PH
languages. It is sung in homes, villages,
chapels, even outdoor makeshift sheds
erected for the purpose.
 from the former during the 20th century
CONTEMPORARY
folk revival.
MODERN PERIOD ● Kundiman
● Harana

A wide range of compositions that adopt

COUNTRY MUSIC: style and genre of
ideas and elements from modern music.
largely string-accompanied American
pop music having roots in the folk music
EXAMPLES
of the southeast and cowboy music of the
west. It is usually vocalized, generally
JAZZ: American music developed
simple in form and harmony, and
especially from ragtime and blues,
typified by romantic or melancholy
characterized by propulsive syncopated
ballads, accompanied by acoustic or
rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing,
electric.
varying degrees of improvisation, and
● Mr. Misunderstood - Eric Church
often deliberate distortions of pitch and
● Slow Heart - Kip Moore
timbre.
● Honeysuckle Rose - The Fats
POP MUSIC: the most popular music
Mack
genre that creates the most hits [a song
● Knife - Ella Fitzgerald
that sells a lot of copies], and the most
recent songs are listed on the charts
BLUES: music genre and musical form
every week. A song must be published as
w/c was originated in the deep south of
a single in order to chart, however most
the U.S. around the 1860s by
singles are also released on albums.
African-Americans from roots in work
● Luha - Aegis
songs and spirituals.
● Harana - Parokya ni Edgar
● I’m Tore Down - Freddy King
● Born Under a Bad Sign - Albert
HIP-HOP: consists of styled rhythmic
King
music generated by DJs, isolating the
percussion breaks of popular songs, often
ROCK: a form of music with a strong
using two turntables to lengthen the
beat.
breaks.
● Killing Me Slowly - Bad Wolves
● Upuan - Gloc-9
● Under the Graveyard - Ozzy
● Lord Patawad - Bassilyo
Osbourne
METAL: a rock subgenre distinguished
FOLK: includes traditional folk music
by forceful drumming, angry vocals,
and contemporary genre that evolved
distorted guitar chords, and low-range
CONTEMPORARY
bass notes. It’s a very simple genre to
study and understand for it only focuses MODERN PERIOD IN
on a few core elements, seldom deviating
from them.
THE PHILIPPINES
● Your Rotting Body is My Art -
It is categorized in 3 parts in accordance
Human Mastication
with the curriculum guide given by the
Department of Education:
DANCE MUSIC: genre of pop music
● Traditional music
aimed for dancing in clubs, with a
● New music
repeating rhythm and a synthetic
background track that includes sound ● Song composers
samples.
● Spaghetti Song - SexBomb Girls WELL-KNOWN COMPOSERS
AND MUSICIANS
CONTEMPORARY
RYAN CAYABYAB: commonly known
MUSIC as Mr. C, he is a Filipino musician,
composer, and conductor. His
Jazz is the mark of the beginning of the compositions span from commissioned
contemporary period. It started in the full-length ballets, theatrical musicals,
mid-1970s to early 1990s. However, the choral pieces, a mass set to
term may also be employed in a broader unaccompanied chorus, and orchestral
sense to refer to all post-1945 musical pieces, to commercial recordings of
forms. popular music.
● Da Coconut Nut
INSTRUMENTS ● Tuwing Umuulan at Kapiling Ka
● Kailan
● Violin
● Drums REY VALERA: Filipino singer,
● Keyboard composer, music director, film scorer,
TV personality, born in Meycauayan,
Bulacan, PH.
● Kahit Maputi na ang Buhok Ko
● Maging Sino Ka Man
● Pangako
● Naaalala Ka
JOSE MARI CHAN: born in Iloilo City,
he is better known as Jose “Jo” Mari
Chan, a Chinese-Filipino musician,
composer, and businessman. He rose to
prominence as a singer-songwriter in the
early 1970s.
- World Popular Song Festival in
Tokyo, Japan
- Beautiful Girl
- Can’t We Start Over Again
- Christmas songs
● Ang Huling El Bimbo
PAROKYA NI EDGAR: a 6-piece band,
reigning court jesters, composing clever
pop-funk songs w/ frequently unusual
subject matter. The band was created in
Manila’s Ateneo HS.
- Originally known as Comic Relief
- Harana
- Gitara
- Your Song

LEA SALONGA: a multi-award winning

actress and singer, known across the
globe for her strong voice and
impeccable pitch.
- Miss Saigon
- The first Asian to portray Eponine
in the Broadway production of
Les Miserables

REGINE VELASQUEZ: a best-selling

Filipino pop singer, recording artist,
record producer, and actress. She is
recognized as “Asia’s Songbird” and
“The Queen of Pop”. She has sold
millions of records + the best-selling
artist of all time in the PH. She began
singing at a young age and competed in
her first talent show at the age of 6.

ERASERHEADS: one of the most

influential brands in PH rock music
history. They were founded in 1989 at
UP.
● Spoliarium
● Pare Ko