1

PINEAPPLE (Ananas comosus) LEAVES AND BANANA (Musa) STEMS AS ECO

WASTE FABRICS

Monique Lizane D. Dalisay

Micayla Angela A. Chavez
Maria Mekaela U. Cueto
Fionna Lee A. Casapao
Trina Angela H. Cruzat
Freyja Belle A. Cortez 

A Science Investigatory Project Proposal

Submitted to the Science Department
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in 
Research II

Batangas City Integrated High School

Batangas City

May 2022

Rowena V. De Villa
Research Adviser
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page …………………………………………………………..…. 1  

Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………... 2    

List of Figures …………………………………………….……...….…..... 3        

Chapter I   THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

         Introduction     …………………….…………...... 4  

Conceptual Framework     ………………………………....... 5 

Statement of the Problem    ………………………………....... 7

Hypothesis          …………………….………….….. 8    

Scope and Limitations ...………………….…………..... 9   

Significance of the Study     …………………....…..……....... 11  

Definition of Terms     ...……………...…………….........13 

Chapter II   RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature    ………………………………….... 16 

Related Studies   ……………………………….…... 22

Chapter III METHODOLOGY

Research Method ……………………………….…... 26

Materials and Equipment ……………………………….…... 27

Procedures ……………………………….…... 27

Data Gathering Technique …………………………….….….. 28

Flowchart ……………………………….…... 29

BIBLIOGRAPHY     ...…………………………………...30

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CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

Clothing is necessary for human survival, but it is also necessary to make

clothing in a way that preserves the planet in which we live. It is typically constructed of

fabrics or textiles, but it has also included garments created from animal skin and other

thin sheets of materials and natural goods present in the environment, which have been

stitched together through time. Fabrics are necessary for clothing manufacture. They

contain valuable long fibers, just as the leaves of the pineapple plant and the waste of

bananas.

Pineapple fiber is made from pineapple waste, which is high in lignin and

cellulose. The fiber is exceptionally soft, lightweight, easy to maintain and wash, and

looks quite exquisite when mixed with other textiles. Banana fiber is tough but light, it

absorbs a lot of moisture, and, most significantly, it's biodegradable. The use of

pineapple and banana fibers in garments and home furnishings has increased as the

importance of eco-friendly materials has grown. Banana plant stems are used to make

Musa (banana) fiber. It's very adaptable, sturdy, environmentally friendly, and

biodegradable.

Natural fiber's most essential properties are biodegradability and non-

carcinogenicity, which have brought it back into popularity with the added benefit of

being cost-effective. Its adaptability makes it useful. Natural fibers are a key source of

agricultural biomass in Malaysia, contributing to the country's economy. Natural fiber's

vast and diverse availability can help to relieve pressure on agriculture. The use of a
5
variety of raw materials will aid in maintaining nature's ecological balance.

Conceptual Framework 

The figure indicates that pineapple leaves and banana stems usually become

biomass once the harvest time is finished, and its disposal has been a major problem

due to the amount of waste. That is why researchers extracted the fibers and other

components and turned them into more value-added products. The banana fiber was

turned into ropes, fishing nets, cordage, paper (note paper), cloth, and bags, which

have made their way to the market due to their qualities. And the same with pineapple

fiber that was turned into yarn, woven fabrics, handicrafts, mats, and woven knitted.

This also made its way to the market due to the quality of the fiber it has. The pineapple

fiber and banana fiber contain a lot of good qualities that make all these high-quality

products.
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Figure 1

 Paradigm of the Study

Banana (Musa) stem and pineapple (Ananas comosus) leaves usually becomes

biomass waste once the harvest time of banana and pineapple fruit is finished. Its

disposal has become a major problem due to the amount of the waste. Therefore,

researchers have started to extract the fibers and other components from the stem and

leaves and used them to produce various value-added products. One of the most

common banana stem fiber products produced today is rope and cordage. The

seawater resistance of the pseudo-stem fiber and its natural buoyancy characteristic

have made a market for this fiber in the shipping cable manufacture. This fiber is also

used to produce fishing nets, other types of cordage, mats, packaging, sheets, etc. It is

usually used due to its light weight and comfort. Furthermore, banana pseudo-stem and

pineapple fiber are also utilized to produce cushion cover, bag, table cloth, curtain, and

others. Additionally, there are some potential uses of fibers, such as: to be used as

natural absorbent, for production of mushroom, arts/handicrafts, string thread, paper

cardboard, tea bag and high-quality textiles/fabric materials, currency note paper, and

many other products. The use of banana fiber as natural absorbent also has promising

potential to absorb oil spilling in oil refinery. It also can be used as absorbent in colored

wastewater from the dyes of textile industry .Banana and banana pseudo-stem contain

pathogenesis proteins, which possess antimicrobial properties. The pseudo-stem can

also be converted into bio-fertilizer. It also contains high amount of cellulose and starch,
and thus it can be utilized as feed for cattle. Moreover, there have been numerous

research studies that reported the use of banana pseudo-stem fiber in fabrication of

polymer/fiber composites.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine if pineapple and banana wastes are the best

substitute materials apparel, home textiles, upholsteries, non-woven and industrial

fabrics. This aims to develop a high-quality cloth that is both inexpensive,

environmentally sustainable, and useful. Waste from pineapple and bananas can be

combined to generate alternative, rising fabrics with properties not present in traditional

materials. These are not lower substitutes; they're a step forward in fabric production.

Textiles made from pineapple and bananas are also the result of an existing commercial

method. Their qualities as textiles resemble established and useful textiles, their

procedures are environmentally sustainable, and their processes are ethical.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the properties of banana and pineapple wastes to produced

an eco-fabric in terms of: 

1.1 durability;

1.2 versatile; 

1.3 flexible and; 

1.4 cohesive?

2. What are the processes in making fabrics from banana and pineapple

wastes?
 3. Is there a significant difference between the fabric from the waste of
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banana and pineapple from other fabrics?

Hypothesis
 The fiber extracted from banana waste and pineapple waste can produce an eco-
friendly fabric. If the banana and Pineapple wastes goes through a fiber
extraction process then it can produce eco-friendly fabric.
 If eco-friendly fabric use increases in producing clothing, textile waste will be
reduced.
 If the fibers from banana waste and pineapple is used then a high quality fabric
can be produced.
 There is a significant difference between the fabric from the waste of banana and

pineapple from other fabrics.

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Scope and Limitations

Banana waste is the waste after the banana fruit is harvested, the 1 source of
st

the variable that is going to be used to produce the fabric. Pineapple waste is generated

from poor handling of fresh fruit, storage, or lack of good and reliable transportation

system, the 2 source of the variable that is going to be used to produce the fabric.
nd

Fiber is a natural or man-made substance that is significantly longer than it is wide. It is

the substance that will be extracted from the waste. Eco friendly fabric/textile is a type of

fabrics that are made from fibers that do not require the use of any pesticides and are

naturally resistant to mold and mildew and are disease free. It is the aimed material that

is going to be produced with the used of the extracted fibers from the waste.  Cellulose

fiber- fibers made with ethers or esters of cellulose, which can be obtained from the

bark, wood or leaves of plants, or from other plant-based material. It is the fiber

extracted from the banana and pineapple waste that will be used to produce the fabric.

Lignin fiber is a polymer that ensures the lignification of grasses, shrubs and trees.

They’re rigid since this component fills the spaces between the cellulose fibers in the

cell walls of plants. It is the fiber extracted from the pineapple waste that will be used to

produce the fabric. Musa fiber, also known as Banana fiber is one of the world’s

strongest natural fibers. It is made from the stem of the banana tree and is incredibly

durable. It is the fiber extracted from the banana waste that will be used to produce the

fabric. Hand weaving involves working with one (or more) continuous weft threads

(horizontal threads) passing through the warp (vertical threads) row upon row along the
length of the fabric by hand. It is the technique that we will use to weave the fibers to
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make the fabric. Retting, soak (flax or hemp) in

water to soften it and separate the fibers, It is one of the methods that we will use to

extract the fibers from the waste. Decortication is the non-fibrous tissues are scraped

away from the plant fibers by hand or in a machine. It is the 2 method that we will use
nd

to extract the fibers from the waste. Drying is the process whereby moisture is

vaporized from a material and is swept away from the surface, sometimes under

vacuum (sun), but normally by means of carrier gas which passes through or over the

material. It is the process where we will put the fiber under the sun, after the extraction

process and before weaving the fibers.

This study focuses on using fiber extracted from banana and pineapple waste as

substitute materials to produce eco-waste fabrics. It will reuse and reduce all of the

excess waste production in the country. Such fibers that can be found in the waste are

cellulose, lignin and Musa/pseudo-stem fiber. The use of the fiber will depend on what

process will be done after the extraction process. Banana or Musa fibers when

compared to cotton fibers has a high level of stiffness and because of that it has limited

application to textiles. The hand weaving process when creating a fabric will be time

consuming. Since in this study chemical analysis is not required, however its needed

when considering fabric limitations such as flammability, chemical reactions, the

cleaning and drying of the fabric, reaction of the fibers to other possible components

that may be added to create the said fabric.

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Significance of the Study

This study entitled “Pineapple (Ananas comosus) Leaves and Banana (Musa)

Stems for Eco Waste Fabrics” was conducted to determine if pineapple and banana

wastes are the best substitute materials in producing eco-waste fabrics. It helps to find a

way in reducing and reusing the excess waste of these said materials produced mainly

in the Philippines. Its significance aims to not only reduce waste but also to provide a

much larger profit for the people who lives in mountainous areas especially farmers.

Because if the produced fabric from those materials comes out in a good quality, then it

can be sold to clothing industries and possibly be part of a new fashion trend. This will

benefit the community as they will be provided facts about it and their potential uses.  

The knowledge obtained from this study will also benefit the Department of

Environment and Natural Resources as they will gain ideas about an alternative source

of eco-friendly fabric from biomass wastes. Students as well as researchers will also

benefit as they will be provided basis for further studies about the data presented. It will

benefit the environment as it will potentially lessen the textile waste in the country. It can

also be a good opportunity for the less fortunate to have a job. It is not only eco-friendly

and can lessen the waste but also it is good for our economy since eco-friendly

products are in high demand in the global markets due to their qualities of sustainability

and biodegradability. It will reuse and reduce all of the excess waste production in the

country.
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Lastly, it can also influence and give more knowledge about the agricultural

problems that the country has as well an endorsing the traditional hand weaving that is

part of some of the country’s culture to get the young adults to take interest in their own

culture as well as advertising the culture to other countries that may potentially impact

the country’s economy in the aspects of tourism and apparels.

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Definition of Key Terms

For better understanding, the following terms used in the study are hereby

defined:

 Banana waste- the waste after the banana fruit is harvested. ( Ahmad,

Tanweer &  Mohammed, Dannish et. Al., 2018). In this study it is the 1st

source of the variable that is going to be used to produce the fabric.

 Biomass waste. Biomass is the material derived from plants that use sunlight

to grow which include plant and animal material such as wood from forests,

material left over from agricultural and forestry processes, and organic

industrial, human and animal wastes (altenergymag.com) .In this study, it is

the term for the produced waste of the banana and pineapple harvested.

 Cellulose fiber-fibers made with ethers or esters of cellulose, which can be

obtained from the bark, wood or leaves of plants, or from other plant-based

material (en.m.wikipedia.org). In this study, it is the fiber extracted from the

banana and pineapple waste that will be used to produce the fabric.

 Decortication-the non-fibrous tissues are scraped away from the plant fibers

by hand or in a machine (en.m.wikipedia.org). In this study, it is the 2nd

method that we will use to extract the fibers from the waste.

 Drying-the process whereby moisture is vaporized from a material and is

swept away from the surface, sometimes under vacuum(sun), but normally by

means of carrier gas which passes through or over the material (Keey, 1992).
 In this study, it is the process where we will put the fiber under the sun, after

the extraction process and before weaving the fibers.

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 Eco friendly fabric/textile- type of fabrics that are made from fibers that do

not require the use of any pesticides and are naturally resistant to mold and

mildew and are disease free (textileschool.com). In this study, it is the aimed

material that is going to be produced with the used of the extracted fibers

from the waste.  

 Fiber -a natural or man-made substance that is significantly longer than it is

wide (en.m.wikipedia.org). In the study, it is the substance that will be

extracted from the waste

 Hand weaving- involves working with one (or more) continuous weft threads

(horizontal threads) passing through the warp (vertical threads) row upon row

along the length of the fabric by hand (oxfordweavingstudio.com). In this

study, it is the technique that we will use to weave the fibers to make the

fabric.

 Lignin fiber- A polymer that ensures the lignification of grasses, shrubs and

trees. They're rigid since this component fills the spaces between the

cellulose fibers in the cell walls of plants (bioplasticsmagazine.com). In this

study it is the fiber extracted from the pineapple waste that will be used to

produce the fabric.

 Musa fiber- Also known as Banana fiber is one of the world's strongest

natural fibers. It is made from the stem of the banana tree and is incredibly
 durable (fashionuniteduk.com). In this study, it is the fiber extracted from the

banana waste that will be used to produce the fabric.

 Pathogenesis proteins. Pathogenesis-related proteins, often called PR

proteins, are a structurally diverse group of plant proteins that are toxic to
15
invading fungal pathogens.

 They are widely distributed in plants in trace amounts, but are produced in

much greater concentration following pathogen attack or stress

(sciencedirect.com). In this study, the component of the pseudo-stem fiber

makes the fiber anti-bacterial.

 Pineapple waste-generated from poor handling of fresh fruit, storage, or lack

of good and reliable transportation system (Praveena and Estherlydia, 2014).

In this study it is the 2nd source of the variable that is going to be used to

produce the fabric.

 Retting-soak (flax or hemp) in water to soften it and separate the fibers

(Oxford languages.com). In this study, it is one of the methods that we will

use to extract the fibers from the waste.

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CHAPTER II

RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the gathered information of the researchers from a number

of references which provide insights and information related to the study.

Related Literature

Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Philippine Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000. Pursuant to the provisions of Section 59 of Republic Act No.

9003 , otherwise known as the "Philippine Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of

2000," and by virtue of Executive Order No. 192, Series of 1987, the Department of

Environment and Natural Resources hereby adopts and promulgates the following rules

and regulations. These Rules are promulgated to prescribe the procedures and

guidelines for the implementation of the Philippine Solid Waste Management Act of

9003 in order to facilitate compliance therewith and achieve the objectives thereof, shall

lay down the powers and functions of the Department of Environment and Natural

Resources, the Department of Trade and Industry, all other concerned agencies and

local government units, the rights and obligations of stakeholders and the rights and
duties of the people with respect to the implementation of the Ecological Solid Waste

Management.

These Implementing Rules and Regulations shall be liberally construed to carry

out the national policy of adopting a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid

waste management program consistent with the pursuit of sustainable development.

17

Also cover support actions such as research and studies on solid wastes,

providing technical standards and guidelines for effective waste management systems,

shall be administered by the Secretary or his duly authorized representative or thorough

any other department, bureau, office, agency, local government units, state university or

college and other instrumentalities of the government for assistance in the form of

personnel, facilities and other resources as the need arises in the discharge of its

functions. 

It is the policy of the State to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological

solid waste management program which shall;

a) Ensure the protection of public health and environment;

b) Utilize environmentally-sound methods that maximize the utilization of

valuable resources and encourage resources conservation and recovery;

c) Set guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance and volume reduction

through source reduction and waste minimization measures, including composing,

recycling, re-use, recovery, green charcoal process, and others, before collection,
treatment and disposal in appropriate and environmentally- sound solid waste

management facilities in accordance with ecologically sustainable development

principles;

d) Ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and

disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adoption of the best environmental

practices in ecological waste management excluding incineration;

18

e) Promote national research and development programs for improved solid

waste management and resource conservation techniques, more effective institutional

arrangement and indigenous and improved methods of waste reduction, collection,

separation and recovery;

f) Encourage greater private sector participation in solid waste management;

g) Retain primary enforcement and responsibility of solid waste management

with local government units while establishing a cooperative effort among the national

government, other local government units, non-government organizations, and the

private sector;

h)Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among waste generators through

the application of market-based instruments;

i) Institutionalize public participation in the development and implementation of

national and local integrated, comprehensive and ecological waste management

programs; and
 j) Strengthen the integration of ecological solid waste management and resource

conservation and recovery topics into the academic curricula of formal and non- formal

education in order to promote environmental awareness and action among the citizenry

Utilization of Banana Extract for Eco-friendly Functional Finishing of Textile

Materials. With the consumer's enhanced awareness of eco-safety, there has been an

increasing tendency towards the use of sustainable and environmentally friendly

19
materials.

Thus considerable attention has been given to products from plants, for use in

various industries notably in the textile industry. Among these plants banana is selected

for this review, since it is the second largest produced fruit after citrus, contributing

about 16% of the world’s total fruit production. This review provides literature

information about classification of functional finishing, some important finishes, and their

evaluation tests methods. 

In addition to focus on recent researches concerning utilization and application of

banana extract for various textile finishing purposes such as coloration, deodorizing,

flame retardant, UV protection, antimicrobial activity, and other important applications

around the world for producing appealing and highly functional value-added textiles

such as fibers, dyes , pigments, polyphenols, and other biologically active compounds.

Banana and banana parts serve as a unique ideal and low cost food source in

developing countries. Most of the populations depend upon taking cheaper rate nutrition

fruits.  Banana sap  consists of different chemical  constituents like  carbohydrates, 

cellulose,  lignin,  ash,  coloring  matter  and  portentous material. (Barhanpurkar, 2015).
Banana is the second largest produced fruit after  citrus,  contributing  about  16%  of 

the  world’s  total  fruit  production (FAO,  2009).  Banana production is estimated

around 72.5 million metric tones as fruits, (Ramesh, 2017). Musaceae is a family of

flowering plants composed of three genera with ca 91 known species, placed in the

order Zingiberales. Banana family is native to the tropics of Africa and Asia.  In

most treatments, the family has three genera, Musella, Musa and Ensete.

20

Cultivated bananas are commercially important members of the family, and many

others are grown as ornamental plants. (Byng, 2016). The  chemical  composition  of 

banana  fiber  is  cellulose  (50-60%), hemicelluloses  (25-30%(,  pectin  (3-5%),  lignin 

(12-18%),  water  soluble materials (2-3%), fat and wax (3-5 %( and ash (1-1.5%),

(Mukhopadhay, et al. 2008). Presently, the banana pseudo stem is hazardous waste, it

has been used in several countries to develop important bio-products such as fiber

which is spun to make yarn, which is woven or knitted to produce fabric, apparel, as

well  as  fertilizer,  bio-chemicals,  paper,  handicrafts,  pickles ,candy, (Mohiuddin,

2014).

Banana extract may be used for dyeing and printing of textiles, finishing of

textiles can  also be  obtained such as  anti- microbial, flame retardant, ultra violet

protection finishing, besides their use as pigment binders, resins, and mordanting

agents, (Paul. 2013). Banana plant parts are engaging in textile arena such as table

mat, stylish hand bag, eco-shopping bag, laminated fabric, yarn, saree, shirt, female

dress, night dress, coaster etc. Moreover, it is involved with mordants, for cotton dyeing
and promising dye adsorbent for treatment of textile effluent (Reazuddinm, 2016), (Paul,

2013), (Shuaibing, 2013)

21

Pineapple waste contains various substances that are valuable for the

development of new and emerging technologies, nutraceuticals, food, pharmaceuticals,

as well as biogas and bioethanol production. Bromelain extraction from pineapple waste

is a very highly looked into area, while dietary fibers and phenolic antioxidants could be

used as impending nutraceutical resource, capable of offering significant low-cost

nutritional dietary supplement for low-income communities with sustainable utilization of

pineapple waste and with application of novel scientific and technological methods,

valuable products from pineapple wastes could be obtained.

 22

Related Studies

The fiber comes from banana waste and pineapple waste. This are what can

people use to make an eco-waste fabric. Pineapple fibers are very light weight, soft and

easy to maintain and wash, and it fuses well with other fibers and provides an elegant

look. On the other hand, though banana fibers resembles the fiber from bamboo and

ramie, it has a better fineness in spite of being lightweight, it is very strong and high

moisture absorption capacity. 

Properties of fibers and fabrics that contribute to human comfort. Comfort

characteristics of cloths are made by a collection of interactive properties of fibers,

yarns and the fabric which have contributed in construction of the clothing. This chapter

focuses on the main affective properties of fibers, yarns and fabrics. It starts with fiber

specification, comparing two natural and synthetic sources of fibers used in apparel

textile products, and then investigates physical treatments to modify fiber properties.

The chapter continues with yarns and fabrics as the intermediate products to cloths,

investigating the producing parameters which create and affect garment comfort.
 Primary or essential properties are those properties that a textile fiber must

possess to qualify as a textile material. The essential or primary properties of a textile

fiber include:

23

1. High Length to Width Ratio:

For any fiber to be spun made to yarn and then into fabrics is that their

lengths must be more than their widths. The minimum length to width to ratio is

100:1. The length of fibers is also a basis for classifying them into two groups:

staple and filament fibers. Staple fibers are short length fibers and generally

obtained from the natural sources except for silk while filament fibers are long

length fibers. In addition, the width of fiber referees to the diameter. This is

measured in microns and determines the fineness of fibers. A point to note here

is that the diameter of the synthetic fiber depends on the size of the spinneret

hole. Also, finer fibers are softer, more pliable, and have better drapability.

2. Tenacity:

Tenacity is also referred to as the strength of the textile fiber. It is the force

required to break the fiber. The strength is basically classified into three types on

the basis of force direction of force:

1. Tensile strength (Uniaxial Force) 

 2. Tear strength (Biaxial Force) 

3. Bursting strength (Multi-axial Force).

24

Each fiber must possess a certain amount of strength to be able to bear the

mechanical and chemical processing that it undergoes during the manufacturing

processes. When determining the tenacity of fiber, it helps us to understand how the

fiber will bear the force both in dry and wet conditions. For example, cotton is stronger

when wet as compared to wool which is weak in a wet state.

3. Flexibility:

Flexibility is regarded as how much flexible or pliable a fiber is in order for

it to be made into yarns and thereafter into the fabric for easy movement. Certain

products require a fabric that is flexible; one such example is automobile seat

belts.

4. Spinning Quality or Cohesiveness:

Cohesiveness is the property of the fibers to adhere to each other during

the yarn manufacturing process. The process of spinning makes the fiber surface

resistant to friction and it is this lack of mobility that enables the fiber to stick

together when being spun into yarns. There are some inherent irregularities in
 the longitudinal or cross-section of the natural fibers which permit them to hold to

each other during the fiber arrangement. Wool, for instance, has an inherent

crimp and scales on its surface that imparts a high degree of cohesiveness. And

in the case of synthetic fibers, it is the long length of fibers that brings

cohesiveness. Also, smooth filament fibers undergo texturing techniques that

bring a certain amount of curl, crimp or loop contributing to cohesiveness.

25

5. Uniformity:

Uniformity is an important property of fibers because it is even yarns that

make fabric uniform in appearance and consistent performance. It is also

associated with strength and other properties such as uniformity in length and

thickness. The clothes of the future could be made from pineapples and

bananas. Bananas are also getting in on the act. Musa fiber is a durable material

made from the stem of the banana tree, it’s also known as banana fiber.

Biodegradable, very strong yet capable of being spun and woven.

According to the Researcher Nora Mangalindan from Department of Science and

Technology (DSOT) and Philippine textile Research Institute (PTRI) pineapple

plantations span on almost 59,000 hectares in Philippines, with majority of them being

in Northern Mindanao, Davao Del Norte, Western Visayas, Davao region and Eastern

Visayas. And this can yield 55,483 tons of pineapple fiber. While the country have
447,000 hectares of land under banana plantation, and majority of them being in

Northern Mindanao, Northern and South Cotabato, and Bicol region. And from this it

can generate 307,000 tons of banana fiber. Also, eco-friendly fabrics are in high

demands in global market due to the qualities of sustainability and biodegradability. 

26

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides the research design which includes the manner on how the

study was conducted. This chapter also provides the materials and equipment used in

order to conduct the experiments. It also discusses how the researchers perform the

project and data gatherings technique.

Research Method

This study is titled PINEAPPLE (Ananas comosus) LEAVES AND BANANA

(Musa) STEMS FOR ECO WASTE FABRICS. The researchers will use experimental

method to conclude the effectiveness of using banana and pineapple wastes as fabrics.

The independent variable is the amount of banana and pineapple wastes to be used in
making the fabric. The dependent variable is how durable and uniform the fabric is

(quality of the product).

27

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

The materials involved in the study are banana wastes (kg), matured banana

stems, pineapple wastes (kg), a kilo of leaves can provide up to 15-18 pieces of white,

creamy lustrous fiber, about 60 cm long each, needle, bamboo and plate. There is no

equipment to be used.

PROCEDURE

First, the fibers are manually detached from the leaves by a method of scraping

known as decortication. Second, the fibers in banana stems and pineapple leaves must

be separated from the non-usable components. Various techniques may be used to

achieve this end result, including retting, which involves the soaking of banana stems

and pineapple leaves in water to soften and separate the components. Once the

separated fibers are acquired, they are bunched together and dried. At this stage, the

inner and outer fibers are usually kept together since it’s hard to separate them when

wet. This process is called bunching and drying. Once dry, the fibers are separated into

groups based on quality. The “A” group consists of the best-of-the-best. And finally, the

separated fibers are spun into yarn. The yarn is treated and dyed, and it is woven into

garments, accessories, decor items, or industrial products.

28

DATA GATHERING TECHNIQUE

Data will be gathered by making a right measurement of each fiber, as well as

the woven pattern (Bamboo) and the volume of needed pineapple leaves and banana

stem. The finished products will be tested based on its strength, modulus, elongation at

break, moisture regain and quality. The fibers extracted from the stems after harvesting

the banana fruits are found to be stronger than those extracted before harvesting the

fruits. Collected data will then be analyzed for conclusions, needed improvement, and

recommendations.
 29

FLOWCHART

The Process in Making PINEAPPLE (Ananas comosus) LEAVES AND  BANANA

(Musa) STEMS FOR ECO WASTE FABRICS
FLOWCHART OF THE PROCEDURE OF THE STUDY
 30

Bibliography
Books
Ahmed, Mutasim A.  and Amel E. Abbas.  “Utilization of  Banana Extract for Eco-friendly
Functional Finishing of Textile Materials: A review “. Gezira J. of Eng. & applied Sci.
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