This articleDownloaded
has been accepted
fromforhttp://iranpaper.ir
publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TII.2018.2808264, IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Informatics
> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) <
Optimal Coordination of Double-Inverse
Overcurrent Relays for Stable Operation of DGs
Author names Tohid Soleymani Aghdam, Hossein Kazemi Karegar, Member, IEEE, H. H. Zeineldin,
Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract— Due to the increasing penetration of Distributed box
Generations (DGs) in distribution networks, the performance of
protective relays is becoming more critical to maintain the
stability of the DGs especially during fault conditions. Among
different types of DGs, Squirrel Cage Induction Generators
(SCIGs) and Synchronous DGs are sensitive to faults and might
become unstable even after fault clearance. Since the fault
clearing time depends on the Overcurrent Relays (OCRs)
characteristic curves, this paper proposes a Double-Inverse OCR
(DIOCR) characteristic to provide proper coordination while
maintaining DGs stability. The proposed method defines the
Critical Clearing Time (CCTs) curve for each DG and combines
them with DIOCRs curves and Coordination Time Interval (CTI)
constraints for finding optimal DIOCRs settings. The proposed
method is simulated on the IEEE 33-bus distribution network
equipped with SCIG and synchronous based DGs. The obtained
results highlight the capability of DIOCRs in protecting
distribution system with DGs considering stability constraints.
Index Terms—Active Distribution Network, Distributed
Generation Stability, Double Inverse Overcurrent Relay,
Optimal Protection Coordination.
I. INTRODUCTION
D DGs are nowadays installed in the distribution
IFFERENT
networks due to their advantages. DGs may be connected
directly to the grid as SCIGs, Doubly Fed Induction
Generators (DFIGs) and Synchronous DGs or they may be
interfaced through a power electronic converter. When a fault
occurs in the grid, direct connected DGs start to speed up and
they may become unstable if the fault is not cleared within a
specific time. SCIG stability and dynamic performance are
discussed in several papers [1-11]. The main approach in these
papers is to find a method to assess the CCT of SCIGs in
distribution networks. In the majority of previous work, the
machine input torque is assumed to be constant. Several
studies also examined the transient stability of DFIGs which is
more stable in comparison to SCIGs [12-14].
Fault clearing time in distribution networks with DG
depends on the overcurrent relay settings, which are obtained
optimally using optimization methods such as linear
programming, genetic algorithm, swarm optimization method
T. Soleymani Aghdam and H. Kazemi Karegar are with the Electrical
Engineering faculty, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.,
(h_kazemi@sbu.ac.ir).
H. H. Zeineldin is on leave from the Faculty of Engineering, Cairo
University, Giza 12316, Egypt and is currently with the Department of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Masdar Institute, Khalifa University of
Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 54224, United Arab Emirates.
1551-3203 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
http://www.itrans24.com/landing1.html
1
and etc. [15-20]. Optimal relay coordination models try to find
the optimum relay settings by minimizing the relay operating
times and maintaining the relays selectivity. In optimal relay
coordination, selectivity is done by using the coordination
constraints. Typically, the protection coordination problem
includes constraints related to the CTI while no constraints
related to the stability of directly connected DGs are taken into
account. This is acceptable in large power systems due to the
high inertial time constant of generators, but on the contrary
DGs on distribution systems have smaller inertia time
constants and it is important to consider the stability of DGs in
protection coordination problems.
Some research papers address methods for the stability
issues of directly connected DGs. In [21], a resistive fault
current limiter is used to enhance the stability of SCIGs and
maintain the developed torque at the nominal value during the
fault period. The method was applied for only one SCIG at
specific fault locations. In [22], a CCT analysis was done in an
industrial network with synchronous DGs and it was shown
that OCRs are not fast enough to maintain the stability of
generators. In [23], a relay based on measured active power
was proposed to prevent instability of synchronous DGs, but
the coordination of the proposed relay with other system
relays was not taken into consideration. An optimal protection
coordination assisted with communications between relays is
proposed in [24] to maintain the stability of synchronous DGs.
When a fault occurs in a distribution network, DGs may
become unstable and thus it is important to consider the CCT
while designing the protection system to avoid nuisance DG
tripping. The protection scheme, proposed in [25], takes into
account transient stability constraints and relies on definite
time overcurrent relays in cases where the relay operating time
is higher than the critical clearing time.
This paper proposes a new method for finding the optimal
settings of OCRs and fast fault clearance considering stability
constraints imposed by DGs. To guarantee the stability of
DGs, CCTs of DGs will be obtained and added as constraints
in the optimal protection coordination problem. It will be
shown that using OCRs with a typical single characteristic
cannot fulfill quick fault clearance times with the selectivity of
the protection scheme and the CCT requirements to guarantee
DGs stability. Therefore, an OCR with a double inverse
characteristic, denoted as DIOCR, is proposed as an optimal
choice for achieving twofold: protection coordination and DG
stability after fault clearance. The optimal protection
coordination problem with DIOCRs is formulated and applied
to the IEEE 33 bus distribution network system.
This articleDownloaded
has been accepted
fromforhttp://iranpaper.ir
publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TII.2018.2808264, IEEE
http://www.itrans24.com/landing1.html
Transactions on Industrial Informatics
> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < 2

The paper is organized as follows. The stability of DGs in torque-speed curve changes and SCIG operates on a lower
distribution systems is explained in the next section. Optimal characteristic curve, which is named the “during fault curve”
protection coordination and stability related constraints will be in Fig. 2.
presented in section III. The proposed DIOCR with relevant When the fault is cleared, the terminal voltage of SCIG does
formulas are described in section IV, and finally simulation not return to the initial steady state condition since the SCIG’s
results are presented and discussed in section V. slip increased and now SCIG draws significant reactive power
Rs
Xs Xr from the grid. This causes a voltage drop at the machine
terminal and therefore the machine torque-speed characteristic
Vs
Rr/s
changes to a new curve, which is called the fault clearance
Xm
instant curve, as shown in Fig. 2.
Assume that the machine is working at point A. For a fault
a) on the distribution system, the terminal voltage suddenly drops
and the operating point moves to point B. As is larger
Re Xe Xr than , the SCIG accelerates until the fault is cleared. The
speed of the SCIG can be expressed by (2).
Ve Rr/s

b) where is the machine speed and is the inertia time

Fig. 1. Circuit equivalent of a SCIG
constant. Once the fault is cleared, the characteristic curve

changes to the fault clearing instant curve (see Fig. 2). The
2   s0
c 1
machine will be stable if is greater than at fault
B
During fault curve clearing time. If the machine’s electrical torque is greater than
, it will start to speed down (Point E). As the slip
decreases, the machine consumes less reactive power and the
D
terminal voltage increases. Eventually, the SCIG returns back
Tm0
C A to its initial point of operation.
E The critical speed, c, is defined as the speed at the
intersection point of fault clearance instant curve and
Steady state curve
Recovering stage curve which is labeled as point C. If the fault is cleared prior to ,
Fault clearing instant curve the SCIG remains stable. The machine output torque at and
is equal to . Therefore, and of a SCIG can be
Fig. 2. Torque-speed characteristic of a SCIG found analytically by equating (1) with .
√
II. STABILITY OF DGS
As explained, Direct-connected DGs may become unstable √
during large disturbances on the grid. In this section, the
stability of SCIGs, DFIGs and synchronous DGs are studied.
Stability concept of SCIGs can be explained utilizing the where , .
steady state torque-speed characteristic of SCIGs. A simplified of terminal fault for SCIG can found by solving (2) for
circuit model for a SCIG is shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 1-b is the
equivalent circuit of Fig. 1-a. The torque-slip relation of the and as follows [11]:
SCIG machine based on Fig. 1-b is stated in (1).
( )

√
Another prominent factor is the number of SCIGs. When
where, , and are the equivalent circuit parameters several SCIGs are installed in the network, all SCIGs
from rotor side, and represent the rotor resistance and experience a voltage drop during a fault and more reactive
leakage reactance, respectively and is the machine slip. The power is consumed after fault clearance which adversely
relation in (1) is plotted to highlight the torque-speed affects the stability conditions of SCIGs. Depending on and
characteristic of SCIGs as shown in Fig. 2. In steady state, the the electrical distances between SCIGs and the fault location,
mechanical torque input to SCIG, , is equal to the output some SCIGs may become unstable. Since SCIGs draw
electric torque, . When a fault occurs, the terminal voltage significant amount of reactive power from the grid after the
of the SCIG decreases significantly and consequently, the fault clearance, there will be a delay in recovering the terminal

1551-3203 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This articleDownloaded
has been accepted
fromforhttp://iranpaper.ir
publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TII.2018.2808264, IEEE
http://www.itrans24.com/landing1.html
Transactions on Industrial Informatics
> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < 3

voltage of SCIGs which can consequently affect the CCT

times. Therefore, repeated dynamic simulations are conducted √
by varying the fault location and fault clearance time until the
SCIG becomes unstable. The set of fault currents and the where, is the initial load angle, is the inertia time
corresponding time duration, after which the SCIG becomes constant, is the mechanical input power and is the
unstable, are utilized to create the CCT curve. critical loading angle.
   s0 Equation (7) is not fully suitable for considering the
2 c 1

B
dynamic behavior of Synchronous Generators (SGs) during a
CCT CCT
During fault curve R2
R3 R4
E crowbar effect
Tm0 A CTI
B1 CTI

Substaion
D B2 B3 B4

bus

fuse1
R1 R2 R3

fuse2
R4

fuse3
C
f1 f2 f3 f4 f5
f6 f7
DG1 DG2 f8
Rotor side
converter effect Fig. 5. CCT and relay curves for a feeder

Fig. 3. Crowbar and rotor side converter effect on DFIG stability.

(a)
A2
(b)
Pm
A1
 
0 cr
Fig. 4. Synchronous machine P- curve for stability analysis
In case of DFIG, two other factors affect the stability of the
machine. DFIGs are equipped with a rotor crowbar resistor
which is in range of 5-20 times the rotor resistance. It is
activated during faults to prevent damage to rotor windings.
The crowbar resistance changes the torque-slip curve as
shown in Fig. 3 and it helps to reduce the acceleration of the
DFIG during fault and maintain its stability. After fault
clearance, machine output torque is increased by rotor side
converter which helps DFIG to return to stable operation
point. Therefore, the CCT of DFIG is higher than the CCT for
SCIG and thus DFIG is able to maintain its stability during
fault clearance times [14].
Stability of synchronous DGs can be explained using the
equal area criteria depicted in Fig. 4. The machine accelerates
when a fault occurs and is represented by the acceleration area
and it loses its energy in the deceleration area after the
fault is cleared. The machine remains stable if where
the power angle  is smaller than the critical clearing angle cr.
Based on this criterion, the CCT can be analytically calculated
using (6) and (7).
fault and it is important to consider the effect of AVR on CCT
curves. Thus, similarly, a repeated dynamic simulation is
conducted to obtain the CCT curves of SGs. For each SG, the
fault location and fault clearance time is varied until the SG
becomes unstable. The set of fault currents and the
corresponding time duration, after which the SG becomes
unstable, are utilized to create the CCT curve. The parameters
of AVR are explained in Appendix.
Time domain dynamic simulation will be used for finding
CCTs of DGs to be incorporated in the optimal protection
coordination problem. The obtained CCT values should be
smaller than fault clearance times to avoid nuisance tripping of
DGs. Fault clearance time in distribution networks depends on
the setting of OCRs which are obtained through optimal
coordination of relays which is explained in the next section.
III. OPTIMAL PROTECTION COORDINATION WITH CCT
CONSIDERATION
The protection system should detect faults as soon as
possible and isolate only the faulted part of the system. The
distribution system is usually protected with OCRs and fuses.
Optimal coordination is performed to assure maximum
sensitivity i.e. lower operating times under coordination
constraints. The operating time of the backup relays should be
greater than the operating time of primary relays by CTI. In
addition, the OCRs should allow the lateral fuses to interrupt
faults on laterals. The protection coordination problem can be
formulated as follows:
∑ ∑ ∑

( )

1551-3203 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This articleDownloaded
has been accepted
fromforhttp://iranpaper.ir
publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TII.2018.2808264, IEEE
http://www.itrans24.com/landing1.html
Transactions on Industrial Informatics
> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < 4

where and represent the primary and relevant backup following constraints are added to the protection coordination
relays, indicates the faults on a feeder which could be a problem to account for DG stability which can be expressed as
near or far end fault. stands for faults on laterals. follows:
and denote the operating times of primary and backup
relays for feeder faults, respectively. is the clearing time | |
of fuse for faults on laterals. The operating time of OCR is

Aux
given by (11) as follows. t M
ain

iliar
cu
rv
e

y cu
rve

CC
Tc
urv
e
where is the fault current seen by the relay, TDS is relay
Time Dial Setting (TDS) and is the relay pick up current.
Constants and define the relay curve type. For example, I
the values of and for standard inverse relays are 0.14 and Fast fault clearance
Due to auxiliary curve
0.02, respectively.
Fig. 6. Proposed Double curve OCR
In distribution networks with DGs, the relay should issue a
trip signal prior to the DGs losing stable operation and thus the
| |
relay operating time should be less than the CCT. CCT of a
DG for a given fault is the maximum fault clearance time that
makes the DG stable. The criterion for CCT constraints is | |
explained in Fig. 5. For a given fault at , the CCT constraint
can be modeled as follows: | |

On the other hand, is the backup relay for and thus

the following coordination constraint is included.
where is the operating time of primary relay ,
represents the CCT for fault and is the opening time of | |
the circuit breaker. Since circuit breakers have a delay time of
, plus should be less than . | |

IV. CCT BASED RELAYING WITH DIOCRS The optimal relay protection coordination problem should
As mentioned before to prevent DG instability, the fault on determine the optimal relay settings that satisfy all constraints,
feeder should be cleared before the CCT. Four OCRs in Fig. 5 for example (15) through (20). Assume that relay trips at
are optimally coordinated without CCT constraints for fault where | . By referring to the
consideration. As seen, their curves are positioned with a CTI constraint between and , then | .
minimum gap of CTI (black curves) with respect to each
Since | | , to satisfy both CTI and CCT, the
other. The blue curve represents the CCT for faults along the
feeder. The curve of relays and are placed above the following relationship should hold.
corresponding CCT curves (colored in blue). For a fault
occurring close to one of the DGs such as or , one of the
relays or should clear the fault, but DG1 or DG2 may |
become unstable even after the fault is cleared resulting in its
disconnection. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the The above condition is necessary to fulfill both relay-relay
stability of DGs in the optimal protection coordination CTI and CCT requirements. The necessary condition can be
problem. DGs will be stable if the two following constraints interpreted as for far faults should be larger than at
for near and far end faults are satisfied by primary relays. least by (assuming trips instantaneously for and
clears it after ). Relay should clear and after
| | to maintain selectivity. In addition, if is
larger than , the stability constraint is also satisfied.
| | Usually, a single curve is selected for each OCR. If the
OCR characteristic is selected based on the CCT, then DG
stability will be maintained, but primary and backup relays
where and are near and far end faults, | is the
will not be optimally coordinated and the selectivity feature of
of the nearest DG. For the system given in Fig. 5, the
the protection system will be violated. On the other hand, if

1551-3203 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This articleDownloaded
has been accepted
fromforhttp://iranpaper.ir
publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TII.2018.2808264, IEEE
http://www.itrans24.com/landing1.html
Transactions on Industrial Informatics
> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < 5

OCR characteristics are chosen based on optimal coordination, The optimal coordination of the main curve is performed
then there is a possibility that DG will become unstable. using the conventional coordination model, presented in (8)-
This can also be seen from Fig. 5 where both the CCT and (10). On the other hand, the optimal settings for the auxiliary
relay curves intersect as a result of the CTI requirement. This curves are obtained according to (26). In this paper, Genetic
intersection limits the possibility of using a conventional OCR algorithm is used to find the optimal settings of DIOCRs.
characteristic. Thus, a novel relay characteristic that consists B1(SUB)
of a combination of OCR curves to meet both protection and
B2
stability requirements is proposed and will be denoted as the R2 R1
DG1
Double Inverse OCR (DIOCR). A DIOCR is composed of two B19 B3
inverse curves, denoted as the main and auxiliary curve as R4 R3

shown in Fig. 6. The auxiliary curve is used to trip faults with B20 B4 B23
high fault currents quickly and reduce the relay operating time B21
to maintain DG stability. On the other hand, the main curve B5 B24
B22
will be dedicated to clear all other faults on the distribution DG2 B25
system which will typically have no conflicts with the CCT of B6
R8 R5
DG. The proposed idea can be practically implemented
through nowadays relays. Most of the commercially available B7
relays can take different curves as tripping curve [26]. B26
B8
Different combination of characteristics can be used for
main and auxiliary curves, such as “standard inverse-very B9
R9
B27

inverse”, “standard inverse-extremely inverse”. As the DG3

B10 B28
operating time of auxiliary curve should be fast enough, very R6
inverse or extremely inverse is suitable. It is worthy to note B11 B29
that both the main and auxiliary curves should be optimally DG4
coordinated for all corresponding faults. Relay-relay B12 B30
R10
coordination constraints are given in (22) and (23). The main
B13 B31
and auxiliary curves are represented by the indices and , R7
respectively. B14 B32

B15 B33
R11
B16

B17
The objective function of auxiliary curve coordination is
defined as a penalty function. The operating time is not B18
included to prevent very fast or instantaneous tripping of Fig. 7. Case study network with four DGs
relays. The objective function for the auxiliary curve is shown
in (24)-(26). It consists of two terms, one term for the V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
coordination penalty function and one for CCT violation, The IEEE 33-bus distribution network is selected for testing
expressed as follows: the proposed protection scheme. Four DGs are installed at
different locations as shown in Fig. 7 The network is
( ) connected to the main grid via B1, consisting of 11 relays
installed at B2, B3, B6, B12, B15, B28 and B31. Any fault on
( | ) the distribution network is isolated by tripping of the upstream
relay and anti-islanding protection of downstream DGs.
Four different scenarios are simulated. In the first scenario,
∑ ∑ | | conventional single curve relay-relay coordination is
performed for SCIG type DGs. For the second scenario,
| | DIOCRs are tuned only for CCT requirement and relay-relay
coordination. In the third scenario, the DIOCR settings are
The limits on DIOCR curve settings are given in (27) and optimally determined to take advantage of fast fault clearing in
(28) as follows addition to CCT satisfaction. Both relay-relay and relay-fuse
coordination are included in the third scenario. Finally, in the
fourth simulation scenario, the DIOCR performance is
simulated for a hybrid mix of SCIG and synchronous DGs
considering both relay-relay and relay-fuse coordination.

1551-3203 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This articleDownloaded
has been accepted
fromforhttp://iranpaper.ir
publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TII.2018.2808264, IEEE
http://www.itrans24.com/landing1.html
Transactions on Industrial Informatics
> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < 6

The CCT and fault current data are obtained from PSCAD the CCT is 225 ms while the relay R10 operating time is 285
software while MATLAB optimization toolbox is used for ms which indicates that DG4 will be unstable and disconnect
optimal coordination of relays. after fault clearance.

TABLE I TABLE III

OPTIMAL SETTINGS OF OCRS OPTIMAL SETTINGS OF AUXILIARY CURVE
Relay Relay Relay Relay
Ip (A) TDS Ip (A) TDS Ip (A) TDS Ip (A) TDS
Number Number Number Number
R1 312 0.36 R7 24 0.05 R4 921.6 0.162 R8 238.3 0.335
R2 57.6 0.05 R8 136.8 0.23 R5 148.5 0.923 R9 213.2 0.156
R3 98.4 0.05 R9 96 0.18 R6 195.4 0.182 R10 178.7 0.063
R4 240 0.27 R10 91.2 0.1 R7 69.8 0.292 R11 52 0.126
R5 72 0.22 R11 40.8 0.05 1
R11
R6 60 0.13 R10
0.8 R9

TABLE II

Trip time (s)

0.6
CCTS AGAINST RELAYS OPERATING TIMES
Relay 0.4
Fault location CCT-tCB tripping
time 0.2
B3 (B3B4) 225 466
B4 375 518 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
B5 825 565 Fault current

B6(B6B7) 175 474 Fig. 8. DIOCR for R9, R10 and R11.
B7 200 505
1.5
B8 575 602 R8
B9 >1000 652 R4
R5
B12(B1213) 175 265
1
B13 225 285
Trip time (s)

B14 225 299

B15 275 315
B15(B1516) 275 114 0.5

B6(B6B26) 175 337

B26 200 381
B27 225 392 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
B28 325 443 Fault current

B28(B28B29) 175 247 Fig. 9. DIOCR curves for R4, R5 and R8

B29 225 261
B30 275 266
B31 425 283
A. Conventional protection coordination
In this case, no CCT constraints are considered and only
CTI between primary and backup relays are used as
constraints in the optimal relay coordination program. All DGs
are SCIG which DG3 and DG4 are rated at 1 MW and DG1
and DG2 capacity is 660 kW. SCIG parameters are presented
in the Appendix. The problem can be solved using a variety of
optimization techniques such as linear programming, swarm
optimization method, genetic algorithm. Linear programming
is chosen for obtaining the optimal settings of the OCRs where
the pickup currents are predefined based on load flow results.
The obtained settings are shown in Table I.
CCT of DGs are obtained with time domain simulations for
faults at different buses and it is compared to the relay
operating times as presented in Table II. The CCT of DG1 for
a fault on bus B3 is about 225 ms, while the CCT of DG2 for
the fault on bus B6 is 175 ms. Similarly, the CCT of DG3 and
DG4 for faults on buses B12 and B28 are approximately 175
ms, respectively.
Furthermore, there are cases where the relay operating time
is less than the CCT of the DGs and thus the DGs will become
unstable after fault clearance. For example, for a fault at B13,
B. Proposed protection scheme using DIOCR
Since no DG is installed at upstream to , its operating
times will not be considered in the stability constraints. In case
of fault between B2 and B3, clearing the fault leads to
islanding operation of all DGs which is not allowed. In
addition, OCRs and do not need any auxiliary curve as
they operate fast enough.
Therefore, relays - need to be equipped with the
proposed DIOCRs to prevent DGs instability due to
downstream faults. The settings of the main curves are
determined by using an optimal coordination problem which
the settings are shown in Table I.
Extremely inverse curves are used for the auxiliary curves
and the settings for such curves are determined optimally by
using genetic algorithm. The results are presented in Table III
and the proposed DIOCR curves for relays are also plotted in
Fig. 8 and Fig. 9. It is clear from Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 that there is
sufficient CTI between relays R9, R10, and R11 and relays R4,
R5 and R8.
Operating times of DIOCRs for faults on different buses is
shown in Table IV. Comparing Table IV with CCT values
reported in Table II, highlights that the proposed method
successfully guarantees that the DGs will maintain stable
operation after fault clearance. For example for a fault on B6
(B6B7) and B12 (B12B13), the tripping time of DIOCR

1551-3203 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This articleDownloaded
has been accepted
fromforhttp://iranpaper.ir
publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TII.2018.2808264, IEEE
http://www.itrans24.com/landing1.html
Transactions on Industrial Informatics
> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < 7

(auxiliary curve) is 106 and 97 ms while the CCTs for both is curve. The relay-fuse constraint mathematically can be written
175 ms. as (28) as also shown in Fig. 12.

Substaion
IG1 IG2 IG3 DIOCR

bus
1.15
Rotor speed (pu)

1.1 Ifmax
IG

Auxil
1.05
t

Ma

iary c
in
1

c
urv

rveu
e
0.95
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Time (s)
TC
Fig. 10. Rotor speeds for a fault on B6 cleared using OCR T
cu
rv
e
1.08 MM
T cur
IG1 IG2 IG3 ve
1.06
Rotor speed (pu)

1.04

1.02 I I I I
f1 f2 fmax

1
Fig. 12. DIOCR-fuse coordination
0.98

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 TABLE V

Time (s) SELECTED FUSES FOR LATERALS
Fig. 11. Rotor speeds for a fault on B6 cleared using DIOCR Load Branch Selected
fuse
TABLE IV B28 8T
FAULT TRIPPING TIMES OF DOUBLE CURVE RELAYS B16, B26, B27, B29, B31, B32 10T
Trip time Fault Trip time B19, B20, B21, B22, B30, B33 12T
Fault location B7, B8, B9, B10, B13, B14, B15, B17, B18 15T
(ms) Location (ms)
B3 (B3B4) 78 B15(B1516) 43 B3, B4, B5, B11, B12 20T
B4 168 B6(B6B26) 113 B6, B23 25T
B5 297 B26 133 B24, B25 30T
B6 (B6B7) 106 B27 165
B7 164 B28 323 | |
B8 418 B28(B28B29) 111
B12 (B1213) 97 B29 184
B13 166 B30 207 where is fault indicator downstream to fuse and |
B14 207 B31 337 | | is the operating time of primary DIOCR.
B15 265 B31(B31-32) 68
Fuses are chosen from the S&C electric company available list
as shown in Table V. Relay-fuse coordination is considered
For a fault on bus B6 (B6B7), the fault is cleared after 499
for both the conventional case which relies on OCR and the
ms utilizing the conventional protection scheme, whereas it
proposed approach with relies on DIOCR.
will be cleared after 131 ms with DIOCR. The opening time of
In this case, the main curve and conventional coordination
circuit breaker is considered to be 25 ms.
are performed by genetic algorithm by tuning both Ip and TDS
The SCIG based DGs rotor speeds for both cases are plotted
for relay-fuse coordination. It is seen that very inverse relay
in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11. It is worthy to mention that DG4 is
characteristic has a better performance than the standard
islanded after fault clearance and its rotor speed is not shown.
inverse one, as the total operating time for the standard inverse
When a single curve relaying is used, due to high fault
characteristic is approximately 10.62 s, while 4.77 s total
clearing time, DG2 and DG3 become unstable and they are
operating time was achieved using the very inverse
disconnected. Whereas with the proposed DIOCR, all DGs
characteristic.
remain connected to the grid and continue to generate power
Even with the very inverse relay characteristic and despite
after the fault is cleared.
the achieved reduction in operating time, the tripping time of
C. DIOCR with operating time reduction and relay-fuse the single relay curve is not fast enough to prevent DGs
coordination instability. In this subsection, operating time reduction is also
Fuses are extensively used in distribution network included in the objective function used for auxiliary curves as
protection besides OCRs. In the previous subsection, DIOCR shown in (30).
was tested for distribution systems equipped with overcurrent It is worth mentioning that the auxiliary curves should be
relays while the Relay- fuse coordination is also common in coordinated with the fuse curves as shown in (29). The
distribution systems. Thus in this subsection, fuses are auxiliary curves are assumed to be extremely inverse to
included and the application of the proposed DIOCR is tested provide better coordination with fuse curves and to maintain
considering additional relay-fuse coordination constraints in DGs stability.
the protection problem formulation. A fuse has a Minimum
Melting Time (MMT) curve and a Total Clearing Time (TCT)

1551-3203 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This articleDownloaded
has been accepted
fromforhttp://iranpaper.ir
publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TII.2018.2808264, IEEE
http://www.itrans24.com/landing1.html
Transactions on Industrial Informatics
> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < 8

The obtained optimal settings for the proposed DIOCR are

shown in Table VI. The operating times of the auxiliary curve ∑ ∑ | | | |
for some faults are listed in Table VII.

TABLE VI
OPTIMAL SETTINGS OF DIOCRS
TABLE VIII
Relay Single curve or Auxiliary curve OPTIMAL SETTINGS OF DIOCRS FOR NETWORK WITH HYBRID DGS
No. main curve of DIOCR
Relay Main curve Auxiliary curve
Standard inverse Very Extremely inverse
No. Very inverse Extremely inverse
Inverse
Ip(kA) TDS Ip(kA) TDS
Ip(kA) TDS Ip(kA) TDS Ip(kA) TDS
R1 0.3226 0.9018 0.829 0.678
R1 0.3164 0.4523 0.4318 0.6612 0.8802 0.5399
R2 0.086 0.9914 0.4286 0.8514
R2 0.0671 0.394 0.0653 0.8766 0.5199 0.5205
R3 0.1317 0.8447 0.5406 0.6322
R3 0.1246 0.4122 0.1367 0.371 0.4451 0.5805
R4 0.1531 0.7511 0.5065 0.4199
R4 0.2403 0.361 0.2418 0.4593 0.3862 0.4053
R5 0.0911 0.7093 0.2388 0.365
R5 0.0837 0.3863 0.092 0.6429 0.25 0.2999
R6 0.0601 0.5155 0.275 0.0933
R6 0.0647 0.3103 0.0669 0.4104 0.1032 0.5897
R7 0.0326 0.3397 0.157 0.0963
R7 0.0372 0.2527 0.032 0.2435 0.0445 0.7107
R8 0.129 0.4581 0.2772 0.195
R8 0.1399 0.2953 0.1588 0.3545 0.4764 0.05
R9 0.0718 0.5288 0.1823 0.1975
R9 0.113 0.244 0.1082 0.3416 0.1783 0.2016
R10 0.1072 0.1904 0.1436 0.1565
R10 0.0935 0.1795 0.1066 0.1809 0.0913 0.2733
R11 0.0509 0.1642 0.0775 0.1726
R11 0.0627 0.137 0.0447 0.1897 0.0408 0.3729

TABLE IX
TABLE VII FAULT TRIPPING TIMES AND CCTS FOR HYBRID DG MIX
TRIPPING TIMES OF DIOCRS (ms)
Trip time CCT-tCB
B3(B3B4) B4 B5 B6(B6B7) B7 Fault location
(ms) (ms)
35 73 128 64 100 B3 (B3B4) 60 225
B8 B12(B12B13) B13 B14 B15 B4 129 375
262 108 184 227 274 B6 (B6B7) 80 200
B15(B15B16) B6(B6B26) B26 B27 B28 B7 114 250
78 104 123 152 300 B12 (B1213) 143 200
B28(B28B29) B29 B30 B31 B13 195 450
100 165 185 300 B28 (B28B29) 104 225
B29 165 300
2
Standard inverse-extremely inverse
Very inverse-extremely inverse By comparing the tripping times in Table VII with Table II,
1.5 10T fuse
8T fuse it can be seen that the proposed DIOCR is capable of
satisfying the stability constrained protection scheme with
t (s)

1
relay-relay and relay-fuse coordination. The coordination
charts are shown in Fig. 13 and Fig.14 highlight the
0.5
coordination between the DIOCR and fuses where a sufficient
CTI is achieved. As shown in Fig. 14, the minimum melting
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 time for fuse 15T considering an inrush current of 150A is
If (kA)
approximately 0.65 s which is larger than the typical duration
Fig. 13. Overall curve for the proposed DIOCR for relay R5
of inrush currents (between 100-200 ms). The relay operating
2 time for the fault current of the same magnitude (150 A) is
Standard inverse-extremely inverse larger than about 2 s as illustrated in Fig. 14 and thus
Very inverse-extremely inverse
1.5 15T protection coordination is maintained. This is due to double
curve feature where slow curves are used for inrush and low
fault currents
t (s)

0.5
D. DIOCR optimal coordination for synchronous and SCIGs
0
based DGs
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
If (kA) In this case, a power system with different DGs including
Fig. 14. Overall curve for the proposed DIOCR for relay R8 SCIG and SG are examined. DG1 and DG3 are 600 kW and 1
MW SCIGs, while DG2 and DG4 are 1 MW synchronous
DGs. The optimal settings of DIOCR are obtained considering
the CTI and CCT is listed in Table VIII. Both relay-relay and
relay-fuse are taken into account.
For brevity, selected tripping curves of coordinated DIOCRs
∑ (∑ ∑ )
and fuses pairs are shown in Fig. 14 and Fig. 15. As seen, both
relay-relay and relay-fuse coordination is satisfied. The fault

1551-3203 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This articleDownloaded
has been accepted
fromforhttp://iranpaper.ir
publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TII.2018.2808264, IEEE
http://www.itrans24.com/landing1.html
Transactions on Industrial Informatics
> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < 9

clearance times and CCT for different fault locations are Table XI represents immunity of proposed DIOCR for faults
compared in Table IX. DIOCRs are optimally designed to on adjacent feeders.
operate within the CCT and thus prevent any DG instability
while clearing faults selectively. Table X
1.5 TRIPPING TIME OF DIOCRS FOR TRANSFORMER ENERGIZATION
R9 Relay Tripping time for transformers energization (s)
R8 No.
15T
1 R8 2.15
20T
R9 2.24
t (s)

R10 2.97
R11 2.42
0.5

Table XI
0
TRIPPING TIME OF DIOCRS FOR FAULT ON ADJACENT FEEDER
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 Primary relay
If (kA) Fault location tripping time Adjacent relays tripping time (s)
Fig. 15. Coordination between R8-R9 and the lateral fuses (ms)
B6(B6B26) 104 R8: 8.03 s – R9: 3.24 s
1 B6(B6B7) 80 R5: 4.16 s
R8
0.8 15T
R4 VI. CONCLUSION
20 T
0.6
25T
SCIG and synchronous based DGs are sensitive to grid
t (s)

0.4
0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
If (kA)
Fig. 16. Coordination between R4-R8 and lateral fuses
E. Immunity of the proposed DIOCR
In this subsection, immunity of the proposed DIOCR for
transformer energization and faults on adjacent feeders is
examined. DIOCR has two curves corresponding to the slow
and fast curve. The DIOCR slow curves operate for lower
ranges of currents including transformer inrush currents. Once
the DIOCR is coordinated with fuse, the immunity of DIOCR
to inrush current is guaranteed. To show the immunity of the
proposed relay to inrush currents, transformers on B6-B18 are
energized together. The operating times for relays R8-R11 that
correspond to the inrush current values are listed in Table X.
As can be seen, the operating times of relays R8-R11 are
much larger than the inrush current duration. Therefore, the
security of the proposed scheme for transformer energization
is maintained.
Moreover, microprocessor based relays use the 2 nd harmonic
to distinguish the inrush currents and block the relay’s
operation. In the event that the 2nd harmonic current increases
beyond 15% of the rated current, the relay trip is temporary
blocked. This feature can also be used for increasing the
security of the proposed relay against the transformer
energization.
For faults occurring on adjacent feeders, it is possible that
some relays might experience a backward flow of fault current
as a result of the fault contribution of some DGs. For example,
for a fault between B6 and B26 in Fig. 7, R8 and R9 will
experience a backward fault current injected by DG4 which
may result in nuisance tripping if relays are not properly set.
Therefore, it is necessary to take into consideration the
contribution of DGs due to faults on adjacent feeders during
the coordination process. In this paper, the proposed
protection scheme has been tested for various adjacent faults.
faults and therefore their stability constraints are integrated
into the protection coordination formulation. DIOCR is
proposed to solve the protection coordination considering both
CCT and CTI constraints. The proposed DIOCR consists of a
6 7 8 main and an auxiliary curve. Coordination of DIOCRs with
stability-related constraints was discussed and formulated. It
was shown that the use of DIOCRs can maintain the stability
of DGs while achieving proper coordination and minimal
relay operating times of relays. The proposed DIOCR was
tested considering the relay-relay as well as relay-fuse
coordination. In comparison with the conventional overcurrent
relay characteristic, the proposed DICOR can avoid DGs
instability due to system faults.
APPENDIX
The electrical parameters of SCIG and synchronous based
DGs are listed as follows:
SCIGs: EMTP 40 format, pf=0.93, efficiency=0.93, full
load slip= 0.01, starting current=5 pu, starting torque= 0.5 pu,
maximum torque= 3 pu., P (number of poles)=2, H (inertia
constant)=1 s for 1 MW and 0.75 s for 600 kW. Capacitor
bank= 0.15 Mvar, 0.690 kV.
Synchronous DG: 1 MVA, 0.4 kV, Xd=1.5, X’d=0.18, X’’d
=0.13, Xq=1.3, X’’q=0.2, H= 1s. AVR: TR= 20 ms, KA= 400,
TA= 20 ms, Vmax= 6 pu, Vmin= 0 pu
REFERENCES
[1] E. S.Mora, T. I. A. Olivares, D.R. Veja, and D. O. Salinas, “The effect
of induction generators on the transient stability of a laboratory electric
power system,” Elect. Power Syst. Res., vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 211–219,
Apr. 2002.
[2] S. K. Salman and A. L. J. Teo, “Windmill modeling consideration and
factors influencing the stability of a grid-connected wind power-based
embedded generator,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 793–
802, May 2003.
[3] D. J. Trudnowski, A. Gentile, J. M. Khan, and E. M. Petritz, “Fixed
speed wind-generator and wind-park modeling for transient stability
studies,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1911–1917,
Nov.2004.
[4] B. M. Nomikos and C. D.Vournas, “Investigation of induction machine
contribution to power system oscillations,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,
vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 916–925, May 2005.

1551-3203 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This articleDownloaded
has been accepted
fromforhttp://iranpaper.ir
publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TII.2018.2808264, IEEE
http://www.itrans24.com/landing1.html
Transactions on Industrial Informatics
> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < 10

[5] A. P. Grilo, A. A. Mota, L. T. Mota, and W. Freitas, “An analytical with DG,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol.PP, no.99, pp.1-1
method for analysis of large-disturbance stability of induction doi: 10.1109/TSG.2017.2695378.
generators,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1861–1869, [25] S. Mosavi, T. Kejani, H. Javadi, “Optimal setting of directional over-
Nov.2007. current relays in distribution networks considering transient stability”,
[6] A. Causebrook, D. J. Atkinson, and A. G. Jack, “Fault ride-through of Int.T. Electr. Energy., vol. 26, issue 1, pp. 122-133, January 2016.
large wind farms using series dynamic braking resistors,” IEEE Trans. [26] Available at http://www2.schneider-electric.com/documents/electrical-
Power Syst., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 966–975, Aug. 2007. distribution/en/shared/web-kit/kw-sepam-10-20-40
[7] J. Zhang, A. Dysko, J. O’Reilly, and W. E. Leithead, “Modelling and 80/telechargement_documentation.html
performance of fixed-speed induction generators in power system
oscillation stability studies,” Elect. Power Syst. Res., vol. 78, no. 8, pp.
1416–1424, Aug. 2008. Tohid Soleymani Aghdam received his BSc and MSc
[8] O. Mohand, “Transient analysis of a grid connected wind driven degree in power electrical engineering from Amirkabir
induction generator using a real-time simulation platform,” Elsevier University of Technology and Shahid Beheshti
Renew. Energy, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 801–806, Mar. 2009. University, Tehran, Iran in 2009 and 2012 respectively.
[9] M. H. Ali and B. Wu, “Comparison of stabilization methods for fixed He is currently pursuing his PhD program in electrical
speed wind generator systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 25, no.1, engineering department of Shahid Beheshti University.
pp. 323–331, Jan. 2010. His research interest includes Power system relaying and protection, Active
[10] J. Pedra, F. Córcoles, Ll. Monjo, S. Bogarra, and A. Rolán, “On fixed distribution networks and microgrids.
speed WT generator modeling for rotor speed stability studies,” IEEE
Trans. Power Syst., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 397–406, Feb. 2012. Hossein Kazemi Karegar received the the B.Sc. and
[11] N. Zhou, P. Wang, Q. Wang and P. C. Loh, “Transient stability study of M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from Sharif
distributed induction generators using an improved steady-state University of Technology (SUT) and Iran University of
equivalent circuit method,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. Science and Technology (IUST), Iran, in 1993 and 1996,
608-616, March 2014. respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical
[12] H. Hou, L. Lin, T. Wu and Y. Miao, "Comparison of Transient Stability engineering from the Amirkabir University of
between Wind Farm Based on DFIG and Traditional Power Plant in an Technology (AUT) Iran, in 2002. He was a Visiting Academic Ph.D. Student
Actual Grid," Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference, with the MONASH University, Melbourne, Australia. He is an associated
Chengdu, pp. 1-4. 2010. professor with the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Beheshti
[13] B. Badrzadeh and S. K. Salman, "Critical clearing time of doubly fed University (SBU), Tehran, Iran. His current interests include power system
induction generator," IEEE Russia Power Tech, St. Petersburg, pp. 1-7, and micro-grids protection, renewable energy conversion, smart grids.
2005.
[14] J. R. Lima, G. Damm, A. Benchaib, E. Nobile and A. Schwery, Hatem H. Zeineldin (M06 SM13) received the B.Sc. and
"Stability criterion for the maximum clearing time of a DFIG: An equal M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from Cairo
area criterion's equivalent for induction generators," 18th European University, Cairo, Egypt, in 1999 and 2002, respectively,
Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'16 ECCE and the Ph.D. degree in electrical and computer
Europe), pp. 1-8, 2016 engineering from the University of Waterloo, Waterloo,
[15] W. K. A. Najy, H. H. Zeineldin and W. L. Woon, “Optimal protection ON, Canada, in 2006.
coordination for microgrids with grid-Connected and islanded He was with Smith and Andersen Electrical Engineering,
capability, ” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 1668-1677, Inc., North York, ON, where he was involved in projects
April 2013. involving distribution system design, protection, and distributed generation.
[16] D. Saha, A. Datta and P. Das, “Optimal coordination of directional He was a Visiting Professor with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
overcurrent relays in power systems using Symbiotic Organism Search Cambridge, MA, USA. He is with the Faculty of Engineering, Cairo
Optimisation technique,” IET Gener. Transmiss. Distrib, vol. 10, no. 11, University and is currently a Professor with the Masdar Institute, Khalifa
pp. 2681-2688, 8 4 2016. University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE. His current interests
[17] J. Radosavljević and M. Jevtić, “Hybrid GSA-SQP algorithm for include distribution system protection, distributed generation, and micro-grids.
optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays,” IET Gener. Dr. Zeineldin is currently an Editor of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
Transmiss. Distrib, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 1928-1937, 5 19 2016. ENERGY CONVERSION and the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
[18] F. A. Albasri, A. R. Alroomi and J. H. Talaq, “Optimal coordination of SMARTGRID.
directional overcurrent relays using biogeography-based optimization
algorithms, ” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 1810-1820,
Aug. 2015.
[19] K. A. Saleh, H. H. Zeineldin, A. Al-Hinai and E. F. El-Saadany,
“Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays using a new
time–current–voltage characteristic, ” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 30,
no. 2, pp. 537-544, April 2015.
[20] A. S. Noghabi, H. R. Mashhadi and J. Sadeh, “Optimal coordination of
directional overcurrent relays considering different network topologies
using interval linear programming,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 25,
no. 3, pp. 1348-1354, July 2010.
[21] A. S. Emhemed, R. M. Tumilty, N. K. Singh, G. M. Burt and J. R.
McDonald, “Analysis of transient stability enhancement of LV-
connected induction microgenerators by using resistive-type fault
current limiters, ” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 885-893,
May 2010.
[22] B. Keyvani, H. Nafisi and H. Lesani, “Investigation on transient stability
of an industrial network and relevant impact on over-current protection
performance, ” in Proc. 18th Conf. Elec Pow Dist Networks (EPDC),
pp.1-8, 2013.
[23] R. Razzaghi, M. Davarpanah and M. Sanaye-Pasand, “A novel
protective scheme to protect small-scale synchronous generators against
transient instability, ” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron, vol. 60, no. 4, pp.
1659-1667, April 2013.
[24] T. Soleymani Aghdam, H. Kazemi Karegar, H. H. Zeineldin, “Transient
Stability Constrained Protection Coordination for Distribution Systems

1551-3203 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.