Grid-Connected DFIG-based Wind Energy Conversion System with

ANFIS Neuro-Fuzzy Controller

Megha Vyas1, Vinod Kumar 2, Shripati Vyas3 and Raju Kumar Swami4
1,2,3
Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur, India
4
Department of Electrical Engineering, Pacific University, Udaipur, India

Abstract- An adaptive neuro-fuzzy controller (ANFC) for grid-connected doubly fed induction
generator (DFIG) based wind energy conversion system (WECS) is presented in this paper.
The ANFC architecture based on the adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)
has the exceptional feature of quick convergence while combining the flexibility of fuzzy logic
with the suppleness of neural networks. For the proper functioning of isolated DFIG based
WEC system, the grid side converter (GSC) control is developed using the ANFIS. The
proposed system reveals better dynamic performance during the fluctuating load conditions &
wind speed by keeping the output voltage stable. The turbine rotation varies with varying wind
speed while the supply frequency to the load stays consistent with the precise management of
GSC's. The simulation results reveal the exceptional performance of controller in terms of
limiting the load-voltage and supply frequency regulation under varying demand load power
and wind speed.

I. Introduction
The DFIGs are most popular currently, due to its capacity to operate over a larger speed range
than its rivals [1]. High magnetising currents are drawn from the power grid by traditional
squirrel cage asynchronous generators while the DFIGs allow for the employment of low-
power converters in rotor-side & grid-side converter functioning in super-synchronous & sub-
synchronous modes, further for decoupled real and reactive power control. Power electronics
interfaces are built into the machine to manage frequency & voltage in order to maintain power
variations from source side. Different control techniques for controlled functioning of DFIG
also supplying the grid side control have been proposed so far [2-4].
Some of the researchers proposed direct power control & vector control to adjust the power
output of DFIG in both balanced and unbalanced modes. To support asymmetric loads, authors
developed direct voltage control technique using negative-sequence technique in another study
[5]. However, the reliability of the wind power management under applied torque & fluctuating
wind speed has not been demonstrated in the proposed technique.
Novel control methods like neural networks (NN), adaptive network-based fuzzy inference
system (ANFIS) & neuro-fuzzy control (NFC), are yet to be substantially researched for
standalone DFIG operation. Because of its hybrid learning, ANFIS is one of the most adaptable
NFC systems when it comes to selecting membership functions. Furthermore, the ANFIS
structure has the unique ability to represent a highly nonlinear system because it blends fuzzy
reasoning's ability to handle uncertainty with the learning ability of a neural network from a
complicated system [6].
To the author’s best knowledge, very few studies are available which discussed about the novel
technique dealing to handle the nonlinearities and uncertainties in induction machines, like
fluctuating various fault situations, wind speed, unbalanced load and so on. This is the first
time that the ANFIS-based NFC approach is proposed for converter control. The recommended
controller is designed to keep the terminal voltage & frequency at a predetermined level. The
responses of the DFIG-WECS under transient conditions with the designed PI controller
supplies the sample data (input/ output) for to train the ANFIS structure. Overall configuration
of the ANFIS based DFIG-WECS shown in Fig.1.

Transformer
DFIG
Utility
Drive
Grid
train
gearbox
DC link
capacitor
RSC Line
GSC
Filter
Wind
AC C DC
Turbine

DC AC
Vd Vq
Vdr Vqr
ANFIS
RSC
Control of
Control
GSC

Tem Vt Vd Vq id iq

Fig. 1. Overall configuration of the ANFIS based DFIG-WECS

II. DFIG modelling

As illustrated in (1)-(8), the mathematical modelling of DFIG may be derived with the flux
equations & d-q axis voltage. The d-q transformation model is achieved by substituting the
arbitrary speed with the synchronous speed in the DFIG arbitrary reference frame model.
𝑣𝑑𝑠 = 𝑅𝑠 𝑖𝑑𝑠 + 𝑝𝛹𝑑𝑠 − ꙍ𝑠 𝛹𝑞𝑠 (1)
𝑣𝑞𝑠 = 𝑅𝑟 𝑖𝑑𝑟 + 𝑝𝛹𝑞𝑠 + ꙍ𝑠 𝛹𝑑𝑠 (2)
 𝑣𝑑𝑟 = 𝑅𝑟 𝑖𝑑𝑟 + 𝑝𝛹𝑑𝑟 − (ꙍ𝑠 − ꙍ𝑟 )𝛹𝑞𝑟 (3)
𝑣𝑞𝑟 = 𝑅𝑟 𝑖𝑞𝑟 + 𝑝𝛹𝑞𝑟 + (ꙍ𝑠 − ꙍ𝑟 )𝛹𝑑𝑟 (4)
The d-q axis flux connections may be connected to the relevant currents using the equations
described in (5)-(8)
𝛹𝑑𝑠 = (𝐿𝑙𝑠 + 𝐿𝑚 )𝑖𝑑𝑠 + 𝐿𝑚 𝑖𝑑𝑟 = 𝐿𝑠 𝑖𝑑𝑠 + 𝐿𝑚 𝑖𝑑𝑟 (5)
𝛹𝑞𝑠 = (𝐿𝑙𝑠 + 𝐿𝑚 )𝑖𝑞𝑠 + 𝐿𝑚 𝑖𝑞𝑟 = 𝐿𝑠 𝑖𝑞𝑠 + 𝐿𝑚 𝑖𝑞𝑟 (6)

𝛹𝑑𝑟 = (𝐿𝑙𝑟 + 𝐿𝑚 )𝑖𝑑𝑟 + 𝐿𝑚 𝑖𝑑𝑠 = 𝐿𝑟 𝑖𝑑𝑟 + 𝐿𝑚 𝑖𝑑𝑠 (7)

𝛹𝑞𝑟 = (𝐿𝑙𝑟 + 𝐿𝑚 )𝑖𝑞𝑟 + 𝐿𝑚 𝑖𝑞𝑠 = 𝐿𝑟 𝑖𝑞𝑟 + 𝐿𝑚 𝑖𝑞𝑠 (8)

Here
𝑣𝑑𝑟 , 𝑣𝑞𝑟 , 𝑣𝑑𝑠 , 𝑣𝑞𝑠 d-q axis rotor and stator voltages (V)
𝑖𝑑𝑟 , 𝑖𝑞𝑟 , 𝑖𝑑𝑠 , 𝑖𝑞𝑠 d-q axis rotor and stator currents (A)
𝛹𝑑𝑟 , 𝛹𝑞𝑟 , 𝛹𝑑𝑠 , 𝛹𝑞𝑠 d-q axis rotor and stator flux-linkages (Wb)

ꙍ𝑠 , ꙍ𝑟 —synchronous and rotor electrical angular speed (rad/s)

p= derivative operator (p = d/dt).
𝑅𝑟 𝑅𝑠 rotor and stator winding resistances (Ω)
𝐿𝑙𝑟 , 𝐿𝑙𝑠 = Rotor and stator leakage inductances (H)
𝐿𝑚 = Magnetizing inductance (H)
𝐿𝑠 = 𝐿𝑙𝑠 + 𝐿𝑚 —self-inductance of stator (H)
𝐿𝑟 = 𝐿𝑙𝑟 + 𝐿𝑚 —self-inductance of rotor (H)

III. Converter Control Operation

The different conditions like irregular wind speed, fluctuating load power demand make the
functioning of wind power systems difficult. During these conditions it is difficult to keep
frequency & output voltage of DFIG constant. To satisfy demand in the event of an energy
deficit and to store energy during surplus production of wind power, a battery storage system
is designed analogous to the dc link side. In order to keep balanced demand supply for the
standalone system, an energy management algorithm is necessary. When the storage unit
becomes oversupplied, the extra energy is dispersed through dumping load. For the standalone
mode of operation of DFIG [11-12], the control techniques for the GSC and RSC are outlined
in the following subsections.

a. Grid Side Converter Control

 capacitor
RSC Line
GSC
Filter
Wind
AC C DC
Turbine

DC AC
Vd Vq
Vdr Vqr
In spite of the course of power flow, the grid side converter (GSC) adjusts actual dc-link voltage
ANFIS
RSC
Control of
to pursue the reference value. [13] To eliminate
Controlthe influence of voltage dips across the GSC,
GSC

the reference negative sequence current components iqg* & idg* are set to zero. As shown in
Tem Vt Vd Vq id iq
Figure 2, the hysteresis current controller evaluates the reference and real current components
as of the grid via the GSC and sends pulses to the converter for managing the dc-link voltage.
GSC Grid supply

Vbus

Current
Controller Grid supply
iabc
i*abc

dq-abc Qs

ANFIS Qs,ref
iq -+
controller
++

ANFIS Vbus,ref
++ id -+
iq controller
id
Vbus

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the GSC control

b. Rotor Side Converter Control

When there is no negative or natural flux, the rotor side converter regulates actual & reactive
power flow of DFIG by adaptive neuro-fuzzy control during normal operating conditions. To
acquire the reference rotor speed through control with no voltage dip, an indirect MPPT control
approach is employed. For mitigating the voltage sag effect a demagnetizing current is
provided into the control system during voltage dips [14]. Figure 3 shows a block schematic of
the rotor side converter control.
 DFIG

Turbine DC Link
Torque

MPPT
controller Current
controller

ꙍR* Normal
i*abc
operation
ANFIS
+- dq-abc
controller
iqr
ꙍr idr*

Kt
Tem
During Dip +++
Q*
ANFIS +++ Kf
+-
controller
iqr idr
Qact

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the rotor side converter control

c. ANFIS controller
During the designing of a linear controller for DFIG-WECS, the controller needs some
modifications for functioning in an actual wind turbine system. But, it has some difficulties in
making an ideal simulation model for a actual DFIG-WECS since it comprises multiple
unknown dynamics [15-17]. In adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system the membership
functions may be recreated with the help of an authentic input-output data set. The gradient
descent technique [18-20] is used to determine the parameter connected through the
membership functions. For membership function parameter estimation, ANFIS use a mixture
id
of back propagation & least squares estimation. The basic structure of suggested ANFIS is
depicted in Figure 4.

Vbus

μ (x)
Fig 4
ANFIS

Structure x
b1 a1 a2 a3 b3
2b2
The ANFIS structure is described in depth in [21]. To reduce the load voltage error function,
the method creates the appropriate reference voltages to impel the rotor side converter using
the numerical data set (input & output). The method uses a neuro-fuzzy model to change
membership function parameters. After determining the gradient vector, it adjusts the
parameters using one of its optimization strategies to lower the error function described as,
𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑟 = 𝑉𝑥 − 𝑉𝑥𝑚𝑒𝑠 (9)
𝑟𝑒𝑓
Here 𝑉𝑥 = grid side voltage of reference d,q axis taken for training
𝑉𝑥𝑚𝑒𝑠 = reference voltage as measured for iteration process
The node functions of each layer's are detailed as follows:
Layer 1: This layer assigns some membership functions to every input, called fuzzification
layer,. In the proposed method depicted in Fig. 5, Gaussian membership functions are used.

μ (x)

b1 a1 a2 a3 b3

2b2

Fig. 5 Membership Function for input data x

The equation for the Gaussian membership function can be expressed as
(𝑥−𝑚𝑖 )
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 − 2𝛿𝑖 (10)
where x= input for the layer
mi and 𝞭i= mean value and standard deviation of data respectively for the corresponding
membership function.

Layer 2: In this layer output is to be sent to the succeeding level, indicating the rule's separate
firing capacity μi.
𝑖 𝑖
𝜇𝑖 = 𝜇𝑎1 (𝑥1)𝜇𝑏1 (𝑥2) (11)
Layer 3: Every block estimates the proportion of the ith rule's firing μi capacity to the addition
of all rules' firing capacity, called the normalisation step.
𝜇1
𝜇1 = (12)
𝜇1+𝜇2 +𝜇3
Layer 4: The liner activation function is used to calculate the functional output (fi) in this layer.
𝑓𝑖 = 𝑎0𝑖 + 𝑎1𝑖 𝑥𝑗 , i, j= 1,2,3 (13)
Parameters a0 and a1 are designed as a function of input at this stage (X). The term "consequent
parameters" refers to these parameters.
Layer 5: Output layer is the final layer, that combines the input data to generate the overall
result.
𝑉 ∗ = 𝜇1 𝑓1 + 𝜇2 𝑓2 + 𝜇3 𝑓3 (14)

IV. Simulation Results

The performance of the suggested ANFIS controller based DFIG-WECS is evaluated for
standalone mode during various operating Conditions like fluctuating load & wind speed using
MATLAB Simulink. The GSC control's goal is to maintain the DFIG's output voltage and
frequency at a constant level. Filter capacitors are also necessary to eliminate the grid-side and
rotor-side converters' switching frequency harmonics. The capacitors also offer some of the
magnetization's reactive power. The filtering circuit is not shown in the control structure to
simplify the suggested system. This section describes the transient states generated by rotor
speed changes and variations in load demand during the provision of linear and nonlinear loads.
Figure 6(a) shows the variation in wind speed; a sudden change from 8 m//s to 12 m/s in wind
speed is applied at time t=7 sec. and again decrease the speed of wind from 12 m/s to 8 m/s in
order to analyse the system response in abrupt change in wind speed.
Figure 6(b) shows the wind turbine generated power, it can be seen from the waveform that
output power of the wind turbine increases as the wind speed increases and vice versa. The
response of the grid voltage and current in steady state condition are shown in Figures 7 and
Figures 8 respectively.

(a)
 (b)
Fig. 6 (a) (b) Performance of the developed ANFIS controller for step increase in load power and speed

Fig. 7 Grid voltage

Fig. 8 Grid current

Figures 9 depict electromagnetic torque and mechanical torque whereas Figure 10 shows the
direct axis and quadrature axis current of the generator, indicating projected controller
performance. Figure 11 shows the generator output voltage, indicating that the control
approach is performing well.
 Fig. 9 Electromagnetic & Mechanical Torque at Various Wind Speed Condition

Fig. 10 Direct & Quadrature Current of Generator

Fig. 11 Output voltage of wind generator

Conclusion
ANFIS-based NFC is presented as a unique solution for DFIG-operated WECS. The suggested
controller’s performance is studied for isolated loads under various dynamic operating
situations. The simulation findings show that the RSC and GSC controllers work together to
regulate real and reactive power by modifying rotor speed and machine torque when wind
speed changes. Furthermore, even when the required power demand and wind speed abruptly
change, the suggested controller can maintain constant voltage and frequency at the load end.
The suggested controller's inherent learning capability provides adaptive compensation for the
unpredictability of the entire system and the nonlinearity of DFIG-WECS. In the standalone
working mode of DFIG-WECS, the study of the proposed scheme reveals that the provided
ANFIS architecture-based controller is superior and resilient.