Laguna de Bay Masterplan - Abridge Masterplan

Laguna de Bay Basin Master Plan:
2016 and Beyond Towards Climate Resilience and Sustainable Development
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
1.1. Background and Significance of the Laguna de Bay Basin
Laguna Lake (or, Laguna de Bay) is the largest lake in the Philippines and one of the largest
in Southeast Asia. It is located 15 km southeast of Metro Manila, the country’s center for urban
and industrial development. Its watershed (or region) is the most important, dynamic and
among the fastest growing economic bases in the country. It encompasses 61 municipalities
and cities within six provinces, of which 29 towns are lakeshore and 32 non-lakeshore towns.
The Laguna de Bay Region now houses 16.09% or 16.25 million (NSO, 2015) of the nation’s
population as it has become the catch basin to Metro Manila’s population and
urbanization/industrialization over-spill. The lake surface area is 949 sq. km with a volume of
1.89 billion cu. m at 2.5 meter depth (LLDA, 2015). It is a source of water for raw water
abstraction, power generation, municipal and domestic uses, navigational lane for passenger
and cargo boats, aquaculture, recreation, open fishery, flood control, source of irrigation water
and a “virtual” cistern for domestic, agricultural and industrial effluents. The current condition/
present situation of the Laguna de Bay Basin is discussed in Chapter 2.
1.2. Imperatives for the Updating of the Laguna de Bay Master Plan
1.2.1. Past and Recent Efforts to Update the Master Plan
Development of the Framework for the New Laguna

de Bay Master Plan: “Laguna de Bay Basin 2020”
In 2011, the LLDA revisited the 1995 master plan and

concluded that it needed to make it more relevant and
attuned to present-day realities and challenges.
Therefore, the new plan intended to focus on the following
tasks: (i) paradigm enhancement or the strengthening
LLDA’s regulatory mandate and intensifying
implementation of big-ticket programs and projects to
push economic growth and sustainable development; (ii)
financing new programs/projects following PPP approach
to attract private sector participants to join hands with
LLDA in developing and implementing PPP programs/projects; and (iii) climate proofing the
lake basin against the impacts of climate change. It contains initial strategies to harness the
economic potentials of the Basin to ensure sustainable use of the Lake and its resources. It
outlines priority environmental and water-related infrastructure projects that can be financed
through private-public participation. It also sets out some policy directions to strengthen LLDA’s
regulatory mandate, and intensify the implementation of big-ticket programs and projects. To
meet these goals, there is a need to reconfigure policies and strategies in the management of
the Basin. A fundamental step is to validate and translate this Framework into a holistic spatial
development policy that will guide the full development of the Laguna de Bay Master Plan later
on.
Formulation of the Spatial Development Master Plan (SDMP) for the Laguna de Bay
Basin: Land and Water Use and Physical Development Plan 2011-2020
In 2011, the LLDA Board of Directors by virtue of Board Resolution No. 407-A approved the
engagement of the University of the Philippines Planning and Development Research
Foundation, Inc. (U.P. PLANADES), for the preparation of the Spatial Development Master
Plan (SDMP) for the Laguna de Bay Region. The SDMP for the Laguna de Bay Basin: Land
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and Lake Water Use and Physical Development Plan translates the Framework approved by
the LLDA Board. It is essentially an elaborated framework plan consisting of spatial and non-
spatial broad-based strategic policy and program directions towards the reconfiguration of the
development and management of the Laguna de Bay Basin towards the development of a full-
blown Laguna de Bay Master Plan later on.
Specifically, anchoring on the 1995 Laguna de Bay Master Plan and its implementation, the
SDMP pursued the following: (i) identify policies that will strengthen the Authority’s regulatory
mechanism; (ii) develop strategies that will implement big-ticket programs and projects
identified in the Master Plan for the Laguna de Bay Basin: Land and Lake Water Use and
Physical Development Plan; (iii) develop policies that will address existing and emerging
natural resource challenges and other issues such as climate change, disaster reduction,
among others. SDMP embodies 54 programs and projects, with project briefs, with total cost
estimated at P300 million to be funded through the GAA, corporate funds, loans and grants,
PPP, purely private initiatives with public incentives and market-based instruments such as
user fees. It contains the following:
• Watershed level land use plan;

• Infrastructure development framework plan;
• A preliminary concept design of proposed priority flagship projects based on the
inventory and technical and cost validation of existing, pipeline and other proposed
priority projects; and
• Two-Dimensional/Three-dimensional (2-D/3-D) mapping of prioritized key
infrastructure and other development projects.
The 2011 SDMP was acknowledged by the LLDA but short of final approval and official
adoption by the LLDA Management.
1.2.2. Impetus to the Updating of the Master Plans
Three attributes (concerns) as rationale for the development of the integrated master plan:
(i) Environment and health risks that are posed to the citizens living in the basin
particularly that segment of the population that are highly vulnerable to poor
environmental quality;
(ii) Institutional capacity challenges in balancing the wide range of demanding interests
from the stakeholders; and
(iii) Lack of mechanisms and technology for the development of environmental and
water-related environmental programs that are imperative in order for sustainable
development to take place.
Therefore, the Authority needed a more strategic and cohesive approach to harmonize past
and recent outputs and review, update and/or confirm the most recent (2011) spatial
development plan, which was not officially adopted by LLDA, to coherently state the desired
future development of the lake basin. Hence, in order to build technical capacity and ownership
of the basin plan, the LLDA opted to create an in-house Technical Working Group (TWG) for
the formulation of a master plan by virtue of Memorandum Order No. 2015-46 dated July 7,
2015 to produce this Laguna de Bay Basin Development Plan 2016-2026. This master plan
will integrate basin-scale strategic policies, program/project concepts towards the development
of a set of more detailed sub-basin or thematic plans in the coming year (2016 and beyond),
possibly leading to a full-blown Laguna de Bay Master Plan in the medium to long-term period.
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The current planning effort through the LLDA TWG will reconfigure the management of the
lake basin from traditional lake management to lake-basin approach. LLDA believes that this
will resolve long-standing interconnected resource management issues, and integrate
emerging challenges to natural resource management such as climate change, disaster risk
reduction, poverty and sustainable financing of infrastructure projects. The development
framework is a result of multi- level and multi-sector processes led by the LLDA through the
TWG where initial plans and strategies for different sector issues were identified through
stakeholder participation and consequently harmonize, affirm/confirm those under the 2011
Spatial Development Master Plan.
1.3. Objectives and Outputs of the Project
The main objective of the project is to update the 1995 Master Plan “to ensure the sustainable
development of Laguna de Bay Region taking into account its accelerated economic progress
and increasing investment opportunities in line with the present administration’s thrust of
promoting Public-Private Partnership (PPP)”. The Master Plan also aims to address climate
change (adaptation and mitigation) and Disaster Risks Reduction and Management (DRRM),
other environmental issues and concerns, strengthen and empower LLDA to serve as the apex
organization in the Laguna de Bay Basin.” The ensuing master plan builds around and take
off from the outputs/ reports under SDMP and has undergone validation process actively
participated in by stakeholders both on the key issues and concerns as well as line
up/prioritization of programs/projects to address them. Based on the results of the stakeholders
consultation/validation, as well as new and updated information/studies, the baseline scenario,
have been revised accordingly.
The Laguna de Bay Basin vs. The Laguna de Bay Region as the Planning Unit
The Laguna de Bay Basin refers to the “hydrological/geographical” boundaries with 2,920 km2
area, or simply defined by the ridges from where water flows into the Lake. The basin includes
24 river basins that contribute to the water flowing to the lake. On the other hand, Laguna de
Bay Region as defined by R.A. 4580 as amended describes the administrative boundaries or
the mandated jurisdiction of the LLDA with 3,880 km2, based on administrative boundaries of
cities and municipalities. The administrative region is substantially larger than the basin. The
LLDA has the mandate to govern land and water uses in the overall Laguna de Bay Region.
The planning unit for this Master Plan updating is the Laguna de Bay Region. Figure 1.4.1
presents the map showing the LLDA administrative jurisdiction and the basin boundaries.
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Figure 1.4.1
LLDA Jurisdiction and Watershed and Sub-basins of Laguna de Bay
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1.4. Lake Basin Planning Framework and Principles
1.4.1. Development Planning Framework for the Laguna de Bay Basin
Lake basin-focused planning is the process of place shaping and delivery. Its development
takes off from an agreed set of goals for use of lake basin. The way to achieve those goals is
typically within physically defined ecosystems, a specific timeframe and resource constraint. It
is anchored on a vision for the future of places that responds to the evidence-based local
challenges and opportunities, a sense of local distinctiveness and community-derived
objectives, and aligns to the overall framework of national policy and regional strategies (SDMP
2011).
A set of priorities, programs, policies, and land allocations together with the public sector
resources to deliver them – providing a framework for private investment and regeneration that
promotes economic, environmental and social well-being for the area.
While plans can be developed at different levels of specificity, from local to basin-wide plans,
and from sectoral to comprehensive plans, these should be harmonized in an effective and fair
way for resource development, environmental protection, and social benefits. In the case of
LDB new or more refined projects and programs are being introduced in lake basin resource
development or conservation sector, while older ones are still functional, but beginning to be
outdated, if neglected. In such case, the ILEC recommends the integration of programs and
projects by unification (Figure 1.4.1.1). Integration should first take place where the pressures
are greatest, be phased over time, and be pursued by necessity, where appropriate, rather
than by design, and by building on initial success.
Figure 1.4.1.1: Plan Integration by Unification, ILBM 2006
Source: World Bank 2007
The viability of a management plan for lake basin is strongly dependent on the alignment of
the plan with regional and national plans for socioeconomic development and environmental
conservation (ILEC 2007).
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Lintner (2007) asserts that Lake Basin Management deals with the continuum of three (3)
management units. The continuum relates to the integrating nature of the lake and its
surrounding landmass – more specifically the changes that take place lakeward and landward.
These units have defined ecological attributes and thresholds, as well as services to the human
population.
Figure 1.4.1.2: ILBM Management Continuum
Source: Lintner – World Bank 2007
Stakeholders of the Laguna de Bay Basin highly value the meaningful balance between
environmental sustainability and economic development. Their vision of the Lake Basin is
characterized by: (1) multi-functionality of the lake region (2) optimized participation of people
in natural resource use and development, and (3) ‘restoration’ of nature to the way ‘that God
has planned it’.
1.5. Organization of the Plan
1.5.1. Plan Structure
The Laguna de Bay Basin Master Plan provides the synthesis that sets the overall objectives
and ensures coherence across basin management. The plan focuses on the development and
formulation of development interventions, programs, projects and related activities in order to
address environmental problems and needed interventions based on existing situation. These
proposed interventions, among others, are presented by sectors and attached in the
appendices of the main report. These different parts may be revised at different times, and/or
may be progressively developed over time, following the concept that basin planning is an
ongoing, iterative and adaptive process.
The following are the core elements of the basin plan:
• Introduction to the basin master plan updating exercise including rationale/objectives,

development and planning frameworks and outputs;
• General profile of the lake basin to provide information on the existing situation (geo-
physical, demographic, socio-economic and general land use);
• Laguna de Bay Basin vision which elucidates the intent of the plan and mission of the
LLDA as the lake basin management authority, both statements encapsulating the
principles goals and desired future state of the basin to achieve sustainable
development;
• Basin strategies outlining the way to deliver the basin vision through time-based
objectives and strategic actions to manage the lake basin;
• An implementation plan which provides a coherent set of priority interventions in terms
of programs, projects, policy measures with corresponding timelines, milestones,
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responsibilities and required resources to roll out the basin plan with indicative
institutional and financial arrangements to implement the plan.
1.5.2. Organization of the Final Report
The Plan is presented by Chapters in an orderly sequence. Chapter 1 introduces the plan,
explains the planning framework, planning process and methodology. Chapter 2 describes the
basin conditions, future trends and scenarios, followed by Chapter 3 which expounds the
present situation by key sectors focusing on the key issues and development opportunities.
The overall Laguna de Bay Basin Development Framework is presented in Chapter 4, and
core components of the plan in Chapter 5. Priority basin-scale programs/projects in Chapter 7
are supported by priority project concepts/briefs. Finally, the implementation plan in Chapter 8
describes how the basin master plan will be carried out, what and when resources will be
needed, and under what institutional arrangements.
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CHAPTER 2
PROFILE OF THE LAGUNA DE BAY BASIN
2.1. Origin of Laguna de Bay
Early geologists had diverse opinions regarding the origin of Laguna de Bay. Up to this time,
the issue that the lake was previously a volcanic crater or that it originated through subsidence
due to a volcanic eruption, still needs supporting facts. A shallow crater at the southern end of
Talim Island can be found and serves as one evidence of its volcanic history, i.e., that Laguna
de Bay is believed to have been formed by two major volcanic eruptions between 27,000-
29,000 years ago (UP Planades, 2011).
Based on recent findings, Laguna de Bay was once a part of Manila Bay. This is evidenced by
the discovery of drill cores of marine shell species which can also be found in Manila Bay.
These species of marine shells can also be located in the upper shores of Bagumbayan
(Luneta Park) and in the Marikina Fault in Pasig-Marikina River junction (Laguna de Bay Master
Plan, 1995).
2.2. The Laguna de Bay Basin vs. The Laguna de Bay Region as the
Planning Unit
The Laguna de Bay Basin refers to the “hydrological/geographical” boundaries with 2,920 km2),
or simply defined by the ridges from where water flows into the Lake. The basin includes 24
river basins that contribute to the water flowing to the lake. On the other hand, Laguna de Bay
Region as defined by R.A. 4580 as amended describes the administrative boundaries or the
mandated jurisdiction of the LLDA with 3,880 km2, based on administrative boundaries of cities
and municipalities. The administrative region is substantially larger than the basin.1 The LLDA
has the mandate to govern land and water uses in the overall Laguna de Bay Region. The
planning unit for this Master Plan updating is the Laguna de Bay Region.
2.3. Key Features of the Laguna de Bay Basin
2.3.1. Geographical Location
The Laguna de Bay Basin (LDB) is located 13°55’ to 14°50’ N latitudes and 120°50’ to 121°45’
E longitudes in Luzon Island, Philippines, just 15 km. southeast of Metro Manila, the country’s
center for urban and industrial development. The Basin is about 3,820 km2 including the 900
km² surface lake area and 140 km² lakeshore (UP Planades, 2011).
2.3.2. Topography
The topography of Laguna de Bay Watershed is described as follows: 35% gentle, 45% rolling,
15% steep, and 5 % very steep (Laguna de Bay Master Plan, 1995). Series of rolling hills with
high to moderate reliefs characterized the northern part planted to short season crops.
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Basically, the Land Cover of 2003 and 2010 provided by NAMRIA were processed and analyzed using the Administrative (Laguna
de Bay Region) and Hydrological boundary (Laguna de Bay Basin) of the Authority. Analyzing this in political/administrative
jurisdiction as defined by RA 4850 will shed light on how changes and trends on land cover are bounded within the municipal/city
level, hence it is easy for the Authority to pin-point where are the exact areas and who to call on the rapid increase of urban growth,
decline of forest, conversion of agricultural areas and the like which affect the lake on a regional scale. Likewise, the Ecosystem
Accounting TWG analyzed the changes in land cover through hydrological boundary detailing the trends and changes within the
24 sub-basins surrounding the Laguna Lake, this gives information on how watersheds from upstream, mid-stream and
downstream areas including watershed transboundary issue affects the land and water uses which reflects the current conditions,
state and quality of the lake ecosystems. (Land Cover Report, Laguna de Bay Ecosystem Accounting, 2015).
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2.3.3. Climate
The climate conditions in the Region are as follows: 1) Type 1 for the Province of Rizal and
Metro Manila. These areas have two pronounced seasons, i.e., dry from November to April
and wet from May to October; and 2) Type IV for Laguna and Cavite provinces. These
provinces have even distribution of rainfall throughout the year (Laguna de Bay Master Plan,
1995). During the cool season from December to February, the lowest air temperatures and
highest peak velocities occur. This will cause high water turbidity leading to lower rate of fish
growth.
2.3.4. Demographic Profile of Laguna de Bay Region
The basin spans 16 cities, 45 municipalities and 2,648 barangays and has an estimated total
population of 16.25 Million (NSO, 2015) representing 16.09 % of the country’s total population.
Rapid urbanization of Metro Manila has paved the way for the expansion of development in
this basin. Many of the migrants came from other regions of the country in order to find work
in Metro Manila (NSO 2007). Several residents opined that it is practical to build dwelling units
in the lakeshore towns of San Pedro, Calamba, Los Baños in Laguna, Taytay, Binangonan in
Rizal Province and Pateros in Metro Manila. This is because real estate developers offer
housing units in communities that are less polluted in comparison to major areas of Metro
Manila and other nearby urban areas.
2.4. General Land Use
The existing general land use in Laguna de Bay basin in 2003 can be described as varied but
broadly categorized as follows: built-up/residential/commercial/industrial; agriculture/agro-
forest; primary/secondary forest; and bareland/brushland/grassland. Based on the available
data in 2003, areal percentages of the above land uses in the Laguna de Bay Region under
the jurisdiction of the LLDA in hierarchical order are as follows: open areas–47 percent; forest
cover–10 percent; built-up–23 percent; agriculture–20 percent (Table 2.4.1). The large
percentages of the open areas that cover close to one- half of the basin are variously described
as bareland, brushland and grassland. These land conditions indicate sub-optimal use of the
land which could also be an indication of land misuse and abuse in terms of rampant forest
denudation and shifting cultivation. However, it is observed that most of these idle lands have
been preempted by landowners for future urban land use such as residential and industrial
uses. The forest coverage that makes up about one-tenth of the study area may give some
cause for concern in a rapidly urbanizing region since it falls below the recommended forest-
nonforest national standard ratio of 40:60 percent based on slope of the land. The forest cover
needs to be increased if the ecological integrity of the region has to be maintained. The
increasingly large proportion of the built-up areas is an indication of the reduction of the
agriculture and forest areas that are the first to give way to expanding urbanization emanating
from Metro Manila.
Table 2.4.1: Current Land Uses in Laguna de Bay

2003*
Agriculture 20%
Built-up / Urban 23%
Open Space Grassland/Brushland 47%
Forest 10%.
*(GIS generated figures from SPOT 2003)
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2.4.1. Land Use Changes

2.4.1.1. Land Cover and Land Use Changes, 2003-2010
Land cover was analyzed using 2003 and 2010 maps provided by NAMRIA. The 2003 land
cover map was generated from 30-m resolution images while the 2010 land cover map was
processed from a 10-m resolution remote sensing image. Both used almost the same
classifications based on FAO (that includes Closed Forest, Open Forest, Annual Crop,
Perennial Crop, Built-up Areas, Inland Water, Grassland, Shrubs, Wooded Grassland,
Open/Barren, and Mangrove Forest). However, the 2003 classification has ‘Fallow’ while the
2010 added ‘Marshland/Swamp’ to its classifications.
2.4.1.2. Land cover in 2003
In 2003, 30,469 ha or about 7.9% of the basin are covered by industrial and urban/built up
areas (see Figure 2.4.2.3 and Table 2.4.3). Built-up areas are mostly concentrated at the
western portions of Laguna Lake. There are six sub-basins with the highest concentration of
urban sprawl. These are Manggahan, Marikina, Muntinlupa, Sta. Rosa, Binan and Taguig sub-
basins.
Approximately 91,245 ha or 24% is covered by annual crops and 57,704 ha is perennial crops
including rice fields, coconut plantations, fruit trees, piggery/poultry/livestock raising and other
agricultural activities. The agricultural areas are concentrated in the southern area of the
region, particularly in the towns of Laguna Province and some portions in Rizal Province. Rice
farming and farming of various crops are observed bordering the level lands of Laguna de Bay,
which are evident in the towns of Pakil, Pangil, Siniloan, Famy and Sta. Cruz in Laguna
Province. Sugarcane is the most important crop in the following areas: Calamba, Cabuyao and
Sta. Rosa in Laguna Province; Sto. Tomas and Tananuan in Batangas Province; and Carmona
in Cavite Province. In the marshlands of the coastal areas, fishponds and duck farms/”balut”
production can be observed. The mountainous northeastern, eastern and southern areas,
many of which used to be forestlands, are used for coconut, banana and fruit production.
The remaining forest ecosystems are forest cover represented by Closed Forest (1.1% or
4,350 ha) and Open Forest (5.5% or 21, 504 ha). The closed forest areas, including primary
and secondary forest, are mainly located in the northeastern and eastern parts of the region,
with a few patches in the southwestern section. Dipterocarp trees such as lauan, apitong,
manggachappui and yakal are found in primary forests, while the secondary forests are often
places that have been planted to reforestation tree species such as mahogany, gmelina, falcata
and ipil-ipil or have been naturally occupied by other tree species such as bamboos and palm
trees.
The shrub land area covers 65,049 ha or 17% while the open/barren area comprises 1,152 ha
or 0.3% of the total watershed area of the Laguna de Bay Basin. The grasslands and bushlands
are located close to the forested areas in the northern, eastern and southern sections of the
region. Except for the barelands, the grassed areas are utilized for grazing. Many of the grazing
areas, however, are below the 18-percent slope which by law should be relegated only to urban
and agricultural uses. Grazing is only allowed in the 18 to 50-percent slopes, along with mining
and production forestry or silviculture. Slopes above 50 percent should, by law, be used strictly
only for protection forest. These land use limits are more accurately delineated at the sub-
watershed level, hence the need to also plan the whole region at the level of each of the 24
sub-watersheds comprising the region. The grasslands areas in the region are dominated by
cogon (Imperata cylindrica) and talahib (Saccharum spontaneum) whose immature shoots are
used as animal feeds. In other cases, more palatable pasture grasses such as Kudzu, Para
Grass and Guinea Grass are purposely planted to produce more healthy livestock.
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About 23% or 89,517 ha are covered by water bodies including Laguna Lake itself and other
inland waters such as Seven Crater lakes, Tadlak lake, Caliraya reservoirs and other marshy
areas or wetlands within the region. Note that there are differences in water areas in the 2003
and 2010 maps which may be related to a different timing of the remote sensing images on
which the maps are based, and to the different resolution of the images (as discussed above).
Figure 2.4.2.3 Land Cover by Watershed, 2003. Sub-watersheds are delineated
2.4.1.3. Land Cover in 2010
From the 2010 land cover map of the Laguna de Bay Basin, only 6% of the basin is covered
by forest, including Closed Forest (2,831 ha or 0.7%) and Open Forest (5.9% or 20,768 ha),
see Figure 2.4.2.4 and Table 2.4.3. Among the twenty-four (24) sub-basins of the Laguna de
Bay Basin, the highest forest cover (closed and open forest) in 2010 remains to be found in
Marikina with 7,307 ha, followed by Pagsanjan with 2,966 ha and Los Banos sub-basin with
2,946 ha.
Built-up areas amount to 17% or 65,687 ha is the highest, mangrove forest with only a hectare
is the lowest. Marikina being the largest sub-basin of the Laguna de Bay Basin also occupies
the largest built-up areas with 9,530 ha. This is followed by Manggahan, Santa Rosa, San
Cristobal, and San Juan sub-basins with 7,264 ha, 7,042 ha, 5896 ha and 4,710 ha,
respectively. Considerable built-up areas can also be found in the cities and towns of Santa
Rosa, San Juan and San Cristobal sub-basins where large number of industries, residential
areas, and other commercial establishments are emerging.
Agricultural land including areas planted with Annual Crops and Perennial Crops are mostly
concentrated in agricultural based sub-basins such San Juan, Pagsanjan, Calauan, Pila, and
Sta. Cruz sub-basins. These sub-basins are planted with agricultural products such as rice,
corns and some roots crops. In terms of Annual crops, San Juan sub-basin is the largest and
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covers 8,858 hectares, followed by Pagsanjan with 5,698 ha and Pila with 4,724 ha. Perennial
crop are largely situated in Pagsanjan (6,670 ha), Calauan (6,689 ha) and Sta. Cruz (5,648
ha) sub-basins.
Noticeable are the large areas of shrubs in sub-basins of Marikina (17,916 ha), Pagsanjan
(12,901 ha) and Sta. Maria (6,759 ha). Wooded grasslands and grassland areas are largely
situated in Marikina sub-basins with 7,145 ha of wooded grasslands and 7,192 ha grasslands.
Followed by Sta. Maria sub-basin with 5,049 ha wooded grasslands and 775 grassland areas.
Interestingly, Sta. Rosa sub-basin has 1,403 ha grassland areas but without areas occupying
wooded grasslands category. San Cristobal sub-basin also contributes to the total grasslands
areas with 1,955 ha of grassland and 199 ha of wooded grasslands.
Figure 2.4.1.4 Land Cover by Watershed, 2010
2.4.1.4. Land cover change between 2003 and 2010
Comparing 2003 and 2010 land cover (Table 2.4.3), built-up areas more than doubled in this
period (representing an average annual growth of more than 11%). This reflects the rapid
development and change of land use in the region; lands have been converted, mostly by
private owners, for industrial/commercial and residential purposes. There is rapid urbanization
and industrialization in the lake region in particular in the Greater Metro Manila area in the
northwest and in the western and southern portions of the lake. The spread and location of
residential subdivisions are characterized by unplanned urban sprawl. This involves, among
others, the conversion of agricultural lands to residential uses, and the construction of new
settlements close to the lake shore, in the zone that is vulnerable to flooding.
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There is also an increase in areas of grassland (8,190 ha) and wooded grassland (8,225 ha).
On the other hand, open forest areas decrease with 3% and closed forests even with 35% in
this period. The decrease in forest areas may be attributed to rampant forest denudation and
remaining shifting cultivation in upland areas of the Laguna de Bay Basin.
There is also a marked decrease in agricultural areas in this period, of in total about 13% in
the Laguna de Bay Basin. Annual crop decreased with about 43% or 38,953 ha while Perennial
crop declined with 24% or 13,970 ha. The last patches of mangrove forest virtually disappeared
in the lake basin in this period, declining from 94 ha in 2003 to 1 ha in 2010. The last remaining
mangroves can be found in the intersection of Laguna Lake and Pasig River.
Overall, land cover change in the period 2003-2010 has been very rapid. Analyses are ongoing
for the year 2014 to see if this trend has continued.
The forest cover has undergone a very rapid decline in the same period. All mangrove forest
(bare one 1-ha patch) disappeared, and closed forest decreased with 35%. Remaining forests
are found, in particular, in the Makiling Forest Reserve and Sierra Madre mountain ranges, but
even in these areas illegal settlements have been established. These remaining forest areas
should be preserved as they maintain the ecological balance of the lacustrine region. In
addition, there are still many parts of the region that should be reforested by law (P.D. 705)
and these are the above-18-percent slopes and above-1000-meter elevations that are seen
particularly in the Sierra Madre Mountain foothills in Rodriquez, San Mateo, Antipolo, Tanay,
Pagsanjan and Sta. Cruz. The typhoons Ondoy and Pepeng flooding catastrophes in 2009
were wake-up calls to the need to immediately reforest the denuded foothills especially of the
northern Marikina and the southern Sta. Cruz-Pagsanjan sub-watersheds. A protected zone is
the 42.4 km2 Makiling Forest Reserve (MFR) in Los Baños which is preserved as a wildlife
sanctuary, pool for genetic diversity, and training laboratory for the advancement of scientific
knowledge on natural resources. In addition, as a natural resource the MFR also provides
irrigation, industrial and domestic water as well as electric power to the surrounding
communities––the latter resource being provided by the Makiling-Banahaw Geothermal Power
Plant.
Table 2.4.3: Comparison of Land Cover of 2003 and 2010 by Watershed, area in
hectares
Area in hectares Area in hectares Change in hectares

Land Cover
2003 2010 Hectare %
Annual Crop 91,245 52,291 -38,954 -43%
Perennial Crop 57,704 43,734 -13,970 -24%
Built-up 30,469 65,687 35,218 116%
Open/Barren
1,160 707 -453 -39%
/fallow
Shrubs 65,049 63,652 -1,397 -2%
Grassland 8,292 16,482 8,190 99%
Wooded grassland 18,628 26,853 8,225 44%
Marshland/Swamp - 4
Open Forest 21,504 20,768 -736 -3%
Closed Forest 4,350 2,831 -1,519 -35%
Mangrove Forest 94 1 -93 -99%
Inland Water 89,517 95,000 5,407 6%
Total 388,011 388,011
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Source: LLDA, DENR
2.4.1.5. Land Classification of the Laguna de Bay Region
To include also the administrative aspects of land management in the Land Account, this
section presents the Land classification system in the area. Land classification is shown in
Table 2.4.4 and Figure 2.4.2.5. Given that these administrative data are available only as per
the administrative region of the Laguna de Bay, this map (and corresponding table 3.4) are
available only for the Laguna de Bay Region.
Based on the processed data, Alienable and Disposable (A&D) land occupies 60% of the entire
Laguna de Bay Region or 292,857 hectares. Forest land only occupies 6% (30,598 ha) of the
total land area, while protected lands such as National Parks cover about 50,770 ha or 10%.
Unclassified areas are about 30,106 hectares, mostly concentrated in Silang, Tagaytay, Paete,
Pangil and Kalayaan municipalities.
Within the class Forest land, the land cover types that occupy the largest areas are shrubs
(11,969 ha) and open forest (8,920 ha). There is also a significant area of Wooded grassland
(3,946 ha) and Perennial crop (1,869 ha). Built-up areas are highly concentrated in A&D lands
but also occupy a certain percentage of land in forestland with 179 ha and within the protected
areas with 794 ha. Built-up areas, Perennial crop, and Annual crop are the three largest areas
within the A&D classification with 83,275 ha, 58,451 ha and 49,946 ha, respectively.
Table 2.4.4 Land Cover by Land Classification (2010), Laguna de Bay Region
Land Cover 2010 A&D Forestland National Park Lake Unclassified TOTAL
Annual Crop 49,946 324 1,855 81 5,161 57,367

Perennial Crop 58,451 1,869 2,203 5 4,527 67,055
Built-up 83,275 179 794 170 4,521 88,939
Open/Barren 572 90 16 0 24 702
Shrubs 47,290 11,969 13,479 27 5,132 77,897
Wooded grassland 23,877 3,946 7,756 2 1,768 37,348
Mangrove Forest 1 - - - 1
Marshland/Swamp 4 - - - 4
Open Forest 9,243 8,920 14,326 8,215 40,704
Closed Forest 116 874 4,274 - 5,263
Fishpond 76 - - - 76
Grassland 13,197 763 5,662 1 245 19,868
Inland Water 6,808 1,665 407 86,776 512 96,168
Grand Total 292,857 30,598 50,770 87,061 30,106 491,392
Source: LLDA, DENR
14
Figure 2.4.2.5 Land Classification of Laguna de Bay Region
2.4.3. Land Use Problems, Issues and Concerns
The Dominant Influences of Metro Manila Expansion and National Government Spatio-
Sectoral Policies
The drastic land use changes described above are traceable to the dynamic influence of Metro
Manila, particularly its demand for land for urban expansion, as well as certain spatio-sectoral
policies of the national government. Thus, the physical, social and economic influences
surrounding land use problems, issues and challenges are as follows: (1) the rapidly increasing
population of Metro Manila that resulted to the formation of the Mega-Urban Region (MUR);
(2) the creation of Metro Manila in 1975 as a dominant political entity in the country following a
centralized system of governance; (3) Presidential Memorandum Circular of March 17, 1973
prohibiting the location of heavy and pollutive industries within a 50-kilometer radius from
Manila; (4) Presidential Proclamation No. 1637 of April 18, 1977 creating the Lungsod Silangan
Townsite Reservation Areas in San Mateo, Antipolo and Montalban; (5) the industrial dispersal
policy of the national government starting during the Marcos administration; (6) construction of
the South Super Highway that allowed urban corridor development in the south towards
Calamba; and (7) proximity of flat and low-elevation areas north and south of Metro Manila.
2.4.4. Flooding in the Shoreland
The flooding and accompanying destruction brought about by typhoons Ondoy and Pepeng in
2009 was indeed a wake-up call for agencies concerned to anticipate and prepare for similar
hazard events in the future. One significantly undesirable effect of the flooding event was the
displacement of around 100,000 households in the 270-hectare Lupang Arenda informal
settlements in Taytay, Rizal. The flood-displaced households were on the shoreland area of
15
the lake which is the shallow portion of the land that is subjected to rainfall fluctuations. During
the dry season, the minimum lakeshore elevation is about 10.5 meters above LLDA datum
level while during the rainy season the annual mean high water elevation is 12.5 meters,
although a peak elevation may reach as high as 14.6 meters for a 100-year recurrence interval
which actually occurred during Typhoon Ondoy’s visit. The flood-prone lakeshore area is the
portion between 10.5 meters and 14.6 meters above the LLDA datum level. During the flooding
incident, the water level was reported to have reached 14.5 meters during the 100-year flooding
cycle, with the 90,000- hectare lake creeping into the lakeshores by 10,000 has.
There are, of course, a number of significant anthropogenic causes with regard to the abnormal
flooding that transpired around the shoreland area and these are: the rampant denudation of
the forest areas in the large Marikina watershed and in the other sub- watersheds surrounding
the lake; the siltation and dumping of solid waste into rivers, esteros, canals, drainage pipes,
and other waterways; non-observance of open easements along rivers and other waterways;
poor maintenance and use of engineering flood control structures such as the Napindan
Hydraulic Control Structure and the Manggahan Floodway; and unregulated subdivision and
other real estate developments on steep slopes within the sub-watersheds.
2.4.5. Titling of Shoreland Areas
In the 1920s, the shoreland areas were still empty of informal settlers and were just used as
access areas by the fishermen when they fish in the lake. Not long thereafter, however, settlers
slowly encroached on the lakeshore areas and in the process alarmed the government to the
point that it had to issue a law that stopped the titling of shoreland areas. In the 1960s,
industries followed the informal settlers in locating on the lakeshore areas, moving from the
banks of the Pasig River towards the coastal towns of Laguna and in the process contributing
to the congestion in the shoreland and to the pollution of the lake. Although the shoreland as
part of the public domain cannot be titled by law, it is difficult to extricate the locators and
speculators who think they have a right to the use of the strategically located land after a long
occupancy period.
2.4.6. Disorderly Use of Land
The development of the Laguna de Bay surrounding areas has also been observed to be a
reflection of the process of suburbanization following an earlier process of urbanization into the
metropolis. This outward movement of the population and industries to the periphery has been
brought about by agglomeration diseconomies of scale as well as by government
decentralization policies. The suburbanization process has taken forms of private subdivision
of lands, government-sponsored socialized housing and sites and services programs, and
industrial establishments lodged in industrial estates, export processing zones and special
economic zones located in the CALABARZON region. More specifically, the directions taken
by the outward movement of settlements and urban development are as follows: (1) along the
coastal roads from Metro Manila towards Bacoor and Rosario, Cavite; (2) along Aguinaldo
Highway towards Imus, Dasmariñas and Gen. H. Alvarez; (3) along the South Luzon
Expressway and the National Highway towards the towns/cities of San Pedro, Biñan,
Carmona, Sta. Rosa, Calamba and Tanauan; (4) along Rizal Avenue from Marikina towards
San Mateo and Rodriguez; and (5) along the Marcos Highway and Quezon Blvd. towards
Antipolo, Taytay and Angono. The urban developments along these major transportation
arteries can be described as random, lacks control and order. The urban spread can be
described as a leapfrogging process where flat and fertile agricultural lands are developed and
in the process reducing food production in the region and leaving large patches of sub-optimally
used land that can be presumed to have been preempted for further urban development. Far-
flung settlements put a strain on government expenditures for needed infrastructures while
residents are forced to spend much on fuel and the environment is subjected to increased
16
release of pollutive gases coming from vehicles. There is a need to rationalize urban sprawl in
the planning region in a way that minimizes the above problems.
2.4.7. Conversion of Agricultural Lands and Denudation of Forested Lands
Related to the haphazard use of prime lands is the rampant conversion of agricultural lands in
the region to urban uses. The loss of prime farmlands could jeopardize the government’s goal
of food security, if not, at least, food sufficiency. There are many lands in the bay region that
have been declared as protected Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) lands;
however, the provisions of the Local Government Code (R.A. 7160) and the implementing rules
and regulations of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL or R.A. 6657) such as
DAR Administrative Order Nos. 1, 2 and 12 allow land conversions particularly if the existing
use of the land is no longer economically viable in the midst of urban development in its vicinity
(LLDA 1995). And if the land conversion procedure is deemed too tedious or difficult by
developers, they resort to illegal and uncontrolled conversions.
There is also the problem of conversion of forested areas that are above 18 percent and 50
percent in slope which, based on P.D. 705 or the Revised Forestry Code, should be kept under
production forest and protection forest, respectively. These lands, although ecologically fragile
as watershed areas, are attractive particularly to subdivision developers as they offer vista or
beautiful scenery to buyers. This malpractice is seen in the foothills of the Sierra Madre
Mountains in Rodriguez, San Mateo, Antipolo, Angono, and Binangonan. It is further abetted
by Presidential Proclamation No. 1637 that created the Lungsod Silangan Townsite
Reservation Areas where urban development on steep slopes is still allowed since the law is
still in effect in contradiction to other pieces of legislation that protect the steep slopes of the
sub-watersheds. The forest denudation of the Sierra Madre foothills brought about by
settlement development as well as by mining, shifting cultivation and illegal logging is a major
cause of the perennial flooding experienced by Metro Manila and the lakeshore towns.
2.4.8. LGU Boundaries Versus Sub-Basin Boundaries in the Land Use Planning
Process
The usual planning boundary observed when formulating Comprehensive Land Use Plans
(CLUPs) for Local Government Units (LGUs) is the legal/cadastered boundary relative to other
nearby towns or cities. This spatial or planning reference does not create legal complications
relative to contiguous LGUs especially when formulating zoning ordinances. In the past,
particularly during the Spanish period when the town plans and their boundaries were
formulated following the “plaza complex” urban morphology specified by the Laws of the Indies,
many of the town boundaries used rivers as boundaries as they appear to be ready-made or
convenient boundaries with their finite, well-defined character. However, these river
boundaries or other types of arbitrary boundaries have created resource use and ecological
problems. Rivers do not divide territories but attract competition and conflict in the use of their
varied resources. Rivers create further conflict when their courses change through time.
From the above observations, planners have thought of alternative ways of delineating
boundaries that do not create cultural conflict and ecological imbalances. They have observed
that the more culturally and ecologically stable boundaries could be the ridges of watersheds
and river basins. At the regional level, this principle has been observed when planning river
basins as natural geographical/ecological units. This was observed in the Integrated Area
Development (IAD) strategy which was employed by the then National Council for Integrated
Area Development (NACIAD). Ideally, town boundaries should be based on the ridges of the
catchment unit since these clearly define and physically organize the use of resources and
ultimately prevent undesirable ecological repercussions. However, given the historical stability
of existing town boundaries, redrawing them would no longer be feasible. But again,
17
considering the fact that anthropogenic activities have been the main cause of a series of
catastrophic natural hazard events in past decades, the best that can be done is to plan areas
based on the watershed concept where human activities are conducted in consonance with
ecological principles. The ridge boundaries used transcend political boundaries and allow
efficient and ecologically sound use of resources.
2.4.9. Land Capability Analysis
Land capability is the inherent capacity of land to perform at a given level for general use. To
determine this capability, usually three factors are employed, namely, slope, elevation and soil,
with slope being considered the most important factor. In a process called sieve analysis, the
three factors are superimposed over each other using Geographic Information System
software. Following P.D. 705 or the Revised Forestry Code, four general land use categories
are considered, namely, urban, agriculture, production forest/land, and protection forest/land.
The different slope, soil and elevation criteria or limits for these categories are shown in Table
2.4.9.
Table 2.4.9 Land Capability Criteria

Land Capability Categories
Land Use
Production Protection
Factors Urban Agriculture
Forest/Land Forest/Land
Slope <18% <18% 18-50% >50%
Elevation <500 m. <500 m. >500 m. >500 m.
Soil >50 cm. >50 cm. <50 cm. <50 cm.
Thus, based on slope those lands good for urban and agricultural uses are those below 18
percent or 10o, those suitable for production forest/land have a range of 18 to 50 percent or
0o to 27o, and those good for production forest/land are those over 50 percent or 27o. Based
on elevation, those lands good for urban and agricultural uses are those below 500 meters,
those suitable for production forest/land have a range of 18 to 50 percent or (0o to 27o, and
those good for production forest are those over 50 percent or 10o. Based on elevation, those
lands good for urban and agricultural use are those below 500 meters, those suitable for
production forest/land have a range of 500 to 1000 meters, while those good for protection
forest/land are those over 1000 meters. In terms of soil, lands good for urban and agricultural
uses are those with a depth of over 50 centimeters while those suitable for production
forest/land and protection forest/land are those with a solum depth of less than 50 centimeters.
Later, following another overlay process the land capability areas will be superimposed over
the existing land use map in order to come up with recommended or proposed general land
uses based on legal criteria which are based on ecological principles. For example, the critical
factor of slope considers lands above 18 percent in slope as not good for agriculture (and urban
use) since accelerated soil erosion sets in when the land is exposed to rainfall. In addition,
tractors experience toppling down or their engines experience strain moving at those steep
slopes. And the lands with slopes of over 50 percent possess even greater vulnerability and
use limitations that they are best put under protection forest/land use. The criteria for protection
forest/land of over 50 percent slope and over 1000 meters elevation are specified in the
implementing rules and regulations of R.A. 7586 or the NIPAS Law.
Prior to the conduct of the overlay process that will produce the land capability categories, the
land capability situation in the Laguna de Bay Region may be discussed separately for each
land use factor. In terms of slope most of the land in the region are below 18 percent and
therefore suitable for urban and agricultural land uses. Totalling 3,024 kms2, these areas are
located around the lake, but more so in the western, southern and eastern sections. It is no
18
surprise, therefore, that the lake basin is attractive to urban and agricultural expansion on
account of its mostly flat terrain that promotes mobility and is not susceptible to erosion. Next
in extent are the relatively small areas with 18 to 50- percent slopes located mostly in
Rodriguez, Antipolo, Tanay and Sta. Maria in the north. Smaller areas can be seen in the Jala-
Jala-Mabitac area, and around Mt. Makiling and Mt. Banahaw. These areas totalling 900
kms2could be used for forestry, grazing, mining and regulated tourism. They are not alienable
and disposable and could only be leased. The least in extent are areas above 50 percent in
slope and they are found inside the 18 to 50 percent slopes and in the same locations
mentioned above for these production forest/land areas. Although small in coverage with an
area of 104 kms2, these steep slopes are critical in maintaining the ecological integrity of the
lake basin and should, therefore, be strictly put under protection forest/land use.
With regard to elevation, the whole planning region is practically a lowland area with elevations
mostly less than 500 meters above sea level. Again, this terrain character that covers 3,609
kms2 encourages urban and agricultural activities which should be planned and managed well
especially in reference to the promotion of the environmental sustainability of the lake. Of
smaller extent comprising 371 kms2 are the areas with elevations between 500 and 1000
meters and these are found in the northern tip of the region and in the Mt. Banahaw area in
the southeast and in the Tagaytay area in the southwest. These small areas should be left
under production forest/land use where agriculture, grazing, mining and regulated tourism can
be practiced. Because of their cool temperatures and beautiful scenery, they are attractive to
urban use and for this use technological mitigating measures should be observed to prevent
natural hazards such as landslides, erosion, mass wasting and flooding. Small patches of land
above 1000 meters and totaling 48 kms2 can be seen in Rodriguez and Antipolo on the Sierra
Madre Mountains and in Majayjay and Liliw on top of Mt. Banahaw. By law, these should be
put strictly under protection forest to prevent the occurrence of natural hazards.
In terms of soil, the region as a lacustrine basin is mostly overlain by soils with thick solum
depths of over 50 centimeters which are good for urban and agricultural uses (NWRC 1983).
These are found mostly in the western side of the region and around the lake. These are soils
developed from alluvial fans and terraces, have generally fine loamy texture, and are usually
loose and friable. The soils which have thin solum depths of less than 50 centimeters are lesser
in extent and these are found in the eastern erodible slopes near the Sierra Madre Mountains.
These upland soils have been developed variously from igneous, shale and sandstone rocks
and are better put under forest and grazing uses.
19
CHAPTER 3 – SECTORAL PROFILE AND SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
3.1. LAKE AND RIVER SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT AREA

3.1.1. Characteristics of the Lake Ecosystem
The lake’s aggregate surface area is 900 km2 when it is at its average highest elevation of
12.50 meters, and around 76,000 hectares when it is at its average lowest elevation of 10.50
meters. It is the largest inland body of water in the Philippines and third largest freshwater lake
in Southeast Asia next to Lake Toba (Santos-Borja, 1994) and Lake Songkhla of Thailand, with
1,100–1,129 and 987 km2 of surface area, respectively (Gleick, 1993). Laguna de Bay covers
almost one half of the 190,000 hectares total area of all existing lakes in the Philippines
(Laguna de Bay Master Plan, 1995). The lake is bounded by the Sierra Madre mountain ranges
on the northeast, the Caliraya volcanic plateau on the east, mountains of Laguna and Batangas
including Mt. Banahaw and Mt. Makiling on the south and southeast. This Lake has a total
volume of 3.2 billion cubic meters with a shoreline of 220 kms. Average depth of the lake is 2.5
meters.
Around 100 rivers and streams drain into the lake, of which 22 are significant river systems.
There is only one outlet, the Napindan Channel, through the Pasig River that drains lake waters
to Manila Bay. The Napindan Hydraulic Control Structure (HCS) built in 1982 controls the
outflow to Manila Bay. As designed, the HCS controls the backflow of saline water and pollution
from the Pasig River. In addition to Laguna de Bay, there are other, smaller, lakes in the region,
in particular the Seven Crater Lakes (Sampaloc, Calibato, Bunot, Palakpakin, Pandin, Yambo
and Mohicap) with a total surface area of 305 has. and Tadlak lake in Los Banos which is only
25 has.
3.1.1.1. Lake Hydrology
The hydrology of the lake has a natural stage regime which in the dry season results in a
minimum lake elevation of approximately 10.5 m. regulated by mean sea level in Manila Bay.
After the dry season, the lake level may fall below the level of high tide in manila Bay. This will
result in intrusion of seawater into Pasig River. Because of this intrusion, the highly polluted
waters of Pasig River are finally discharge into the Lake. Moreover, the tidal influx is the main
cause of salinity in the lake during this part of the mentioned year (Laguna de Bay Master Plan,
1995). The hydrology of the lake is discussed below:
From the sub-basins, the run-off brings in freshwater to the lake, half of which inflows come
from rivers found in the eastern part of the lake. The biggest contribution comes from
Pagsanjan River which accounts for 18%-20% of the total inflows. When there is sufficient tidal
fluctuation and the lake level is lower than Manila Bay, salt water intrusion through the Pasig
River increases the salinity of the lake resulting to brackish water. Freshwater runoff and
saltwater backflows maintain the salt balance of the lake (Tongson, E. et. al., 2012).
Laguna Lake is divided into four (4) bays, namely West Bay, Central Bay and East Bay and
South Bay (ADB, 2005). Talim Island separates the West and Central Bay. These divisions are
due to considerable bathymetrical differences of these areas (Delos Reyes 1995). The first
three bays mentioned are ca. 30-40 km long and 7-20 km wide. Accompanying figure shows
the bathymetrical differences that divided the lake into 4 main bays.
The lake is naturally eutrophic and highly productive. Increasing enrichment in terms of plant
nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus has been caused by human activities in the basin.
The lake is surrounded by low-lying alluvial plains which are often inundated during heavy
20
rainfall. The pH varies from 7.6 during the cool months to 10 at the peak of algal bloom in mid-
summer; the average is about 8.5. The water is relatively turbid, and has an average dissolved
oxygen of 10.5 p.p.m. Wind action can cause severe turbidity due to suspension of bottom
sediments, particularly during typhoons. At the end of the dry season, the level of the lake often
falls below that of Manila Bay, allowing sea water to flow into the lake at high tide. The lake
reaches its maximum level between September and November, and then falls by an average
of 1.7m to its lowest level in May or June.
3.1.1.2. Lake Bathymetry
The studies conducted by LLDA-NIGS in 1999 on the bathymetry and sediment quality of the
Laguna de Bay showed that the surface area was 949 km2 or 949,000 hectares. The average
depth was at 2.1 meters (at elevation 10.5 m) and the total water volume was 1.89 billion cu.
m. Based on the bathymetric changes from 1938 to 1997, the sedimentation rate was
estimated to be from 1.03 to 1.20 cm yr -1. Fig. 3.1.1 below shows the Laguna de Bay Basin.
Figure 3.1.1. Laguna de Bay Basin Source: Laguna de Bay Atlas, LLDA
3.1.1.3. Rainfall
The entire lake has a tropical climate. Pronounced dry season is from November to April, while
rainy season occur in the remaining part of the year (Type I). In the extreme east, the rainfall
21
is more evenly distributed all over the year (Type IV). Furthermore, average annual rainfall
contrasts from approximately 1,600 mm in the west to 3,200 mm in the mountainous
northeastern portion of the basin. The magnitude and spatial distribution of precipitation are
described by the use of isohyetal rainfall map (Figure 3.1.1.3-1).
Rainfall data collected from the years 1990 to 2009 were drawn and serve as basis for the
formulation of mean rainfall isohyetal map up for Laguna de Bay sub-basin. This map exhibits
a trend over the area which matches existing information on rainfall trend in Laguna de Bay.
The map clearly shows that higher rainfall phenomena occur in the mountainous regions of the
sub-basins. The mean rainfall isohyetal map based on all rainfall data collected from 1990 up
to and including 2009, was drawn up for Laguna de Bay sub-basin.
The derived isohyetal map shows a trend over the area, which fits existing knowledge of rainfall
patterns in Laguna de Bay. For example, the map clearly shows that higher rainfall phenomena
occur in the mountainous regions of the sub-basins. Rainfall intensifies as one moves to higher
elevations (mountain ridges) particularly at the Sierra Madre mountain range and Tagaytay-
Silang areas. The quantity of moisture in the basin is influenced by the Pacific Ocean in the
east and West Philippine Sea in the west.
22

Figure 3.1.1.3-1: Mean Annual Rainfall Isohyetal Map
Source: Laguna de Bay Atlas
23
Figure 3.1.1.3-2. Potential Evapo-Transpiration
3.1.1.4. Potential Evapotranspiration
Potential evapotranspiration (PET) indicates the atmospheric demand for water. High values
of PET (greater than 2,200 mm) describe in red cells calculated in some areas can be attributed
to forest land cover, whereas in generally higher PET, values greater than 1,200 mm are
calculated in the upstream areas of the basin wherein most of the vegetation cover still present.
Annual PET which is estimated as below 1,000 mm are calculated in the downstream. This is
the area where there is expansive urbanization. Downstream of the basin where expansive
urbanization are present, annual PETs below 1,000 mm range are estimated (Figure 3.1.1.3-
2).
24
3.1.1.5. Stream Flow
Figure 3.1.1.5-1 below describes the average annual stream flows documented for the period
1999-2004 in all Laguna de Bay. For the sub-basins, Marikina, Pagsanjan and Caliraya River
basins contribute the highest stream flow. The highest annual stream flow was documented in
1999 which shows a figure at 51.45 m3/sec at the Marikina River Basin. The lowest stream
flow, on the other hand, was documented in 1997 at Muntinlupa River Basin with 0.5494
m3/sec. This graph does not manifest Ondoy floods which happened in 2009.
Figure 3.1.1.5-1: Annual Stream Flow in the years 1999 – 2004.
3.1.1.6. Lake Water Balance
The approximate annual average total inflow in the lake is 178.8 m3.s-1(6,265 mm) with river
discharge contributing the highest at 125 m3.s-1 (4,380 mm) plus direct rainfall and
groundwater influx contributing about 38 m3.s-1 (1,332 mm) and 15.8 m3.s-1 (554 mm),
respectively. It is assumed that the flow contribution of Manggahan Floodway into the lake is
insignificant because it operates only during extreme rainfall events.
In relation to the outflow component of the water balance, the highest component is the Pasig
River outflow of 150 m3.s-1 (5,256 mm), followed by evaporation rate at 29 m3.s-1 (1,016 mm)
and consumptive water users (i.e., irrigation, water supply, among others) of some 2.60 m3.s-
1 (88 mm). The total outflow from the lake is about 181.5 m3.s-1(6,360 mm).
Based from the average total inflow of 178.8 m3.s-1 (6,265 mm) and total outflow of 181.5
m3.s-1. (6,360 mm), the difference in storage in the lake is quite unremarkable at -2.7 m3.s-1
or reduction of 95 mm in depth. The variation in storage may increase or decrease on a yearly
basis. This depends on the hydro-climactic situation in the basin.
25

Figure 3.1.1.6: Laguna Lake Water Balance
3.1.1.7. Water Quality
Sediment from the basin caused by forest denudation and land conversion has increased
siltation and turbidity, a key water quality parameter of the lake. This has led not only to the
shallowing of the lake but has also limited light penetration and algal photosynthesis.
Consequently, this decreased primary productivity and contributed to the eutrophication of the
lake. This section also discusses ambient surface water quality of Laguna de Bay and its
tributary rivers from 2009 to 2012, and sampling stations and their corresponding locations.
Said stations are also described in the map. Impression on the general water quality condition
of the lake is also described.
• Ambient Surface Water Quality of Laguna Lake and its Tributary Rivers
The LLDA, through its Environmental Quality Management Division (EQMD), has operated its
own water quality laboratory since 1973. The water quality of the lake and the tributary rivers
are monitored on a monthly basis. EQMD also conducts laboratory analysis of effluent samples
collected by the LLDA Environmental Regulations Department from industrial and business
establishments. The laboratory analysis results become the basis for the evaluating
compliance of industrial establishments to existing effluents discharge rules and regulations.
From 2009 to 2011, the five (5) stations monitored in Laguna de Bay were Station I (Central
West Bay), Station II (East Bay), Station IV (Central Bay), Station V (Northern West Bay) and
Station VIII (South Bay). By 2012, four (4) new monitoring stations were added, namely: Station
XV (West Bay- San Pedro), Station XVI (West Bay- Sta Rosa), Station XVII (Central Bay- Fish
Sanctuary) and Station XVIII (East Bay- Pagsanjan). Refer to Figure 3.1.1.7.
26
Figure 3.1.1.7: Laguna Lake and Tributary Rivers Sampling Stations
For the monitoring of the Laguna de Bay’s tributaries, LLDA had a total of eighteen (18) stations
in 2009 to 2010 that included Marikina, Bagumbayan, Mangangate, Tunasan (Downstream),
San Pedro, Cabuyao, San Cristobal, San Juan, Bay, Sta. Cruz, Pagsanjan, Pangil
(Downstream), Siniloan, Tanay (Downstream), Morong (Downstream) and Sapang Baho
Rivers, Buli Creek, and Manggahan Floodway. To cover the twenty-four (24) sub-basins in the
Laguna de Bay Region, the monitoring stations in Baras River, Pililla River, Sta. Maria River-
Downstream, Pila River, Molawin Creek in Los Baños, Sta. Rosa River-Downstream and Biñan
River started in 2011. By 2012, nine (9) additional tributary river stations were monitored.
These are located in Mangangate River-Upstream, Tunasan River-Upstream, Sta. Rosa River-
Midstream and Upstream, Pangil River-Upstream, Sta. Maria River-Upstream, Jala-jala River,
Tanay River-Upstream and Morong River-Upstream. Thus, the number of the water quality
monitoring stations along the tributary rivers of LdB in 2012 was thirty-four (34).
Throughout the 4-year monitoring period (2009 to 2012), water sampling in all lake and
Tributary River stations was conducted once a month. The analyses of the collected water
samples were in accordance with the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater, 21st Edition. 2005. APHA, AWWA, WEF. These water quality analyses include
seventeen (17) physico-chemical parameters, three (3) biological parameters, two (2) micro-
biological parameters. Physico-chemical parameters include the following: Alkalinity,
Ammonia, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Calcium Hardness, Chemical Oxygen Demand,
Chloride, Dissolved Oxygen, Inorganic Phosphate, Nitrate, Oil and Grease, pH, Temperature,
Total Dissolved Solids, Total Hardness, Total Suspended Solids, Transparency and Turbidity.
Biological parameters are composed of: Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Benthos. Microbiological
Parameters include: Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform.
27
Generally, the water quality of Laguna de Bay from 2009 to 2012 met the DENR Class C criteria
based on the computed annual average levels of most of the physico-chemical parameters for
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chloride, dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate, oil and grease,
pH and total coliforms. Among the lake primary productivity stations in the three (3) bays of
Laguna Lake, the most productive on the basis of the computed net primary productions
(NPPs) from 2009 to 2012 were the Central Bay station in 2009 and 2012, and the West Bay
station in 2010 and 2011. The highest NPP in 2010 at the West Bay coincided with the saltwater
intrusion event at that time. In the years 2014 to 2015, the BOD level of Laguna Lake are 3
mg/l. and 4.67 mg./l. respectively.
From among the tributary rivers, the stations noted with very poor water quality or those that
always failed the DENR Class C criteria in 2009 up to 2012 were Stns. 1 (Marikina), 2
(Bagumbayan River-Taguig), 3 (Buli Creek-Taguig), 4 (Mangangate River Downstream), 4U
(Mangangate River Upstream), 5 (Tunasan River Downstream), 6 (San Pedro River), 7 (Biñan
River), 8 (Sta. Rosa River Downstream), 9 (Cabuyao River), 24 (Morong River Downstream),
24U (Morong River Upstream), 25 (Manggahan Floodway-Taytay) and 26 (Sapang Baho
River-Cainta) for ammonia; Stns. 1, 2, 3, 4, 4U, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8M , (Sta. Rosa River Midstream),
9, 10 (San Cristobal River), 24, 24U, 25 and 26 for BOD; Stns. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ,8, 8M, 9, 10,
25 and 26 for obtaining average annual dissolved oxygen (DO) levels of less than 3 mg/L;
Stns. 1, 2, 3, 4, 4U, 5, 5U (Tunasan River Upstream), 6, 7, 8 8M, 8U (Sta. Rosa River
Upstream), 9, 10, 11 (San Juan River), 24, 24U, 25 and 26 for inorganic phosphate; Stn. 5 for
oil and grease; Stn. 22U (Tanay River Upstream) for pH; and all stations for total coliform.
Apparently, the results of the water quality assessments showed that most of the polluted
tributary river stations are located at the western and northern parts of the West Bay wherein
most of the population and the industrial establishments within the Laguna de Bay Region are
concentrated. Thus, pollution control activities must be intensified in these rivers.
The tributary river stations whose annual average water quality parameter levels from 2009 to
2012 consistently conformed with the DENR Class C criteria included Stns. 12 (Molawin Creek-
Los Baños), 13 (Bay River), 14 (Pila River), 15 (Sta. Cruz River), 16 (Pagsanjan River), 17
(Pangil River Downstream), 18 (Siniloan River), 19 (Sta. Maria River-Downstream), 21 (Pililla
River), 22 (Tanay River-Downstream) and 23 (Baras River) for BOD; all stations for chloride
and nitrate; Stns. 13, 15, 16, 17 and 22 for DO; Stns. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,
19, 21, 22, 23, 24 and 25 for oil and grease; and all stations except Stn. 22U for pH.
3.1.1.8. Biodiversity
The Laguna de Bay Region is endowed with rich natural resources. Laguna de Bay alone, is
home to a variety of organisms that comprise its biodiversity pool. Of note are the 31 species
of fishes belonging to 16 families and 19 genera, the most dominant and important species
were Therapon plumbeus and Glossogobius giurus (white goby), 154 species of
phytoplankton, 36 species of zooplankton, and 24 species of macrophytes. Other organisms
thriving in the lake include different species of mollusks, crustaceans, and birds that feed on
the lake's resources.
Commercially important fishes include white goby, mudfish, ayungin, milkfish, catfish, kanduli,
the tilapias, common carp and plasalit (Glossogobius giurus, Ophicephalus striatus, Therapon
plumbeus, Chanos chanos, Clarias sp, Anus rnanilensis, Tilapia mossambica, T. nilotica,
Cyprinus carpio and Trichogaster sp). The freshwater prawn Macrobrachium sp is also
harvested commercially. A wide variety of waterfowl occur, the common species including
Ixobrychus sinensis, I. cinnamomeus, Ardea cinerea, Rallus mirificus (a species endemic to
the Philippines), Porphyrio porphynio, Fulica ama, Himantopus himantopus and Sterna
albitrons.
28
The biological resources of the lake abound with fishes, mollusks, crustaceans, plankton and
macrophytes (water lilies). The lake yields fishes both from the fishpens and open fisheries
that are being sold at markets in Metro Manila and surrounding areas of the lake. Crustaceans
(shrimps) and mollusks (snails) declined in production in the lake. Snails are being harvested
by the sudsud fishing gear that hauls this resource for feeds for the duck industry that also
destroys aquatic plants in the lake.
3.1.2 Lake Uses and Benefits
The lake supports a range of environmental

Multiple Use Resource goods and services to the surrounding
communities, which also extend to other
stakeholders within and outside the basin.
Fisheries The various uses of the lake require an
Drinking Water
Transport
Route integrated management approach to ensure
coordinated development of water, land and
related resources to maximize economic
development and social welfare, without
Irrigation & Other Flood Waters
Hydro-electric
Power compromising the sustainability of vital
Agricultural Uses Reservoir Generation
environmental systems.
Industrial
Eco-tourism and
Recreation Cooling
At present, the lake’s most prominent use is fisheries. It is estimated that the lake yielded
37,000 to 47,000 MT of fish in 1997 to 2000 – both from fishpen operation and open fisheries.
Crustaceans and mollusks declined in yield from 1,927 to 574 MT and form 101,101 to 85,363
MT respectively during the same period.
The lake is also commonly used for transport with approximately 5,000 watercraft ferrying
people across communities around the lake with an estimated 23 barges transporting an
estimated 75,640 barrels of oil and oil products to and from supply depots daily. The LLDA set
navigational routes for lake travelers and users to avoid conflicts with fish cultivators, fishpen
owners and free-range fishermen.
Agriculture still retains considerable economic importance, considering it is the dominant land
use in the basin.
Industrial establishments used to be concentrated in the Metropolitan Manila area but have
expanded in the last 20 years to other cities and municipalities. Within the basin are some
12,690 industrial establishments on record (LLDA, 2015). Based on the industry sub-sector
classification, majorities are on food manufacturing, livestock raising, chemical and
pharmaceuticals, metals, minerals and non-metals. If lumped together, business
establishments involve in real estate and housing, shopping centers and recreational facilities,
constitute the highest number.
The waters of Laguna de Bay are used by the energy sector to generate 700-megawatt
hydropower. The agricultural sector also draws from the lake for the irrigation of 103,000
hectares of farmlands in the region enabling them to have a second cropping for a given year.
Despite its decreasing water quality, the lake is still used by residents and local tourists for
recreational purposes such as fishing, boating and even swimming.
29
Laguna de Bay also has a role in flood management in Metropolitan Manila, serving as a
floodwater reservoir. Manifested in the wake of Typhoon Ondoy on 26 September 2009,
floodwaters from the Marikina River and other outlets drained into the lake and left lakeshore
communities submerged for months after the storm.
With a rapidly increasing regional population coupled by inadequate surface water production
in the Angat Region and the generally declining groundwater resources, the greatest potential
lies in its development as raw water source for domestic water supply. Pursuant to Sec. 4 (m)
of R.A. 5850, as amended, LLDA Board Resolution No. 362, Series of 2008 Approving the
Rules and Regulations Implementing LLDA Board Resolution No. 338, Series of 2007 and
LLDA Board Resolution No. 373, Series of 2009 Approving the Resource Fee Structure and
Other Terms and Conditions for the Use of Laguna de Bay’ Raw Water by Maynilad Water
Services, Inc. (www.llda.gov.ph). LLDA granted permit to Maynilad to abstract raw water from
Laguna de Bay in an amount, not exceeding 3,500 liters per second for the purpose of
supplying the water requirements of nearly 60% residing in the West Zone of Metro Manila
pursuant to its Concession Agreement with Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System
(MWSS). For Manila Water Company, Inc. LLDA has granted 50 MLD with possible expansion
to 100MLD for the Rizal Water Supply Improvement Project (www.maynilad.com.ph). These
two water supply projects could be a harbinger for other concessionaires around the lake
especially in the West Bay where lies an urban agglomeration stretching from Taguig to
Calamba.
Unfortunately, Laguna de Bay also serves as a sink for liquid and solid wastes from domestic,
industrial and agricultural sources contributed by communities around the lake. It has been
estimated that more than 70 percent of households directly discharge their wastes into the
tributary rivers of the lake. Another contributor is the backflow of the Pasig River, which brings
nitrogen and phosphorus into the lake.
These multiple uses of Laguna de Bay, some complementary and others conflicting, have led
to its present state and the management of which will determine whether its eutrophication or
excessive richness of nutrients (phosphates and nitrates) in a lake, frequently due to runoff
from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of
oxygen, can be mitigated over the long term.
3.1.3. Characteristics of the Tributary River System
There are 24 basins draining into Laguna de Bay, also referred to as river sub- basins, which
have either single or multiple outlets into the lake. The largest of these is the Marikina River
Basin followed by the Pagsanjan River System contributing approximately 80% of its water
volume. Many of these river sub-basins share the same general characteristics, in clusters, in
terms of land use and socioeconomic activities within their particular basin. It would help to
focus on specific rivers in order to typify how they impinge on the lake proper.
The Pagsanjan River system, located in the southeastern portion of Laguna de Bay basin
contributes 35% of freshwater inflow into the lake. With the rugged topography of its basin, the
Pagsanjan River system is susceptible to erosion, which may further contribute to the siltation
of the lake without proper management.
The San Cristobal River is considered the second most polluted river (the first being the Pasig
River) draining into the lake attributed mainly to the industrial effluents from factories and
erosion from farms on or near riverbanks, thus affecting the overall productivity of the lake.
The Tanay River is home to various land uses from secondary forest, pasture, agricultural,
agro-forestry and agro-industry and has been subject to considerable land conversion, making
30
it susceptible to erosion. If unmitigated, this can contribute to the further deterioration of the
lake.
3.1.3.1. Water Uses and Benefits of the Tributary River System
The river sub-basins of the lake are of multiple uses to the communities in the specific basins.
This is exemplified by San Cristobal River, whose upstream is used as a supply of domestic
water while also being a source of industrial water for industrial and commercial establishments
and a source of irrigation for downstream service areas of the National Irrigation Administration
(NIA).
While an integrated water resource management and integrated river basin management at
the local level can be potentially effective in managing conflicts and optimizing resource use,
it has so far wrought only unwanted negative consequences such as the drying up of streams
because of high demand for water from these rivers.
3.1.3.2. Status of the Lake and Tributary River System
A. Water Quality
The ensuing discussion is based on the findings/results of the Ecosystem Account: Water
Quality under the Laguna Lake Ecosystem Accounting Project.2 Due to lack of data for stream
flow for 2003 and 2010 (measurement of stream flow was established on 2012), only 2013
data were used in the study to compare the actual BOD Loading versus the BOD Loading data
generated by LLDA Waste Load Model (WLM) for Industries, Domestic Waste, and Solid
Waste.
The study concluded that lake water quality has not deteriorated strongly from 2003 to 2013,
in spite of the increase in BOD loading. Only Station 1 in Table 3.1.3.2(a) which has changed
its water quality from Class A/B in 2003 to a lower Class C in 2010. This was attributed to the
dynamics of the lake, characterized by relatively rapid through flow of water, plus additional
breakdown of nutrients in the lake itself. However, study findings revealed an increase in BOD
concentration observed in some river stations such as Marikina, Cabuyao, Morong
Downstream, San Cristobal, Tunasan Downstream. These stations with the greatest decline
in water quality correspond to the areas with the largest increase in population density during
the same period. The lake’s actual BOD Loading in Table 3.1.3.2(c) of a total of 78,670 metric
ton in 2013 corresponds well to the pollution loading.
The water quality of various sampling stations is presented in Tables 3.1.3.2(b), 3.1.3.2(c) and
3.1.3.2(d). Classification is according to the DENR water quality criteria / water usage &
classification for fresh water:
• Class A - Public water supply (still requires treatment to meet national standards for
drinking water)
• Class B - Recreational water class I (for contact recreation as bathing and swimming)
• Class C - Fishery water for the propagation and growth of fish (also non-contact
recreation and industrial use class I)
2
To determine how much the water quality has change during the years 2003, 2010 and 2013 and how much the
river discharge has affected the water quality of the lake, the study classified the lake’s water quality and its tributary
rivers through the years using the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of the different stations, thus giving a better
understanding of the lake’s assimilative capacity.
31
• Class D - For agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering and industrial water supply
• Class BD - Water unsuitable for any purpose
Table 3.1.3.2(a). Concentration and Classification of Laguna de Bay's Water Quality According to
DENR Water Quality Criteria for Biochemical Oxygen Demand
2003 2010 2013
DENR DENR DENR
Ave Ave Ave
Sampling Stations W.Q. W.Q. W.Q.
Conc. Conc. Conc.
Classific Classific Classific
(Ppm) (Ppm) (Ppm)
ation ation ation
Stn I 2 A/B 6 C 2 A/B
Stn II 2 A/B 5 A/B 2 A/B
Stn IV 2 A/B 4 A/B 2 A/B
Stn V 3 A/B 5 A/B 3 A/B
Stn VIII 2 A/B 5 A/B 2 A/B
Stn XV - San Pedro * * * * 2 A/B
Stn XVI -Sta. Rosa * * * * 2 A/B
Stn XVII - Sanctuary * * * * 2 A/B
Stn XVIII - Pagsanjan * * * * 2 A/B
Note: * no data (lake stations were added in 2012)
32
Table 3.1.3.2(b). Concentration and Classification of Tributary Rivers' Water Quality According
to DENR Water Quality Criteria for Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Sampling Stations 2003 2010 2013
Ave DENR Ave DENR Ave DENR
Conc. W.Q. Conc. W.Q. Conc. W.Q.
mg/L Criteria mg/L Criteria mg/L Criteria
Bagumbayan * * 238 BD 53 BD
Baras * * * * 6 C
Bay River 2 A/B 4 A/B 6 C
Biñan * * * * 21 BD
Buli Creek * * 161 BD 115 BD
Cabuyao 6 C 14 D 25 BD
Cainta, Sapang Baho 31 BD 17 BD 26 BD
Jala-jala * * * * 3 A/B
Los Banos * * * * 4 A/B
Mangangate Downstream 43 BD 42 BD 26 BD
Mangangate Upstream * * * * 12 D
Marikina 9 C 25 BD 21 BD
Morong Downstream 9 C 13 D 14 D
Morong Upstream (Bombongan) * * * * 21 BD
Pagsanjan River / Lumban 1 AA 3 A/B 3 A/B
Pangil Downstream 2 A/B 5 A/B 3 A/B
Pangil Upstream (Pangil Resort) * * * * 2 A/B
Pila * * * * 5 A/B
Pililla * * * * 6 C
San Cristobal River 11 D 78 BD 35 BD
San Juan River 4 C 5 A/B 6 C
San Pedro River 28 BD 18 BD 19 BD
Siniloan 6 C 7 C 4 A/B
Sta. Cruz River 3 A/B 3 A/B 4 A/B
Sta. Maria Downstream * * * * 2 A/B
Sta. Maria Upstream (Dam-Site) * * * * 2 A/B
Sta. Rosa Downstream * * * * 18 BD
Sta. Rosa Midstream * * * * 13 D
Sta. Rosa Upstream * * * * 6 C
Tanay Downstream 6 C 4 A/B 4 A/B
Tanay Upstream (Daranak falls) * * * * 2 A/B
Taytay (Manggahan Floodway) * * 14 D 16 BD
Tunasan Downstream 55 BD 159 BD 170 BD
Tunasan Upstream * * * * 16 BD
Note: *no data (river stations were added 2012)
Table 3.1.3.2 (c): Water Quality for BOD parameter of Laguna de Bay in 2003, 2010 and 2013
Sampling Stations 2003 2010 2013

Stn I A/B C A/B
Stn II A/B A/B A/B
Stn IV A/B A/B A/B
Stn V A/B A/B A/B
Stn VIII A/B A/B A/B
Note: Only Station I in 2010 has changed in Water Quality from Class A/B to C.
33
Table 3.1.3.2(d): Discharge Flow Rate and Actual BOD Loading of the River Stations for 2013
BOD Discharge BOD BOD BOD
mg/L rate L/sec mg/sec kg/year MT/Yr
Bagumbayan 53 597 31618 997114 997
Buli Creek 115 114 13059 411825 412
Mangangate Downstream 26 478 12435 392164 392
Mangangate Upstream 12 410 4920 155157 155
Tunasan Downstream 170 166 28220 889946 890
Tunasan Upstream 16 561 8971 282923 283
Marikina 21 6441 135256 4265425 4265
Cainta, Sapang Baho 26 1031 26806 845354 845
Taytay (Manggahan Floodway) 16 99812 1596992 50362740 50363
Morong Downstream 14 3784 52976 1670651 1671
Morong Upstream
(Bombongan) 21 3845 80748 2546469 2546
Baras 6 1640 9841 310352 310
Tanay Downstream 4 8043 32173 1014601 1015
Tanay Upstream (Daranak falls) 2 1074 2148 67748 68
Pililla 6 1261 7564 238526 239
Jala-jala 3 37 112 3532 4
Sta. Maria Downstream 2 1767 3534 111455 111
Sta. Maria Upstream (Dam-Site) 2 3661 7322 230907 231
Siniloan 4 1474 5895 185900 186
Pangil Upstream (Pangil
Resort) 2 1313 2625 82782 83
Pangil Downstream 3 773 2318 73108 73
Bay River 6 1371 8227 259447 259
San Cristobal River 35 1524 53340 1682130 1682
Los Banos 4 3083 12331 388877 389
Pagsanjan River / Lumban 3 23336 70007 2207741 2208
San Juan River 6 3056 18338 578291 578
Sta. Cruz River 4 8434 33736 1063898 1064
Pila 5 365 1827 57606 58
Biñan 21 5060 106260 3351015 3351
Cabuyao 25 900 22500 709560 710
San Pedro River 19 473 8981 283214 283
Sta. Rosa Downstream 18 1920 34556 1089742 1090
Sta. Rosa Midstream 13 4400 57200 1803859 1804
Sta. Rosa Upstream 6 298 1787 56339 56
Total BOD Loading 78,670
*Only 27 River Stations were monitored.
34
CHAPTER 3
3.2. SHORELAND MANAGEMENT AREA
3.2.1. Brief Profile of the Laguna de Bay Shoreland
The Laguna de Bay shoreland is a linear strip of land along the lakeshore lying at/between
elevation 12.5 and 10.5 meters, and alternately submerged or exposed by the normal annual
rising and lowering of the lake levels (LLDA, 1996). Datum elevation is a point 10 meters below
Mean Lower Low Water (M.L.L.W). It is that part of the lake bed that is intended to separate
incompatible elements or uses, or to control pollution/nuisance and for identifying and defining
development areas or zones. It has a total area of approximately 14,000 has based on the 1967
Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey topographic map. It also known as the “buffer zone”.
The shoreline of Laguna de Bay is 285 km (at 10.5-meter lake elevation) running along Metro
Manila and the provinces of Rizal and Laguna. The province of Laguna has the biggest share of
shoreland area with 9,200 has. or 66% of the total shoreland area followed by Rizal with 3,670
has. (26%) and Metro Manila with 1130 has. (8%) (Figure 3.2.1-a).
Figure 3.2.1-a Distribution of Laguna de Bay Shoreland Areas

Source: LLDA
All lands located at and below the 12.5 meters elevation are considered public lands and are
managed and controlled by the Laguna Lake Development Authority as defined under Republic
Act Number 4850 (1966) as amended by PD No. 813 (1975) and EO No. 927 (1983).
The Laguna Lake Basin is life support system to about 13 million people living in the 29 lakeshore
cities and municipalities and 32 non-lakeshore cities/municipalities. In the 2000 NSO Census,
35
about 3.92 million living in the 29 shoreline cities and municipalities benefit from the lake’s water
and shoreland area (LLDA, 2008).
Technical and Legal Basis of Shoreland Area (Elevation 12.50 meters)
Elevation 12.50 was arrived at using all available data on record. Data on the lake’s elevation
was obtained from the Department of Public Works and Highways since it recorded the highest
elevation of 14.62 m. in 1919. Gaps in the record were determined by correlating the rainfall data
gather from the Weather Bureau (now PAGASA) to the maximum lake stage. Records to date
validate the average annual maximum elevation of the lake still at 12.50 m. above LLDA Datum.
Why average annual maximum?
The lake level fluctuates depending on the season (see Figures 3.2.1-b to 3.2.1-c). During the
rainy season, the lake has high elevation (maximum). During the dry season, the elevation is low
(minimum). High or low elevations also fluctuate depending on amount of rainfall, i.e., if it is a
wet year (high maximum) or a dry year (low maximum). In view of these variations in the lake
level, it is only logical to use the average of the yearly maximum elevations or the average annual
maximum lake level as the upper limit of the lake.
Laguna de Bay Datum
Land elevation is measured from the Mean Sea Level (MSL) at Manila Bay at its Datum
(Elevation 0). However, there are instances that the elevation of Laguna de Bay is below MSL.
In these cases, the elevation would become negative. To prevent the use of negative numbers,
another datum was established for Laguna de Bay which is 10.00 meters below Mean Low Water
level at Manila Bay. Elevation 12.50 meters is reckoned from this datum (Figures 3.2.1-b to 3.2.1-
c).
Figure 3.2.1-b: Elevation 12.50 meters measured Figure 3.2.1-c: Elevation 12.50 meters measured
at datum 10.00 meters below MLLW at datum 10.00 meters below MLLW
(DRY SEASON) (RAINY SEASON)
Source: LLDA
Legal Basis
Elevation 12.50 was used in Section 41 of R.A. No, 4850 as amended by P.D. No. 813 to define
Laguna de Bay. Section 41 of the LLDA Charter as amended, Laguna de Bay or Laguna Lake is
36
defined as that “area covered by the lake water when it is at the average annual maximum lake
level of elevation 12.50 meters, as referred to a datum 10.00 meters below mean lower low water
(MLLW). Lands located at and below such elevation are public lands which form part of the bed
of said lake.
LLDA asserts ownership and administration of the shoreland. Its basic responsibility is to protect
the shoreland as buffer zone and regulate developments in the area. It adopted the Shoreland
Management Program (SMP) in 2002 as a priority program under the Integrated Water
Resources Management Framework for the lake region. LLDA describes SMP as: “proper
management and control of the use or occupancy of the shoreland areas that are to be
highlighted by the demarcation of the required 12.5 m elevation around the lake” (ADB 2003).
The activities set out under this program are: a) Inventory of title holders, occupants, owners and
claimants; b) Intensive IEC component; c) Administrative system to protect the rights of legitimate
shoreland users. Shorelands are also public lands under Philippine laws that form part of
resource base for the development of lakeshore communities. Other policies and regulatory
bodies, however, exist with the LLDA that impact on the management of the lakeshore. Figure
3.2.1-d shows the shoreland boundary while Figure 3.2.1-e shows delineation of 12.5 meters
elevation.
Figure 3.2.1-d: Shoreland Boundary Source: LLDA
37
Figure 3.2.1- e: Laguna de Bay Basin Map Showing Delineation of 12.5 Meters Elevation (green shade).
Source: LLDA
The use and occupancy of shorelands under the LLDA, is governed by Board Resolution No.
113, series of 1999, where area allocation is limited to the classification of lease applicants,
regardless of legitimate claims of ownership over these lands:
• For individuals - not more than one (1) hectare

• Duly organized associations – maximum of Five (5) has.
• Term of the lease – five (5) years renewable to another 5 years
Current uses of shoreland extend beyond the technical demarcation of 12.5-meter elevation.
Projects straddle both shoreland and inland. Many are located beyond this buffer but close
enough to affect the quality of the lake in terms of waste stream. All these are subject to LLDA
Clearance and sanctions. Furthermore, said areas are not titled under the LLDA, rather, with the
national government given the absence of a cadastral survey delineating the actual claim of
LLDA.
LLDA Board Resolution No. 248, Series of 2005 governs the issuance of Shoreland Development
Clearance (SDC) to private individuals who are owners of legally titled lands on the lakeshore,
while Board Resolution 227, Series of 2004 covers issuance of SDCs to shoreland LGUs for their
respective government projects under the terms and conditions prescribed under these
guidelines... On the other hand, under Board Resolution No. 113, Series of 1999 LLDA may grant
Shoreland Occupancy Permit (SOP) which allows individuals or cooperative/associations to
lease certain untitled areas in the shoreland.
Prior to 2008, the LLDA was also responsible for the issuance of the Environmental Compliance
Certificate (ECC) for EIA- covered projects initiated by the private section. However, the DENR
recalled this authority in 15 July 2008 by virtue of DENR AO 2008- 11.
38
Table 3.2.1-a: Shoreland Uses Subject to Shoreland Occupancy Permit (SOP)

and Shoreland Lease
Conditions/ Development
Allowable Board Resolutions
Regulations
Tree farming Article 6 Section 1a
/planting Resolution No. 113, series
of 1999
Recreational use Provided that no permanent structures Article 6 Section 1b
shall be constructed Resolution No. 113, series
of 1999
Established,
maintained trails –
non-motorized
Agricultural • The use of fertilizers shall be Article 6 Section 1c
cultivation / regulated based on DA/ FPA Resolution No. 113, series
Gardening standards of 1999
• Use of less persistent pesticides
shall be required
• Integrated Pest Mgt. is practiced
• Such use does not result in land
reclamation or backfilling
Fishpond Exotic species shall not be allowed Article 6 Section 1d
Resolution No. 113, series
of 1999
Poultry Only backyard scale shall be Article 6 Section 1e
allowed Resolution No. 113, series
of 1999
Support Facilities Such as dockyard/ boat shed, Article 6 Section 1f
research facilities and fishport Resolution No. 113, series
of 1999
Table 3.2.1-b: Allowable Uses and Regulations for LGU-initiated Projects
Barangay Halls • Max allowable area is 200 m2

• Only one request per LGU
• Shoreland areas allotted shall not exceed 1% of the total shoreland
area around Laguna de Bay
Day Care Center • Max allowable area is 200 m2
Basketball courts/ • Max allowable area is 2,000 m2
Multipurpose Area • Only one request per LGU
Recreational Park • Max allowable area is 2,000 m2
• Design of landscape must adopt the wetland / biological park concept
• Facilities /structures may be allowed if:
▪ It will ensure soil stability at the project site
▪ Concept of face the lake design
▪ Color hues as may be recommended by the LLDA
▪ Sound structural design criteria and standards
▪ Backfilling will be regulated
39
Wharf, port or fish/ • Max allowable area is 2,000 m2

boat landing • Only one request per LGU
Reclamation (for • Secure Clearance to Reclaim Shoreland Area
government and • Filling or earth materials shall be sourced within the Laguna de Bay
private Region
developmental • No waste material of any kind shall be used as fill materials
projects) • Maximum allowable area for reclamation shall be limited to the are
requirements of the project as may be determined by LLDA
• Any building/ structure which will be produced and constructed shall be
required to secure individual Clearance to Reclaim and Develop
Shoreland Area and a Lease Agreement with LLDA
Source: LLDA Board Resolution 227, 2004; LLDA website
LLDA recognizes that LGU development projects within the lakeshore are integral to the delivery
of basic services. However, these too are subject to development regulations. Public service
facilities initiated by local government units are subject to maximum area allocation,
environmental management plan, proof of social acceptability, site plan and design standards
(Board Resolution No. 227, series of 2004). This is with the exemption from fees pursuant to
Board Resolution 274, Series of 2006.
Prescribed uses for the development of the shoreland area has been amended by BR 248 series
of 2005 allowing any activity that will not pose pollution and cause ecological disturbance to the
lake, as determined by the LLDA, and with the following conditions:
Plan and Design
A. The design of landscape must adopt the wetland / biological park concept (e.g.,
Geelong Waterfront in Australia, Lake Biwa and Lake Kasimigaura Bio-parks in Japan,
among others)
B. Facilities / structures maybe allowed to be established on shoreland areas, provided
that such facilities or structures will be built on the following conditions:
B.1. It will ensure soil stability at the project site

B.2. Semi-permanent/permanent structures maybe allowed provided the
following are adhered to:
B.2.1. Concept of face the lake design

B.2.2. Color hues as may be recommended by the LLDA.
B.2.3. Sound structural design criteria and standards as well as material
specifications.
B.3. Backfilling will be regulated to mitigate project areas from the following:
B.3.1. Rising of lake water

B.3.2. Shoreline embankment protection
B.3.3. Health risks
B.3.4. Protect crops, facilities and other technical reasons provided that
the earth materials will be sourced within the Laguna de Bay
Region and no waste materials will be used for backfilling subject to
LLDA evaluation and approval.
40
All proponents shall prepare and submit for approval by LLDA their respective Initial
Environmental Examination (IEE) Checklist or Report and Environmental Impact Studies (EIS)
depending on the project undertaking for preventive and control measures against potential
ecological disturbance during construction and operation. (LLDA BR 248 series of 2005)
Private and public improvements on the shoreland are owned by the proponent, but the
ownership and jurisdiction of the shoreland area remains with the State through the LLDA. Any
modification on the approved structures/facilities or change in the proposed use shall be subject
to the approval of the Authority. When the lease contract is served or when the area will be
needed by LLDA or the National Government for a project with a greater purpose, the ownership
of the facilities/structure shall revert to LLDA.
3.2.2 Policies on Shoreland Settlements
In 1996, passed Resolution No. 23 disallowing housing projects and subdivisions in the
shoreland. However, PD 704 issued in 1996, which declared 80 has. of Arenda Barangay as
socialized housing development area (resettlement) under the National Housing Authority muted
the LLDA’s effort to curb the growing shoreland settlements.
In the wake of Typhoon Ondoy, which inundated much of Arenda, PD 704 was revoked in
December 2009 by EO 854 calling for the immediate clearing of the area given the thousands of
casualties among lakeshore settlements. An inter-agency committee on informal settlements led
by the DILG was formed to study the resettlements of these families. Recently, said committee
recently recommended the reinstitution of PD 704 and the revocation of EO 854, citing that if
engineering solutions can such as local infrastructures and flood control projects can abate
flooding in the area, thereby lowering the risk to life and property and thus increase the livability
of the area floodplain. Anchored on a pro-poor response, the Committee recommended the
prioritization of on- site resettlement where feasible.
3.2.3 Existing Shoreland Uses
The Laguna Lake Basin sustains 16,248,298 million people (2015 NSO Census)) living in the 29
lakeshore cities and municipalities and 32 non-lakeshore cities/municipalities. Most of them are
from the provinces of Laguna and Batangas. Table 3.2.3-a shows the total number of
municipalities and barangays in the Laguna de Bay Basin.
Perceived economic opportunities in Metropolitan Manila led to the in-migration from the other
regions of the country. Francisco (1985) cited that this is largely the reason for the high population
growth rate and the distribution of the population (as cited by Santos- Borja, et.al. 2004).
Many of them are migrants from across the country that have ventured to find work in Metro
Manila. Taking up residence in the lakeshore towns of San Pedro, Calamba, and Los Baños in
Laguna, as well as Taytay, Pateros and Binangonan in Rizal, seems quite practical, with the real
estate developments here offering affordable living, in idyllic communities that are less polluted
compared to the metropolis, and are often even quite scenic, having both Laguna de Bay and
Mount Makiling as their backdrop.
Table 3.2.3-a: Number of Lakeshore Municipalities and Barangays

Province/ Region Municipality/ City Barangay
Laguna 18 86
Rizal 9 84
National Capital Region 2 18
Total 29 188
Source: LLDA, 2008
41
These developments are interspersed in across the 188, from the 29 municipalities and cities,
generally built-up barangays that directly embrace the Laguna shoreline. On the west bay, these
barangays typify peri-urban characteristics as these function as spillover sites for urban
development in Metro Manila. More intensive economic functions, denser settlements and higher
service functions are common among west bay barangays owing to their proximity to Metro
Manila. Those in the southern and eastern portions of the Bay are predominantly rural.
Although data on the extent of coverage and intensity of these uses throughout the shoreland is
limited, LLDA explains these transcend shoreland boundaries landward. Many of these
developments are located within the direct impact areas identified under the EIA system of about
250 meters radial distance from water bodies. Further, these uses are linked to the functions of
the lake on these developments such as cooling system for industries, source of livelihood,
transport alternative to local population, fresh water source, and waste sink.
Recent development pattern on the Laguna Lake shoreland shows not only the substantial lot
clearing for economic growth (advancement of roads, utilities) but also the encroachment of
inappropriate land uses (the placement of fill, expansion of settlements). The LLDA has been
strictly enforcing pertinent laws, rules and regulation relative to the protection and preservation
of the Laguna Lake. However, existing land uses would show that not all activities are permissible
and may cause impacts to the functions and values of the important resource such as increase
in the rate and volume of runoff, nutrient loading, decline in water quality, loss in habitat (both
aquatic and terrestrial), loss of flood reduction, or attenuation of ecological processes. These
include domestic livestock grazing, piggery farms, dumpsite, houses, factories and quarrying.
Based on the latest DENR report on legitimate uses or those with LLDA clearance, the LLDA
has issued a total of 117 Shoreland Occupancy Permits from 2009 to 2013 (Table 3.2.4-2). There
was an increasing trend in the issuance of ECC and CNC from 2005-2007. However, this
declined with the recall of LLDA’s authority to grant or deny ECCs in 2008.
The development pattern on the Laguna Lake shorelands is yielding to pressures of rapid
population growth, industrialization and urbanization where substantial lot clearing for economic
growth (advancement of roads, utilities) is prevalent and extensive. This is best gleaned from the
informal settlements that on the shoreline, and some extending to the lake water, which have
consolidated over the decades.
Table 3.2.3-b: Number of Shoreland Occupancy Permit Issued 2009 -2013
Type of permit/
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Clearance
Shoreland Occupancy
Permit 3 9 103 2
▪ Area covered in sq. m. 7,602 14,620 198,951
Source: LLDA
42
Figure 3.2.3-a: Existing Lake-Shoreland-Inland Developments
3.2.3-a: Informal Settlements on the Shoreland
The National Housing Authority estimated that the number of informal settler families in the
Laguna de Bay shoreland is 82,040. The largest informal settler community is in Lupang Arenda
in Barangay Sta. Ana, Taytay, Rizal with 60,000 families.
Picture 3.2.4-a: Lupang Arenda, Brgy. Sta Ana, Taytay Rizal
Source: Google Earth, 2011
Two other large informal settler communities are found in the Province of Laguna: Barangay
Malaban in Biñan has 6,800 informal settler families and Barangay Sinalhan in Sta. Rosa has
4,800. The remaining 10,440 informal settler families are in clusters of informal settlements
located in 29 shoreland municipalities (188 lakeshore barangays) around the lake. A map below
shows that the proliferation of informal settlers in the shoreland areas is more pronounced from
the West Bay area down to the South Bay.
43
Picture 3.2.4-b: Informal Settlements in Picture 3.2.4-c: Informal Settlements in

Malaban, Biñan CIty, Laguna Sinalhan, City of Santa Rosa, Laguna
Source: LLDA
Informal settlements along the shoreland are also staggering in number. The informal settler
families that would be affected in the implementation of Executive Order 815 (2009), Declaring
the Implementation of the Environmental and Economic Development Program within Laguna
Lake as a Presidential Priority, are 391,084. The affected areas include the City of Taguig, 13
municipalities/ cities in the Province of Rizal and 17 municipalities/ cities in the Province of
Laguna (Guarano, n.d.).
Informal settlers in these communities are mostly migrants from southern provinces like Bicol
and the Visayas regions engaged in seasonal labor work in Metro Manila, and other urban
centers. However, fishing is a ready alternative livelihood for them in times of economic shocks
and stresses. LLDA reports a substantial portion of these communities are submerged for 7
months during the rainy season (LLDA Oplan Universe), such that families have learned to adapt.
44
Figure 3.2.3-b: Informal Settlements in Laguna de Bay Shoreland
Table 3.2.3-c: Number by Location of Informal Settler Families Affected by E.O. 815
Area at Risk Number of

Informal
Province/Region City/ Municipality Settler
Families
NCR City of Taguig 3,276
Rizal Antipolo Cainta Pililia Teresa 190,862
Angono Cardona Rodriguez
Baras Jala-jala Tanay
Binangonan Morong Taytay
Laguna Bay Los Banos Pakil Siniloan 196,946
Binan Lumban Pangil Sta. Cruz
Cabuyao Mabitac Pila Sta Rosa
Calamba Paete San Perdo Victoria
Kalayaan
Total 391,084
Source: DILG, 2011c (Data referred to the families affected by Typhoons Ondoy and Santi)
Some are able to improvise using waste materials to keep their belongings afloat during flooding.
Others form informal groups and contribute portion of their daily earnings to hire hauling services
45
from construction sites to backfill their areas with debris and other waste materials to elevate
their houses. This is among the factors that contributed to the consolidation of informal
settlements as seen in Lupang Arenda where the original 80-hectare site for socialized housing
increased to 175 has. (LLDA 2008).
Various health problems also beset these communities especially children who were reported to
be prone to water-borne-related illnesses. Other reports claim that children from lakeshore
communities have lower IQ than other children in the region (Changco 2009).
These settlements are generally serviced by public facilities like schools, rural health units and
day care centers. However, only a few LGUs have managed to install service utilities for flood
control and waste management given the prohibitive costs of infrastructure.
Taytay and Cainta are among these LGUs, which invests in flood mitigation projects like
rehabilitation of local drainage systems and installation of pumping stations to aid the drawing
floodwaters from settlements onto the lake tributaries. These LGUs, together other supporters of
the recall of EO 854 agree that, instead of resettlement, better and long-term engineering
interventions can better address the flood risks and other issues faced by lakeshore
communities.
To date, the subject of resettlement of lakeshore informal settlers is still pending with the Office
of the President, although some LGUs have started to explore possible relocation sites (in-city)
such as Taytay, Rizal.
46
CHAPTER 3
3.3. BASIN MANAGEMENT AREA
The basin is the framework from which the web of life is structured, from the microbe to the mouth
of the basin to ponds, lakes, or seas, with the common element being water, its lifeblood.
Affecting even a small component, such as microorganisms or soil particles, causes a chain of
events that could affect other components in the basin. Streams and rivers do not follow political
boundaries and the flow of water, pollution, problems, etc. does not stop at political boundaries
or administrative units. Ecosystem resources instead are integrated and divided by drainage
basins (basin), where ground and surface waters are interconnected. It should also be
understood that natural, undisturbed basins are in hydrogeomorphologic equilibrium. As human
kind alters the hydrology and/or the landscape, all other basin ecosystem parameters are
ultimately affected. Improper use of natural resources therefore causes a number of problems,
which include flooding, erosion, sedimentation and stream bank erosion among others.
3.3.1. Basin Profile
The Laguna de Bay basin is subdivided into 24 hydrological sub-basins from which over 100
rivers and streams drain toward the lake Figure 3.3.1-1 Twenty-two (22) of these are major river
systems including one (1) outlet, the Pasig River through the Napindan Channel. These tributary
rivers are the Pagsanjan River, the Sta. Cruz River, the Balanak River, the Marikina River, the
Mangangate River, the Tunasan River, the San Pedro River, the Cabuyao River, the San
Cristobal River, the San Juan River, the Bay, Calo and Maitem rivers in Bay, the Molawin,
Dampalit and Pele Rivers in Los Baños, the Pangil River, the Tanay River, the Morong River, the
Siniloan River, and the Sapang Baho River.
The Manggahan Channel diverts part of the Marikina River into Laguna Lake. The only outlet of
the lake is the Napindan Channel which at its confluence joins the Marikina river, forming the
Pasig river, which meanders along a 27 km. long course westward through a major part of
Metropolitan Manila, before eventually discharging into Manila Bay.
Runoff from the sub-basins brings in freshwater. From the major river system, 35% of freshwater
that drain comes from Pagsanjan River while 15% comes from Sta. Cruz River. When the lake
level is lower than Manila Bay and when there is sufficient tidal fluctuation, the entry of saltwater
through the Pasig River raises the salinity of the lake resulting to brackish water. Freshwater
runoff and saltwater backflows maintain the salt balance of the lake.
47
Figure 3.3.1-a: The Laguna de Bay 24-hydrological Sub-basins (LLDA, 2000)
The Laguna de Bay Basin consists of 24 sub-basins, with varying areas, biophysical
characteristics, socio-economic conditions, water resources, status of soil degradation and the
goods and services that the sub-basins are currently able to provide. The variation among sub-
basins is brought about both by the natural characteristics of the area and the existing land cover
and uses introduced in the sub-basins. Figure 3.3.1-b shows the existing land cover of the Basin.
Closed Forest, Open Forest, Annual Crop, Perennial Crop, Built-up Areas, Inland Water,
Grassland, Shrubs, Wooded Grassland, Open/Barren, and Mangrove Forest (NAMRIA, 2010).
The more dominant land uses of the sub-basins (sub- basins) in the western side are built-up
48
and industrial areas, while agriculture, grasslands and forests are the more dominant land cover
in the eastern side.
The Laguna de Bay is a very important natural resource for the social, cultural and economic
development of the Region and of the country. However, the sustainability of the lake depends
heavily upon the way the 24 sub-basins that contribute water to the lake are managed and
utilized. The sub-basins of the Region have been subjected to increasing environmental pressure
such as deforestation over the past several decades. The Region was originally covered by
dense equatorial forest. Between the mid-1940s and mid-1980s, forest cover decreased from
about 53 percent to eight percent, and is now estimated to be less than five percent (LLDA 2005).
Deforestation rate in the Region was highest in the 1970s because of logging, both legal and
illegal. Non-forest areas, which can be the focus of reforestation and rainforestation efforts.
Grasslands, brush lands and abandoned agricultural areas dominate the non-forest areas of the
basins of the Region. Inappropriate land use practices due to poverty, (i.e., charcoal making,
grazing, timber collection for fuelwood, poles and other uses and slash and burn agriculture) and
environmental conditions (existence of pervasive grass and other species) keep many of these
areas in their present non-forest status. The current environmental condition of the basins
contributes largely to the deteriorating condition of the lake.
The current condition of the sub-basins had also prevented them to produce the range of
economic, social and environmental goods and services that they should have ideally provided
to on-site and off-site communities.
The sub-basin areas are expected to provide goods and services to the local people of the
Region as well as to other communities in nearby basins.
In a study by the Department of Agribusiness Management, College of Economics and

Management of the University of the Philippines in Los Baños, Laguna, it was estimated that the
63 percent of the aggregate materials used by the construction industry come from the province
of Rizal, with more than half (60 percent) of quarries located in Rodriguez, followed by Antipolo
(20 percent), San Mateo (10 percent), Angono (five percent) and Tanay (five percent). Rodriguez
is considered as the biggest producer of aggregates in Rizal Province.
Rizal province has the highest potential for iron, limestone, shale/silica, concrete aggregate/s
and gravel production. The Province of Batangas has the highest potential for copper ore, gold,
lead, and clay production. This is the only province in the Region with barite and gypsum. Quezon
province is the second highest in terms of availability of copper ore, gold, and limestone. Specific
areas in Batangas, Quezon which is located within the Region with these mineral deposits have
to be identified. As of July 2011, portion of the province of Laguna are being explored for gold,
copper, silica, zinc, basalt, andesite, limestone, etc.
49
Figure 3.3.1-b: Land cover map of the Laguna de Bay Basin, (NAMRIA, 2010)
50
Socio-Economic and Environmental Activities
The following discussion indicates the range of resources and concomitant economically
valuable activities that are currently being undertaken in various areas in the Basin. Done in
suitable areas and with the appropriate management practices, these activities could be
undertaken without causing basin degradation.
1. Forestry - felling of natural forest trees for timber, poles and fuelwood; harvesting of
minor forest products, e.g., rattan, vines, fiber, wild foods (fruits, nuts, fungi, honey);
felling of commercial tree plantations for timber, poles, fuelwood, pulp; felling of trees
within small-scale individual or community woodlots or tree plantations for timber,
poles and fuelwood.
2. Water supply - for domestic or industrial use from surface or ground water sources;
from surface or groundwater sources, for irrigation of annual and perennial crops
among both the formal and informal sectors; used for hydroelectric and geothermal
power production
3. Agriculture - annual crop production (dryland and rainfed/irrigated paddy);perennial

crop production (fruit trees, coconut, coffee, sugar cane, bananas, pineapple); felling,
cutting back or pruning multi-purpose tree and/or shrub species grown in association
with crops for timber, poles, fuelwood or fodder (using one or more agroforestry
systems)
4. Livestock - small-scale backyard production/stall feeding e.g. pigs, poultry; large-

scale intensive production of pigs and poultry; rearing of carabao for draft power;
ranching/extensive grazing
5. Fishery - aquaculture in reservoirs and fish ponds; fresh water fishing, prevention of
fish diseases; establishment of fisheries and limnological center; improvement of fish
transport systems; improvement of fish handling and processing
6. Infrastructure; protection of dams, weirs, hydro-electric power stations and irrigation

scheme structures; protection of roads, bridges, houses, factories, industrial sites
7. Mining - quarrying of stone for construction purposes; limestone quarrying for lime
and cement production; river bed/flood plain sand and gravel extraction for
construction purposes;
Social Services
8. Tourism - eco-cultural-tourism; scenic landscape preservation
9. Recreation - hill trekking, mountain climbing; water sports, camping, waterfall and hot
spring bathing, picnics, shooting the rapids
10. Historical - protection of historical monuments and archeological sites
11. Cultural - protection of areas of cultural importance (burial places, sacred groves
etc.),protection of indigenous cultures, beliefs and knowledge; visits to mystical
mountain sites and to religious pilgrimage sites
12. Health - control of water borne diseases, prevention of malnutrition
13. Social welfare - livelihood security; social equity/poverty alleviation; reduction in risk
of loss of life due to natural disasters; disaster relief avoidance; prevention of rural –
51
urban migration
Environmental Services
1. Soil conservation - soil erosion control; maintenance of soil fertility; slope

stabilization/landslide control
2. Bio-diversity - preservation of endangered species; preservation of ecosystems;

preservation of the natural and agricultural gene pool
3. Water conservation - Retention/storage; pollution control; tributary rivers water quality

monitoring; waste water treatment
4. Flood mitigation - reduction in surface runoff volume and velocity thereby reducing
peak stream/river flows following storm events
5. Sub-basin resources information system – survey and mapping out of soil erosion,
present land uses, vegetative cover, and forest occupants
6. Carbon sequestration - carbon sink in vegetation and soil organic matter
7. Oxygen generation - plant photosynthesis releasing oxygen to the atmosphere
8. Micro-climate amelioration - amelioration of temperature extremes; rainfall/humidity;

windspeed reduction; ambient air quality monitoring
The current condition of the basin further stress the need for sound management of the Basin
and its sub-basins. The failures of the rules and regulations that have been instituted to halt
the anthropogenic causes of deterioration and the poor performance of programs that were
implemented to rehabilitate basins resulted to the less than desired improvement of the
condition of the basins. They also pointed to the fact that the solution requires more than
technical solutions because the demands of the different stakeholders are complex. Given the
complexity of the problems, involvement of the various sectors in addressing the concerns for
basins that provide the good and services to satisfy local and national demands, is needed.
3.3.2 Basin Management Problems, Issues and Challenges
3.3.2.1. Current Condition of the Sub-Basins (Root Problem of the

Sub- Basins)
The sub-basins are currently not able to provide productive and protective goods and services
that they could have ideally provided. Certain ecosystem services within the sub-basins may
be assessed to indicate the productivity level of the ecological components of the Laguna de
Bay Basin. In terms of water quality, the general conditions of the sub-basin rivers and the lake
itself are poor and deteriorating. The decline, however, has been noticeably gradual during the
last decade, owing to some successes in the water pollution abatement programs. In fact, it
was this initial success that landed that Lake in the list of the World’s Living Lakes. Still,
considering the increasing population occupying the sloping area of the sub-basins and the
shoreland area of the lake, the supply of clean domestic, industrial and irrigation water is
diminishing as residents and factories wantonly throw their solid and liquid wastes into the rives
and the lake. Also, the uses of the water bodies for storage of floodwater, power generation,
and recreation have been compromised.
The capability of the river systems and the lake to produce fish and other aquatic products for
52
the people’s protein and livelihood needs are still satisfactory and this can be attributed to the
successes in aquaculture technology as applied in the water bodies of the Basin. Much of the
fishery production is generated by fishpen, and fish cage operation although some smaller
production also comes from certain fishing gears. Still, overall fishery production continues to
decline.
Although rice production in the shoreland is still significant, it is actually in decline as

agricultural land is eaten up by urban activities and as the government implements R.A. 4850,
which stipulates that the shoreland within the 12.5-meter elevation is within the jurisdiction of
LLDA, and cannot be titled or occupied permanently. This policy has generated conflict with
the farmers who have been cultivating the shorelands for several generations.
The biodiversity of the forest ecosystems in the catchment areas is still in a good state although
it is declining as a result of agricultural encroachment, development projects and timber cutting.
There are many species of plants and animals in the sub-basins that are facing threats, rarity
or extinction. There are seven areas in the Philippines that have been declared as biodiversity
priority areas, and these are: Laguna de Bay, the Pakil and Real area, Pasig River, Tadlak
Lake, Mount Makiling, and the Mount Banahaw-San Cristobal complex. In priority level, these
ranked from very high (e.g. Pakil and Real) to extremely high (e.g. Mount Makiling).
The destruction of the forested habitats with many species in the sub-basins has also resulted
to the decline in the carbon storage function of the whole Basin. The amount of carbon
sequestered by the growth of trees in the sub-basins is negated by the high fuel wood
consumption of the residents in the Basin and by the clearing of forests for agricultural
purposes.
3.3.2.2. Causes of the Current Conditions
Although already implied in the above discussion of the present condition of the basins, their
causes may be pointedly mentioned as follows:
1. Lack of clear institutional arrangement among stakeholders pertaining to the

management of the sub-basins. Ineffective and inefficient institutional
arrangements; lack of capability of designated managers; poor implementation of
laws and regulations; lack of participation of stakeholders; poor planning of
resource use;
2. Lack of environmental awareness among stakeholders who therefore need to be

exposed to an information, education and communication campaign on proper
environmental practices;
3. Environmentally destructive practices like charcoal making, illegal cutting of trees,

improper disposal of agricultural, industrial and domestic waste;
4. Uncontrolled land conversion of agricultural areas to urban uses due to loose

implementation of land use regulations at LGU level;
5. Poverty that forces people to undertake activities detrimental to the ecologically

balanced conditions of the sub-basins;
6. The economically attractive but ecologically fragile natural features of the basin
and frequent occurrence of natural calamities;
3.3.2.3. Effects of the Current Condition of the Sub-basins
The current undesirable effects on the sub-basins may be enumerated as follows:

53
1. Flooding of the river banks and the lake shorelands and the resulting loss of lives
and destruction of property;
2. Increasing rate of erosion in the denuded areas of the sub-basins and the
consequent siltation of river beds and the lake bottom;
3. Groundwater and surface water depletion for domestic, industrial, and irrigation
water supply;
4. Declining productivity of the agricultural and forest lands as well as the water
bodies;
5. Loss of biodiversity that could provide ecological and economic stability and still
unknown but very useful products in the future;
6. Varied health and disease problems as results of improper disposal of solid and
liquid wastes and other forms of environmental destruction.
3.3.3. Core Issues
Basin Land-use Change
Due to rapid urbanization, the absorptive capacity of the soil has largely reduced, increasing
surface runoff considerably. Flood hydrographs with high surface runoff components are
known to have faster flow velocities moving downstream. Consequently, higher flood risk.
Improper and unregulated land-use and urban planning. Both legal and illegal settlements
finding their way in high flood-risk zones. Encroachment of banks of rivers and floodplains has
contributed significantly to the decrease in discharge carrying capacity of lakes and rivers.
Deforestation and Degradation of the Basin
The lack of upstream vegetation has resulted to erosion in the lower reaches of river systems
(reduced bankfull capacity) and sedimentation of Laguna Lake (reduced flood detention
volume capacity). Denudation of forest areas and land conversion resulting from the
urbanization and industrialization of the region has caused much of the problem. As discussed
earlier, it is alarming that in the southern portion of the basin, particularly the Pagsanjan and
Calauan catchments, deforestation is severe of which 90% is due to conversion to grassland
with the remainder predominantly due to conversion to cropland and settlements. This issue is
contributory to even greater problems, such as:
i. Flash floods and mudslides carrying tons of sediment and solid waste have become
more frequent in recent years.
ii. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
The basin denudation and deforestation contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions.
The vegetative cover within the Laguna de Bay Region varies considerably, indicative of
important demographic and environmental trends in the basin. There are broadly three
geographic trends (see Figure 3) based on the GHG inventory done by LLDA. In the west bay
where Metro Manila is located, the forest cover is minimal. In the north and east portion of the
basin, there are still large areas of forest cover and in many sub-catchments regeneration of
forest is occurring and deforestation is relatively less significant. However, in the southern
portion of the basin, particularly the Pagsanjan and Calauan catchments, deforestation is
54
severe of which 90% is due to conversion to grassland with the remainder predominantly due
to conversion to cropland and settlements.
The vegetative cover within the Laguna de Bay Region varies considerably, indicative of
important demographic and environmental trends in the watershed. There are broadly three
geographic trends (see Figure 3.3.3-1). In the west bay where Metro Manila is located, the
forest cover is minimal. In the north and east portion of the watershed, there are still large
areas of forest cover and in many sub-catchments regeneration of forest is occurring and
deforestation is relatively less significant. However, in the southern portion of the watershed,
particularly the Pagsanjan and Calauan catchments, deforestation is severe of which 90% is
due to conversion to grassland with the remainder predominantly due to conversion to cropland
and settlements. Figure 3.3.3-1 below shows the implications of land use changes to
accumulation of GHG emissions by sub-basin. This issue is discussed further in Section 3.11
on Climate Change situationer.
Carbon Emissions by Subwatershed (2004)
(ranked L->R: highest emission -> highest sequestration)
200,000
150,000
100,000
Emissions / Sequestrations (tCO2-e/yr)
50,000
0
Pililla
nlupa
in a
a la
Pila
il
Maria
anjan
Pedro
ahan
b al
ig
an
uan
Juan
osa
n
ruz
ng
ya
año s
y
no
s
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Biña
Tana
Bara
Tagu
Sinil o
Calira
Moro
J ala-J
Ang o
Marik
Cri sto
C
R
Cala
Mang
Munti
Los B
Pag s
Sta .
San
Sta .
Sta .
San
San
-50,000
-100,000
Other Emissions (from LUC)
Deforestation
-150,000
Other Sequestration
-200,000 Conversion to Forest
Growth of Existing Forest

-250,000
Figure 3.3.3-1. Results of Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory for Land Use and Land Use Change
Source: LLDA
55
CHAPTER 3
3.4. AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES
3.4.1. Profile of Agriculture (Cropland)
Of the total regional area, there are around 198,640 hectares cultivated and fallowed. There
are three main subsectors in the agriculture sector in the region: (i) livestock, (ii) poultry, and
(iii) fishing. Soil and climate in the region are ideal for vegetable and other horticultural crops.
Coconut, rice, pineapple, root crops, mango, vegetables and corn are the dominant crops. Rice
is the major crop in the lower slope of the watershed areas with a total crop area of 27,500
has. In the irrigated ecosystem, the average yield of rice in 2007 was 4.47 tons/ha in the
irrigated ecosystem. Compared to the yield of other provinces, this is considered but still below
the potential yield of 7.36 tons/ha. Fertilizer and pesticide application are highly practiced by
Laguna farmers with a total average application of about 15 bags of fertilizer per hectare per
year. Rice yield in the non-irrigated ecosystem is 3.17 tons/ha or just about the break even
yield of 3 tons per ha.
Until 1970's, sugarcane was a major crop after which rapid conversion of sugarcane areas in
the Canlubang-Calamba area into industrial and housing wiped out the entire sugarcane area
in Laguna and some parts of adjoining towns of Batangas.
The doubling of the population in CALABARZON within a short period of 17.6 years and a slow
growth rate of less than 1% in the crops sector will put a lot of pressure on the food system of
the region (NEDA Region IVA 2003).
There is high concentration of commercial poultry and swine farms in San Pedro, Binan, Liliw,
Pagsanjan, Nagcarlan and Calauan in Laguna and Teresa in Rizal province. Increasing
number of slaughter houses in the CALABARZON made the area as a major source of
livestock and poultry products for Metro Manila and neighbouring provinces. Backyard piggery
and poultry raising is common in the area although it is now starting to disappear in urbanized
rural communities in Sta Rosa, Cabuyao, Binan, Calamba and other towns of Laguna and
Rizal.
Among the major agricultural problems in the Province of Laguna are as follows: a) reduction
of agricultural lands due to conversion into residential subdivisions, industrial parks etc. b.)
Environmental degradation/destruction c.) Low income of farmers d.) Slow technological
innovation e.) Limited information dissemination program f.) Declining food sufficiency level g.)
Pests and diseases control
The target rice production per year from 2011-2016 is 174,438.98 MT covering a total
agricultural land area of 41,838.68 hectares. The target sufficiency level contribution is 69.30%.
Supplementary crops for rice consists of corn, banana, cassava/sweet potato and gabi. The
target sufficiency level contribution of these crops is 31%.
3.4.2. Profile of Aquaculture and Fisheries
Laguna de Bay has been the focus of attention by government and various resource users due
to its economic importance and strategic value as a source of food and water for inhabitants
of adjacent urban and rural communities, including Metro Manila.
Open Lake Fisheries

Municipal open lake fishing provides a significant contribution to the local economy of Rizal
and Laguna. Production data for the period 2008 to 2013 shows a steady increase in
production of 80,684 MT in 2008, 82,621 MT in 2010 and 89,985 MT in 2013. The increase in
56
production was attributed to demand while the decline in 2009, 2010 and 2011, specifically in
the province of Laguna, was attributed to losses due to typhoons.
Table 3.4.2.1-1: Municipal Fisheries Production, MT, Open Fishing, Laguna de Bay,
2008 – 2013
Provinc Production
e 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Laguna 42,875 38,499 37,294 37,784 37,939 38,964
Rizal 37,809 41,907 45,327 47,053 49,518 51,022
NCR na na na na Na na
Total 80,684 80,406 82,621 84,837 87,467 89,985
A total of some 20,325 small fishermen from 18 municipalities of Laguna, 9 municipalities of

Rizal and 2 municipalities of National Capital Region depend on open lake fishing as their main
source of livelihood to feed their families. This is an important social concern that requires a
special solution (Table 3.4.2.1-2).
Table 3.4.2.1-2 Number of Fishermen, Open Lake Fishing, Laguna de Bay, 2015
Province Number of Number of Fishermen

Rizal LGULGULGUMunicipal
9 7,900
Laguna ities
18 10,505
NCR 2 1,920
Total 29 20,325
Source: LLDA and BFAR
3.4.2.2. Aquaculture
Aquaculture is a major economic activity in Laguna de Bay using fishpens and fishcages to
grow bangus, tilapia and carp covering a total area of 12,064.63 has. as of November 2015.
The introduction of the fish pen in 1973 was intended to lessen fishing intensity by shifting
activities of fishermen to farming which did not work as the small fishermen had limited
resources and no access to credit. The cultured fish, Chanos chanos or milkfish rely on the
natural food from the lake. Two cropping per year was the practice, thus the return of
investment was fast. The business attracted a lot of businessmen such that aquaculture
structures occupy almost 2/3 of the lake’s surface area in 1983. A decline in harvest was
observed due to depletion of natural food, aside from the obstruction of water movement
caused by the unorderly arrangement of fishpen structures.
The operation of various aquaculture business and commercial ventures, such as fishpens and
fishcages provides approximately one-third of the fish requirements of Metro Manila and
environs.
The Laguna de Bay ZOMAP
To effectively regulate and control aqua-structures in Laguna de Bay, the President of the
Philippines through Executive Order No. 349 dated July 18, 1996 approved the Laguna de Bay
Master Plan wherein the 1996 Zoning and Management Plan (ZOMAP). The ZOMAP takes
into account the natural carrying capacity of the lake to support aquaculture, without
jeopardizing its productive capacity for other economic uses. The ZOMAP is by far considered
as the most feasible management system for the equitable allocation of the lake’s fishery
resource. It rationalizes the management and regulate the utilization of the lake’s fishery
resources, and resolve equity problems among large-scale fishpen operators and small-scale
fishermen dependent on the open water catch.
57
Box 1: Laguna de Bay Zoning and Management Plan (ZOMAP)
The ZOMAP allocates a maximum area of 10,000

hectares for fishpen aquaculture, exclusive of the area 1996 ZOMAP
allotted for fishcages which is limited to 5,000 hectares.

The area allocation was determined through the
estimated carrying capacity of the lake for aquaculture,
which was based on the long-term primary productivity
data from different locations in Laguna de Bay. A
physical lay-out plan likewise is provided under the
ZOMAP indicating the meets and bounds of the fishpen
belt and fishcage belt, the respective total areas of
which are in accordance with the prescribed maximum
hectarage for each type of Fiaquaculture including the
mandatory distance between structures,, 20 meters for
fishcages and 40 meters for fishpens, which serves as Figure 3.1.6-a. 1996 ZOMAP
access lane.
ZOMAP Implementing Rules and Regulations
A Fishery Code and Implementing Rules and Regulations accompany the approved ZOMAP.
According to the rules, qualified operators should register with LLDA and comply with the legal,
administrative and financial (payment of user fees) requirements. Corporations may be given
each a maximum of 50 hectares, cooperative 25 hectares each and individuals 5 hectares
each of fishpens, while a maximum area of one (1) hectare is allowed for each fishcage.
A revised ZOMAP, an improvement on the initial ZOMAP, was approved by the LLDA Board
of Directors in October 1995 as a fundamental component of the Master Plan. The estimated
areas for fishpens, fish cages and fish sanctuary are 103, 46, and 45 km2, respectively. Figure
3.1.6a shows the 1996 ZOMAP.
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In 1999, the fishpen belt as laid out in 1996 revised

ZOMAP was further modified and duly approved
per LLDA Board Resolution No. 95, series of 1999. Its
implementation was then placed under LLDA Lake
Management Division. The estimated areas for
fishpens, fish cages and fish sanctuary are 115, 46,
45 km2, respectively. Figure 3.1.6b shows the 1999
ZOMAP with the green color as the Erap’s Belt.
Fig.3.4.2-b.1999 ZOMAP
In 2003, the fishpen belt was further modified with the

addition of fishpens aside from the old fishpens and
the 1999 Belt. The estimated areas for fishpens, fish
cages and fish sanctuary are 128, 46, 45 km2,
respectively. Figures 3.4.2.2 (a) and (b) show the
2003 ZOMAP with the yellow color .
Fig. 3.4.2-c: 2003 ZOMAP
Table 3.4.2.2-1 Profile of Fishpens and Fish Cages in Laguna de Bay,

November 2015
Registered Unregistered Total

Municipality No. of No. of No. of
FPs Area (Has) FPs Area (Has) FPs Area (Has)
Fishpen 245 6,960.86 115 3,426.00 361 10,386.86
Fish cage 1,045 645.57 1,782 1,032.20 2,827 1,677.77
Total 1,290 7,606.43 1,897 4,458.20 3,188 12,064.63
Source: LLDA
Of the 361 registered and unregistered operators in Laguna de Bay in 2015, 226 operators or
63% were corporations, 15 operators or 4% were cooperative and 120 operators or 33%
were individual proprietorship (Table 3.4.2.2-2). The corporations covered a total of 9,525.96
hectares or 92% of the total area used for fishpen in Laguna de Bay.
Table 3.4.2.2-2 Profile of Fishpen According to Ownership, Laguna de Bay, 2015
Municipality Registered Unregistered Total

No. of FPs Area (Has) No. of FPs Area (Has) No. of FPs Area (Has)
Corporation 156 6,378.21 70 3,147.75 226 9,525.96
Cooperative 8 173.65 7 82.02 15 255.67
Individual 8 409.00 39 196.23 120 605.23
Total 245
1 6,960.86 116 3,426.00 361 10,386.86
4 Source: LLDA, Based on 2015 payment of registration fee
Total Fisheries Production
Total fisheries production in the lake in 2013 is estimated at 155,518 metric tons, a slight
increase of about six thousand metric tons from that of 2008 production of 149,271 metric tons
(Table 3.4.2.2-3) The increase in production may be attributed to higher demand, lesser
typhoon. The decline in production in the years 2009, 2010 and 2011 are traced to occurrence
of typhoons.
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Table 3.4.2.2-3 Total Fisheries Production of Laguna de Bay, by Province,

2008 to 2013 (MT)
Production
Province
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Laguna 54,795 50,303 48,220 48,610 48,547 50,534
Rizal 91,423 87,318 94,326 96,052 99,606 102,367
NCR 3,053 2,137 2,229 2,709 2,804 2,617
Total 149,271 139,758 144,775 147,371 150,957 155,518
Source: LLDA, Data received by LLDA from BAS
By province, fish production in fishpens and fishcages of Laguna de Bay was dominated by
Rizal followed by Laguna and NCR (Table 3.4.2.2-3) From 2008 to 2013, the production of
Rizal had fluctuated but was generally increasing except in 2009 during the entire period. The
output of Laguna had also fluctuated but the decline in 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012, was
attributed to losses due to typhoon. Metro Manila had likewise fluctuated but was decreasing
during the period. Of the three areas, Rizal registered the highest average annual growth rate
in production in fishpens and fishcages followed by Laguna and NCR from 2008 - 2013.
The present production of the lake is not far from the total production of the lake prior to the
introduction of the fishpens and fish cages. Prior to the fish pen development in the lake, fishery
production was high in terms of volume but poor in quality (Rabanal, et al, 1964). The bulk of
fishery catches were made up of snails, representing 247,770 MT or 71% of the total
production; fish consisted of 82 882 MT or 24% and shrimps 19 096 MT or 5%. The total open
water fish catches were 921 kgs/ha/yr in 1963; 434 kg in 1968; and 243 kg in 1973 (Delmendo,
and Gedney 1974).
The report of Delmendo and Gedney (1974) shows that the open water fish catches before
and after the fish pen development consisted of the following species:
Table 3.4.2.2-4 Species of Fish Catch
In Percent (%)
1968 1973
Therapon plumbeus 65.7 51.9
Glossogobius giurus 25.9
Arius manilensis 4,6
Cyprinus carpio 1.8
Clarias macrocephalus 0.6
Trichogaster pectoralis 0.2
Tilapia mossambica 0.6
Miscellaneous species 0.6
Chanos chanos 0.0 48.1
100.0 100.0
Another important best management practice which LLDA developed is the organization of
Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Councils in every Municipalities (FARMC). FARMC was
created under Executive Order No.240 to ensure extensive participation of the people directly
affected in the management and control of the fisheries and aquatic resources of the lake.
3.4.3 LLDA’s Fisheries Programs
Addressing poverty and hunger has been major concern of LLDA ever since its early operation
especially among the marginal fishermen and the communities in the coco-based and rainfed
rice farming system around the lake and the rapidly expanding communities of informal settlers
60
in the shoreland areas. LLDA implemented two major livelihood programs. First, the Fishpen
Development Project financed by the Asian Development Bank in 1978 and the LLDA-
Provincial Government Livelihood Program in 1990.
The Fishpen Development Program was envisioned to transform small marginal fishermen of
the lake into versatile entrepreneur. The program targeted one thousand fishermen families to
support establishment of 1680 has of fishpens and fish cages. Low repayment rate forced
cancellation of the project in 1988.
Concerned with the worsening economic condition of the marginal fishermen and small farmers
in the rainfed and upland areas, LLDA and the government of both Rizal and Laguna agreed
to implement a program for small livelihood projects in 1990 with a budget of P11.5 million
pesos. The fund was intended to be revolving to give opportunity for other deserving families
to access the fund but low remittance, by the participating communities, of their collection
forced the cancellation of the project. Non-compliance of the rules and regulations in the
implementation of the project was the major reason for its cancellation.
3.4.4 Recent Issues
As early as March 2008, there was high-level clamor for to dismantle all fishpens in Laguna de
Bay following a “Zero Fishpen” Policy, starting with illegal structures. This was perceived as
the long-term solution to the problems and issues posed by the industry. The reasons for such
policy were: (i) there is no more room for water to have a breathing space; (ii) small fisherfolks
being eased out of their traditional sources of livelihood; (iii) fishpens occupying more than
10% of the lake area; (iv) poor water circulation due to the presence of fishpens and fishcage.
However, this policy did not push through in view of its economic and social percussions, e.g.,
effects on the fish supply situation, livelihood and related issues among fisherfolk sector,
among others. The following are the emerging issues and concerns facing the aquaculture
industry in Laguna de Bay:
a) Determination of the carrying capacity of the Laguna de Bay. Considering the

current situation of the Laguna de Bay, the determination of the carrying capacity of
the Lake is the research gap that needs to be filled. The Fisheries Administrative
Order No. 214, Series of 2001 or the “Code of Practice for Aquaculture” under
Section 13, defines the criteria for the determination of the carrying capacity of lakes
to control stocking density and feeding requirements.
Relative thereto, the ZOMAP which was approved in 1996 allocates a total area of
15,000 hectares for aquaculture. However, based on Section 51 of the 1998
Fisheries Code, states that not over ten percent (10%) of the suitable water surface
area of all lakes and rivers shall be allotted for aquaculture purposes like fishpens,
fishcages and fishtraps. Although the ZOMAP’s approval was prior to that of the
Fisheries Code, the directive of the LLDA Board of Directors in 2011 was to
harmonize the area allocated for aquaculture with the prescribed limit under the law,
thus, total area allotted for aquaculture should be pegged at 9,000 hectares.
Accordingly, this is also in consonance with the Authority’s commitment with the
Governance Commission for Government Owned and Controlled Corporation
(GCG).
The urgent need to address the lake’s carrying capacity is imperative to resolve the
perennial issue on the appeal to legalize operation of newly constructed fishcages.
The determination of the lake’s carrying capacity should be prioritized which will
eventually justify the denial or granting of new permits for aquaculture. This can be
done through collaboration with research centers and other agencies.
61
b) Delayed implementation of the ZOMAP. The full implementation of the ZOMAP-

Phase I, which involves the transfer and/or re-alignment of all registered fishpens
inside the fishpen belt was completed in 1998. On the other hand, the fishcage belt
was already established in early 2000. However, after more than a decade, ZOMAP-
Phase II which deals with the transfer and/or re-alignment of all registered fishcages
inside the designated belt has not yet been implemented. The markers which were
previously installed were either stolen or washed away by strong waves due to
typhoons. Currently, the re-demarcation of fishcage belt is ongoing and so far,
markers have already been established off the waters of Binangonan (Talim), Rizal.
The delay in the implementation can be attributed to hindering factors, such as

financial constraint on the part of the concerned operators considering that the most
of the materials once uprooted can no longer be used; occurrence of typhoons
resulting in substantial damages to structures and loss of fish stocks; varying harvest
periods by the operators; and failure to self-demolish or lack of serious intention to
do so at all.
c) Proliferation of illegal fishcages. The rampant construction of new fishcages can

be attributed to the unauthorized issuance of permits by the local government units,
among others. This was learned during the conduct of technical conference with the
operators who were served by LLDA with Notices of Violation (NOV). According to
the concerned LGUs, through issuance of permits to construct floating fishcages
permits, although not warranted by LLDA, they were able to secure funds intended
for livelihood projects of their constituents particularly the fisherfolks. It should be
noted that the area allocated for fishcages based on the approved ZOMAP has not
been fully occupied. However, in May 2005, the former DENR Secretary issued a
Memorandum stating a Moratorium on the issuance of new permits for fishpens and
fishcages. To date, the said Moratorium was not yet been lifted. This issue has
remained unresolved and LLDA has been questioned considering its mandate
insofar as granting of fishery permits is concerned.
Apparently, once NOVs were issued to illegal fishcage operators, the intervention of
the Municipal Mayor was sought by the affected operators. In turn, the mayor
intercedes by making an appeal to the LLDA to legalize their operation. In response,
the LLDA has denied the requests. Further, the Authority has a standing commitment
with the GCG effect the reduction of fishpen/fishcage areas to 9,000 hectares and
observe the Moratorium on the issuance of new permits. From 2013 to 2014, a total
of 244 structures covering 1,1512 hectares of illegal fishpens/fishacages were
cleared, majority of which are owned by delinquent operators.
d) Uncontrolled construction fish corral or baklad. Fish corral or baklad is a

stationary weir or trap devised to intercept and capture fish consisting of rows of
bamboo stakes, plastic nets and other materials fenced with split bamboo mattings
or wire mattings with one or more enclosures usually with easy entrance but difficult
exit, and with or without leaders to direct the fish to the catching chambers, purse or
bags (The Fisheries Code of 1998). More than 2,000 baklad structures were
accounted for during the inventory conducted in 2010. The uncontrolled proliferation
of fish corral or locally known as baklad is also one of the major issues confronting
the Lake. There have been recorded complaints from fishpen operators about the
existence of these structures (“baklad”) adjacent to their fishpens, apparently
resulting in loss of fish stocks. It is generally perceived that the baklad owners slash
fishpen nets to capture the fishes that escaped. Another concern is that “baklad”
blocks the motorways and access lanes prompting other lake users to navigate long
distances to be able to reach their fishing destination. Apart from this, the
proliferation of baklad in the 5,000-hectare fish sanctuary was also reported for
which Notices of Violation (NOVs) were issued promptly issued to violators. Long
62
before the introduction of fishpens and fishcages in Laguna de Bay, baklad

structures were already present in the lake as the traditional means of livelihood of
majority of the small fishermen.
Unfortunately, baklad structures were not considered during the ZOMAP formulation
simply because they were not considered as aquaculture structures. During the
performance agreement negotiation with the GCG in October 2015, the proliferation
of illegal structures was also attributed to the rampant construction of baklad
anywhere in the Lake. Hence, the regulation of these structures was recommended
to be part of the ZOMAP review.
e) Violations of the ZOMAP Rules and Regulations – Results of regular monitoring

activities conducted by the Environmental Regulations Department-LLDA revealed
certain violations of the rules and regulations implementing the ZOMAP, i.e.,
operating in one enclosure (no mandatory distance between structures) resulting to
exceedance of registered areas, illegal expansion, guard house inside the fishpen
area, non-renewal of permit to operate resulting to delinquent operators. Record
shows that uncollected revenue from aquaculture regulation has zoomed up over
the years despite LLDA’s fiscal policy allowing staggered payments supported by a
deed of undertaking.
f) Fishpens existing under the 2003 fishpen belt. In one of the meetings of the LLDA
Board of Directors, there was a directive to harmonize the ZOMAP with the Fisheries
Code (Republic Act 8550), i.e., to conform with the prescribed limitation of ten
percent (10%) of the suitable surface water area for aquaculture development and
operation. In 2003, a total of 22 corporations covering an aggregate area of nine
hundred seven hectares and twenty-seven square meters (977.27 hectares) were
issued Notices of Award by the LLDA on the basis of the 2003 fishpen belt which
was outside the 1996 and 1999 ZOMAP. It is noteworthy that the 2003 belt has not
been officially adopted by the LLDA then, as it lacks the approval of the LLDA Board
of Directors.
In view of these developments, the LLDA Board of Directors issued Resolution No.
449 “Approving the Deadline of Fishpen Operations of Corporations Operating
Within the 2003 FIshpen Belt to 30 June 2014”. However, the affected fishpen
operators filed a petition for injunction with temporary restraining order (TRO)
against the LLDA in the Regional Trial Court of Malabon (Br. 170). The RTC granted
the TRO and eventually issued a preliminary mandatory injunction against LLDA. At
present, the case is in pre-trial stage, all issues are being joined and motions from
both parties, including interveners, are being resolved in court. To date, no hearing
has been set since 2014.
g) Proliferation of knifefish. The clownfish, Chitala sp., occurs naturally in swamps,

lakes and rivers in some countries of Southeast Asia and South America. It was
introduced in the Philippines through the ornamental fish trade and accidentally
escaped from culture facilities inundated by flood waters. Its indicative catch
confirmed the invasiveness of the species and its alarming impact on indigenous
species. Knife fish breeds naturally in ponds and open water. Eggs are found
attached on stakes and poles of fishcages and fishpens, once hatched, the fry are
retained within the confines of the aquaculture structures where they grow and feed
on the fry and fingerlings. To produce 1 kg. of knifefish, it needs to consume 7 kgs.
of indigenous fishes. The average market value of various indigenous species is
PhP 150.00 while the average price of knifefish is PhP 20.00, thus, the fisherfolk is
losing for every kg. of knifefish is about PhP1,030.00. (Source BFAR).
63
To address the proliferation of knifefish in the Lake, an Inter-Agency Technical

Working Group on the Containment of Knifefish Infestation in Laguna de Bay was
created in 2013, composed of BFAR, DSWD, TESDA, DILG, DOST, DENR, FARMC
and LLDA which together act as the Secretariat. The TWG was tasked to formulate
measures for the continuous retrieval of knifefish including its eggs through Cash for
Work Program. A total of 12 municipalities have executed with partner agencies a
Memorandum of Agreement. These LGUs are Pila, Sta. Cruz, Lumban, Paete,
Pangil, Pakil, Kalayaan, Siniloan, Bay, Los Banos, San Pedro and Cabuyao all in
the Province of Laguna. The collected knife fish were turned over to BFAR which
has developed technologies for its economic utilization as fish feed and value-added
products. As of November 2014, the total production or knifefish catch from Laguna
Lake is 84,942 kilograms, second to tilapia with 116,052 kilograms.
h) Illegal fishing activities. Illegal fishing practices (e.g., use of fine-meshed nets and
suro (a device that scours the lake bed for snails used as duck feeds) have
proliferated since the 1930s. A decline in open water fishery was previously reported
in the early 1970s (Shimura and Delmendo 1969; Delmendo and Gedney 1974),
with the effects being clearly manifested in the 1980s. Thus, it became difficult to
convince fisherfolk that their common fishing practices were causing the decline in
their fish catch. Destruction of the lake, especially near littoral areas, was suspected
to be the reason for the declining populations of some native macrophytes (Hydrilla
sp.).
To address this problem, LLDA, in collaboration with the Philippine Coast Guard,
Philippine National Police, and BFAR, in implementing the Bantay Lawa Project.
This is a community mobilization program deputizing the FARMCs to assist LLDA in
the enforcement of environmental and fishery laws. The gamut of problems is
compounded by the occurrence of natural calamities and natural phenomena such
as algal bloom, fish kills, and proliferation of janitor and knife fishes.
i) Laguna Lake Expressway-Dike Project (with reclamation). This project is

considered a priority project of the Aquino Administration. The objectives of this
public-private partnership (PPP) project are to facilitate traffic flow and mitigate
flooding in the western coastal communities along Laguna Lake, from Taguig thru
Calamba to Los Banos. The expressway dike is a 47 km stretch from Taguig to Los
Banos, with 6-lane tollways and 8 interchanges and access roads and 32 bridges.
This includes the reclamation of 700 hectares starting from Taguig to San Pedro,
Laguna.
The project, no doubt has economic benefits. However, there are strong opposition
from some fisherfolks, fishcage operators and FAMRCs insofar as the project’s
negative effects upon their means of livelihood. Records show that around 1,176
fishcage structures will be displaced once the project is implemented. Fishcage
structures covering a total area of about 962 hectares need to be cleared. To
address the issues, suggestions raised during consultation meetings included
construction of a viaduct instead, accessibility of small fishermen towards the Lake,
docking area for motorized banca and involvement of displaced operators in terms
of employment. Finally, the eventually alignment of the project and the reclamation
along the shore of Laguna de Bay, among others, will have far-reaching technical,
legal, and administrative implications. These issues will also have some added
implications to the revision of the ZOMAP in the course of its harmonization with the
prescribed carrying capacity under RA 8550 (letter a above).
Relative thereto, some fishpen operators are not also convinced that the project has
no effect at all on their operation. According to them, once the project starts, the lake
will become turbid and water circulation will be affected. Although there was a
compensation scheme being contemplated by project proponent equivalent to the
64
replacement cost of the structures to be given to those affected fishcage operators,

the sustainability of their livelihood is still among key issues. They claim that no
consultation was made by the concerned agencies with their sector. This
infrastructure project where LLDA is a cooperating agency will affect not only the
livelihood of the concerned operators but also the revenue generation of the
Authority.
Proposed Manila East Lakeshore by Pass Toll Road and Reclamation Project
(The RED Project). The Province of Rizal is fully committed in its desire to spur
economic growth and development to keep pace, if not lead, its neighboring
CALABARZON provinces in terms of foreign and local investments for
industrialization and development of commercial and business centers. For the past
decades, Rizal Province has been the center of manufacturing operations for a mix
of industries from textile to food processing to leather products to cement. But since
then, industrial activities have slowed down and have been largely contained with
these two cities and, sparsely, beyond the Pasig and Marikina Rivers.
The Provincial Government of Rizal, in its economic assessment and blueprint for
the Province, has identified the bottlenecks and limiting factors in its effort to spur
economic prosperity. Significantly figuring as factors in the economic drawback are
(1) the apparent isolation of about 47.6% (home to 54.43% of the population) of the
Province due to inadequate road and transport system, and (2) the absence of
adequate business infrastructure to attract new investments or create business
opportunities.
The Manila East Lakeshore Toll Road and Reclamation Project, a cost-effective
transport road system and mixed land-use on reclaimed site, is being proposed
under a Joint Venture scheme with the project proponents. The Project focuses on
an environmentally friendly approach of road system and limited land reclamation
intended for commercial, light industrial activities and housing use that will eventually
be transformed into a suburbia for the four adjacent business centers of Makati, Fort
Bonifacio Global City, Ortigas Center of Mandaluyong City and Pasig City.
Substantial space for public parks and sanctuaries for endangered plant and animal
species are included in the proposed project in combination with resettlement
housing, art center and livelihood opportunities for affected informal dwellers.
The reclamation of about 900 hectares is conceived to constitute several islands

with corresponding land uses. Connecting causeway roads and bridges would link
the island to the towns of Taytay, Angono, and Binangonan. Similarly, the proposed
RED Project would have significant implications to the ZOMAP revision, aside from
the varied issues and concerns dealing with existing policies and regulations under
RA 4850. Thus, the need for a transparent stakeholders’ consultation.
65
CHAPTER 3
3.5 INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure covers 3 sections, namely: Transportation, Flood Management and Waste

Management. Flood Management section covers the following discussion: LLDA Master Plan
TWG and excerpts from the following: (a) DPWH and Cooperating Agencies Study Entitled:
Master Plan for Flood Management in Metro Manila and Surrounding Areas; (b) Spatial
Development Master Plan for the Laguna de Bay Basin (SDMP) for the Laguna de Bay Basin:
Land and Lake Water Use and Physical Development Plan, 2011; and (c) Ecosystem
Accounting Case Study/PhilWAVES.
3.5.1Transportation
3.5.1.1 Profile of Transportation System
In order for people to travel to their places of employment, commerce, education, shopping,
leisure and recreation, worship, and social interaction, the Laguna de Bay Basin provides the
physical platform for people’s mobility and improvement of accessibility of destinations.
Accessibility around the area is made possible through the roads and water bodies in the basin.
These transportation links, both road-based and water-based, both current and future, aim to
serve the travel needs of people within the basin and beyond. The basin’s proximity and
contiguity with the country’s dense stand most intense and dynamic regions-Metro Manila,
Laguna, Rizal, and the nearby areas give it as significant and critical position as conduit for
travel within the basin itself and outside of it.
Since time immemorial, Laguna Lake has served its purpose for water-based transport. More
than 5,000 motorized and non-motorized watercrafts operate as a means of transportation for
lakeshore communities. In addition, there are 23 barges plying the lake to transport an
average of 75,640 barrels of oil and oil products to various supply depots daily.
3.5.1.2 Transportation Issues and Challenges
This section discusses the existing problems, issues, and challenges involving the transport
sector in the Laguna de Bay Basin. It also presents the emerging and potential issues,
challenges, and opportunities. This information is the basis for the identification of the needed
interventions to realize the transport vision. Traffic congestion is a major problem experience
especially during peak hour travel in urban areas. It is basically a result of prevailing travel
demand exceeding the capacity of the transport system network. This happens when there is
a temporal as well as spatial concentration of trips such that the existing transport infrastructure
is inadequate to serve or absorb the trips. This explains why traffic congestion usually happens
during peak hours and on corridors leading to major travel destinations such as the central
business districts, employment, and commercial areas.
The figure below presents a framework depicting the root and manifested problems of urban
transportation, showing the issues that are typically observed in most urban areas, including
the study area.
66
Figure 3.5.1: Urban Transport Problems: Roots and Manifestations. Source: U.P. PLANADES
The population in the Laguna Lake Development Basin in 2000 is registered at 6 million. While
there is no comprehensive transport planning study that has been undertaken with the Laguna
Lake Basin as the focal study area, there are indicative information showing the urban growth
and trip patterns in the vicinity of the study area, which also exert burden on the basin. The
Metro Manila Urban Transport Integration Study (MMUTIS 1999) identified the population
growth trends in Metro Manila and nearby areas as being higher outside the traditional core
(inside EDSA) than within it. Figure 3.5.2 below shows such trends, with the darker shading
representing high population growth rates. With the observed and forecast population growth
trends, urban expansion of Metro Manila is expected to spill over the nearby regions,
influenced by population growth, land use trends, employment-residential mix, physical
infrastructure, and topography. Urbanization is expected to spread north, south, and east of
the country’s capital, bulk of which will inevitably occur in the Laguna Lake Basin. Indeed,
urbanization has stretched far and wide to include areas within the basin as can be observed
at present.
67
Figure 3.5.2: Transport Network in Region IV-A (CALABARZON)
Due to increasing incomes, vehicle registration has been steadily rising, thereby putting
pressure on the transport network. Table3.5.3 shows the number of vehicle registration by
region, with the figures showing steady increase.
The increase in vehicle ownership is correlated with the rise in a country’s GDP. Philippine
population grows at a rate of 2.2% annually. The GDP increases 5.5% annually while the total
number of vehicles is fast increasing at a rate of 4.4%.
Traffic congestion comes at a great cost. It has been estimated in a study of the UP National
Center for Transportation Studies that the annual cost of traffic congestion for Metro Manila
alone is Php140 Billion Pesos, attributed to:
a. Lost man-hours
b. Additional fuel consumption
c. Health cost resulting from vehicular emission
d. Lost investment opportunities
This estimate implies that if traffic congestion can be mitigated, its toll can be reduced. Although
solving the problem of traffic congestion requires a multi-faceted approach (including travel
demand management), part of the mix of solutions is the augmentation of transport capacity
which may be achieved through the provision of transport infrastructure (transport supply
increase), among other measures. Improvement of existing transport infrastructure and/or the
provision of new facilities in the Laguna Lake Basin offer opportunities to help address the
problem of traffic congestion in the region including portions of Metro Manila.
68
Table 3.5.3 Number of Motor Vehicles Registered Annually by Region, 1997-2007
3.5.2 Flood Control and River Improvement
Hydrology is the circulation of water and its constituents through the hydrologic cycle. It deals
with precipitation, evaporation, infiltration, groundwater flow, runoff, streamflow, and the
transport of substances dissolved or suspended in flowing water. An understanding of the
movement, distribution and reaction to the environment of water through the hydrologic system
is therefore important to the development of an accurate water budget for management and
conservation. Watersheds for this matter define basic, ecologically and hydro-geo-
morphologically relevant management units. A watershed is defined as the “area of land that
drains water, sediment, and dissolved materials to a common outlet or basin” (Laguna de Bay
Basin for this matter). Natural drainage patterns vary significantly depending on topographic,
geologic, morphologic, land-use, soil and climatic conditions. They are formed by natural land
masses, and separated by ridges (watershed boundaries) where water flows into a common
water body (Laguna Lake). Hence, watersheds are defined by natural hydrology. Knowledge
of the hydrology of a watershed as well as man-made alterations therefore will benefit in
dealing with issues regarding water use, water control, and pollution control.
Water use is meant the withdrawal of water from lakes, rivers, and aquifers for water resource
planning and management. Water control is meant control of hydrologic extremes, principally
floods, and erosion and sediment transport which occur during floods. And by pollution control
is meant the prevention of the spread of pollutants or contaminants in natural water bodies,
and the clean-up of existing pollution. From the above discussion, it is imperative to understand
the current hydrological state of the Laguna de Bay Basin for the outline and selection of
management strategies and interventions. This section discusses the existing conditions,
problems, issues and challenges in the Laguna de Bay Basin with regards to water (flood)
control. Emerging issues and potential future problems are discussed as well.
69
3.5.2.1 Situational Analysis
Flooding has been an on and off problem in the Laguna Lake Basin. Flood infrastructure projects
cannot cope with the fast increase in population, urbanization and land form changes. More than this,
there is a remarkable transition from rural to urban development of the towns on western bay areas.
One of the impressions is that there is no change in the waterways system when residential housing,
commercial and industrial space replaced agriculture. Present waterways cannot momentarily hold
the huge volume of floodwater waters going to the lake.
This is exemplified by Typhoon Ondoy which caused tremendous flood damages in Metro Manila and
surrounding areas. These damages were caused by extremely large rainfall and insufficient flood
mitigation and urban drainage facilities to protect the people and assets. Proliferation of dwelling units
along river banks and lakeshore areas also contributed to flooding. The limited capacity of upstream
and downstream river channels to hold excess rainwater also cause flooding.
In the course of the study for the Master Plan for Flood Management Master Plan in Metro Manila
and Surrounding Areas of DPWH and Cooperating Agencies, recent detailed technical
data/information were compiled, thus providing more specific basis for flood management decisions.
Scope of the above-mentioned study focused on some meteo-hydrological Features and some
existing preparedness and mitigation measures for flood risk management. Annex _ summarizes the
available information derived therefrom.
The ensuing situational analysis is derived from SDMP 2011 and the recent Laguna Lake
Ecosystem Accounting Project under PhilWAVES
• Flooding in Lowland Areas of Laguna de Bay Basin
Flooding is a hazard that occurs almost annually in the Philippines, particularly in and around Metro
Manila including areas around Laguna de Bay and its tributaries. Unfortunately, historical trend leans
towards more numerous and devastating flood hazards, mainly because of the uncontrolled
anthropogenic activity and the threat of a climate shift. Severely affected by intense rain fall events
especially during the typhoon season from July to October when about 70% of the annual average
rainfall (2500mm) falls, flooding is exacerbated by the reduced carrying capacity of both higher and
lower-order drains and rivers, and encroachment of banks of the rivers, drains, and floodways. Many
are areas in and around Metro Manila are flood prone, being a floodplain basin in general, within
sufficient protection from flood hazard. Current flood management and drainage system set-up
however proved inefficient in coping with extreme weather disturbances such as typhoons.
Manggahan Floodway was constructed in 1988, linking the Marikina River to Laguna Lake so as to
use the lake as a temporary catchment basin in times of intense rainfall and river flows. However,
the discharge of water out of Laguna Lake has been regulated through one outlet only, the Napindan
Channel through the Napindan Hydraulic Control Structure, which has a capacity lower than
Manggahan Floodway and is a serious constraint to the ability to control Laguna Lake water levels.
The system has been effective in alleviating flood-prone areas in the western side of Metro Manila,
particularly along the lower reaches of Marikina, Pasig and San Juan Rivers (except for intense short-
duration rainfall events), but worsened the flood inundation along the shore land areas of Laguna
Lake.
In September 2009, tropical storm Ondoy (international codename: Ketsana) poured in a month’s
volume of precipitation in the metropolis and surrounding areas in just half a day. According to reports,
the 12-hour rainfall corresponded to an 80-year return period. Ondoy caused widespread flooding in
Metro Manila and surrounding areas with river flows and inundation of urban areas considerably
above existing drainage capacities, as a result. The water level of Laguna Lake increased 1.4m
70
above the average maximum water level inundating shores. It took almost three months for the
floodwaters in the shoreland towns of Mabitac, Pakil, Siniloan, Pangil, Paete, Kalayaan, Lumban,
Sta.Cruz, Pila, Victoria, Calauan, Bay, Los Baños, Cabuyao, Biñan, SanPedro, and the cities of
Calamba and Sta.Rosa to subside back to normal levels.
Figure 3.5.2.2-1 : Map of Flood-Prone Areas
71
Figure 3.5.2.2-2: Flood Hazard Map, 150-year return period (Source: LLDA)
72
Figure 3.5.2.2-3. Flood Hazard Map, West Bay, (Source: MGB 2011)
The Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) of the Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources
published geo-hazard maps which cover the Laguna Lake basin. The flood map for the west
bay was formulated after floods brought by Typhoon Milenyo in 2009 submerged lower parts of
Metro Manila, Rizal, Cavite and Laguna. One meter Depths of Flood were mapped (in purple).
Refer to Figures 3.5.2.2-2 to 3.5.2.2-4.
Urban Flooding
Flooding has been a frequent problem in the Laguna Lake Basin. Flood infrastructure projects
cannot get by with the fast increase in population, urbanization and land form changes that
marked the transition of towns in the Western Bay of the Laguna Lake Basin from agriculture to
73
urban. Irrigation weirs and canals supplied the irrigation requirements of these towns before
their urban transformation in the 1980’s. There is no change in the irrigation system when
residential housing, commercial and industrial space substituted agriculture. This old system
cannot hold the huge volume of floodwater waters going to the lake.
74
Figure 3.5.2.2-4: Flood Hazard Map, East Bay, (Source: MGB 2011)
• Laguna de Bay’s Flood Retention Service from an Ecosystem Accounting

Perspective
In 2009 typhoon Ketsana (Ondoy) raised the lake water level at around 13.8m and the damages
amounting to around Php6.0 billion (LLDA, 2014). As earlier stated Laguna de Bay is a crucial
element in the hydrological system of the watershed. It serves as a retention basin where water
75
generated in the upstream portion of the watershed is collected before it is discharged to Manila
Bay via Pasig river. Through the retention of water in the lake, the flood risk is mitigated. This
so-called flood retention service of the lake was analyzed in physical and monetary terms in the
Laguna Lake Ecosystem Accounting Project and summarized in this section.
The flood retention service of the lake is defined as the capacity of the lake to store water that
would otherwise have led to flooding of houses and infrastructure. The flood risk is imposed, in
the Laguna de Bay watershed, from rain water collected in the lake through run-off from the 24
sub-watersheds draining into the lake, in particular during high rainfall events such as typhoons.
The capacity to store water is defined as the water that can be stored in the zone between (i)
the average water level in the beginning of the rainy season (July); and (ii) the water level at
which the first houses along the lake are flooded. In between these two levels water can be
stored without causing economic losses due to flooding. Note that the flood retention capacity
is not related to the overall volume of water stored in the lake, the water level below the average
beginning of the rainy season level is, on average, filled throughout the year and therefore not
available as retention basin.
Based on the above, the retention service is defined as the zone between 11.5m and 12.5m 3
(See Figure 3.5.2.2-5).
Figure 3.5.2.2-5: Lake showing flood retention service vis a vis flood plain areas (2014)
3
Water levels in this report are based on the LLDA reference system. 11.5m in this system
corresponds to 1.5m above mean sea level.
76
Basin residents and transients have made the lakeshore their place of residence. Nowadays,
such settlements have been intense and ever closer to the lake. The following observations
were recorded from the field visits of the LLDA TWG in July 2015.
o Shoreland encroachments are more pronounced, more expansive; structures are

more permanent; obvious LGU presence in the shoreland (LGU
buildings/facilities, projects; real estate developments by private companies;
plants of private manufacturing companies
o Utilities (electricity and water connections) are in place, more expansions in

shoreland areas.
o Road network under construction, some existing roads are under expansion, all
by DPWH
The flood retention service is affected by the inflow of sediments in the lake. Although the overall
depth of the lake has not changed very substantially in the period 1997-2014, as explained in
the previous section, sedimentation has affected the flood retention service because sediments
were deposited by means of backfilling of the shores of the lake. On a real photograph, extensive
sandbanks can be observed, where sediments were deposited close to the shore including in
the zone between 11.5 and 12.5m.
The flood retention service was analyzed as part of the ecosystem accounting processes in a
number of subsequent steps.
Analysis of the population density and number of houses in each 1m zone above the 12.5 m
water level (12.5-13.5, 13.5-14.5, 14.5-15.5m). Population data were available for the years
2000 and 2010, and these data have been interpolated, and the average annual growth rate in
this period has been extrapolated to the period 2011-2014.
The average number of people per household is assumed to be 4.6 (PSA 2014; data for 2010).
The number of houses per flood zone is calculated by dividing the number of people by 4.6. The
average house price is assumed to be 500,000 pesos (based on PSA data of house prices).
The amount of damage caused by flooding is dependent upon inundation depth, the duration of
the flood, the type of construction and materials used (wood, concrete, bricks, etc.) and the use
of flood control measures. Based on past floods, inundation depth and damage costs have been
correlated (Figure 3.6.2.2-7) (Arias et. al. 2014). This analysis only considers damages to
houses. Damages to infrastructure, crops and other properties were on average 25% of damage
to houses during past flood events (LLDA, 2014). Therefore, damage ratios were multiplied by
a factor of 1.25.
A simple spreadsheet model was prepared in order to relate flood level, in each year, to damage
costs. The outcomes of the model are illustrated in Table 3.6.2.2 that presents the model
calculations of the damage costs of a 13.8m flood (the 2009 flood level). Note that the model
also allows predicting flood damages as a consequence of flood levels in the future (by
extrapolating population growth rates). When new census data becomes available population,
data can be updated in the model.
77
Figure 3.5.2.2-6: Water levels in the lake in selected years with floods (source: LLDA)
Damage ratio as a function of

y = 0.0614x
inundation depth R² = 0.9451
0.2
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Figure 3.5.2.2-7: Damage ratio as a function of inundation depth (based on Arias et. al. 2014)
78
Table 3.5.2.2 Damage costs of 13.8m flood in Laguna de Bay area
Year Flood Height Damage costs (billion pesos)

1997 13.8 4.1
1998 13.8 4.2
1999 13.8 4.4
2000 13.8 4.5
2001 13.8 4.7
2002 13.8 4.9
2003 13.8 5.0
2004 13.8 5.2
2005 13.8 5.3
2006 13.8 5.5
2007 13.8 5.6
2008 13.8 5.8
2009 13.8 5.9
2010 13.8 6.1
2011 13.8 6.2
2012 13.8 6.4
2013 13.8 6.6
2014 13.8 6.7
2015 13.8 6.9
The value of the ecosystem service ‘water retention’ can be approximated by comparing flood
levels with and without the water storage volume of the lake. In line with the assumptions above,
at 12.5m it is assumed that there are no significant flood damages in the Laguna de Bay area.
Would there be no water storage between 11.5 and 12.5m, then the water level could be
expected each year to reach 13.42m in the rainy season. Due to the bathymetry of the lake
shore, the flood level would rise with 0.92 instead of 1m4.
The model developed for the account forecasts specific number of houses that would be flooded
in each municipality around the lake for any given flood level, which could be helpful for updating
emergency response plans. Given the importance of flooding, a flood risk map was produced to
show a potential additional policy application of the Ecosystem Accounting approach (Annex 6).
The maps clearly indicates the areas were population density of people at risk from flooding is
the highest (and particular care is needed in terms of emergency response including evacuation
plans), and the potential economic damages of floods.
Comparing flood damage costs at 12.5m with those of 13.42m therefore provides an indication
of the monetary value of the water retention service of the lake, based on the avoided damage
costs from floods. At 12.5m the damage costs are assumed to be zero, and at 13.42m the
damage costs are modelled to be Php4.2 billion (in 2015). Hence the value of water retention
(i.e. flood control) can be estimated to represent Php4.2 billion per year.
4
Based on: (water volume at 12.5m – water volume at 11.5m)/(water volume at 13.5 – water volume at 12.5m) = (4.1-3.1)/(5.2-4.1)
– these are rounded values in million m 3
79
According to the Ecosystem Accounting Project TWG, this is a conservative estimate, since the
water storage also reduces the flood levels during years with extremely high water levels, as in
the case of the 2009 typhoon. On the other hand, this value may be an overestimate since in
reality people may move out of the 12.5 to 13.42m flood zone in case the present water storage
in the lake would not be possible. A consideration here is that many of these people have few
places to go, but they settled in the flood prone zones of the lake because of a lack of alternative
places to build a dwelling. Hence, the value of Php4.2 billion per year is just an approximation
of the value of this service only, and further discussion on valuing flood control using alternative
value estimates, can be considered sufficiently robust for monetary ecosystem accounting.
3.5.2.2 Current Problems, Issues and Challenges in Flood Control
The ensuing analyses provides a number of issues and insights that are relevant for updating
of the master plan.
Tropical storm Ondoy provided a wake-up call for renewed focus on flood hazard protection in
the metropolis.The flood control system that is designed to protect flood- prone areas in Metro
Manila and shoreland areas around Laguna Lake from a 30-year return period flood event is
apparently in complete and insufficient.The infrastructure system proved inefficient with the
drainage system network choking during intense rainfall events. Maintenance is also a concern
as silt and garbage clogged channels and drains, and encroachment of banks of rivers and
floodways further restricting waterflow. Although, the volume of water generated by Ondoy
would have resulted to flooding nonetheless seven with a fully operational flood management
and control system, there are measures that can be taken to reduce the impact of such extreme
event to a predetermined safety level. This is government responsibility and it should provide a
comprehensive flood risk management plan and a set of priority structural and non- structural
measures that will provide sustainable flood management up to a certain safety level.
Inefficient flood control infrastructure system. River network drainage capacity

cannot accommodate the volume of intense short-duration rainfall events. Many areas in and
around Metro Manila are designated as flood-prone, with insufficient protection against frequent
and long-lasting inundation. This especially includes areas around the Marikina River and some
of its tributaries, and those adjacent to Laguna Lake. Ondoy was a disastrous event that resulted
in river flows and inundation of urban areas that were well above the existing drainage and river
capacities.The rainfall resulted inflows in the Marikina River estimated at 5,500m3/sec, while the
design flow capacity of the river is around 3,000m3/sec,which corresponds to a flood with a
return period of about 30y years. Further, the Ecosystem Accounting Project points to insights
from the socio-demographic perspective:
The flood risks in the lake zone have substantially increased since the last major typhoon in
2009, because of an increasing population in the lake shore. The model indicates that, would
the same flood level of 13.8m occur today, the flood damages Php6.9 billion. Importantly, these
calculations do not include the loss of lives. Typhoon Ketsana (Ondoy) in 2009 caused not only
Php6 billion in material damages but also the loss of 104 lives. Depending upon the emergency
response strategies designed and implemented in the Laguna de Bay area since 2009 it needs
to be considered that flood impacts are only increasing with current increases in population
density. Climate change may increase these problems in the future, due to both potential
increases in extreme events and sea level rise making drainage from the lake to Manila bay
even harder.
80
A major issue has been that people are settling and building houses ever closer to the lake
shore. In case of new typhoons, these people would be at immediate risk to lose their lives and
properties. For instance, if a flood level equal to the 2009 flood level would be repeated in 2015,
floods would affect 170,000 houses (instead of 146,000 in 2009) and damage costs would
amount to an estimated Php7 billion (instead ofPhp6 billion in 2009).
The flood disaster caused by Ondoy brought back attention to a number of pressing flood hazard
issues in Metro Manila and Laguna Lake basin:
• Watershed deforestation.
The lack of upstream vegetation has resulted to erosion in the lower reaches of river
systems (reduced bank full capacity) and sedimentation of Laguna Lake (reduced flood
detention volume capacity). Denudation of forest areas and land conversion resulting
from the urbanization and industrialization of the region has caused much of the problem.
Flash floods and mudslides carrying tons of sediment and solid waste have become
• Watershed land-use change.
Due to rapid urbanization, the absorptive capacity of the soil has largely reduced,
increasing surface runoff considerably. Flood hydrographs with high surface runoff
components are known to have faster flow velocities moving downstream. Consequently,
higher flood risk.
• Improper and unregulated land-use and urban planning.
Both legal and illegal settlements finding their way in high flood-risk zones.
Encroachment of banks of rivers and flood plains has contributed significantly to the
decrease in discharge carrying capacity of lakes and rivers.
• Inefficient flood control infrastructure system.
River network drainage capacity cannot accommodate the volume of intense short-
duration rainfall events. Many areas in and around Metro Manila are designated as flood-
prone with insufficient protection against frequent and long-lasting inundation. This
especially includes areas around the Marikina River and some of its tributaries, and those
adjacent to Laguna Lake. Ondoy was a disastrous event that resulted in river-flows and
inundation of urban areas that were well above the existing drainage and river capacities.
The rainfall resulted in flows in the Marikina River estimated at 5,500m 3/sec, while the
design flow capacity of the river is around 3,000m3/sec, which corresponds to a flood
with a return period of about30years.
• Lack of flood early warning system.
Existing flood early warning system for the Pasig-Marikina-Laguna Lake complex was
obliterated because of bureaucracy, neglect and lack of maintenance. Flood information
81
and warning systems are important non-structural measures for flood risk management.
• Lack of maintenance of rivers and drains.
Failure to clean and dredge waterways has resulted to clogged channels and outlets,
and constricted water flows. The flooding has worsened with the reduced carrying
capacity of both higher-and lower-order drains and rivers due to lack of maintenance,
Including dredging of silts and cleaning of solid waste, and encroachment of banks of
the rivers, drains, and floodways. The latter also puts people living along these structures
at risk during flood events.
• Impact of global environmental change.
Climate change would significantly affect the frequency, intensity, duration and location
of extreme meteorological events. Climate shift is expected to bring extreme weather
conditions that may cause more devastating flood hazards. The effects of the 2009
Pacific typhoon season in the Philippines were considered some of the worst in decades.
Throughout the year, series of typhoons impacted the country, with the worst damage
occurring during September and October from Typhoons Ondoy and Pepeng.
• Fragmented institutional/ Social flood management arrangements
Constraints and barriers to implementation of flood management practices include but

not limited to policy, laws and regulations; administration, funding, and funding
mechanisms; institutional factors; structure of planning approaches; social factors;
knowledge and information; awareness and preparedness; technology and equipment;
and land use planning
3.5.3 Solid Waste Management
Solid waste refers to wastes from households, commercial establishments, some institutions,
markets and municipal services. This also includes non-hazardous, non-liquid wastes from
institutions and industries. Solid waste management (SWM), on the other hand, pertains to the
control of the generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal
(Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) implement RA 9003 or the
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 and its Implementing Rules and Regulations
of RA 9003 which is DENR AO No. 2001-34) of solid waste in a fashion that is in accordance to
societal and economic needs while at the same time compliant to environmental standards and
principles.
Solid waste management (SWM) as defined in RA 9003, refers to all activities involving the
control, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in accordance with the
best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other
environmental considerations. It includes all attendant administrative, financial, legal, planning,
and engineering functions. In the national solid waste management framework, the hierarchy of
ESWM strategies were identified: avoid, reduce, reuse, recycle, recover, treatment, and
residuals management.
82
The third critical area in the water and sanitation sector is solid waste, which is a major
contributor to the water quality problem of the lake. Solid wastes, when improperly disposed,
not only causes eye sore but can end up as debris floating on the lake itself, if not as leachate
which flow with the run-off prior to discharge. When dumped in unlined or improperly built
landfills, lachate may also seep into the ground water which may eventually end up in the lake.
More than the unsightly impact of solid waste, there are real issues associated with public
health, effects on water quality and biodiversity and overall sustainability of the lake region.
However, solid waste is not something that should be discarded or disposed of with no regard
for future use. It can be a valuable resource if addressed correctly, through policy and practice.
With rational and consistent waste management practices there is an opportunity to reap a range
of benefits.
LLDA through the Laguna de Bay Institutional Strengthening and Community Participation
(LISCOP) Project funded various solid waste management projects for the LGUs such as
material recovery facilities with composting, rehabilitation of dumpsites and sanitary landfills.
Those municipalities in the province of Rizal who availed the LISCOP sub-projects are Antipolo
Material Recovery Facility Sub-Project, Teresa Materials Recovery Facility Sub-Project, Tanay
Materials Recovery Facility Sub-Project, Morong Materials Recovery Facility Sub-Project and
Angono Materials Recovery Facility Sub-Project.
As part of the commitment of LLDA to the Governance Commission for GOCC’s (GCG) to
enhance and strengthen co-management approach in Solid Waste Management (SWM), the
program aims to determine the current status and future plans relative to SWM implementation
of the respective Local Government Units (LGUs) within the Region. The program specifically
focuses on the LGUs did not avail of the recently funding assistance from the LISCOP Project.
The program also aims to convene the non-LISCOP LGUs and for LLDA to execute the
Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) indicating their commitments to implement SWM project
proposal.
The MOA comprises of roles and responsibilities of LLDA and concerned LGU. The LLDA shall
assist the LGU in the assessment of the impact of solid waste management initiatives through
the application of LLDA Decision Support System (DSS) for the sustainability of Laguna de Bay
Ecosystem. Provide capacity building to LGU through the conduct of workshops, study tours
and trainings identified by the LGU that focus on the improvement of existing solid waste
management project. Provide relevant data as well as technical assistance to LGU in the
preparation of feasibility study.
The LGU shall take part of the assessment of the impact of solid waste management initiatives
and participate in the conduct of the capacity building. To carry out the implementation of
identified solid waste management project in compliance to RA 9003 and the status of their
implementation. LGU shall pass a Sangguniang Bayan/Panglungsod Resolution authorizing the
incumbent mayor to sign an agreement with LLDA for carrying out the responsibilities of the
LGU.
On the other hand, as part of the continuing monitoring of the LISCOP sub-projects, specifically
the Materials Recovery Facility. LLDA shall monitor and evaluate the conditions in the Sub-
Project Memorandum of Agreement (SMOA) of the concerned LGU’s. These will take effect on
the 2016 Performance Agreement Negotiation (PAN).
Solid waste management problem is multi-dimensional and should likewise be addressed in a

83
multi-faceted manner. This is aptly reflected in the proposed programs of LLDA.
3.5.3.1 Solid Waste Management Situation
Solid waste management is one of the growing concerns in the Laguna de Bay basin because
it is closely linked to water quality problem. The rapid population growth, industrialization, and
urban sprawl in the region resulted in the increase in waste generation. This problem is further
aggravated by lack of proper disposal facilities, thus, causing severe stress on the lake and its
watershed area. The responsibility for solid waste management is delegated to the local
government units (LGUs), by virtue of RA 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act.
However, this is an environmental issue that cuts across social, economic, technological, and
political dimensions.
• Waste Generation Estimates
The waste generation in the LDBR is estimated from 0.46 to 0.7 kg per capita per day. Assuming
a generation rate o f0.5kg/capita/day and a population of 15M, the total amount of wastes
generated in a year is 2.7milliontons. Assuming that of these, only 70% is for dumping, with 30%
being collected by waste pickers for selling to junkshops, which leaves an estimated 1.89 million
tons of wastes requiring a disposal facility. Thus, the two major challenges in the area of solid
waste management are the huge amount of wastes being generated, and the lack of
infrastructure for its proper disposal.
In Metro Manila alone, of the estimated 6,700 tons of wastes generated per day, approximately
720 tons per day are recycled or composted (ADB, 2004). The 6,000 tons/day balance are either
hauled to the city’s dumpsites, dumped illegally on private land, rivers, and creeks, or burned,
adding to the polluted air shed.
• SWM Practices
The following are three (3) main mechanisms being employed for waste management within the
Laguna de Bay basin:
Segregation
Waste segregation refers to a SWM practice of separating different materials found in solid
waste in order to promote recycling and re-use of resources and to reduce the volume of waste
collection and disposal.
R.A. 9003 mandates segregation at source. At present, household segregation is practiced in
some cities and municipalities such as in Los Baños, Sta Cruz, Calamba City, Liliw, and
Kalayaan in Laguna, an in Morong and Teresa in the province of Rizal.
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Table 3.5.3.1 Manner of Solid Waste Disposal in Some LGUs in the

Laguna de Bay Region
Collection
Collection involves gathering of solid wastes and hauling them to transfer stations, processing
and recovery stations, or final disposal sites. In most solid waste management systems, the cost
of collection accounts for a significant portion of the total cost (from 40 percent to 80 percent).
The use of special collection schedules and/or separate trucks or haulers are required for
specific types of wastes.
Estimated countrywide collection efficiency is placed at 40 percent with major cities able to
collect as much as 70 percent. The remaining balance are either unserved or under-served,
which maybe common in poorer areas of cities and municipalities and rural barangay.
In some municipalities with the Laguna de Bay basin, not all generated municipal solid wastes
are collected. With limited collection trucks, difficult terrain and low housing densities in some
barangay generated solid wastes are collected and disposed off on dumpsites.
Recycling and Recovery Practices
Waste should be treated as valuable resource, items that are useless, or are of very little value
to one person, often have significant value to another within a different setting or time. The
process whereby portions of waste material are sorted and used for something of benefit is
called recycling.
Recycling and recovery are generally practiced in most cities and municipalities in Laguna de
Bay Basin but on an informal and limited scale. At almost every stage of solid waste generation,
transportation, and disposal, readily marketable materials are being recovered. At the household
level, bottles, newspaper, aluminium cans, and PET bottles are being retrieved. A limited
number of pig farmers continue to recover food wastes from households and restaurants and
prepare collected wastes into pig feed. Fish entrails are also being collected, although on a
limited scale, and used as either fish feed or cooked as dog food.
In some cities and municipalities, non-government organizations (NGOs) and community-based

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organizations, as well as industrial establishments are advocating zero-waste management.

These organizations showcase “pera sa basura” strategy, which serves as a motivation
campaign to practice reuse and recycling of waste.
Composting
Composting refers to the controlled decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms, mainly

bacteria and fungi, into a humus-like product. The process utilizes biodegradable wastes from
the kitchen and garden. Households, homeowners’ associations or barangays can do
composting in varied methods from simple backyard compose pits to more mechanized
processes.
Integrated Waste Management through Materials Recovery Facility with Composting
At present, a growing number of LGUs are now implementing integrated waste management,
which includes waste reduction, composting, recycling, and reuse. Materials Recovery Facilities
(MRF) which is simply defined as a facility where solid waste is delivered and undergoes some
form of segregation, where those with economic value is separated from those which have no
further re-use and value and have to be finally disposed. Some MRFs have their composting
facilities and biogas digesters.
Disposal of Collected Waste
Open dump refers to a disposal area where the solid wastes are indiscriminately thrown or
disposed of without due planning and consideration for environmental and health standards.
Open dump is the facility with the least consideration to environmental protection. No form of
control is imposed on the dumping, meaning that solid wastes may be freely disposed to the site
without any form of intervention.
Controlled dump refers to a disposal site where solid wastes are deposited in accordance with
the minimum prescribed standards of site operation.
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Figure 3.5.3.1
Sanitary Landfills
A sanitary landfill refers to a waste disposal site designed, constructed, operated, and
maintained in a manner the exerts engineering control over significant potential environmental
impacts arising from the development and operation of the facility. Sanitary Landfill consists of
a controlled facility where solid waste is handled according to defined processes to allow
segregation and recycling, and where residual waste is disposed between layers of defined
materials which prevent the contamination of surrounding areas; typically involves engineering
planning and design. It is the most common and most widely accepted final disposal method for
collected solid wastes.
87
To address the major problem on solid waste residuals, the LGUs were encouraged to venture
into sanitary landfills. But the experience in the operation of the Carmona landfill and other
facilities reinforced resistance and the “NIMBY” or not-in-my-backyard syndrome. Financing
mechanism to meet economy of scale is also a constraint.
LGUs’ compliance with RA 9003 is difficult to achieve due to weak enforcement of solid waste
disposal laws and regulations, lack of political will, huge capital investments to put up waste
disposal facilities, lengthy and bureaucratic process (permits, environmental clearance
certificate, etc.), inadequate technical capacity, insufficient number or inappropriate collection
vehicles, inability to reach households or collection stations and limited storage at transfer
points. In addition, potential disposal sites are difficult to find due to public resistance to hosting
facilities for storage, processing, treatment and final disposal of solid wastes.
Other Waste Sources
Hospital Waste Management Practices
Sound medical waste management is key to protecting public health. This requires dedicated
planning, training, and tracking throughout the medical waste collection, storage, treatment, and
disposal process. Effective medical waste management programs are multi-sectoral and require
cooperation in all levels of implementation, from national and local governments to hospital staff
and private businesses.
Based on status report submitted to the DOH by health facilities in CALABARZON, generally,
non-infectious dry and wet wastes are being disposed of through municipal collection system for
disposal to controlled dumpsites. Hazardous wastes (infectious, pathological, chemical wastes,
sharps) are being contracted out to recognized hazardous wastes treaters/recyclers wherein
pyrolysis (a form of incineration that chemically decomposes organic materials by heat in the
absence of oxygen), microwave irradiation (disinfection of wastes using high energy
electromagnetic fields), and auto-claving (decontamination of biochemical wastes) are the most
common methods of treatment.
Hazardous Waste Management Practices
About 60 percent of the total volume of hazardous wastes is recycled. Those recycled are
hazardous wastes that are generally considered “easily recyclable or treatable” such as waste
oil, solvents, and inorganic sludge containing valuable metals.
In the Philippines, there is no treatment facility handling the hazardous waste that need special
process for detoxification such as thermal decomposition, solidification, and so forth. There is
no landfill facility to safely dispose these hazardous wastes. As a result, a large amount of non-
recyclable and non-treatable hazardous wastes are stored on site by generators or handled
improperly by recyclers and treaters.
However, multinational corporations which are conscious of their global corporate image,
particularly those industries aspiring to have ISO 14001 certification are exporting their
hazardous wastes to European countries like France, Belgium, Great Britain, Netherlands, and
Germany for treatment and disposal.
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Based on DENR-Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) records, as of 2006, there are 94

recognized recycler/treater of hazardous wastes and 205 recognized transporters nationwide.
Out of these 27 recycler/ treaters and 95 transporters are located within the Laguna de Bay
basin.
While a regulatory framework for managing hazardous wastes exists, government lack the
capacity to effectively implement and enforce these regulations.
3.5.3.2 LGUs Waste Disposal Facilities
The cities/ municipalities within the LDBR with disposal facilities are as follows:
Table 3.5.3.2: Solid Waste Facilities Within the LDBR
Open Controlled Sanitary

City/Municipality MRF Dumpsite Dumpsite Landfill
Malvar 15 1
SantoTomas 29 1
Tanauan 2
Carmona 1 1
General M.Alvarez 1
Silang 2 1
Tagaytay 1 1
Alaminos 1
Bay 1 1
Binan 2
Cabuyao
Calamba 54 1
Cavinti 1 1
Calauan 1
Famy 1
Kalayaan 1 1
Liliw 1 1
Los Banos 2
Luisiana 1 1
Lumban 2
Mabitac 1 1
Magdalena 1
Majayjay 1 1
Nagcarlan 5
Paete 1 1
Pagsanjan 1 1
Pakil 1 1
Pangil 1 1
Pila 1 1
Rizal 2
San Pablo 1 1 1
San Pedro 2 1
Santa Cruz 8
Santa Maria 1 1
Santa Rosa 2
Siniloan 1
Victoria 1 1
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Lucban 1 1
Open Controlled Sanitary

City/Municipality MRF Dumpsite Dumpsite Landfill
Angono 6
Antipolo 13
Baras 9 1
Binangonan 2 1
Cainta 5
Cardona 2
Jala-Jala 1
Morong 2 1
Pililla 1
Rodriguez(Montalban) 1 2
San Mateo 2 1
Tanay 2
Taytay 3
Teresa 10
225 18 12 8
3.5.3.3 Situational Analysis
The LLDA understands that solid waste management problem is multi-dimensional and should
likewise be addressed in a multi-faceted manner. This is a partly reflected in the proposed
programs of LLDA.
a. The solid waste management situation in the lake region is a multi-dimensional problem
that likewise needs to be addressed in a multi-dimensional way. Not only does it impact
on lake quality and health; it may also be a sign of degenerating social systems that
tolerates the presence of informal settlers (a heavy contributor), or weak institutions that
have little capacity to enforce environmental laws and guidelines.
b. The LISCOP Project of the LLDA has allowed solid waste-related projects to be pursued
by 20 of the 63 LGUs in the lake region, consisting of rehabilitation of old dumpsites as
well as the construction/ rehabilitation o fMRF and composting facilities. This is
significant as it puts a third of the lake region municipalities in position to effect an
institution (LGU)-driven and community participating project which increases the chance
of program success. Despite this number, however, one would find from the table in the
preceding section that there is still a big deficit of solid waste facilities in the region
(details below).
c. The LLDA has already prepared a concept paper for an Integrated Solid Waste
Management Program, which describes the overall situation on solid waste in the region,
and specific approaches to respond to LLDA’s identification of this issue as a key
concern for lake basin management. The approaches included in the Plan are the
following:
• Collaborative Partnerships among all sectors

• LDB Solid Waste management information database
• Information, Education and Communication Campaign
• Funding Support to Local Government Units
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• Linking User Fees to Strengthen Community Initiatives on Solid Waste Management

• Legislative Agenda
3.5.3.3.1 Focus on the LGUs’ SWM-Related Sub-projects under

LISCOP
Through the World Bank funds and counterpart funding from LLDA and DOF.MDFO, the
LISCOP Project has supported 26 (43%) out of the 61 municipalities and cities in the whole
Laguna Lake basin in implementing a total of 53 sub-projects, 20 or 38% of which are on solid
waste management (Table 3.5.3.3.1). These MRF/Sanitary Landfill sub-projects have reduced
solid waste dumping in open dumpsites and resulted in the improvement in the management of
solid waste by the LGUs, and reduced the volume of residual wastes to be brought to the sanitary
landfill thru segregation, recycling, reuse and composting by around 60,000MT/yr, and reduced
BOD loading by 350MT/yr, or about 0.5% of total annual BOD loading (LISCOP PCR, 2014).
Picture 3.5.3.3.1-a: MRF Picture: 3.5.3.3.1-b Sanitary

Landfill
Table 3.5.3.3.1 LGUs’ SWM Sub-projects under LISCOP
Sub-project Location Components Sub-Project

Cost
Teresa Integrated Sitio Pantay, MRF and Composting P8.1M
SWM SP Brgy. Dalig,
Teresa, Rizal
Morong MRF MRF and Composting P 9.9M
Tanay Environmental Eco-Tourism/ Solid P 30.6M
Improvement waste Mgt.(MRF and
Composting)
Angono MRF MRF and composting P11.0M
Antipolo MRF MRF and Composting P22.0 M
Kalayaan Integrated Brgy. Longos MRF and Category 1 P11.2 M
Solid Waste Landfill
Management Project
Mabitac MRF Sub Brgy. San MRF and Composting P 5.0M
Project Antonio
Pangil Environmental Brgy. Sulib and Solid Waste P 23.0 M (eco-
Enhancement SP Piit Management (MRF and tourism has the
Composting) and Eco- biggest portion in
Tourism terms of cost)
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Pakil Environemntal Brgy Casinsin Solid Waste P 10.0 M

Enhancement Sub and Bry Bano Management (MRF and
Project Composting) and Eco-
Tourism
Sta. Cruz Integrated Brgy. Alipit, and MRF with Composting P 10.4 M
Waste Management Brgy.Palasan and WWTF for
Slaughterhouse
Liliw MRF Sub Project Brgy. Ibabang MRF and Composting P4.30 M
Palina
Nagcarlan Integrated Brgy. Sulusugin MRF with composting P 5.0 M
Waste Management and Bry. Palayan and WWTF for
Salughterhouse
Sta. Maria MRF SP Brgy. Inayapan MRF and Composting
Siniloan Brgy. Salubungan M RF Enhancement and P 4.0M
Environmental and Macatad Ecotourism
Enhancement SP
Paete ISWM Project MRF and Sanitary Land
Fill
Pila MRF Sub Project Brgy. San Miguel MRF and Compsting P 6.0M
Victoria MRF Sub Brgy. Daniw MRF and Composting P 5.0M
Project
Lucban Solid Waste MRF and Composting
GMA Clustered MRF MRF and Composting P 16.6M
The operation of these Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) has also generated local
employment, from the waste segregators to the junkshop owners. Based on the project
implementation experience, concerted effort and cooperation among all sectors and local
ordinances should be strictly implemented to sustain the efforts that has already been
established. Good governance that is fully complemented by legal/policy support as well as
vigorous and just law enforcement creates a community sense of pride which leads to
cooperation and unity in sustaining the sub-project operation and management.
Picture No. 3.5.3.3.1-c Picture 3.5.3.3.1-d
Initiatives outside LISCOP Funding
The problem on solid waste management is not confined within the Laguna de Bay Region. It is
a National Problem and have to be dealt accordingly. The LISCOP Project is just one of the
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funding sources that the LGUs can access to implement environmental enhancement projects
such as waste management. With the full implementation of the National Solid Waste
Management Act (RA 9003), the different LGUs have initiated activities to comply with its
provisions.
Local Government Units who did not avail of the LISCOP Financial assistance also put up
mechanisms to address problem of solid waste using local funds. Cities like Sta. Rosa, Cabuyao
and Calamba as well as Municipalities like Cavinti, Rizal, Pagsanjan, Los Banos, Carmona
among others have the Facilities constructed using available funds of the LGUs or tied up with
other institutions. Implementation of a Waste to Energy Project is also being explored as one of
the interventions to address the increasing volume of wastes particularly in the highly urbanized
areas.
Construction of Barangay MRFs
True to what is being required in RA 9003, Municipalities such as Sta. Cruz (as mentioned
earlier), Cavinti, Rizal and Nagcarlan among others -went as far as putting up facilities in the
different Barangays. The approach varies from individual to clustering depending on the area,
volume of wastes generated and available financial resources.
In terms of funding, the cost is either a) co-shared by the Barangay and Municipal Government,
b) shouldered by the Municipal Government or c) access other Government funds. The latter
was exemplified by the LGU of Sta. Cruz who was able to access small grant from the EMB to
fund the construction of one of its Barangay MRFs (Brgy. Oogong) including procurement of
equipment.
The construction and operation of Barangay MRF further reduces the wastes being handled at
the Municipal MRF. Ideally, the Municipal MRF’s focus is the management and or disposal of
residuals which the barangays cannot handle properly.
In addition, the cost being incurred for the final disposal (specially those disposing in existing
Sanitary Land Fill in the LdB Region) of the solid wastes generated per Municipality is also
lessened. On a wider perspective, the reduction of wastes to be disposed will also prolong the
operational life of the few available landfills.
Other Initiatives
In the pipeline is the construction of trash traps along Cabuyao and Tunasan Rivers. The
structure to be installed in Cabuyao is jointly funded by the Tanduay Distillers and the LLDA
while for the Tunasan (to be constructed within Muntinlupa City) is solely funded by the LLDA.
The LGUs however will be responsible for the maintenance and operation of these structures
and ensure the regular retrieval of the wastes as well as proper disposal.
3.5.3.3.2 Participation of Various Agencies in Addressing Solid
Waste Management Problem
It is worth mentioning that apart from the DENR (EMB and NSWC) and LLDA, the DILG is now
hands on in making Municipalities comply with the provisions of RA 9003. This is being
implanted alongside the compliance to Mandamus case filed in cleaning up Manila Bay. Local
DILG officers are fully involved in monitoring the actions being undertaken by the respective
Local Government Units. Assistance in the preparation of the Solid Waste Management Plan as
well as the conduct of Waste Analysis and Characterization (WACS) are also being extended to
Municipalities particularly those who are not capable of engaging consultants. Academic
institutions such as UPLB are also involved under its extension programs.
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3.5.3.3.3Role of the LLDA on SWM in the Lake Basin
From the items listed in the Plan, LLDA does not act as main proponent of infrastructure projects
related to solid waste management. Rather, it acts as convenor, and provider of financial
assistance for LGUs for them to be able to undertake SWM projects. It also plans to be the
repository of all SWM-related information in the region. As the governing body of the lake, it
plans to formulate and implement policies to further improve initiatives in addressing solid waste
management problems.
3.5.3.3.4 Potential Problems on Solid Waste Management
a. Funding/financing, which is probably best addressed through a private-public

partnership, considering the scale of investments required for effective management of
solid wastes.
b. Space limitations for solid waste management facilities .Two issues have to be taken into
consideration: land availability and the public acceptance of the facility to be built in their
neighborhood. A huge amount is needed to fund sanitary landfills .Apart from the land,
the liners, leachate collection facility and treatment, there are also other costs for the
office buildings, and other structures such as an MRF Capital costs can range from Php7-
35 Million per hectare. The social aspect of displacing waste pickers is also an issue that
needs to be dealt with. Alternative livelihood should be provided for those who will be
displaced when open dumpsites are converted to sanitary landfills. Another major issue
to contend with is the NIMBY (Not in My Backyard Attitude) of the population. It takes a
serious amount of social preparation to make the landfill acceptable to neighboring
communities.
c. With space for landfills getting rare, expensive and difficult to secure, other alternatives
for the management and disposal of wastes should be considered. Waste-to-energy
technologies such as pyrolysis and gasification should be considered especially in highly
urbanized areas where space is a major issue.
d. The issue on maintenance and sustainability in operating MRFs need to be looked into.
As this has to do primarily with political set-up, close coordination with the DILG has to
be established.
3.5.3.3.5 Action Points for Solid Waste Management Program
a. If possible, complete the characterization / inventory of solid waste management facilities

in the remaining municipalities to determine the level of current assets in dealing with the
solid waste problem
b. Determine basic technical criteria for the solid-waste related infrastructure.
c. Undertake discussions with the LLDA to expand the basic content of the concept paper
and identify possible specific tasks to realize the overall goal.
d. Undertake cross-coordination with NSWMC/EMB to ensure a unified and complete

approach to the solid waste management program.
e. Identify waste treatment technologies that maybe used. From these technologies,
identify costs and benefits, space requirements, and conditions where these
technologies are applicable.
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CHAPTER 3
3.6 INSTITUTIONS/GOVERNANCE/POLICY SECTOR
This section presents the existing situation in the institutional/policy sector of the Laguna de Bay
Basin along four key aspects: a) the legal and institutional mandate and functions of the LLDA;
(b) its internal organization; c) participatory dimensions including the external linkages of the
Authority with other organizations and institutions; and (d) its corporate financial operations.
From the profile of the sector, this section of the report examines the four aspects and
determines, among others, the strengths and weaknesses of the internal organization vis-à-vis
the Authority’s mandates and functions, as well as the problems and concerns that may emerge
given the multiplicity of stakeholders operating in the Laguna de Bay basin. Based on the issues
and concerns identified, proposals for policy and institutional reforms shall be recommended.
These could include co-management arrangements with various stakeholders, capacity building
for LLDA personnel, innovative financial arrangements such as PPP for infrastructure
investments, and strengthened financial capacity for LLDA.
3.6.1 Legal and Institutional Mandate and Functions of the LLDA
The LLDA was created by virtue of R.A. 4850 in 1966 to promote and accelerate the
development and balanced growth and sustainable use of the Laguna de Bay Region and
protect its ecological integrity. This mandate evolved since then through amendatory laws, P.D.
813 in 1975 and E.O. 927 in 1983, to balance economic development activities with
environmental management and control in Laguna de Bay Region. Specifically, Presidential
Decree 813 of 1975 expanded the Agency’s Mandate to address environmental protection
including the power to issue permit for the use of the surface water. Executive Order 927 of 1983
classified the Agency as a Class A Corporation, authorized it to modify its organization, granted
water rights over Laguna de Bay and other bodies of water in the Region. It also granted the
Agency to control and abate pollution within the Region and authorized to collect fees for the
use of the lake water. The Agency has the authority to earmark revenues generated for its
environmental and developmental programs/projects/activities for the Laguna de Bay Region.
Indeed, through a series of enabling laws as mentioned above, LLDA’s mandate has evolved to
become wide ranging and comprehensive, and these are shown in its authority to:
• Promulgate and enforce water quality standards;

• Issue and revoke permits for the use of surface waters not only in Laguna de Bay but
other water bodies within the watershed;
• Approve development plans by public and private entities;
• Collect fees for use of surface waters and for discharge of water to covered water bodies;
and
• Compel compliance to pollution control and other rules and regulations.
Because of its all-encompassing powers and authority, the LLDA may sue violators of the laws,
rules and regulations. They may be held administratively, civilly and criminally liable. LLDA may
pursue a separate civil action for damages resulting from the violation of the law in addition to
criminal liability. Damages paid by violators shall be allocated for environmental management.
In 1993, the administrative supervision over LLDA was transferred from the Office of the
President to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) through Executive
Order 149. The Laguna de Bay Master Plan was adopted and implemented in 1996 pursuant to
Executive Order No. 349. The issuance of Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) and
Certificate of Non-Coverage (CNC) for projects located in environmentally critical areas within
the region was transferred to LLDA in 2004 through DENR Department Administrative Order
No. 2004-61. This was, however, recalled in 2009.
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The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 and other recent legislations in relation to
the LLDA Charter (R.A. 4850 as Amended)
On March 22, 2004, Republic Act No. 9275 or better known as the Philippine Clean Water Act
(CWA) was passed and approved by the Philippine Congress. It provides for a Comprehensive
Water Quality Management in all water bodies of the country. The Act primarily applies to the
abatement and control of pollution from land based sources based on the water quality
standards and regulations and the civil liability and penal provisions so provided, irrespective of
sources of pollution. The passage of the Philippine Clean Water Act (R.A. 9275) has reinforced
the mandate and functions of the LLDA. The most significant feature of this Act is its policy
reform statements that serve as an enabling environment for the implementation of Integrated
Water Resources Management (IWRM) which has been recognized and implemented
worldwide as an effective and efficient way to manage water resources by employing a holistic
and integrated approach to the governance and management of water resources.
CWA Reform Policies as Enabling Environment for IWRM Implementation
The Declaration of Policy under Republic Act 4850 as amended, creating the Laguna Lake
Development Authority, embodies two major and distinct yet synergistically linked mandates
of the LLDA, namely: (1) the promotion and acceleration of development in the Laguna de Bay
Region and (2) the provision of environmental management and control to prevent undue
ecological disturbances, deterioration and pollution. Republic Act No. 9275 is consistent and
complementary to its policy of environmental management within the Laguna de Bay Region.
Water Quality Management Area
The CWA requires that in pursuing the implementation of the Act, Water Quality Management
Areas (WQMAs) should be determined. It is stressed under Sec. 5 that areas within the
jurisdiction of the Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) shall be designated as one
management area under the administration of LLDA in accordance with R.A. 4850, as
amended: Provided, However, that the standards promulgated pursuant to this Act and
wastewater charge system established pursuant hereof shall be enforced in said area.
The LLDA Board of Directors shall continue to exercise its corporate powers vested by RA
4850, as amended, and at the same time carry out its functions as the governing board of the
Water Quality Management Area of the Laguna de Bay Region in accordance with the
pertinent provisions of the CWA. It shall continue to issue necessary policies, guidelines and
standards for the Laguna de Bay Region WQMA, including, but not limited to, the
reclassification of the bodies of water within the Laguna de Bay Region and to set the
standards applicable and appropriate for the protection of their beneficial users.
3.6.2 Mainstreaming LLDA’s EUFS Nationwide through the CWA
In 1997, LLDA introduced the EUFS as an industrial wastewater effluent fee program to create
economic incentives for industry to reduce wastewater discharges. Sec. 13 (Wastewater
Discharge System) of the CWA mainstreamed this system throughout the country. Because
of its unique legal and institutional framework, LLDA did not necessitate a new legislation to
introduce this market-based instrument (MBI) to abate/control pollution within the lake basin
and as a pilot MBI in the Philippines. It only took the approval of its Board of Directors by virtue
of Board Resolution No. 33, Series of 1996, Rules and Regulations Implementing the
Environmental User Fee System in the Laguna de Bay Region, to launch this system.
Prior to the enactment of CWA, the DENR lacked the necessary legal basis to implement a
pollution charge system in the Philippines. The choice of the LLDA and the Laguna de Bay
Region as a pilot area for this system is anchored on the following features of the LLDA
Charter:
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• Laguna de Bay Region covers a well-defined area, i.e., an ecosystem/watershed-based

• LLDA has extensive and encompassing legal authority that authorizes it to:
➢ Review/approve development plans/projects
➢ Issue permits and collects fees on both intake and discharge of water
➢ use its revenues for environmental and water related projects, without the need to
remit its fee collections to the central government
The Clean Water Act has enabled the LLDA to expand the EUFS to include Total Suspended
Solids (TSS) and eventually Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), when its effluent standard has
been set by the DENR, for the computation of the Wastewater Discharge Fee, in addition to
Biochemical Oxygen Demand which was the only Priority Pollutant Parameter (PPP) covered
by the LLDA-EUFS at its introductory phase in 1997. The nationwide mainstreaming of the
EUFS by virtue of the CWA has, therefore, firmly established not only the credibility of the
program but most certainly the strength of its legal mandate on environmental management,
among others.
The Local Government Code of 1991
RA 7160 or the Local Government Code was enacted by the Philippine Congress in 1991
granting local autonomy to all political subdivisions in the country. It provides for a system of
decentralization from the National Government to local government units whereby the latter are
given more powers, authority, responsibilities and resources. Under the Code, Local
Government Units exercise a more strengthened mandate on environmental protection and
management. Some cities/municipalities in the Laguna de Bay Region misinterpreted the
provisions of the LGC to mean that the latter gave them the exclusivity over and exemption from
compliance to certain functions exercised by LLDA under its Charter. These are those
concerning issuance of fishing privileges within municipal waters, compliance to legal orders
issued by LLDA in respect of abatement/control of pollution and payment of fees and charges.
Invoking the provisions of the LGC, certain Local Government Units (LGUs) filed cases in court
against the LLDA.
3.6.3 Participatory Dimensions of LLDA
This section of the report focuses on the participatory dimensions of the Laguna Lake
Development Authority and how it links with other stakeholder organizations and institutions
(Figure 3.6.3-a) in the planning and management of the Laguna de Bay basin. It is noteworthy
that almost all previous studies on Laguna Lake highlighted the many users and “managers” of
the lake: regulators, policy makers and developers, both public and private. The mandates, and
the geographic and functional jurisdictions of these various institutions are overlapping, often
resulting in incoherent environmental, regulatory and governance systems. In turn, such
overlapping systems give rise to inconsistent (if not conflicting) policies and fragmented
implementation of plans, programs and projects. Such overlapping jurisdictions even among
government authorities and institutions are clearly evident and is shown in Figure 3.6.1-b.
As previously noted, a major reason for the lack of a coherent set of policies has to do with the
presence of numerous stakeholders involved in natural resource extraction and the
management of the Lake and its environs. These stakeholders have been usefully categorized
into six (6), namely: (i) policy makers and planners; (ii) regulators; (iii) infrastructure developers;
(iv) NGOs; research and development institutions; (v) local government units; and (vi) resource
users communities.
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Stakeholders of Laguna de Bay
POLICY MAKERS AND REGULATORS

PLANNERS
• NEDA • DENR
• DBM
• LWUA
• DTI/BOI
• PTFWRDM • NWRB
• BFAR
Laguna • HLURB
• DA
• PRRC • LLDA
• MMDA
de Bay
• Mt. Makiling Region
Commission
INFRASTRUCTURE
DEVELOPERS
• DPWH LGUs
R&D INSTITUTIONS • LWUA/
LWD • Provinces
NGOs
• Municipalities
• NHA
• Cities
• PEA • Barangays
• MWSS
RESOURCE USER COMMUNITIES

• Industries • Managers of • Fishpen
• Businesses protected areas operators
• Fisherfolks • Households • Upland
• Community representatives • Farmers communities
(committees and councils)
Figure 3.6.3-a: Stakeholders in the Laguna De Bay Region
98
Figure 3.63-b: Overlapping Jurisdictions of LLDA, NEDA/RDC, MMDA, LGUs
99
As in other RBOs, stakeholders participation and coordination is a key role for LLDA in the
management and development of the Laguna de Bay Region. Participatory dimensions of
RBM in the Laguna de Bay Region are found in the organization of LLDA and in all levels of
decision making and implementation of IWRM interventions, namely, policy, management
and implementation levels.
Policy Level through the LLDA Board
Composition of the LLDA Board of Directors

Under R.A. 4850 as amended
Representative of the Office of the President
Secretary, DENR
Secretary, DTI
Secretary, NEDA
Governor, Province of Laguna
Governor, Province of Rizal

Chairman, MMDA
Presidents, Leagues of Mayors of Rizal and Laguna
Private Investors’ Representative
General Manager, LLDA, ex-Officio member
Box 2: Composition of the LLDA Board of Directors
Under the IWRM model for institutional re-engineering/rationalization of the LLDA

organization, the Board of Directors remains as the policy-making body of the RBO. As
prescribed under the Charter, the LLDA Board has ten (10) members composed of the
Representative of the Office of the President, the Secretary of the National Economic
Development Authority, the Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources, the Secretary of the Department of Trade and Industry, the Representative of
Metropolitan Manila Development Authority, the President of Laguna Lake Federation of
Mayors, the General Manager of LLDA, and the Representative of Private Sectors. As the
composition would indicate, there is a strong bias on National Government Agencies and
Local Government Units in the Board. Essentially, there are three (3) LGU representatives:
the Governors of the two provinces – Rizal and Laguna and the Leagues of Mayors, who
ideally represent both LGUs and resource users among their constituents.
FRBC and Water Districts in the WQMA Governing Board.
While the membership of the Board as provided for in RA 4850, as amended, is generally
believed to be expansive enough to cover the interests of all stakeholders in the Laguna de
Bay Region, as envisioned in the CWA which designated the Laguna de Bay Region as a
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Water Quality Management Area (WQMA), additional members of the Board were
designated from Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and Water Utilities to the existing LLDA
Board to comply with the Rule 5.10 of the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Act.
By virtue of Board Resolution No. 304, Series of 2006, the Federation of River Basin
Councils (FRBC) represents the civil society in the LLDA Board starting in 2006. Together
with FRBC, the Association of Water Districts in Southern Tagalog (in which the Laguna de
Bay Region forms part of) through its President represents water utilities in the Board. All
decisions over policy matters concerning water resources management including approval
of the WQMA Action Plan.
Management (Operations) Level
Internally, the Management Committee (MANCOM) composed of all department and

division heads in the LLDA organization are engaged by top management as
recommendatory body for decision making involving policy, programs and management
operations. The MANCOM meets bi-monthly and usually before the regular monthly Board
meeting to discuss the agenda especially those requiring policy decisions. At times when
stakeholders’ organizations, external parties and/or technical experts’ opinions are
important, they are invited to MANCOM meetings to provide inputs and/or opinions for a
more enhanced recommendation to the Board thru the Management.
Implementation Level through Various Structures and Mechanisms
Stakeholders participation and coordination are keys to success of IWRM process in the
Laguna de Bay Region. Stakeholders organizations, GOs, non-governmental organizations
(NGOs), people’s organizations, are the vehicle for LLDA’s partnership directed towards
constructive cooperation leading to achievement of ILBM goals and objectives. Partnership
can be realized at a basin, sub-basin or at local levels. Experience of LLDA shows that Local
partnership has greater capacity for success and is easier to realize as exemplified by the
LGUs. Local NGOs and POs have more information about the nature of local problems, they
know better what their needs are and can be more flexible in their formulation of needed
interventions. Thus, LLDA has not taken for granted the importance of partnership. For this
reason, even without a formal advisory council, LLDA has organized structures and
mechanisms to ensure stakeholders engagement in policy planning and program
management.
Some of these interventions are briefly described below.
• River Rehabilitation and Protection Councils or River Councils
In reinforcing the coordinated development and co-management of the lake, the LLDA, since
1996, established multi-stakeholder River Councils in each of the 24 micro-watersheds of the
lake which provide a structure under which the capability and role of stakeholders in
watershed protection are built and where multi-sectoral participation in the river rehabilitation
efforts of the LLDA is sustained. A River Council is composed of representatives from the
LGUs, industry and business sector, church academe, fishermen and farmers organizations,
civic organizations and civil society groups within the micro-watershed. The LLDA Board has
institutionalized the Councils through Resolution No. 114 in 2001 and federated them into a
network organization called the Federation of River Basin Councils. A seed money of
PhP50,000 per River Council has been granted by the LLDA to start up their respective river
rehabilitation and protection activities. These Councils are conglomerated for better
coordination of environmental plans and programs into the Federation of River Basin Councils
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in the Laguna de Bay Region. The councils are registered with the Securities and Exchange
Commission as non-profit, non-stock organizations. Problems and needs and corresponding
interventions/solutions are discussed during regular and special meetings in each of the river
councils. Corresponding interventions are being formulated. These activities are also
reported and coordinated by representative(s) of each river council at the Federation level,
and a counterpart basin-wide scheme is developed and implemented. The Federation
meeting also serves as a forum for exchange of technologies and formulation of short and
long-term action plans for the Region.
Network of River Basin Councils

Angono-Binangonan-Cardona
watershed
Napindan-Taguig watershed Green Movement of Angono
Taguig Environment Society Inc.
Morong Teresa watershed
Morong-Teresa River Rehab
Muntinlupa watershed Prot. Fdn, Inc
Muntinlupa City River Rehab
and Protection Fdn. Inc
Tanay watershed
San Pedro watershed Tanay Environment Fdn, Inc
San Pedro River Rehab and
Protection Fdn., Inc.
Pililla watershed
San Pedro-Biñan watershed Pillila River Envt Devt Fdn Inc
Bisig-Cata
Save Silang-Sta. Rosa River
Jala-jala watershed
San Cristobal watershed TERESA
Jala-jala River Council
ANGONO TANAY
San Cristobal River MORONG
Enhancement and Defender CARDONA Pagsanjan-Lumban watershed

Pagsanjan-Lumban River
San Juan watershed
SINILOAN
MUNTINLUPA
Basin Mgmt Devt Plan
Malvar, Tanauan, Silang,
Calamba RPFI SAN PEDRO
GM A Pila-Victoria-Nagcarlan
Calamba Green Stream KALAYAAN
watershed
Brigade STA.CRUZ
Pila-Victoria-Nagcarlan RFI
Sta. Rosa-Cabuyao watershed
CAVINTI
SILANG
Cabuyao River Rehab & Protection NAGCARLAN

Fdn Inc LOS BAÑOS
Sta. Cruz watershed
MAJAYJAY
Sta. Rosa River Rehab. Mgmt Fdn., LILIW
Inc
LUCBAN
Liliw-Magdalena-Sta. Cruz
ALAMINOS
Majayjay-Rizal-Nagcarlan RFI
Los Baños-Makiling watershed Bay-Calauan watershed
Los Baños Science Community Fdn, Sagip Ilog ng Bae at Calauan
Inc Fdn., Inc
Figure 3.6.3-c: Network of stakeholders in Laguna de Bay
The model/template for River Basin Action planning consists of following: (a) mapping the
watershed; (b) comprehensive survey of the river system and its watershed; (c) development
of a vision for a healthy river system and watershed; and (d) formulation of a River
Rehabilitation and Protection Plan for their respective river system.
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• Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Councils (FARMCs)
Since the 1980s, LLDA have already established partnerships with fisherfolk organizations.
In 1995 the President of the Philippines issued Executive Order 240 “Creating the Fisheries
and Aquatic Resources Management Councils in all Barangays, Cities, and Municipalities
abutting municipal waters in accordance with the policy of the Government to ensure proper
management and control over fisheries and aquatic resources. This is by way of active
participation of directly affected stakeholders such as the marginal fisherfolks. This Order also
called for the empowerment of the marginal fisherfolks through meaningful participation in the
management, development and protection of fisheries and aquatic resources.Several women
and youth are regular members of the FARMCs.
The Executive Order is directed to the Department of Agriculture (DA), but in recognition of
the exclusive mandate of the LLDA in the Laguna de Bay Region, the task was transferred
by the DA to the LLDA through a Memorandum Agreement.
The Agency also rendered financial and technical assistance in their lake protection activities.
Support came in the way of provision of needed resources such as in the funding of their
training as fish wardens (Bantay Lawa) or Lake Guard in coordination with the Bureau of
Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR). Funds coming from the Project Development Fund
of the LLDA are also being provided to implement clean-up activities.
In 1998, Republic Act 8550 (Fisheries Code of the Philippines) was passed. This Act further
defined the roles of the FARMCs. Under LLDA Board Resolution No. 137, Series of 2000
Adopting Certain Provisions of Republic Act No. 8550, otherwise known as the Philippine
Fishery Code of 1998, and its Implementing Rules and Regulations under Fishery
Administrative Order No. 196, and Approving Clarificatory Guidelines Thereof, LLDA has
institutionalized the formation, organization and operation of the hierarchy of Fisheries and
Aquatic Resources Management Councils (FARMSc) throughout Laguna de Bay Region from
barangay, municipal, provincial and lakewide levels. FARMCs are duly organized and
legitimate non-governmental organizations of fisherfolks or those directly or indirectly
engaged in taking and/or culturing and processing of fishery and/aquatic resources from the
lake, including Department of Agriculture, LGU, NGO, and fisherfolks including women and
representative from the youth sector. Representation from the LGU in the FARMCs is given
due importance to ensure that the plans and programs will be incorporated in the municipal
or city development plan and given due priority.
They are actively engaged in various lake and river protection and conservation programs by
LLDA, and form part of the River Councils within their respective river basins. They also
participate in LLDA’s capacity building and training programs. FARMC presidents and
secretaries are provided with Php300.00 transport and meal allowance per meeting by LLDA.
• Environmental Army
LLDA also organized the Hukbong Pangkapaligiran or “Environmental Army,” a volunteer

organization consisting mainly of male and some female fisherfolk and farmers. Majority of
the volunteers are members of various FARMCs. Their activities include monitoring of the
river systems, river clean-ups, tree planting activities, and IEC Campaigns. The Army plays
an important role in raising environmental awareness and motivating the stakeholders to be
actively involved in environmental program.
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• Laguna de Bay Watershed Environmental Action Planning (LEAP) Process
Even with the formation of river councils, the development and implementation of sound
environmental planning and implementation is limited by the lack of institutional structures
and capacity to address micro-watershed level environmental issues beyond the political
boundaries of individual LGUs, as well as the limited engagement of stakeholders at the
micro-watershed level in environmental planning.
Against this backdrop, the LLDA in 2004 initiated the Laguna de Bay Institutional
Strengthening and Community Participation (LISCOP) Project aimed at the improvement of
environmental quality of the lake and its basin and micro-watersheds and ensuring its
sustainable management. It is supported by a US$5.0 million loan from the World Bank and
an equivalent grant from the Netherlands Government. The first objective will deepen
community involvement in watershed management through Component 1 – Co-managed
Investments in Watershed Management, while the second objective will involve strengthening
capability of institutions (LLDA, LGUs, Civil Society groups) to develop and manage the
environmental resources in the region and reinforcing existing regulatory instruments and
enforcement capabilities, through Component 2 – Strengthening Institutions and Instruments.
Because of the strong need to integrate micro-watershed environmental action planning into
the local development planning at the LGU level, the LLDA initiated the LEAP under the
LISCOP Project. The LEAP represents one of the innovative features of LISCOP, an
empowerment tool, and is a participative and structured way of collectively identifying and
prioritizing watershed interventions under a co-management framework that will address the
most pressing issues in a given micro-watershed of Laguna de Bay.
3.6.4 Local and International Partnerships in Line with LLDA’s Mandate
Some of the local and international partnerships and collaborations established by LLDA are:
• Conservation of Laguna de Bay Environment and Resources (CLEAR)
CLEAR is a tripartite partnership organized by LLDA, Unilever Philippines and the Society for
Conservation of Philippine Wetlands (SCPW). Its common objective is to pursue the lake’s
membership in the Living Lakes Network. A Memorandum of Agreement was signed in June
2000 to assure the continuous endeavors to conserve the lake’s resources as well as to
empower and disseminate environmental information among the communities in the Laguna
de Bay Region.
Unilever support advocacy initiatives and activities and mobilize other business firms towards
environmental development roles and commitments. As partner agency, the LLDA
coordinates the tripartite partnership’s activities and furnished funding for biodiversity studies
on the lake including environmental education projects. As partner of LLDA, SCPW has been
assigned to formulate and implement advocacy activities for lake conservation, coordinate
with other environmental NGOs in the lake region and be the party for coordination with other
Living Lakes partners all over the world. The lake’s candidacy became official in November
2000 during the 5th Living Lakes Conference in Lake Biwa, Japan.
Laguna de Bay was accepted as the 18th member of the Living Lakes Network in August
2001 during the conduct of the 6th Living Lakes Conference held in the Lake Baikal area in
Ulan Ude, Siberia. Laguna de Bay’s membership is a milestone on the part of our country’s
environmental initiatives. This caught the eyes of international community and serve as
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motivating force on the part of our government to be involved dynamically on preventing the
deterioration of Laguna de Bay.
• Network of Asian River Basin Organizations (NARBO)
Heads of Asia’s river basin organizations, including the LLDA, were mobilized in February
2004 to form the Network of Asian River Basin Organizations. With a goal of helping achieve
IWRM in river basins throughout Asia, NARBO’s objectives are to strengthen the capacity
and effectiveness of RBOs in promoting IWRM and improving water governance. This will be
achieve through sharing of knowledge and building capacity for integrated water resources
management (IWRM) in river basins throughout Asia. From 43 RBOs and other institutions
as founding members, the Network altogether represent 74 members and still counting. As a
founding member, LLDA heeded the call because of its firm belief that organizing Asia’s
RBOs as a Network would create synergy, and thus strengthen RBOs’ capacity and
effectiveness in improving water governance through exchange of information and
experience among RBOs in Asia. Progress at varying degrees has been made for six years
in the implementation of IWRM across RBOs in Asia. To river basin managers, like LLDA,
IWRM thus today proves that it really works as a credible approach to new governance of
water resources and aquatic ecosystems.
• Global Water Partnership/Southeast Asia Water Partnership/ Philippine Water

Partnership
In 2007, the LLDA became a Partner of the Global Water Partnership (GWP) in Southeast
Asia, and the GWP worldwide. This development paved the way for the accreditation of the
Philippine Water Partnership (PWP) under GWP. PWP qualified in the GWP accreditation
process for having at least ten (10) agencies from the former’s member-institutions
registered as GWP Partner. Global Water Partnership is a working partnership among all
those involved in water management from government, private companies, professional
organizations, multilateral development agencies and others committed to the Dublin-Rio
principles. The GWP serves as a mechanism for building alliance and information exchange
on integrated water resources management (IWRM). Its mission is to “support countries in
the sustainable management of their water resources.”
The GWP has established regional networks. For Southeast Asia, the GWP Southeast Asia
Regional Water Partnership (GWP-SEA) was established in 2004. The GWP SEA
Secretariat is now based in Jakarta, Indonesia and carries out the partnership goal, i.e., to
support countries in the sustainable management of water resources through an IWRM
approach. The GWP-SEA is a network that liaises with agencies, institutions, business and
professional associations, scientists, NGOs and water users. In the GWP-SEA network is
the country water partnerships (CWPs) of six (6) countries: Indonesia, Malaysia,
Philippines, Thailand, Cambodia and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, the last one
to join in 2000.
The CWP for the Philippines is the Philippine Water Partnership. The LLDA is an active
member agency of the PWP since 2002 and participates/benefit from its activities including
experience and lessons sharing, capacity building and training.
• Coastal Law Enforcement Alliance in National Capital Region (CLEAR-NCR)

/Philippines
In October 2007, a Multi-Partite Agreement was entered into between and among
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), National Government Agencies
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represented by Philippine Ports Authority (PPA), Maritime Industry Authority (MARINA),

Philippine Coast Guard (PCG), Philippine National Police-NCR Maritime Office (PNP-
NCRMO), Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Region IV-
A (DA-BFAR R-IVA), Environmental Management Bureau-NCR (EMB-NCR), Laguna Lake
Development Authority (LLDA), the Local Government Units (LGUs) of coastal/municipalities
in Metro Manila, the Municipality/City Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council
(M/CFARMC0)/Bantay Dagat Task Force and the 101st Squadron of the Philippine Coast
Guard Auxiliary (PCGA). These organizations became the newly constituted Coastal Law
Enforcement Alliance in National Capital Region (CLEAR-NCR).
The following mutual benefits are derived from LLDA’s membership in CLEAR-NCR:
o Technical assistance and similar support towards effective law enforcement
within each member’s area of responsibility/jurisdiction;
o Complementation and resources sharing among its members;
o Linkages and enhanced networking with other concerned institutions/groups;
and Sustainable management of Metro Manila’s coastal and marine
environment and related resources.
• Global Footprint Network and Climate Change Commission: Research

Collaboration on Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity Study on the Laguna
Lake Basin
The Laguna de Bay basin through the LLDA has been included as a pilot area for undertaking
key interventions that take into account the ecological and resource capacity as well as full
value of natural capital in policy decision making. Founded in 2003, Global Footprint
Network (GFN), is an independent think tank based in the United States, Belgium and
Switzerland, established as a charitable not-for-profit organization in each of those three
countries. It develops and promotes tools for advancing sustainability, including the
Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity. These tools aim at bringing ecological limits to the
center of decision-making (www.footprintnetwork.org and
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Footprint_Network).
Each year GFN produces the National Footprint Accounts (NFA), which measure the
ecological resource use and resource capacity of nations over time. Based on approximately
6,000 data points per country per year, the Accounts calculate the Footprints of 232 countries,
territories, and regions from 1961 to 2008. These Accounts provide the core data that is
needed for all Ecological Footprint analysis worldwide. Through Phase 1 of a research
collaboration between GFN and the Climate Change Commission, the Philippine National
Footprint and Biocapacity was established in 2010. According to the results, the Philippines
Ecological Footprint was 1.3 global hectares (gha) per capita in 2007. In the same year, the
Philippines had 0.62 gha of biocapacity available per capita. The results established
Ecological Footprint and biocapacity trends in the Philippines since 1961 and the breakdown
of the Philippines Footprint by land type.
• Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN)
RIHN was established in 2001 by the Government of Japan to promote “integrated

cooperative research toward the solution of global environmental problems and to create the
field of global environmental studies. Through its research project, “Managing Environmental
Risks to Food and Health Security in Southeast Asian Watersheds,” Japan (Yokohama
National University, Shiga University and Ryukyus University) and Philippine research
106
institutions including LLDA, U.P. Diliman, Los Banos and Manila, are engaging community
participation in the generation, analysis and integration of natural and social sciences with
medical science and public health management for reducing ecological risks to food and
health security within the context of Laguna de Bay. This would have potential applications
to other Southeast Asian countries.
• Global Waves Partnership/Philippines Waves Partnership: Ecosystem

Accounting for Laguna Lake Region
The Global Partnership Program (GPP) for Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystems
(WAVES) was launched by President Zoellick in October 2010 at the Convention on
Biological Diversity. WAVES is a 5-year global program to implement green accounting in a
critical mass of countries, both developed and developing.
WAVES promotes sustainable development worldwide through the implementation of

comprehensive wealth accounting that focuses on the value of natural capital and integration
of “green accounting” in more conventional development planning analysis. WAVES will
enable more informed decision making - targeting Ministries of Finance and Planning and
Central Banks - to support sustainable development and genuine green growth
trajectories.
WAVES is not limited to one country or region but works as a global partnership. Some of
these partners represent developing countries working to establish natural capital accounts
that can be integrated into national accounting frameworks and development planning
processes. The Philippines is one of these 5 pilot countries. The others are Botswana and
Madagascar in Africa and Colombia and Costa Rica in Lain America. Some are countries
already exploring environmental accounting. These partners, which include Australia,
Canada, Japan, Norway and the United Kingdom, are not funded by WAVES but contribute
by sharing lessons learnt and best practice.
3.6.5 Policy and Governance
3.6.5.1 LLDA’s Citizen Charter
Citizen’s Charter is a Guidebook on LLDA’s Frontline Services. This is an LLDA’s effective

strategy in providing stakeholders with effective mechanism with clear information on the
Agency’s services offered including requirements, fees, and responsible persons and
divisions. This is needed in order to counter bureaucratic red tape and a good information to
promote transparency and accountability in government service. This guidebook also
provides the stakeholders with precise information on its frontline services including simplified
service procedures, requirements, fees, responsible personnel and divisions, and service
standards for every transaction. The Charter in itself is a model for performance matrix not
only in the Laguna de Bay Region but also for the entire country.
3.6.5.2 Code of Ethical Standards of LLDA
This Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards are borne out and formulated based from our
legal obligations as a regulatory agency. The foregoing legal provisions supports these ethical
standards: a) Section 1, Article XI of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, the “Public office is a
public trust. Public officers and employees must at all times be accountable to the people,
serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency, act with patriotism and
justice, and lead modest lives”; b) Section 29 Chapter VI, Book IV of Executive Order No.
107
292, otherwise known as the “Administrative Code of 1987” empowers the Head of Bureau
or Office to exercise overall authority in matters within the jurisdiction of the bureau, office or
agency, including those relating to its operations and enforce all laws and regulations
pertaining to it; c) Section 13 of Republic Act No. 6713, otherwise known as the “Code of
Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees” provides that nothing in
said Act shall be construed to derogate from any law, or any regulation prescribed by anybody
or agency, which provides for more stringent standards for its officials and employees; d)
Governance Commission for GOCCs (GCG) by virtue of GCG Memorandum Circular No.
2012-07 issued the code of corporate governance for GOCCs; e) the Civil Service
Commission (CSC) and the Department of Health (DOH) in the Joint Memorandum Circular
No. 2010-01 promulgated the policy on Protection of the Bureaucracy against Tobacco
Industry ;f) Interference; g) one of the LLDA’s commitments is to promote the formulation and
enforcement of Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards by government agencies in the
Philippines embodied in the education component of the Integrity Development Action Plan
(IDAP); h) Republic Act No. 9485, otherwise known as the “Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007”
provides that the State shall maintain honesty and responsibility among its public officials and
employees. It shall take appropriate measures to promote transparency in each agency with
regard to the manner of transacting with the public which shall encompass a program for the
adoption of simplified procedures that will reduce red tape and expedite transaction in
government.
3.6.5.3 Quality Management System for LLDA
The LLDA has engaged the services of the Development Academy of the Philippines to put
in place a duly accredited Quality Management System. This initiative has a long-standing
intention, being a component of the institutional re-engineering of the LLDA.
Under this initiative, the LLDA came up with a Quality Policy, stating that:
As the only lake basin Authority in the country and

a member of the International Living Lakes Network,
we commit to:
Lead the sustainable development in the Laguna de

Bay Region through effective and strict enforcement
of water resources management laws;
‘
Lead and continually improve our service delivery
systems based on a certified quality management
system for the satisfaction and trust of our
stakeholders;
Develop and implement empirically-driven and

science-based processes and decisions;
Adhere to legal requirements and other policies that

serve to maintain the highest standards of the civil
service.
“Ibalik ang Diwa ng Lawa”
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to achieve its vision/mission and exhibiting its core values (love of the environment,
leadership/professionalism, disciplined and science-driven, adaptability and innovativeness.
Attaining this will adopt a process flow model (Figure 3.6.5.3) that is depicted in a spherical
form to represent dynamism, linkages and interactions among the different units, and the
continuity of operations. This process flow will have significant contribution to make an
effective and dynamic lake management institution in terms of integrated approaches,
stakeholder engagement, partnership building, planning and implementation.
Figure 3.6.5.3:Process Flow model
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3.6.6 LLDA Information, Education, Communication Campaign
In 2010, the Laguna Lake Development Authority commissioned a research study on the
Laguna de Bay Region with the following objectives:
• To identify the similarities and/or differences in perceptions, attitudes, and

expectations among residents, Government officials, and certain
stakeholders/interest groups;
• To recognize the areas of support for and objections against development projects
and infrastructures in the Region;
• To assess and evaluate the current situation based on respondents’ awareness,
needs, and vulnerability;
• To afford LLDA with communication approaches; and
• To propose strategies to avert measures that could be detrimental to LLDA projects
or respond to the community’s priority needs.
The study aims to address the awareness/perceptions, attitudes and expectations of the
residents, Government officials, and stakeholders/interest groups on Laguna Lake
Development Authority and projects in the Laguna de Bay Region. It was done through field
and focus key informants interviews (KII). There were 305 respondents for the field interview
from different areas within the LdBR; and 19 participants in the focus interview from different
sectors.
Based on these results, it is recommended that:
• LLDA focus on Management and Initiatives and review policies in this area, especially
communicating projects and activities;
• Government relations must be enhanced, from LGUs down to the barangay level.
Dialogues/Forum on the barangay level is ideal;
• Increase Information-Education Campaigns, focusing on what LLDA is about and the
benefits of its projects/programs;
• Increase livelihood training program for women and youth in partnership with civic,
religious, youth, and other community-based groups;
• Connect with the community through the promotion of the Bamboo Advocacy of LLDA;
and
• A well-managed feeding program for the kids and basic sanitation and wellness
program for women, and other low budget projects that will impact on the whole
community.
In general, it is recommended that LLDA develops more initiatives to increase the awareness
of people about the existence of the Authority and what exactly are its projects and services.
Through this, LLDA can address the issue of a lot of people’s ambivalence about what LLDA
does and increase the positive impact of projects and programs that are being implemented.
The centers of LLDA’s transformation are:
• Information
• Interventions
• Institutional Partnerships/Institution-Building
• Involvement
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3.6.7 Internal Organizational Structure of the LLDA
LLDA’s original structure was comprised of six (6) divisions. These included
Administrative, Finance, Engineering and Construction, Legal, Project Management, and
Planning and Project Development Divisions. Presidential Decree 813 expanded the
Agency’s mandate in 1975; hence, the Environmental Protection Division was formed. In
1990, LLDA was reorganized in view of Executive Order 927 Series of 1983. The structure
was modified and created additional organic units, namely: Office of the General Manager,
Lake Management Division, Community Development Division, and Corporate
Management Services Staff. This created an addition of fifty-five (55) positions. Even with
this addition, the LLDA was faced with organizational and human resource constraints in
view of its expanded mandate and functions. With only 6 organic units, several ad-hoc
units were created to meet its operational requirements.
3.6.7.1 LLDA’s Rationalization Plan
In 2006, LLDA submitted its rationalization plan to the Department of Budget and
Management (DBM). The Rationalization Plan, as approved by DBM in 2010, resulted in
the following changes:
a) Rationalization of functions, operations, and organization to cope with the demands

of LLDA’s mandate and core functions;
b) Strengthened developmental functions by providing appropriate organizational
units;
c) New organizational structure of the Authority; and
d) New staffing pattern consisting of 221 positions.
From the set up consisting of 16 organic and ad-hoc units, a rationalized structure and staffing
was approved in 2010 by DBM to cope with the demands of LLDA’s mandate and
strengthened developmental functions. The new structure has been envisioned to make the
LLDA responsive to its renewed developmental vision. Drawing mainly from the Institutional
Re-Engineering Studies supported by the World Bank and the Japan Government in late
1990s, the rationalized LLDA structure (Figure 3.6.7.1-a) has four operational groupings
including three (3) empowered departments and management group:
• General management operations including policy and planning including information

management, legal and adjudication, and public information
• Resources development and management
• Environmental regulation and enforcement
• Support staff units, that include administration, finance and internal audit
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Figure 3.6.7.1-a: Organizational Structure of LLDA
The composition of the Board of Directors, the policy making body of LLDA, as stated
under Republic Act No. 4850, as amended, is shown in the table below.
Table 3.6.7.1-a: Composition of the LLDA Board of Directors

As of November 2015
Position Member
Chairperson HON. RAMON S. PAJE

Secretary, Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Vice-Chairperson SEC. J.R. NEREUS O. ACOSTA
Presidential Adviser on Environmental Protection &
General Manager, Laguna Lake Development Authority
Members SEC. TEOFILO S. PILANDO, JR.
Deputy Executive Secretary Representative of the Office of the
President
ATTY. EMERSON CARLOS
Chairman, Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA)
DDG MARGARITA SONGCO
Deputy Director-General, National Economic and Development
Authority
HON. ZENAIDA C. MAGLAYA
112
Undersecretary, Department of Trade and Industry

HON. REBECCA A. YNARES
Governor, Rizal Province
HON. RAMIL HERNANDEZ
Governor, Laguna Province
HON. CESAR YNARES
Mayor, Municipality of Binangonan, Rizal
HON. GIRLIE "MAITA" EJERCITO
Mayor, Municipality of Pagsanjan, Laguna
Private Sector Representative
Board Secretary ATTY. OMAR CASIMIRO
Board Secretary
Source: LLDA
The four offices/departments integrate and harmonize the various functions and provide focus
to the services required of LLDA under its IWRM model. Each department is composed of
two to four divisions whose functions are closely related. It is to be headed by a department
manager whose position will be embraced by the Career Executive Service. The Board of
Directors provides for the overall policy and direction of the Authority while the Office of the
General Manager, with the assistance of one Assistant General Manager, exercises general
supervision and administration of operations and executes policies, plans, programs, and
projects approved by the Board. The approved Rationalization Plan of LLDA resulted in the
creation of three (3) departments handling environmental regulations, resource management
and development, and management services.
Hereunder is the summary of the functions of the departments/offices:
Table 3.6.7.1-b: Functional Chart
Office/ Department Key Functions

Office of the General • Responsible for the overall supervision and administration of
Manager operations and execution of policies, plans, programs,
projects approved by the Board
Policy and Planning Division

• Undertakes policy research and development
• Coordinates preparation of regional resources,
management and development and corporate-related
plans
Legal and Adjudication Division
• Provides legal support to all corporate units on legal
implications of the various undertakings of the Authority
• Defends and prosecutes cases where the Authority is
partly litigant
• Undertakes all the legal procedures relative to pollution,
fishpen/fishcage and shoreland cases elevated by the
ERO
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Resource • Responsible for the implementation of approved projects

Management and • Implement & monitor community-based development and
Development environmental protection projects
Department • Facilitate linkages among sectoral stakeholders in the Laguna
de Bay Region & ensures sustainability of partnerships with
stakeholders, e.g., River Councils
• Monitors water and sediment quality of the lake and its
tributary rivers
• Conducts evaluation of existing data, correlates different
parameters, draws conclusions about trends, makes
recommendations as basis for rational approach to water
resource development and water quality management
• Undertakes natural science based and ecological researches
• Promotes environmental awareness through transfer of
technical knowledge and assistance
Environmental • Manages all the environmental regulatory functions,
Regulation implements the expanded Environmental User Fee System
Department and other market-based instruments for environmental quality
management and control
Management • Provides administrative and financial management functions
Services Department
3.6.7.1.1 Staffing Pattern
The approved staffing pattern entails a manpower complement of 221 positions, broken down
by group as follows, with details shown in Table 3.6.7.1.1:
Table 3.6.7.1.1 Staffing Pattern
Operational Grouping No. of organic positions

Top Management 2
Supervisory 15
Technical 138
Non-Technical/Administrative 66
Total 221
Out of 221 authorized plantilla positions, only about 80% (or 180 positions) are filled up.
One (1) driver position was abolished due to the demise of incumbent. DBM’s condition
was such that driver’s position will be abolished once vacated either by resignation,
retirement or death of occupant, hence this resulted to 220 positions. In addition, based
on DBM-prescribed policies, LLDA has been prevented to renew contracts of services of
contractual staff once the approved Rationalization Plan is implemented. This has greatly
affected the operation of the Authority, particularly the regulatory/enforcement arm and
revenue centers (ERD, LAD and RMDD) as well as MSD which provides logistics and
other support services). Hence, LLDA needed to augment its manpower using personnel
outsourcing through service contracts, chargeable against the approved corporate
operating budget. The LLDA is now preparing its request for DBM’s reconsideration of
the required number of staff positions based on the original proposal of 390 positions.
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Table 3.6.7.1.2: LLDA’s Personnel Complement
No. of Cont’l/
Division Filled Unfilled Job-
Position
I. Board of Directors 2 1 1 Order
1
a. Internal Audit Office 5 4 1 1
II. Office of the General Manager 11 9 2 3
a. Policy Planning Info Mgt. Division 14 12 2 2
b. Legal Division 11 9 2
III. Environmental Regulations Dept. 2 0 2 18
a. Clearances and Permits Div. 25 23 2 7
b. Surveillance and Monitoring Div. 23 19 4 1
c. Enforcement Division 14 10 4 1
IV. Resource Mgt. Development Dept. 2 0 2 4
a. Proj. Dev. Mgt. & Evaluation Div. 18 15 3 1
b. Community Development Div. 20 19 1 1
c. Envt’l Laboratory & Research Div. 26 18 8 3
V. Management Services Department 2 0 2
a. Administrative Division 30 28 2 34
b. Finance Division 15 13 2 3
GRAND TOTAL 220 180 40 80
Figure 3.6.7-1: Distribution of LLDA’s Regular Plantilla Positions
Including the contractual and job order personnel, the Authority has a total of 260 manpower
complement. Figure 3.7.3b presents the distribution of these personnel among the
departments and divisions of LLDA.
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Figure 3.6.7-2: LLDA’s Manpower Complement Including Contractual and Job-Order Services
Picture 3.6.4 LLDA’s Green Building: Certified First-Ever Green Government

Structure
For more than four decades, LLDA has been housed in different offices within Metro-Manila,
Calauan, Laguna and Taytay, Rizal, with no permanent headquarters since its foundation.
Through the initiative of Secretary Neric Acosta and the mandate given to him by the Board
of Directors through Board Resolution No. 427, Series of 2012 granting “authority to the
General Manager to initiate and cause the construction of (the LLDA) office building…,” the
construction of LLDA permanent headquarters at the National Ecology Center, East Avenue,
Quezon City has commenced.
On September 25, 2015, the LLDA receives the Design Certification as the first-ever
Philippine government structure to be accredited as a “Green Building” by the Building for
Ecologically Responsive Design Excellence (BERDE), in conjunction with the Green
Buildings Council of the Philippines
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The certification giving the LLDA Green Building two stars was awarded through Presidential
Adviser for Environmental Protection and LLDA General Manager Secretary Neric Acosta
during the Green Philippines 2015 5th International Total Green Movement Exhibition and
Conferences at SMX Convention Center, Pasay City.
According to Secretary Acosta, “The LLDA Green Building is a living testament of agency’s
commitment to preserve and protect the earth and its ecosystems and defines the very
purpose of our work and mission: “Ibalik ang luntiang yaman at diwa ng lawa.”
The new headquarters of the LLDA is a leading example of the “Green Building Revolution.”
Located within National Ecology Center, East Avenue, Quezon City, the LLDA Green Building
is designed to be energy-efficient, climate-smart, ecologically-adaptive and occupant-friendly.
Learning from indigenous knowledge, the structure is raised on stilts, which minimizes human
impact on the natural surroundings. A constructed wetland replicates the Laguna Lake and
serves as a microcosm of a restored, balanced ecology that is envisioned for the entire
Laguna Lake Basin.
Passing the stringent international standards set by BERDE, the LLDA headquarters is
designed to reduce its electric consumption by at least 20 percent. Its shallow building width
maximizes natural daylight with wide windows that allow natural ventilation. The pervious
pavement, the green roof, the wetland pond and other landscaping features significantly cool
the building. The rainwater catchment system provides water for toilets and urinals. A
materials recovery facility (MRF) is installed for the efficient waste management of the entire
complex.
The new LLDA headquarters exudes an atmosphere that is light and airy. Its design has
created more open spaces with gardens and ponds. Aside from the aesthetic value of these
open spaces, the improved lighting and ventilation increases work productivity and efficiency.
For workers and visitors alike, the LLDA Green Building provides a healthy and refreshing
respite from the concrete, highly-urbanized areas of the metropolis.
In many philosophies and worldviews, earth, water, wind and fire are considered as the
essential elements of the universe. The LLDA Green Building was built with the paradigm
that a structure must be fundamentally in harmony with nature and its environs.
The recognition was awarded after “proof has been furnished to merit above BERDE Rating
for design under BERDE for New Construction Version 1.0.0,” and is valid until September 3,
2020.
3.6.8 Corporate Financial Operations
3.6.8.1 Capitalization
As created under RA 4850 in 1966, LLDA is a quasi-government agency with a corporate

structure. After the LLDA was created in 1966 and organized in 1969, an operational subsidy
of One Million Pesos (Php1,000,000.00) was appropriated annually for five years from the
general fund of the National Government. Of its authorized capital stock of Php7.0 million,
the subscribed capital stock of LLDA comprised 55.3% or PhP387.14 million. As presented
in Table 3.6.8-1 of the subscribed capital stock as of December 2009 and still the same level
as of June, 92.2% is accounted for by the National Government and the remaining by the
Rizal and Laguna Provinces, various municipalities and private corporations and individual
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stockholders. Of the total paid-in capital of Php173.27 million as of December 31, 2009 and
until June 2013, 94.12% is paid up by the National Government. The two provinces took up
only 14.9% of their combined subscriptions.
Table 3.6.8-1: LLDA Capitalization
LLDA LLDA
Subscribed Capital Stocks
Paid Up Capital
As of Dec. 31, 2009
As of December 31, 2009
0% 0%
3% 2% 0% National Govt
6% 0% 1%
Rizal Province
Laguna Province
Local Govt. Units
95% 93%
Private Sector
S to c k h o l d e r s su b sc r i b e d P a id Up
N a t i o n a l G o vt 3 57 .0 0 0 1 8 2 .7 7 2
R iz a l P r o v i n c e 12 .8 0 0 1 0 .8 7 4
L a g u n a P r o vi n c e 6 .0 0 0 0 .5 6 3
L o c a l G o v t . U n it s 0 .0 8 0 0 .0 7 1
P r iv a t e S e c t o r 1 .3 0 8 1 .2 5 0
To t a l 3 77 .1 8 8 1 9 5 .5 3 0
Calling for additional subscription is a clear option to improve LLDA’s financial position. Easily
the Authority can generate PhP312.86 million from this option.
Taking into account the current assets and current liabilities of LLDA from 2010 to June
2015, it is clear that the Authority has a very high capability to pay back its short-term
obligations. Table 3.6.8-2 shows that the current ratio of LLDA was 2.8 from 2010-2015.
The Authority registered an increase in its total current assets while a downward trend was
registered in its current liabilities.
Table 3.6.8-2: Comparative Balance Sheet, CY 2010-2015 (June)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (June)

Current 264,899,537 335,510,092 187,662,43 682,346,669 437,931,687 332,961,951
Assets 7
Current 99,838,037 67,887,107 79,104,786 925,080,677 151,734,768 84,217,961
Liabilitie
s
EQUITY 547,842,187 542,026,119 388,650,82 504,413,173 531,370,879 568,741,847
1
The operations of LLDA are supported by its own internal revenues which mainly come from
permits and licenses (e.g. fishpen/fishcage permit fees, discharge permit fees, fines and
penalties), service income (e.g. clearance and certification fees and processing fee) and
business income (e.g. water abstraction fees, rental income and sales revenue). As of June
2015, the Authority posted a total of PhP116,485,000,798 as its gross income coming mostly
118
from Permits and Licenses. LLDA constantly recorded net income for the period running from
2010 to June 2015, a total of PhP 1,035,597,760.00.
Flow of Revenues Through the LLDA Mandate/Functions
As a chartered GOCC, LLDA can raise revenues and retain the same for its own operation.
The following are the revenue raising sources of the Authority:
• Processing and regulatory fees for clearances and permits;

• Reasonable fees from users/beneficiaries of the resources, e.g., water supply
(raw water abstraction for domestic and other uses), aquaculture
(fishpen/fishcage fees), etc.
• Administrative fines and penalties for violation of pollution control laws, rules and
regulations.
Revenue Performance
A review of the revenue performance of the LLDA from 2010 onwards indicates the following
trends in the contributions to corporate revenue of various sources:
• Steady increase in revenues from environmental regulation primarily consisting of

Environmental User Fee, processing fees and other environmental
permit/clearance fees, wastewater/effluent sampling and laboratory analysis fees,
development clearance fees.
• Erratic trend in fishpen/fishcage fees due to court actions of organizations of

operators causing the delay in the enforcement action against resistance to
aquaculture regulation, knife fish infestation affecting aquaculture production,
among others.
• Observed fluctuating trend in collection of administrative fines and penalties for

failure to meet the established water and effluent quality standards or from other
non-compliance with the set rules and regulations of LLDA.
• Downward trend in average growth rate in interest income from investments in

marketable securities.
The revenue performance in 2015 (June) reflects the foregoing trends. Of the total
Php243,394 million target revenues, revenue collection reached Php1.68 million or around
48%. Almost 69% was contributed by Permits and Licenses (Php79.9million), Service
Revenue (Ph33.9 million) and Business Income (PhP.859 million) and Other Income (million.
The balance (Php1.6 million or 1%) from other revenue sources (Interest and Miscellaneous
Income).
In December 2015, revenue projection amounts to Php243,394 million. Of this figure, 70% is
expected to come from Permits and Licenses fees (Fishery Rental Fees, Permit Fees, Other
Permits and Licenses and Fines and Penalties-Permits and Licenses), 28% from Service
Revenue, 1% from Business Income and 1% from corporate investments in marketable
securities.
119
Table 3.6.8-3 presents the comparative income statement of LLDA from 2010-2015 (June)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (June)

INCOME
Permits and Licenses
Fishery Rental Fees 36,187,646 61,182,097 34,664,812 42,915,979 36,664,847 27,963,929
Permit Fees-Discharge Permit 45,044,423 43,935,161 45,271,383 51,223,724 70,554,515 38,167,958
Other Permits and Licenses 2,839,181 4,167,711 2,662,674 19,272,848 3,774,567 2,195,219
Fines and Penalties- Permits and
2,016,824 3,684,259 7,543,272 3,381,765 13,089,730 11,613,386
Licenses
Service Income
Clearance and Certification Fee 18,852,175 16,280,471 28,499,404 21,653,436 36,025,567 10,621,662
LLDA Clearance-Industries 694,900 727,900 597,905 849,975 801,730 837,000
Seminar Fees 4,627,418 5,416,818 6,449,701 7,619,399 11,708,884 6,496,266
Fines and Penalties- Service
22,060,803 17,017,523 1,196,566 1,500,737 26,919,780 1,350,692
Income
Other Service Income 828,630 773,755 19,009,196 26,773,070 1,642,975 14,691,282
Business Income
Rent Income 149,734 186,449 203,843 1,992,587 95,557 189,941
Sales Revenue-Books 11,200 87,800 5,600 10,400 10,400 3,200

Fines and Penalties-Business
35,727,258 5,000 115,046
Income
Other Business Income 26,563 70,540 178,821 13,260,617 18,025,942 551,382
Other Income
Insurance Income 562,500 0 0 0 0
Income from Grants and
8,801,591 37,512 0 9,500 0
Donations
Interest Income 8,384,254 4,965,361 4,894,667 4,607,920 2,848,857 1,154,739
Miscellaneous Income 894,550 372,404 1,515,783 1,964,303 598,312 534,095
GROSS INCOME 187,709,650 158,910,762 152,693,627 197,036,260 222,761,663 116,485,798
EXPENSES
Personal Services 74,335,666 72,274,258 83,982,292 96,887,129 96,761,961 39,950,536
Maintenance and Other Expenses 83,813,663 81,592,709 72,598,296 71,457,650 72,574,689 17,361,325
Financial Expenses 102,062 69,752 5,544 242,011 17,248 48
Loss on Foreign Exchange 17,564
TOTAL EXPENSES 158,251,391 153,936,718 156,603,696 168,586,790 169,353,898 57,311,909

NET INCOME (LOSS) AFTER INCOME TAX 29,458,260 4,974,043 3,062,535 64,561,237 37,228,914 55,762,105
Table 3.6.8-3: Comparative Income Statement, CY 2010-2015 (June)
Financial results of operation for the first semester of 2015 indicate that actual revenues are
being affected by pending court cases involving fishpen/fishcage issues, ability to
continuously support environmental regulatory and enforcement actions with laboratory
services (in view of the transfer of the LLDA laboratory from Taytay, Rizal to its present
120
location at the LLDA Green Building along East Avenue, Quezon City, among others. All
these strongly imply the need for LLDA to develop its options for long-term, sustainable
sources of income, such as investments in water resources and environmental infrastructure
projects, rather than relying heavily on regulatory sources of revenues.
For better financial management, the following measures are being put in place:
• Firm and transparent policy/ies to serve as basis for sound financial management;
• Efficiency in operations to ensure that quality services are delivered on time and
at the least cost;
• Self-monitor the degree of achievement of targets (performance indicators)
through semi-annual assessment by revenue and cost centers;
• Realistic and reliable estimates or forecasts;
• Exercise fiscal discipline (cost saving measures);
• Respond dynamically and strategically at all levels, allocations, etc.
• Aim for results-based budgeting/disbursement /revenue generation.
For the past five years (2010- June 2015), revenues from Permits and Licenses have
comprised almost 60% of the gross income of the Authority as shown in Figure 3.6.8-1.
Table 3.6.8-3 shows the amounts raised for each of the sources of income of LLDA. Annex
presents the schedule of LLDA fees and charges.
For the same period, as shown in Figure 3.6.8-1, LLDA’s incomes were used mostly to
finance personal expenses (around 53% for the 5-year period) and maintenance and
other operating expenses (around 47% for the 5-year period).
Figure 3.6.8-1 LLDA Gross Income, 2010 - 2015
Other
Income
Service 4%
Income
Permits
30%
and
Licenses
Business
59%
Income
7%
Permits and Licenses

Business Income
Service Income
121
Figure 3.6.8-2 LLDA Operating Expenses, 2010-2015
Maintenance and
Other Expenses Personal Services
46% 54%
Personal Services Maintenance and Other Expenses
Allocation of Revenues
As a GOCC, LLDA has the authority to retain the revenues it has raised to finance its own
operation.
While the LLDA Charter also allows it to collect these revenues and to earmark the collection
for environmental management and development of the lake and its watershed, it is also this
mechanism for earmarking of funds for environmental enhancement that sets a limit to the
Authority’s ability to access national government and international development assistance
for environmental and water-related initiatives which are strategic to its mandate.
Further, the LLDA is limited by its Charter to engage in pioneering activities/projects so as

not to compete with the private sector. It is prohibited to invest its funds in high risk endeavors
and debt instruments without recourse to commercial banks or investment houses and in
highly speculative stocks. Ironically, while the law gives LLDA revenue-enhancing
capabilities, it cannot improve its employees’ compensation package without amending its
Charter, particularly exempting the LLDA from the coverage of the salary standardization law.
Fund Outsourcing
The LLDA is authorized under its Charter as amended to access funds from the following
external sources:
• National Government subsidies and financial assistance to carry out its social
overhead projects, upon recommendation of the NEDA Board;
• Bilateral and multilateral sources through their technical assistance grants or loan
facilities;
• Contracted loans through floating of bonds and other debt instruments;
• Sale of stocks and invest in secured debt instruments
• Public-private partnership
• Build-Operate-Transfer contracts with private entities pursuant to the BOT Law
(RA 6957 as amended by RA 7718 (Santos-Borja and Nepomuceno, 2003)
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The LLDA can also make recommendations to the proper government agencies on the peso
or dollar financing requirements of its mandated functions, technical support, the level of
priority to be given to certain projects, and accordingly solicit assistance from the national
Government or any of its instrumentalities.
The Charter of the LLDA further allows it to receive sovereign guarantee for the payment for
principal and interest of the loans, bonds, debentures and other obligations of the Authority.
While the LLDA Charter provides for broad opportunities to expand its financial base, these
are limited and hampered by the long, tedious and multi-layered approval process of the
National Government through the Investment Coordination Council and NEDA Board, thus
affecting the proper timing and provision of financing for long-term sustainability of the lake
and watershed resources.
For the period 2010-2014, LLDA has secured funds from the following external sources:
Table 3.6.8-4: LLDA Funds from External Sources by Type/ Program

In the Years 2010 to 2014
(In Million Pesos)
SOURCE TYPE OF Program/ 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010

FUNDS Project
Dutch Grant Grant LISCOP Project 0.037 8.802
Disburseme Equity/ LLDA Green 148.97 41.025
nt Subsidy Building 5
Acceleration
Program
DPWH Trust Flood Control 779.67
Fund Projects
MBCO Trust Upgrading of 8.5
Fund Decision
Support System
TOTAL 8.5 928.64 41.025 0.037 8.802
5
Financing Co-Managed Investments in Watershed Development
Legal Basis. Section 3 of Executive Order 927 of 1983 provides that “fishpen fee will be
shared in the following manner: 20 percent of the fees shall go to the lakeshore local
governments, 5 percent for the Project Development Fund (PDF) that shall be administered
by a Council and the remaining 75 percent shall constitute the share of LLDA.” In 1996
through LLDA Board Resolution No. 15, Series of 1996, the fishpen fee share collected was
modified as follows: 35 percent to the lakeshore local governments, 5 percent to the PDF,
and 60 percent to LLDA. The 35 percent share of the LGUs is further broken down into 20
percent shared proportionately by cities and municipalities that possess fishpen and fishcage
operations in their municipal waters, 15 percent shared equally with all the 29 lakeshore LGUs
irrespective of existence of fishpens.
The Authority collected PhP 293.154 million in fishpen fees from 2003 to 2009 for an annual
average of Php48.859 million. Thirty five percent (35%) of this revenue collection was
disbursed to LGUs for environmental and other projects (LLDA, 2009).
123
Leveraging User Fee Collection for LGUs’ Participation in Environmental

Improvement. That project development and implementation funds, and for that matter
environmental funds, can be effective mechanism for channeling corporate revenues to help
address environmental problems, has been demonstrated by LLDA through its Project
Development Fund (PDF). This Fund has allowed the LLDA to provide much-needed financial
resources for implementation of environmental and social development projects and activities
at the LGU level.
Financing Incentive Support to LGUs. To ensure LGUs participation in implementing

environmental sub-projects under LISCOP, and as a means of recognizing their valuable
contribute to lake water quality improvement, the grant of incentives, through the following, is
incorporated into the LISCOP Project design:
• Grant counterpart through the National Government-Local Government Units

(NG-LGU) Cost Sharing Scheme – Under DOF-MDFO Resolution 03-11-29-2002
Adopting a Set of Guiding Principles in a Cost-Sharing Formula in the Evaluation and
Processing of Projects Involving Devolved Activities”, the so-called NG-LGU Cost-
Sharing Policy (Table 3.6.8-4) governs the implementation using Municipal
Development Fund (MDF) at the local level of devolved activities with social or
environmental benefits. The NG provides grant counterpart to LGUs’ environmental
sub-projects by as much as 50% depending on the latters’ income classification, the
lower income category, the higher the grant. Such grant counterpart constitutes the
share of the NG in the implementation of environmental sub-projects. While applicable
pass-on interest rates for borrowing under the MDFO to LGUs is set at 12%, effective
interest rates (EIR) are much lower in view of the grant component of the L-G-E mix
and other incentives.
Table 3.6.8-5: NG-LGU Cost-Sharing Scheme
Financing Scheme
Financing Scheme
Green and Blue Sub-Projects
Reforestation, watershed protection, river and shore protection Brown Environment
Solid waste management, drainage, sewerage and sanitation support projects
Municipalities
Loan Grant Equity Municipalities
Loan Grant Equity
1st & 2nd 50 30 20 1st & 2nd 60 20 20
3rd & 4th 45 40 15 45 40 15

3rd & 4th
40 50 10 40 50 10
5th & 6th 5th & 6th
• Use of the LLDA PDF as a source of equity subsidy for sub-project

implementation - For LGUs’ environmental sub-projects under LISCOP, the PDF is
a source of LLDA’s equity subsidy up to 50% of the required equity from the LGU
participants.
124
• Support for project preparation – LLDA provides technical assistance to LGU

participants for project preparation including feasibility studies, detailed engineering
design and bidding documents for sub-projects funded under LISOCP.
• Capacity building and training for LGUs/RCs – These activities constitute building
technical competencies to ensure effective project implementation, operation and
maintenance beyond the project life. Two levels of capacity building are provided as
part of the incentive support: first level – basic competency training; and second level
– specialized training directly linked to the nature, scope and requirements of specific
sub-project types. Availment of second-level training is subject to pre-agreed
performance indicators.
3.6.9 Situational Analysis
• Institutional Conflicts
Inherent in the LLDA charter is the creation of an apex body for integrated water resources
development and management purposes. With a specific mandate for the development of
water resources of the Lake and its watershed, LLDA, because of its charter, is recognized
as the only organization that could fulfill this role. Yet, while LLDA is mandated by law to
perform its function as a basin-wide authority, it does not have control in some projects which
affect the Region because of overlapping areas of jurisdiction with other government
organizations. To exemplify, Local Government Units and other government agencies also
exercise their mandate on environmental protection and management. The involvement of
other government institutions has led to overlapping or inconsistent policies, plans and
programs.
The multiplicity of stakeholders in the Lake basin is the main reason for the persistence
of institutional conflicts. There are many manifestations of such conflicts. Some of these
manifestations are the following (see Tetra Tech EM, Inc. 2001):
• Because of its multiple functions (both regulatory and developmental), the

appropriate institutional “home” of LLDA is unclear and has been the subject of some
discussion even in recent years. Its transfer from the National Economic and
Development Authority (NEDA) to its current status as an attached agency of the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) seems to suggest the
primacy of its regulatory mandate. Some quarters have noted, however, that its
developmental function (to include land use and development planning, project
identification and investment programming) should be strengthened. In this context,
its linkages with NEDA should likewise be emphasized.
• There are institutional conflicts with respect to the exercise of LLDA’s regulatory
function. In particular, there are issues among LLDA, the Environment
➢ Management Bureau (EMB), and the local government units (LGU’s)
regarding
➢ Clearance permits, environmental impact assessments (EIA) and the
issuance of Environmental Clearance Certificates (ECC’s). A number of
Supreme Court decisions, however, appear to uphold the authority of the
LLDA on such matters as pollution control and closure of violating industries.
• There are similar conflicts with such institutions as the National Housing Authority
(NHA) and the then Public Estates Authority (PEA), now the Public Reclamation
125
Agency (PRA). Without LLDA clearance, NHA was authorized to implement a

housing project through the enactment of a law (PD 704) in a site considered as
public domain. Similarly, the reclamation activities of the PRA conflicts with some
critical aspects of LLDA’s mandate. Initially, LLDA has banned reclamation of the
Lake, but more recently has relaxed this policy by requiring EIA for all reclamation
activities. This conflict may persist given the new legal mandate of the PRA.
• LLDA is mandated by law to perform its function as a basin-wide authority. However,

it does not have control in some projects which affect the Region because of
overlapping areas of jurisdiction with other government organizations. To exemplify,
the involvement of other government institutions has led to overlapping or inconsistent
policies, plans and programs for the management of the Laguna de Bay Region. Most
often, infrastructure and other projects that have profound impact to the lake
environment are not coordinated properly with LLDA.
Probably the most contentious is the conflict with LGUs especially in respect to their planning
and development mandates. The 1991 Local Government Code (LGC) grants to LGUs a wide
range of mandates and authorities which include solid waste management, preparation of
action plans in respect to air pollution, as well as performance of other environmental
management functions. While the Supreme Court of the Philippines ruled in 1995 in favor of
the Laguna Lake Development Authority in a case filed by four LGUs and certain
fishpen/fishcage operators, thus concluding that “the charter of the Authority should prevail
over the Local Government Code of 1991…”, conflict with LGUs continues to prevail. To date,
the most intense conflict is the use of shoreland areas involving reclamation through
backfilling and installation of local government infrastructure by certain lakeshore LGUs. In
fact, during the field visits for the updating of the master plan, it was observed that shoreland
encroachments are more pronounced, more expansive; structures are more permanent;
obvious LGU presence in the shoreland (LGU buildings/facilities, projects; real estate
developments by private companies; plants of private manufacturing companies (LLDA, July
2015).
More importantly, LGUs are now required to prepare two sets of local plans: a) a
Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) and a Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP)
with supporting Zoning Ordinances. Since LLDA also has a mandate to develop a physical
and land use plan for the Laguna Lake region as a whole, there is a need for a mechanism
to ensure consistency between the overall regional plans and the local plans. For now, it
appears that such a mechanism does not exist. LGU land use plans and zoning
ordinances are formulated almost independent of, and without consultation with, LLDA.
• Social Conflicts
The presence of numerous stakeholders has also been a major reason for the rapid decay
and deterioration of the Lake and its watershed. As noted by many observers, the present
environmental dilemma in respect to the Laguna Lake basin can be attributed more to
social processes, and less to natural processes. Indeed, social processes and human
activities can accelerate the deterioration of the lake a million times and this is precisely
what is happening in the Laguna Lake basin. In turn, social processes result in social
conflicts. Although the magnitude of these conflicts varied through time, Gonzales (1988)
categorizes the conflicts into three:
1. Intrasectoral conflicts between the fishpen owners and the fishing villages which
was very prominent in the early 1970’s;
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2. Intersectoral conflicts between fisheries and agriculture sectors which began in

the 1980’s following the expansion of the agribased infrastructure, notably the
irrigation system; and
3. Multisectoral conflicts emerging from all sectors including human settlements
(particularly the growing urban centers of Metro Manila) due to the building of flood
related infrastructures.
• Intra-sectoral Conflicts
In the 1960’s and the early part of the 1970’s fishpen technology developed as an option
for increasing the fishery production of the Lake. The area occupied by fishpen production,
however, expanded almost exponentially, considerably reducing the areas for open
fishing and impeding navigation since passageways were blocked by the unorganized
establishment of fishpens. Thus, the conflict between fishpen owners and the fishing
villages, focused on the claim for space at the lake. By the 1980’s, almost two-thirds of
the lake’s area were covered with fishpens. Open fishermen, on the other hand, claimed
that their livelihood has been threatened, and the crisis escalated during the period.
After a series of dialogues and consultative meetings, and in the exercise of its regulatory
powers, the LLDA formulated a ZOMAP which designated areas for fishpen operations,
open fishing grounds, fish sanctuary, and navigational lanes. This ZOMAP, after some
updating, is apparently still in operation and allowed the conflicts to subside. However,
the wisdom, size and location of fishpens and fish cages continue to be debated.
Compounding the problem is the weak enforcement of fisheries laws pertaining to fish
boat operation, illegal fishing and the role of local government units (LGU’s) in the
enforcement of fishing regulations.
• Inter-sectoral
A classic example of this type is the conflict between fisheries and agriculture. The center
of conflict between fisheries and agriculture is the regulation of saltwater intrusion into the
lake. In the early 1980’s, a plan to construct the NHCS was conceived to precisely regulate
such intrusion which was favorable to agriculture, but adversely affects the fishing
industry. The NCHS structure has thus become a source of conflict between the control
operators (DPWH) and the fishing villages. Fishermen organizations along with fishpen
operators who need the brackish water to improve fishery production have frequently
demanded the opening of the hydraulic control structure to the detriment of the agricultural
sector. Negotiations between the DPWH and the fishery sector has occurred numerous
times. At the same time, the increasing salinity and contamination of the lake water has
increasingly made it unsuitable for agriculture.
• Multi-sectoral
The numerous users of the lake and its basin has given rise to multi-sectoral conflicts.
There are many manifestations of this type of conflicts. But a major source of multi-
sectoral conflict stems from the envisioned use of the lake as a major supplier of drinking
water for the growing population of Metro Manila and nearby urban centers. Indeed, this
goal will most likely challenge all other current uses of the lake. Some activities have
already been undertaken to realize this goal.
Attainment of this goal may suggest that the Lake and its watershed must largely be
cleared of the sources of pollution and contamination (e.g., industries, household waste,
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etc.) which also threatens agricultural enterprises. Quarry operations in the Lake’s
environs must likewise be regulated as these contribute significantly to the pollution and
sedimentation of the Lake. In this connection, the mandates for the issuance of permits
and clearances must be streamlined and clarified among various institutions.
Informal settlements likewise proliferate in the Lake basin. Large segments of these
informal settlers typically cluster in flood-and pollution-prone locations such as
shorelands, river banks, etc. This growing population of informal settlers generates solid
wastes which often end up in the river tributaries of the Lake.
• Organizational Structure and Financial Capacity
The Laguna de Bay Region covers Metro Manila, the entire provinces of Rizal and Laguna
and portions of other three neighboring provinces - Batangas, Cavite, and Quezon. The
vastness of its geographical and administrative coverage makes it more challenging for
the LLDA to carry out its expanded mandate and functions in an integrated and
comprehensive manner. The Authority’s mandate is both regulatory and developmental.
However, as reported, the Authority has yet to fully meet its mandate, in particular, its
development functions as LLDA has, since its creation, been more focused in its
regulatory functions.
• Personnel Complement
The challenge to fully meet its mandate is further compounded by the nominal number of
LLDA’s personnel. When LLDA submitted its Rationalization Plan, the Authority proposed
for a manpower complement of 390 positions. However, only 221 positions were approved
by the DBM. Out of these approved positions, only 180 positions are filled up. This
certainly adversely affects the performance of the Authority of its functions and
responsibilities as about half of its proposed manpower complement was slashed by DBM.
• Capability of Human Resources
Likewise, considering the current thrust of LLDA administration to transform the Authority
into a market-oriented/watershed-focused apex body with its programs and projects
becoming more developmental and market-oriented, it will entail sustained and
aggressive human resources development programs. For instance, to reach the objective
of transforming the Authority into a market-oriented body, it will have to deal more with
market-based instruments. Apparently, the experience of the personnel in market-based
instruments is, to a certain extent, limited. Hence, to be more responsive to the changing
orientation of the Authority, its personnel’s skills and qualifications must complement the
same. A continuing capability building program must be put in place to respond to the
changing thrust of the Authority. The issue of compensation was also raised as the
Authority is not exempted from the salary standardization law resulting in a constrained
development of a competitive compensation plan for its personnel.
• Corporate Financial Capacity
To fulfill its shift towards a more development oriented LLDA, it is also crucial to look into
the financial capability of the Authority. Although LLDA has, to a certain extent, autonomy
in use of its financial resources and revenues, the challenge arises in terms of fund
sourcing considering multi-layered approval process that the Authority has to go through
in its fund solicitation (Tetra Tech EM, Inc., 2001). The overall financial condition of the
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Authority can easily entice private sector to partner with LLDA in implementing self-
liquidating infrastructure projects. In this light, it is essential that the Authority explores
viable options for partnership with the private sector in financing its developmental
programs and projects. To this end, a mechanism must be put in place to put into
operation this partnership with the private sector.
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CHAPTER 4
SYNTHESIS OF ISSUES AND DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIONS
The foregoing sections affirm studies on Laguna de Bay Basin dynamics in developing
economies. Problems influencing the health and potentials of Laguna de Bay Basin do
transcend boundaries of ecosystems. These impacts vary depending on the vulnerability
and value of each system, intensity and speed of change in land resources in the
uplands, quality of governance, and population demands.
The degradation slowly built up following a downstream path of various land and resource
modifications in the upland or watershed areas, intensifying in the urban land toward the
shoreland and the lake. These modifications are primarily driven by development
pressures that create a cross-section of impacts radiating throughout the watershed,
shoreland, and eventually, the lake. As a result, ecosystem changes, and services and
resources from the lake basin are increasingly impaired, yet again radiating to the upland
areas. This negative feedback is observed in the context of problems faced in the lake
basin and their effects on the different sectors (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Stress-Response in Laguna de Bay Basin Ecosystems
Added to this are the problems within ecosystem boundaries, given that each of these
has distinct ecological functions and services. Thus, managing Laguna de Bay Basin
would require comprehensive strategies that can address in-system and cross-system
challenge.
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4.1 Prioritized Issues and Challenges Critical to Laguna de Bay Basin
From the long list of issues and problems, the following were prioritized as most critical for
Basin authorities to address given the influence and control of contributing factors, impact on
the lake, and urgency:
1. Pollution and waste primarily from domestic and agricultural sources
Although there are several sources of pollution and waste that end up in the lake, the sources
that contribute most are domestic and agriculture sources especially in the watershed where
over 52% of the land area is used for farming and livestock raising. As opposed to industrial
sources, which are already within the ambit of regulation by LLDA and other agencies, domestic
and agriculture sources are the most unregulated sources of solid wastes, wastewater and other
contaminants.
2. Multiple and often conflicting water uses
By nature, any natural resource serves more than one function, and some of these
functions will always conflict. However, for Laguna de Bay, this multi-functionality has come
to a level where the conflict of uses is worsening by number, devaluing the entire lake and
shoreland. Despite a zoning and management plan for the lake, more and more aqua-structures
below development and environmental standards are being put up and operated unchecked.
Further, with the intent of the Authority to develop the lake for more economically viable
consumptive and non-consumptive uses (e.g. freshwater source, wastewater treatment plants,
navigation facilities and recreational uses, major flood control and lake rehabilitation projects,
etc.), there is a risk of displacing traditional livelihoods (fishery).
At the very least, an updated zoning and management plan is needed to address these conflicts
based on the current and targeted value of the lake.
3. Vulnerability of lakeshore settlements and developments to flood hazards and

related health and economic risks, and indecision over resettlement
Flooding is a natural phenomenon in lake basins and other water bodies. However, it
becomes an issue when this phenomenon affects important elements essential to development
such as people, economic activities, and infrastructure. This context transforms a natural hazard
to a risk that calls for solutions.
Settlements have extended to the shoreland or littoral zone, which are natural floodplains, and
the most vulnerable to the risk of flooding are the informal settlers that have consolidated over
the past decades. The loss of lives and property, economic displacement, and health risks
are among the key indicators of vulnerability that led the LLDA and other agencies including
LGUs to implement flood control measures. However, seeing from the magnitude of
devastation from flooding in the recent past, these solutions appear to be insufficient, if not
effective.
Flood control measures are just among the responses to address vulnerability but there are
other solutions that should be directed to the vulnerable elements as well. Among these is
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the current policy of government to resettle the affected families living in the shoreline of
Laguna de Bay. However, with stakeholders asserting different views and approaches, and
the opposition of affected settlers, discussions are at deadlock. This is
despite prior cooperative arrangements made with LLDA, LGUs and other agencies to firm up
actions. Amid standstill debates on how to enforce resettlement policies, families along the shores
will have to live with the constant threat of flooding – as they have been doing for a long time.
4. Poorly regulated developments on the shoreland, and critical

watersheds inclusive of tenurial constraints, database management and
monitoring
Beyond the settlements at risk, the entire shoreland is not managed, as it should be. By law,
this is the buffer zone, preferably left open or with vegetative cover to filter sediments from land
modifications nearshore. However, developments with more intensive uses like industries and
commercial areas and similar others a co-located on the shoreland. These developments are a
response to market demands from the inland communities, and some the water uses in the
lake such as navigation and fishery. Records from LLDA show that there has never been a
shoreland zoning and management plan, nor does the LLDA have any record of the threshold
of buffer strip with regard to development density. The regulations that apply on shoreland
management are the same regulations for other developments in the lake region, which does
not correspond to the level of vulnerability of buffer strip as a distinct ecological resource.
Land regulations throughout the lake region, as enforced by LLDA, have no measure to
evaluate cumulative impacts, or development standards in terms of location suitability and
intensity of use, especially for projects that are not within the coverage of LLDA clearances
5. Fragmented utility infrastructure developments, including siting and

development regulations of these investments
Infrastructure-based responses are critical to addressing the issues in the lake basin.
However, if these are taken with site-specific considerations only, these investments can end
up ineffective. Because infrastructures are systems that support welfare and development,
there is a need to rationalize the infrastructure network support in the lake basin, specifically
utility systems like (water supply, power, sewer, communications, transport, etc.) The location,
design and function should aid in reshaping access and service networks to address conflicting
and unregulated resource uses.
6. Absence of critical collaboration among ENR authorities on highly-

stressed ecosystems within the lake basin
Jurisdictional and policy conflicts over land uses in the watershed leave the LLDA in a weak
position to fully address the matter. However, the multi-sectoral structures can also be an
opportunity for strategic cooperation starting with highly stressed watersheds that impact on the
lake. Hotspot watersheds within the region and the nature of these watershed stresses offer a
point of convergence among different policymakers including the LLDA.
7. Limited financing of conservation and regulatory programs/projects
Rehabilitating the lake basin is capital intensive and will require innovative financing
schemes to implement and sustain them. However, the LLDA is vested with powers to enter
into various forms of financing arrangement that can plug in resource gaps, particularly those
that cut across political units. With the scale of LLDA’s responsibilities,
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it needs to expand to market-based arrangements where private sector and communities alike.
This can also be addressed by reexamining the cost structure of regulatory fees to cover costs
of rehabilitation and restoration.
8. Need for lake-sensitive economic opportunities to expand livelihood

opportunities
A key driver of land modification is economic activities, and lake-based livelihoods, services and
employment seem to dominate the region. In light of lake’s declining capacity to provide for
these needs, sustainable livelihood options should be given focus along with lake-sensitive
economic services such as ecotourism and other low impact employment sources.
4.2 Recommended Medium-Term Development P o l i c y Directions
Based on the complexity of issues across the management continuum in Laguna de Bay Basin
and sectoral concerns throughout these ecosystems, there may be a need to focus interventions
on these key issues in the medium term.
The recommended medium-term development policy directions are the following:
1. Intensify waste and pollution control towards through adaptive waste management
systems primarily for domestic and agricultural sources;
2. Rationalize w a t e r u s e z o n i n g t o h a r m o n i z e the existing ZOMAP with the provisions
of RA 8550 on carrying capacity for aquaculture, and all u s e s w i t h i n t h e l a k e
i n c l u d i n g navigation and water-related waste management infrastructure;
3. Promote security of lakeshore communities from flooding, health risks and minimize
economic displacement through effective flood control programs and appropriate
resettlement plans;
4. Rationalize watershed- and shoreland-specific management policies based on validated
threshold and vulnerability to sustain their ecological functions focused on incentive-based
regulations and adaptive co-management systems, specifically standardize the approval of
development plans and permits in the 24 sub-basins;
5. Rationalize s e r v i c e a n d i n f r a s t r u c t u r e -based n e t w o r k s u p p o r t f o r
e n v i r o n m e n t a l management and sustainable economic uses of lake basin resources;
6. Rationalize ecotourism potential as development driver and promote lake-sensitive eco-
tourism developments; and
7. Adopt of innovative financing schemes beyond regulatory fee collection maximizing
market-based instruments and PPP schemes, including payment of user fee for hydropower
generation from the lake surface water.
4.3 Recommended Long-Term Development Directions
In the long-term, there is a need to expand development directions in order to:
1. Improve ecosystem-based performance monitoring and data management;

2. Intensify community-based and incentive-focused waste management systems for
lakeshore settlements;
3. Upgrade quality control for lake water suited as source of freshwater of the region and
parts of Metro Manila;
4. Promote a d a p t i v e c o -management s y s t e m s o n c r i t i c a l a r e a s i n t h e
s h o r e l a n d consistent with rationalized water use zoning;
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5. Create opportunities for sustainable livelihoods through PPP schemes suited for
lakeshore and upland communities;
6. Intensify development and use regulations for highly extractive economic activities with
primary focus on restoration costs;
7. Pursue measures that will create buy-in culture for critical environmental protection
and regulation policies;
8. Adopt measures that will create buy-in culture for critical environmental protection and
regulation policies;
9. Comprehensive and continuing retooling of LLDA personnel; and
10. Promote PPP as a means of financing major investment programs and projects.
Agriculture still retains considerable economic importance, and is the dominant land use
in the watershed. On the other hand, industrial establishments used to be concentrated in the
Metropolitan Manila area but have expanded in the last 20 years to other cities and municipalities.
As of July 2003, there are some 4,351 industrial establishments within the basin. Based on the
industry sub-sector classification, the majority are on food manufacturing, livestock raising,
chemical and pharmaceuticals, metals, minerals and non-metals. If lumped together, business
establishments involved in real estate and housing, shopping centers and recreational facilities,
constitute the highest number.
The following are the future trends/ scenarios and the remaining development challenges that need
to be confronted in the lake basin. Therefore, they should be considered in the plan updating.
Land Cover Changes
The land account under the Laguna Lake Ecosystem Accounting Project clearly illustrates the major
land cover changes in the period 2003-2010, reflecting development and environmental trends in
the basin. LLDA is one with the project’s assertion that “an understanding of the implications of
changes in land cover and land use is a fundamental part of planning for sustainable development
and ecosystems of Laguna de Bay Basin.”
Loss of Forest Cover. Rapid decline in forest cover in 2003-2010. All mangrove disappeared, and
closed forest decreased by 35%. Remaining forests in protected zones are encroached by illegal
settlers. In addition, there are still many parts of the region that should be reforested by law (P.D.
705), particularly those above-18-percent slopes and above-1000-meter elevations. This situation
endangers the ecological balance of the basin.
Continuing Rapid Urbanization and Industrialization of the Basin
Built-up areas more than doubled from 7.9% (30,469 has.) in 2003 to 17% (65,687 has.) in 2010
(representing an average annual growth of more than 11%). This is indicative of the significant
changes in land uses in the region. Lands have been converted, mostly by private owners, for
industrial/commercial and residential purposes.
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There is rapid urbanization and industrialization in the lake region, particularly in the northwest area
of Metro Manila and in the western and southern portions of the lake. Spread and location of
residential subdivisions are characterized by unplanned urban sprawl, involving conversion of
agricultural lands to residential uses, and the construction of new settlements close to the lake shore,
particularly in flood risk areas.
Informal Settlements Along River Banks and Lake Riparian Environment
Related to the problem of domestic wastes are the informal dwellings along river banks and the
lake’s riparian environment. Informal dwellings would be difficult to connect to any municipal
sewerage or wastewater system. Solid waste can also be difficult to control in these settlements.
Development of the Lake as Raw Water Source for Domestic Water Supply.
The Lake has an average water volume of 2.25B m3 (SOGREAH Report, 1973; LdBEM 2008).
According to the technical studies of the LLDA, with 1000MLD (400 MLD for water supply and current
600 MLD for irrigation and other uses) the lake is projected to decrease its water level by only 1.1
mm/day or 13.3 cm during dry months (Jan-April). This is only 9.5% of total annual average water
inflow from tributaries (Sustainable Development of the LdB Environment Project, 2000-2003). The
lake outflow through the Pasig River is 150 cubic meters per second or an average equivalent to
about 12,960 MLD. Given the increasing scarcity of the lake's water resources for both its economic
benefits and environmental functions, the lake can play an increasingly important role in averting
water scarcity and ensuring water security for the future. This is supported by the results of the water
account and water asset account modelling under the Laguna de Bay Basin Ecosystem Accounting.
The conclusion is that in the long run, the stock of water in the lake is expected to remain relatively
constant, given that at low water levels the lake will be replenished over time from rain water, and
that at high water levels the outflow to Manila Bay will increase.
The technical and policy implications, according to the World Bank Task Team and LLDA Technical
Working Group for Laguna Lake Basin Ecosystem Accounting, point to the need for a firm basis on
the amount of water that a firm can abstract over a certain period of the year and location in the
region, protection of identified water critical areas against over abstraction of users and sufficient
information on water uses, sufficient information on water uses considering the strong increase in
population density, in order to ensure water security in the future.
Development of Raw Water EUFS
It is also an important direction for LLDA to develop its Raw Water EUFS. A water “market” pricing
approach would be difficult to implement because of the analytical problems that such a concept
would create. The adoption of a user fee system rather than a pricing based on “scarcity argument”
will provide LLDA with the flexibility, thus need for LLDA to review the premise of its current water
pricing scheme. It is the intention of the Authority to earmark the fees collected for their intended
use, i.e. for the protection of the water source. This practice not only ensures that the system
achieves it actual objective, it facilitates public acceptance of the fee. Currently, there is ongoing
study of LLDA on Water Pricing under Phil-waves Program which shall be finished in 2017. Public
Consultation on this will be planned.
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Development of Major Infrastructure Projects
During the plan period, there are major projects in various planning stages addressing flood risks/
shoreland community protection, lakeshore embankments/diking system and road network/ toll
expressway, such as but not limited to the DPWH’s Flood Control Master Plan and its components
projects, the Laguna Lake Expressway Dike Project and the Rizal Expressway Dike Project. While
these are yet subject to feasibility studies and detailed engineering design during the plan period, it
is important to take the perspective of the lake basin ecological implications therein and to actively
engage the stakeholders, including LLDA and its partners, in an open and transparent consultation
process. It is anticipated that these projects will impact on the more sensitive areas of the basin,
e.g., the buffer zone, the lake water resources itself, and to the fishery and agriculture sector, water
supply and sanitation sector, among others. These projects will intensify the role of LLDA to
rehabilitate,
protect and conserve the basin resources. Therefore, this basin master plan and its policies and
strategies should guide the proponents of such infrastructure projects and should drive their design
elements, rather than these projects dictating the nature and scope of the basin plan.
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CHAPTER 5
OVERALL LAGUNA DE BAY BASIN DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK
5.1 The 2016-2026 Laguna de Bay Master Plan Development Framework
Building on RBM but amplifying it using other ecosystem-based frameworks such as watershed
management, integrated water resources management (IWRM), ILBM has converged these
approaches in an integrated fashion. The modified ILBM for Laguna de Bay Basin highlights
the principles of implementability or attainability; sustainability; quality of life;
comprehensiveness and interconnectedness; and evidence-based/technology-adaptive (Laguna
de Bay Basin Spatial Development Master Plan, 2011). Following the Modified ILBM, the lake
and its drainage basin, including its inflowing and outflowing tributary river systems, are all parts
of an inter-connected and inseparable ecosystem. The declining quality of the lake system are
largely contributed by its drainage basin, mostly as a result of human activities. Lake basin
management, therefore, should effectively integrate hydrological and ecological processes, and
socio-economic dimensions.
In May 2015, the LLDA Management together with its internal stakeholders (officials and staff)
revisited the formal framing of the LLDA vision and mission that was approved by LLDA Board in
2011, which states “By 2020, the Laguna de Bay Basin has been transformed as the focal
center for sustainable development through sound ecological governance.”
In the workshop that ensued in May, the LLDA Management Team headed by Secretary J.R.
Nereus O. Acosta formulated the formal Board-approved vision and mission statements to a
resonant, concise, easily recalled translation (including a vernacular) which can relate to all
sectors/stakeholders, and authentically meaningful and truly reflective of their aspirations, as
follows (Sec. Acosta, August 3, 2015):
“Isang masagana at buhay na lawa, na may likas-kayang pag-

unlad para sa higit na kapakina-bangan ng lahat ng hanay ng
lipunan sa rehiyon ng Lawa ng Laguna”
“An abundant, living, and sustainably-developed lake that

optimally benefits all sectors of society in the Laguna Lake
Basin”
This vision is notable as it implies sustainability (likas-kayang pag-unlad) based on best use of
lake resources for optimum benefit (higit na kapakinabangan) of all users/stakeholders across
the region or basin (implying multi-stakeholder, multi-use and multi-functionality). It places a
focus on sustainable development denoting a balance between economic development and
environmental management (masagana at buhay na lawa).
The simplified vision and mission statements, affirmed by stakeholders on September 11, 2015
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during the consultation workshop, as part of the planning process, has been translated into the
planning goals and objectives of the updated plan. This will serve as the integrating element
considering that this plan updating integrate past and current efforts into one unified and
updated master plan.
5.2 LLDA Institutional Vision: Quality Management System for

LLDA
The LLDA has engaged the services of the Development Academy of the Philippines to put in
place a duly accredited Quality Management System
(http://www.llda.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=600&Itemid=1067).
This initiative has a long-standing intention, being a component of the institutional re-
engineering of the LLDA.
Under this initiative, the LLDA came up with its Institutional Vision/ Quality Policy, stating that:
As the only lake basin Authority in the country and a member

of the International Living Lakes Network,
we commit to:
Lead the sustainable development

in the Laguna de Bay Region
through effective and strict
enforcement of water resources
management laws;
Lead and continually improve our

service delivery systems based on
a certified quality management
system for the satisfaction and
trust of our stakeholders;
Develop and implement empirically-

driven and science-based
processes and decisions;
Adhere to legal requirements and

other policies that serve to
maintain the highest standards of
the civil service.
“Ibalik ang Diwa ng Lawa”
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to achieve its vision/mission and exhibiting its core values (love of the environment,
leadership/professionalism, disciplined and science-driven, adaptability and innovativeness.
Attaining this will adopt a process flow model (Figure 8) that is depicted in a spherical form to
represent dynamism, linkages and interactions among the different units, and the continuity of
operations. This process flow
Figure 5.3: Process Flow model
will have significant contribution to make an effective and dynamic lake management institution
in terms of integrated approaches, stakeholder engagement, partnership building, planning and
implementation.
5 . 4 LLDA Mission
Based on its legal mandate and functions as enunciated in its Charter (R.A. 4850 as amended
by P.D. 813 and E.O. 927), and cognizant of the current and future conditions and trends, the
LLDA mission is:
To catalyze a climate change-sensitive Integrated

Water Resource Management in the Laguna de
Bay Region, with clear focus on preserving
ecological integrity and promoting sustainable
economic growth.
This mission is noteworthy for the following reasons: (i) it aims to strike a balance between
environmental sustainability and biodiversity conservation on one hand, and economic
development and resource utilization on the other hand; (ii) it puts into action the principles of
integrated water resources management that spouse multi-functionality of resources requiring
multi-disciplinary approaches, stakeholder engagement in conflict resolution and decision
making, and sustainable development; and (iii) it seeks to optimize the use of natural resources
to generate the greatest good for the greatest number, and attain sustainable development; and
finally, (iv) it brings the LLDA into focus as a catalyst in translating the vision into actions in ways
that are climate sensitive.
5.5 Management Areas
Translating the lake basin vision into planning goals, and in consonance with the LLDA’s
139
institutional vision, management of “ecological system” serves as the integrating element as

ecosystems are both sources of environmental goods and services as well as loci of natural
relationships in the lake basin (SDMP, 2011). Called “management areas” by law, they are the
key result areas to assess efficacy and efficiency of management interventions. These are:
• Watershed Management Area

• Lake and River Systems Management Area
• Shoreland Management Area
Translated into Figure 5.4, the vision for the Laguna de Bay Basin is stated as follows:
Figure 5.4: Vision for the Laguna de Bay Basin
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5.6 Laguna de Bay Basin Strategic Planning Areas
The vision and objectives of the Laguna de Bay Basin Master Plan are cross-cutting outcomes.
Implementation of these outcomes will require actions across different areas.
Four (4) strategic areas or basin planning systems were identified for the updated master plan
(Figure 5.6-1). These strategic areas serve as a bridge between the lake basin vision to more
concrete management measures and actions which ultimately will contribute towards achieving
the vision.
Potentials &
Environmental
Environmental Goal
Goal Articulation
Articulati on Constraints
Potentials & Constraints
,
Diagnosis
i Diagnosis
Recent Technical studies/projects, new/updated data/info, etc.
Vision for SLB Vision for LdBR

Principles: integrated approach, partnership, developing& sharing
T
2011-2016
LdBR Working Environment Guiding

2011 Spatial Development Master Plan
etc.
Mission Statement for the LdBR

Updated technical background reports
interviews,
Environmental Action Program for the SLB

n Mission Statement for the
1995 LdBR Master Plan
Resource Objectives
Devt. Plan
Mediumdialogues,
4-5 areas validated/ prioritized by stakeholde rs

5 Resource Objectives
of knowledge, dynamic process of change
Key Issues >>> Strategic Thrusts >>> Strategic Actions

consultations,
25 Immediately Needed Projects

Immediately Needed Projects as validated/ prioritized
a
Philippine
A 22 Key Issues >>> 9 Strategic Thrusts >>> 32 Strategic Actions

B C D E ETC.
Outputs of stakeholder
r nn
T
Laguna de Bay Basin Planning Framework
Figure 5.6-1
141
Figure 5.6-2: Four Planning Process in the Laguna de Bay Region
The scope of the planning systems is described in Table 5.6.
Table 5.6: Scope of Four Planning Systems for the Laguna de Bay Basin Master Plan
Basin Planning Area/System Focus
Protection and conservation Hydro-ecological system of the water resources and natural
system assets, including protection of the aquatic ecosystem health,
water quality fitted for abstraction of lake and river water for
different uses, and areas declared protected by existing laws
and needing proactive conservation measures.
Lake and river water use and Water use systems, water infrastructure, particularly around
development system abstraction, storage or regulation of basin water resources for
economic or social development.
Disaster risk reduction Impacts associated with flooding, pollution incidents, and other
management system extreme events
Institutional management Strengthening basin management and institutional
system arrangements, sustainable financing, improvement of laws and
regulations, monitoring/surveillance and enforcement.
However, this plan recognizes that there are many overlaps and linkages between systems. For example,
institutional management and the relevant aspects of disaster management are present in all strategic
areas. These strategic areas bridge the broad vision to more concrete measures, objectives and actions
which will ultimately contribute towards achieving the vision.
5.7 Overall Basin Management strategies
The plan acknowledges that the lake and its drainage basin, including its inflowing and
outflowing tributaries, are parts of an inseparable ecosystem. Lake d eg r a d a t i o n largely
originates from its drainage basin, mostly the result of human activities within the basin. Lake
management, therefore, should best focus on the scale of the drainage basin, effectively
integrating hydrological and ecological processes, as well as socioeconomic realities.
From the core issues, the following overall goals were formulated with stakeholders’
participation:
142
1. Rehabilitation of the Laguna de Bay Basin (i.e., watershed, shoreland, and lake);
2. Rationalize water uses; and
3. Harness the lake basin as a high-value resource for broad-based development.
The general approach to attain these goals is through co-management among stakeholders of the
Laguna de Bay Basin, through collaborative measures and partnerships, including public- private
initiatives for both hard (infrastructure) and soft interventions.
Strategic Policy Areas
The following are the strategic policy planning areas:
1. Protection/Conservation
2. Rehabilitation
3. Lake-sensitive development
It is significant to note that the Laguna de Bay Basin has been considered one of the most
vulnerable in the country due to climate variability and water-related disasters (PDNA, 2009).
This has profound impact to the nature of the basin plan and its focus policy areas. This has
made the entire basin as a climate-vulnerable area requiring more expansive and more intense
rehabilitation work. Therefore, policy area for rehabilitation and protection is more vast, Therefore,
the role of LLDA will be more rehabilitative and protective while its development efforts would
primarily have lake-sensitive orientation and geared towards supporting rehabilitation and
protection/ conservation.
Each policy area identified specific resources from watershed to lake that require default and
supplementary policies. These areas provide the spatial guidance in:
• Promoting the integrated management of resources from land to lake;

• Pursuing interventions in areas needing remediation/ rehabilitation, pro-active
conservation/ protection, and areas for demonstrating lake-sensitive developments;
• Building on the existing gains of earlier interventions;
• Defining transboundary resources as areas for stronger co-management and citizen-
based approaches derived from scientific and local knowledge.
The health and sustainable use of Laguna de Bay, therefore, depends on how LLDA can
steer other basin stakeholders in managing the utilization of land and water resources, with
respect to this fundamental interrelation. Figure 5.7-b shows the map of the proposed Laguna de
Bay Basin strategic environmental policy areas.
143
Figure 5.7-a Cross section of the Laguna de Bay Basin in Relation to its
Dynamics with Metro Manila and Manila Bay
144
Figure 5.7-b: Map of the Proposed Laguna de Bay Basin Strategic

Planning Areas
The following presents the scope of the policy areas:
Figure 5.7-c: The Scope of Strategic Environmental Policy Areas

in Laguna de Bay Basin
145
The management strategies focus on “protection a n d c o n s e r v a t i o n ”, “rehabilitation”, and

“development” in relation with the core issues in the Laguna de Bay Basin are shown in
Table 5.7-c.
Table 5.7.2 The Core Issues and the Management Strategies

in the Laguna de Bay Basin
Core Issues Protection/ Rehabilitation Development

Conservation
Deterioration of water quality
Conflicting uses of water
Denudation of the watershed
Flooding in low-lying areas
Vulnerable lakeshore
settlements
Limited access to economic
opportunities
These management strategies are not mutually exclusive. Core issues can have two or three
spatial management strategies. The strategies can be implemented in phases. Core issues
for rehabilitation can be addressed in 3-5 years. However, they can be placed for
protection/conservation after the management areas have been rehabilitated.
The specific strategy for conservation seeks to preserve ‘critical areas’ for their vital
functions, as follows: 1) critical watersheds; 2) critical river systems; 3) critical water
zones on the lake; and 4) critical shoreland areas. These are called “Protection/Conservation
Zones”.
The specific strategy for rehabilitation focuses on mitigating damage to degraded

sections of ecosystems. These areas are labeled as “Areas Needing Special Protection”:
1) denuded forestland; 2) encroached shoreland; 3) areas with high rate of erosion; 4)
areas with large volume of solid and liquid waste; 5) lakeshore areas subject to flooding;
and 5) lake areas with ‘shallow depth’ due to sedimentation/siltation.
The developmental strategy is geared towards stimulating economic growth in territories in

need of it. The “Areas for Sustainable Economic Support” are mostly located in the eastern
side of the lake basin. Progress in these sections can contribute to balanced population
distribution in the bigger region by attracting residents from congested urban communities.
The stimulus for growth can be found in sustainable tourism (quinary sector), agriculture and
fisheries (primary sector), and in connection with the Los Baños science and technology
complex as well as the Calamba regional manufacturing zone, even information-based
industries or BPO services of the quaternary sector.
146
Among the management strategies for these areas include the following:
Protection/Conservation:
1) Intensify protection of remaining lake basin resources to prevent degradation.
Rehabilitation:
1) Improve lake water quality through an integrated network of environmental measures

including engineered wetland systems;
2) Abate denudation in critical watersheds;
3) Mitigate impacts of flooding and climate-induced hazards through sustainable
infrastructure and non-infrastructure interventions; and
4) Reduce vulnerability of the lakeshore communities and model sustainable settlements
Lake-Sensitive Development:
1) Rationalize lake water uses;

2) Set higher environmental standards for development activities to promote ecologically-
sensitive land resource uses;
3) Demonstrate lake-sensitive economic ventures through innovative investments; and
4) Harness LDB water and land resources as sustainable economic assets through co-
management and citizen-based strategies.
5.7.1 Physical Strategy to Spread Economic Development
The bi-nodal circumferential infilling and water- to land-based spatial strategy is proposed that will
provide a broad picture over space of the direction of spatio-sectoral development w i t h i n t h e
L a g u n a d e Ba y Basin . Figure 5 . 7 . 1 - a shows t h e b i -nodal circumferential infilling spatial
strategy for the Laguna de Bay Region. The strategy also aims to rationally distribute socio-
economic activities over the regional space. In designing a rational spatial pattern for the region,
certain considerations are needed which include demographic conditions, settlement patterns,
growth areas, infrastructural conditions and existing land uses. The proposed spatial pattern should
be able to contribute to the following desired conditions that the lake basin master plan aims to
achieve, namely: rational distribution of population, increased access of residents to socio-economic
opportunities and services, sustained utilization of natural resources, and restoration, rehabilitation
and enhancement of lake basin’s environmental integrity.
Looking at the demographic situation of the lake region, despite the fact that it only represents
1.3 percent of the country’s land area, it actually contains about 10 percent of the national population.
The more densely populated municipalities are located within or close to Metro Manila. The
concentration of the population particularly in the western portion of the lake is due not so much
to the natural increase in population, but to the rapid rate of in migration to the metropolis – the
migrants being attracted to the perceived economic opportunities in the urban region. However,
because Metro Manila is now 100 percent urbanized, the population spillover into the nearby
suburbs of Rizal and Laguna has resulted to the expansion of the metropolis from the northwestern
part of the lake down to its southwestern section, in the process creating what may be called a
Manila Mega-Urban Region. Actually, Metro Manila is now experiencing a net outmigration rate in
terms of population movement and the main direction is toward the southern CALABARZON
region with its attraction of livelihood opportunities within its industrial estates and economic
zones. This is shown by a comparison of the population growth rates of the metropolis and its
surrounding areas. While the NCR has a population growth rate of 2.11 percent, Rizal, Laguna and
Cavite have spiraling growth rates of 5.79, 4.08 and 5.45 percent, respectively (NCR:
http://www.census.gov.ph/data/quickstat/ qs130911.html). It will not be long before the western bay
of the lake will become part of a Philippine megalopolis.
147
Figure 5.7.1-a T h e B i -Nodal Circumferential Infilling Spatial Strategy for The Laguna De
Bay Region
148
Looking at the settlements in the lake region, the northwestern and southwestern
municipalities/cities are first-class local government units, particularly as bounded by Antipolo
City, Teresa and Binangonan in the north and by Los Baños, Sto. Tomas and Tanauan
City in the south. The LGUs in the eastern bend of the LLDA jurisdiction range from second-
to fifth-class status, starting from Tanay, Morong and Cardona in the north and from Bay
and Malvar in the south. Most of the depressed third – to fifth-class LGUs are on the
eastern side of the lake and most of them are located in Laguna Province.
In terms of major industrial and commercial activities, the concentrations are seen in the
northwestern areas of Manila, Quezon City, Pasig City, Cainta and Taytay and in the
southwestern areas of Muntinlupa City, San Pedro, Biñan, Carmona, Sta. Rosa, Cabuyao
and Calamba City. The movement of the metropolitan population to the south is due to
the employment attractions of large industrial enclaves such as Laguna International
Industrial Park, Laguna Technopark, Light Industry and Science Park, and Carmelray
Industrial Park. The western bank of the lake basin, aside from being the center of
secondary and tertiary economic activities, contains also the highest concentration of
transportation, power, communication and water infrastructural establishments in the region
that are designed to service the intense economic activities in the mega-urban region.
Prominent on the landscape is the South Luzon Expressway that services the
commercial-industrial complexes of the Metro Manila cities and towns of Laguna Province.
The highway, however, stops in Calamba City and only the narrower National Highway
connects the western developed corridor to the lagging eastern crescent of the lake region.
Looking at the existing land use of the lake region, the built-up areas are wider in the
western side of the lake and narrower in the eastern side. However, while the western
built-up areas contain a multitude of industrial and commercial activities, those on the
eastern side are mostly residential areas – an indication of their depressed character.
The lands on the eastern side are also devoted mostly to either agricultural or forestry
uses on account of their predominantly sloping terrain. Economic productivity from these
land uses are more limited compared to that from the industrial and commercial land uses in
the west. The land use distribution in the Laguna Bay Region, in fact, points to a
division of the study area into a “Metro” or urbanized Laguna Lake Basin and a “Sierra” or
highland and forested Laguna Lake Basin. However, it should be mentioned that there is
still sufficient level land on the “Sierra” side of the region that can be put under urban
industrial-commercial use that will spur development in the sub-region.
Looking also at the lake itself, the water body simply teems with large and small fishpens
as residents and non-residents try to use the lake conveniently as a source of livelihood.
The large fishpens are located in the middle of the lake while the small ones are found on
the fringes of the lake near the shoreland. The spaces in between the fishpens are used
for open fishing by subsistence fishermen. The total area occupied by the fishpens already
exceeds the 10 percent limit recommended for sustainable fishing industry within the lake.
Open fishing further strains the lake’s regenerative and carrying capacity. The shoreland
with its proliferation of industrial, residential, and agricultural use the lake as a convenient
sink for their wastes. Altogether, the focus on the lake’s water resources and livelihood
opportunities it presents has put a strain on the lake’s ecological integrity. There is an
urgent need to divert attention from lake-based to land-based economic activities,
particularly towards the eastern half of the lake basin, where lands are still available for
agriculture, tourism, grazing and other land-based economic activities.
The above situational analysis points to the adoption of a bi-nodal circumferential infilling
water- to land-based spatial development. There is a need to channel developmental
149
impulses away from the developed western or “Metro” sub-region and from the polluted, congested,
and overused lake to the lagging eastern or “Sierra” sub-region if a balanced mode of development
has to be achieved for the study area. Diverting developmental impulses from the two developed
nodes of the “Metro” sub-region and from the lake towards the lagging eastern “Sierra” sub-region
of the lake basin will lead to alleviation of poverty, lessening of social inequality and reduction of
unemployment in the area. The diversion of development focus from the two advanced nodes west
of the lake basin and from the lake itself will also relieve them of population pressure and the
social and environmental ills attendant to it. Facilitated by the infilling of infrastructural and
socioeconomic interventions in the depressed eastern sub-region, the spatial scheme will create a
dynamic cellular lacustrine economy as the component settlements engage in active
complementary socioeconomic interactions using the water and land resources of the region. These
interactions will be facilitated not only by the land interconnections but by the cheap water
transportation system offered by the lake. The circumferential interconnectivity will allow high
multiplier effects as investments are circulated around the lake and leakages are slowed down and
minimized.
Thus, as the spatial development schema shows, developmental impulses from the northwest
and southwest nodes can be channeled to the depressed eastern areas composed of third-to-fifth
class municipalities, the development of these eastern areas can lead to an upgrading of the status
of the LGUs surrounding them within the planning period. From the lake, developmental impulses
can be channeled to the east as well as the northeast and southwest sectors of the lake basin.
In these areas, developable flat lands are still available for regulated agriculture, tourism, grazing,
and urban land use activities.
Once development has accelerated in the eastern arc of the lake basin, the situation can present a
new role for the Laguna de Bay Region, i.e., as a catalyst for growth of the long-neglected
eastern seaboard of Luzon. Developmental incentives can be channeled to the northern depressed
areas of Quezon and Aurora and to the southern lagging areas of Quezon and the Bicol Region. It
goes without saying that the catalyst role of the lake region can only be realized if the resources
of the eastern arc of the basin can be developed fully and the fruits of development channeled
to the underdeveloped eastern seaboard of Luzon.
5.7.2 Vertical and Horizontal Alignment within Relevant Sectors/with Development

Planning
Because of the increasing pressure on the lake’s resources, its water has taken increasing importance
across different development priorities. In fact, its water resources have been considered as a catalyst
of social and economic development not only of the basin itself but of the country as well, and at
the same time a building block of environmental sustainability. Therefore, horizontal alignment of the
plan with development planning dealing with different development issues within the updated LdBR
master plan is crucial. The current plan gives way to this alignment.
Further, the planning process for the updating of the Laguna de Bay basin master plan ensures
vertical alignment of the plan within relevant sectors, e.g., environment and water sectors, across
different scales (national, regional/basin, and local. Such alignment contributes to making the plan
coherent and contributing to broader economic and environmental goals and objectives. The updated
master plan vision, objectives and actions are consistent with and give effect to the national policies,
strategic directions, (the National Water Strategy, etc.). Insofar as plans at regional, provincial and
local levels, the LdBR Master Plan includes those which implement key aspects of the basin strategies.
An executive summary of such plans may be seen as part of the LdB master plan.
150
On the plans/programs/projects of other agencies, the LLDA updated master includes the different
master plans of government agencies for the region such as those of NEDA IV-A (CALABARZON
Regional Development Plan), DPWH (NSSWMP and Flood Control Master Plan for Metro Manila),
MMDA (Metro Manila Development Master Plan) as well as the Comprehensive Land Use Plan
(CLUPs) and Development Plans of the Local Government Units. Strong representation by LLDA
should be given to make sure its master plan programs/projects are considered in their master plans.
Figure 5.7.2-a shows how horizontal and vertical alignment is achieved within the lake basin plan.
Figure 5.7.2-a: Horizontal and vertical alignment within the lake basin plan.
Nesting Within Basin Plan
The lake basin plan sets its objectives and actions that will be implemented through more detailed
strategic plans developed on a sub-basin scale or thematic plans. As presented in Chapter 1, it is the
strategic intent to make the updated master plan to be an “umbrella” basin plan to be translated at a
later point in time during the plan period, into more detailed sub-basin or thematic plans. The
strategies and actions translated into programs and projects in Chapter 7 are those which
address/have basin-scale needs/ impacts and categorized as urgent.
151
Rehabilitate the Lake Basin
Figure 5.7.2-b: Nesting National, Regional and Local

Plans/Policies/Strategies Within the Laguna de Bay
Basin Plan
Indicative Thematic/ Sub-Basin Plans
The thematic plans may include plans related to rehabilitation, protection/conservation, and lake -
sensitive development, disaster risk management and institutional development aspects of the basin
plan. Certain aspects of these thematic plans have been brought into the strategies within the basin
plan, but will need to be translated into more specific and detailed plans.
Similarly, sub-basin plans should provide strategic objectives and actions for river basin management,
dealing with issues that require attention at a river basin scale, including environmental targets and/or
river water quality objectives, and infrastructure development to address climate change impacts in
the basin. Sub-basin plans may include institutionalization of sub-WQMA in each of the 24 sub-basins
and the concomitant river basin management plans, among others.
5 . 8 General Land and Water Use Plan
Shown in Figure 5.8-a is the general land use and wat er use plan of the Laguna de Bay Basin,
derived mainly on the basis of land suitability analysis. The land suitability of the lake basin was
analyzed based on slope, soil and elevation. Thus, it can be seen that a third (70,065 hectares) of the
land area of the basin is suitable for urban use and these can be seen mainly in the northwestern
and southeastern sections of the basin. A fairly large strip can be seen in the southeastern part of
the basin. This urbanizable area with the slopes of less than 18 percent and elevations below 500
meters above mean sea level can be used as expansion area for light industrial, commercial,
residential, and institutional land use activities.
152
Also, close to a third (66,109 hectares) of the study area is suitable for agriculture and this can be
seen mostly in the eastern half of the basin in the towns o f L a g u n a p r o v i n c e . Agriculture
projects can include the planting of rice, vegetables and cash crops. Light industries that would
process the farm products as well as agro-industrial establishments such as poultries and piggeries
can be located in this land use category which, incidentally, lies mostly in the eastern economically-
lagging section of the basin. The agricultural production from the eastern half of the basin can be
geared towards the Metro Manila market and should redound to increasing livelihood opportunities
among residents in the area.
Another significant hectarage (69,071 hectares) is that of production forest/land use which is
distributed mostly in the eastern half and southwestern section of the basin. This area, which has
slopes of 18% to 50% and elevations ranging from 500 meters to 1000 meters above mean sea
level, is suitable to land uses such as controlled tourism, grazing, silviculture, and mining. In
particular, regulated tourism, livestock raising, along with agriculture, should be promoted in the
lagging eastern half of the basin in order to alleviate poverty among rural residents. Promotion of
the land-based economic activities should also relieve the lake of the current pressure of livelihood
activities focused on water resources. Consequently, this water-to-land shifting of economic focus
should also lead to an improvement of the lake’s deteriorating ecological condition.
The map further shows the protected shoreland area surrounding the lake. This is the part of the
land adjacent to the lake which is alternately covered and left dry by the rising and ebbing of the
lake’s water level as caused either by the amount of rainfall or by the tidal cycle. The shoreland
area also includes the salvage buffer zone of 3 meters measured from the high-water mark of the
lake. The whole surrounding strip of foreshore land is an ecologically-fragile area that ideally
should be left vacant or free of human activities. There is a need to relieve the shoreland area
of its current load of industrial, residential, and agricultural activities that contribute to the
deterioration of the lake’s ecosystem.
Also indicated on the map are the lands reserved by the national government for certain uses.
There is the Marikina Watershed Reservation in the north designed for flood protection, water use
and forest conservation. A military reservation can be seen in Tanay, Rizal. The forest reserves
designed to protect important sub-watersheds are located in the Los Baños Mount Makiling area,
Mount Banahaw area, Lake Caliraya area, and in the Kalayaan, Lumban, and Cavinti areas of Laguna
province. Small unclassified public forest and communal forest areas can be found north of the lake.
In terms of water use, the recommended locations of some of its components are shown on the
map. The area occupied by the proposed fishpens observe the recommended limit of 10 percent
of the total lake area – the limit that represents the carrying capacity of the lake for fish production
and consistent with the set limit under the Philippine Fisheries Code (R.A. 8550). Further, this
proposed lake water use plan will need detailed study and modification as the modification of the
ZOMAP to conform with the prescribed carrying capacity under RA 8550, and the alignment of
the proposed Laguna Lake Expressway Project would have been determined. The large fishpens
can be seen in the left and middle ‘finger’ of the lake while the small ones can be seen on the
fringe areas of the lake near the shoreland. The waters outside the fishpens are to be used for
open fishing. There is a fish sanctuary in the middle of the lake where native fish species can be
raised and protected and where fingerlings can be raised for restocking the lake’s fish population.
153
Figure 5.8-a General Land Use and Water Use Plan for the Laguna de Bay Watershed
Figure 5.8-b: Existing Lake Water Use Map
154
155
CHAPTER 6
DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS
6.1. Lake and River System Management Area
6.1.1. Introduction
The matrix of the strategy development/logframe in Table 6.1.1-a shows core issues,
development goals, development objectives, management strategies, programs and projects
of the Lake and Tributary River System of the Laguna de Bay Basin.
Table 6.1.1-a: Lake and River Systems Management Area – Logical

Framework
Issues/
Goal Objective Strategy Program Projects
Problems
Deteriorating Ensure the To improve the Formulate a Laguna lake Strengthened
water quality of quality of water WQMA and Laguna
the lake and water in the quality of the Program on tributary river Lake and
tributary river lake and lake and rivers water quality systems water Tributary River
systems tributary river to sustain life management quality Systems Water
systems for and to support of the lake and monitoring Quality
present and multiple major rivers program Monitoring
future beneficial uses Project;
generations Monitoring of
industries;
reforestation
Laguna lake projects; policy
and tributary ordinance on
river systems septage and
rehabilitation sewage
program management
of LGUs; Flood
Control
Projects of
DPWH (Refer
to Policy
Briefs)
Siltation/ To promote Encourage the

Sedimentation public participation on River
information an informed Rehabilitation
and education and concerned Project (Non-
for public in WQM infrastructure)
stakeholders and
on tributary management
river systems
Rehabilitate
the lake and
tributary river
systems
156
Multiple but Ensure To restore, Formulate the Revision Using

often sustainable conserve, and water use Satellite
conflicting lake and equitable protect the lake zonation Generated
resource use of from various scheme of the Maps and
users and the lake users and uses lake for the Implementation
uses next 20 years of the
To devise the ZOMAP
optimum best
uses of the
lake water
6.1.2. Key Issues
6.1.2.1. Deteriorating Water Quality
Pollution of the lake and tributary river systems are caused by industrial, agricultural, and
residential effluent and waste that is discharged to or deposited in the water system. The water
condition account (pollution loading) of the Ecosystem Accounting Project estimated the BOD
loadings generated from different sources of water pollution in the Laguna de Bay Region and
related the result with the water quality of the river systems within the Laguna de Bay basin.
The pollution loadings were analyzed on the basis of the parameter “Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD), on the overall Laguna Lake, and covering the period 2003 to 2014.
The aggregate annual BOD loadings from 2003-2014 from all sources are presented
below. Overall, BOD loading into the lake has increased over time, even though there
has been an increase in sewage treatment in the last decade. Specifically, the BOD
loadings from domestic effluents and solid wastes are rapidly increasing due to
increasing number of population. Effluent from households directly discharge 70,044
metric tons BOD without treatment or 64,549 metric tons after on-site treatment. For
industrial effluents, there are fluctuations in BOD loading due to increasing number of
industries covered by LLDA EUFS.
Table 6.1.2.1-a Annual BOD loading from all sources (ton per year)
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Sewage
treatment 988 1,072 1,081 1,069 1,143 1,139 927 984 1,109 1,052 1,419 1,374
facilities
Domestic 52,254 53,373 54,833 56,430 58,149 59,837 62,222 61,474 62,075 63,445 63,153 64,549
Industrial 7,753 7,187 7,157 7,506 8,333 6,546 7,041 8,136 7,267 6,522 6,805 7,207
Agricultural 6,310 6,310 6,310 6,310 6,310 6,310 6,310 4,916 4,916 4,916 4,916 4,916
Forest 1,901 1,901 1,901 1,901 1,901 1,901 1,901 1,758 1,758 1,758 1,758 1,758
Solid Waste 1,897 1,949 2,003 2,058 2,131 2,191 2,254 2,239 2,281 2,324 2,369 2,416
TOTAL 71,103 71,792 73,285 75,274 77,967 77,924 80,655 79,507 79,406 80,017 80,420 82,220
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Table 6.1.2.1-b. BOD loading into Laguna Lake in 2014 (ton per year)
Industries (PSIC Classes)
Agriculture Manufacturing Sewage Accommodation, Households Agricultural Forest Solid Rest of
2014 TOTAL
Industry & Others Treatment Food services, Lands Lands Wastes Philippines
etc.
1. Gross
emissions (BOD,
metric ton)
1a. Direct 55 5,446 1,374 1,706 64,549 4,916 1,758 2,416 0 82,220
emissions to
water
1a.1 70,044
Without
treatment
1a.2 After 55 5,446 1,706 64,549
onsite
treatment
1a.i to
inland water
resources
1a. Ii to the
sea
1b. To
Sewerage
2. Reallocation of
emissions
3. Net emissions 55 5,446 1,374 1,706 64,549 4,916 1,758 2,416 0 82,220
(1a +2)
158
Impacts of Water Quality to Food Production and Public Health
Findings from recent studies on the impacts of water pollution, among others, on the
interrelation of food production and public health in Southeast Asian watersheds indicate the
following (RIHN Website):
1) Upstream open garbage disposal could be sources of pollutants in the urban

development and industry in the western region, indicating the close linkage of
environmental degradation and food-health security;
2) Lead (Pb) was identified as prevalent pollutant causing chronic poisoning of local
children, as it is known to negatively affect brain and bodily functions.
The region’s challenges were considered a representation of those in other Southeast Asian
watersheds due to its high population density and rich ecological resources threatened by rapid
land use changes, urbanization and industrialization.
6.1.2.2. Siltation and Sedimentation
• Soil Loss
The Ecosystem Accounting Project, particularly the Terrestial Conditions Account, derived the
soil loss under current land cover conditions (Chapter) using the Revised Universal Soil Loss
Equation (RUSLE). Soil loss expressed in tons/hectare/year is the primary input in modelling
sedimentation for the watershed. High erosion is observed in the hilly and mountainous parts
of the LdB region as shown in Figure 6.1.2.2-a.
• Bathymetry
Bathymetry has been analyzed in the Ecosystem Accounting Project to assess how the lake
volume has changed over time, and to establish if and how sedimentation has affected the
water storage volume of the lake.
Primary data was collected in the lake using an Echo-sounder (multi-beam), for two years. In
1997, around 350+ points were measured. In 2014 over 500 points were analyzed.
Interpolation between points to model total depth of the basin was done using ArcGIS (Spline
with barriers) and Delft3d (for comparison of results).
The 1997 and 2014 lake depth maps are shown in Figures 6.1.2.2-b and 6.1.2.2-c, showing
consistent small reduction of less than 5% in the lake volume in the period 1997 to 2014.
Comparing the two figures, it is observed that the main patterns of change is that the deeper
parts of the lakes became somewhat (1 to 2 cm) deeper over time, particularly in the western
and central parts of the lake. However, the periphery of the lake became shallower, in particular
in areas close to where rivers drain into the lake. Noticeable is the decrease in lake surface
area at elevation 10.5m. This may be related to sedimentation (and land reclamation, often
following sedimentation on areas where there has been a particular build up in sediments).
Overall, “it appears as if the overall volume of the lake to contain water, and to drain water to
the Pasig channel has not markedly changed in this period, but that the lake volume between
10.5 and 12.5m water level has decreased, due to backfilling of the lake with sediments
deposited nearby river outlets in the lake.”
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Figure 6.1.2.2-a; Soil loss (t/ha/yr) using RUSLE equation.
Figure 6.1.2.2-b: Lake depth in 1997 (meter)
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Figure 6.1.2.2 -c: Lake depth in 2014 (meter)
6.1.2.3 Conflicts in Water Uses
There are various conflicts between and among uses/users of Laguna de Bay primarily
due to their quality and quantity requirements. For this reason, almost all the previous
studies about Laguna de Bay highlight the conflict among the various users,
infrastructure developers, and regulators and policy makers. Most of the current and
foreseen problems in the management of the Lake and its watershed are attributed to
these conflicts. The Institutional Re-engineering Studies undertaken for the LLDA by
Tetra Tech EM Inc. and PNB Capital and Investment Corporation under the World
Bank/Japan PHRD funded project came out with a detailed analysis of root causes of
conflicts in the Laguna de Bay Region and are presented in the succeeding sections.
Figure 6.1.2.2-d shows the existing and potential areas of conflict between and among
stakeholders’ categories, as well as the responses, which have been established, or in the
pipeline. Prominent among these conflicts involve uses of the lake water.
POLICY MAKERS AND REGULATORS

PLANNERS
• NEDA • DENR
• DBM
• LWUA
• DTI/BOI
• PTFWRDM • NWRB
• BFAR
Laguna • HLURB
• DA
• PRRC de Bay • LLDA
• MMDA
• Mt. Makiling Region
Commission
INFRASTRUCTURE
DEVELOPERS
• DPWH LGUs
R&D INSTITUTIONS • LWUA/
LWD • Provinces
NGOs • Municipalities
• NHA
• Cities
• PEA • Barangays
• MWSS
RESOURCE USER COMMUNITIES

• Industries • Managers of • Fishpen
• Businesses protected areas operators
• Fisherfolks • Households • Upland
• Community representatives • Farmers communities
(committees and councils)
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Figure 6.1.2.2-d: Stakeholders of Laguna de Bay, areas of conflict and response. REF:
TTEMI, Re-engineering studies)
A set of case studies was cited in Borja and Nepomuceno 1996) that clearly reflects the root
causes of conflicts among the lake users. Among these cases the following are
representatives of the conflict issues:
• Development projects to improve the use of lake water for irrigation is faced with
increasing salinity and contamination from the Pasig River that will make the lake water
unsuitable for agriculture. Pollution from industries, household waste, and
transportation within the lake also threatens the agricultural enterprises. Although LLDA
has started to implement strict regulations against effluent discharged by industries,
the lake's role as a waste receptacle is not likely to decrease.
• The Napindan Hydraulic Control Structure (NHCS) has been the cause of conflict
between the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) and the fishing
community. The purpose of the NHCS to regulate backflow from the Pasig River has
been ignored in favor of fishermen who need the brackish water for the productivity of
the aquatic resources of the Lake. The role of the lake as a buffer against flooding
along the Marikina and Pasig Rivers has exacerbated the conflicts by the impact of a
flooded lake on farms, fishpens, and lakeshore development.
• Use of the lake by fishpen owners constitutes another level of conflict. From 38
hectares in 1970s, fishpens grew to more than 30,000 hectares in 1983, seriously
reducing the areas for open fishing and impeding navigation. To reduce the adverse
impact of fishpen on fish production, LLDA implemented a zoning plan that reduced the
fishpen areas to 10,000 hectares and fish cage areas to 5,000 hectares. Still the
fishermen, fishpen operators, the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, and
LLDA continue to argue the wisdom, size, location, and the benefits of these structures.
Compounding the problem is the weak enforcement of fisheries Laws on the fishing
boat registration, illegal fishing, and the role of LGUs in the enforcement of these laws.
• The Lake's potential as a key source of drinking water cannot be ignored. The two
previous administrations in the Philippines proclaimed this goal for the Laguna de Bay.
Increasing emphasis on the role of the lake as a source of drinking water supply will
challenge all other uses of the lake.
• Quarry operations around the lake and in its watershed, is another resource use that
potentially contributes considerably to pollution and sedimentation of the lake.
Currently, the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB), an office under the DENR,
regulates quarries over 5 hectares while the Provincial Governors control the smaller
quarries. The authorities for permitting, clearance, and enforcement among DENR,
LGUs, and LLDA have not been streamlined. In addition, there are illegal small-scale
mining operations in the region.
• A large portion of the population in the region are informal settlers who typically cluster
in the flood and pollution-prone locations such as shorelands, river banks,
embankments, and other areas subject to severe flooding. Most of these areas are in
fact the environmentally sensitive areas. The solid waste generated by this large
population are carried by the rivers to the lake.
• Attempts to protect the lake as primarily a protected site has long been abandoned in
favor of unavoidable demand for water and fish. However, a small-scale tourism
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industry still struggles to survive amidst the lake traffic. Visitors take historic tours and
boat rides to remote pockets where swimming is considered safe.
6.1.2.4. Invasion of Non-Native Species
Intentional or by accident (inundation of the lake water and flooding during typhoons resulting
to accidental release of aquarium fishes), the introduction of exotic species, along with
destructive harvesting methods and unabated pollution, has caused the conversion of natural
habitats and the extinction of indigenous species. Non-native species such as the janitor fish,
golden snail and lately the knife fish do not have natural predators and threaten to displace
indigenous species from their ecological niche.
Janitor fish is a long time favorite of an aquarium hobbyist because of its ability to keep
aquariums free of algae. The fish has accidentally found its way from the confines of an
aquarium to the river and now thrives in the Laguna de Bay.
Its fast growing population is attributed to its ability to tolerate poor water quality, wide tolerance
to salinity, active behavior during nighttime (nocturnal), and thick body covering that protects
it from being eaten by other fishes. This fish is not completely vegetarian or a pure algae-
feeder as it also feeds on other organic materials.
The Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI) found that it is high in protein and EMB-DENR said that
it may be considered as a component of fish meal. Several initiatives were undertaken by
BFAR, EMB, UPLB and the LLDA to understand the biology to eradicate this invasive species.
To date, janitor fish still thrives the lake and river system but unlike in 2006-2010, the species
is now in the minimum level of presence.
After the occurrence of Typhoon Ondoy in 2009, there were already reports on the presence
of another invasive species in the Lake. Knife fish is a freshwater species commonly traded as
an exotic aquarium fish and very popular among hobbyists. They come from South America
and Southeast Asia specifically from Thailand, Borneo, Malaysia, India and Sumatra and
usually found in lakes, swamps and river backwaters. They prefer still waters and can survive
with low oxygen.
As early as 2011, reports from fisherfolk surfaced regarding knife fish being a pest as it eats
tilapia and bangus which are two main commodities caught from the lake. The proliferation of
knife fish has affected the aquaculture and capture fisheries of the lake causing the catch and
harvest of the fisherfolk to decline dramatically. The bulk of the fisherfolk’s catch comprises
now of knife fish which is not acceptable to them because it does not suffice to their previous
income when most of their catch are bangus and tilapia. This is because knife fish only sells
for PhP10-20/kg while bangus or tilapia is usually around PhP100/kg in the local markets.
The fish is aggressive, highly carnivorous in nature and naturally breeds in ponds and open
waters. In the wild, a knife fish can grow up to 100 cm in length and 5kg in weight. According
to BFAR-National Inland Fisheries Technology Center (BFAR-NIFTC), the fish
consumes/requires seven kilograms of different types of fishes to grow to a kilogram. Knife fish
eggs are found attached on stakes and poles of fish cages and fish pens. Once the egg
hatched, the fry remains within the fish cages and pens where they grow and feed on the tilapia
and bangus fry and fingerlings. The fish is now considered as an invasive species and threat
to the biodiversity of the lake, particularly to the indigenous species including silver therapon
or ayungin, goby or biya and freshwater shrimp or hipon. It is estimated that for every kilogram
of knife fish produced, seven (7) kilograms of indigenous species are lost, at the cost of
PhP1,050.
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The LLDA in cooperation with several concerned agencies and various fisheries and
aquatic resources management councils composed of LLDA, BFAR, DENR, DTI, DILG,
DSWD, DOST, TESDA, Laguna Integrated Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management
Council (RIFARMC), and Metro Manila Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council
(MMFARMC) created a Technical Working Group through a signing of Memorandum of
Agreement to define the duties and obligations of all the parties involved to address the
containment and eradication of the infestation of this species in Laguna de Bay.
6.1.2.5. Lake and River Systems Cause and Effects Relationships
On the intermediate level, the problems and issues besetting Laguna de Bay can be attributed
to liquid and solid waste from domestic sources, chemical effluents from industrial, agro-
industrial and commercial establishments, run-off from farming areas and deforestation and
erosion from upland areas. Taken together, these causes are rooted in the multiple, sometimes
complementary but often conflicting use of the ecosystem services of Laguna de Bay basin.
Ultimately, these causes can be traced to socioeconomic, political, cultural and institutional
factors namely: indiscriminate waste disposal; inadequate sanitary landfills; lack of resources
for waste management infrastructure; lack of sewage treatment plants; low public awareness
on environmental impacts; and, consequently, a failure to respond to the need for resource
use prioritization and allocation.
In the end, these problems and issues have resulted in the shallowing of lakes and rivers;
decreased productivity of open water and aquaculture fisheries, the displacement of small
scale fishers; increased public health risk; and diminution of aesthetic and cultural value of
Laguna de Bay. This overall situation is depicted graphically in Figure 6.1.2.5.
Figure 6.1.2.5: Mapping of Lake and River Problems and Issues
6.1.3. Development Goals and Objectives
• Development Goals
The primary goals for the sector are: (i) to address the problem/issue on the deteriorating water
quality of the lake and tributary river systems to ensure the quality of water in the lake and
tributary river systems for present and future generations. This will make sure that the long-
term productivity and health of the lake ecosystem is managed; (ii) to solve the issue on
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multiple and often conflicting lake resource users and uses to ensure sustainable, rational and
equitable use of the lake.
• Development Objectives
To achieve the goals on water quality, the objectives are to improve the water quality of the
lake and rivers to sustain life and to support multiple beneficial uses, and to promote public
information and education for stakeholders on tributary river systems.
Further, the objectives to attain the goal on sustainable and equitable use are to restore,
conserve, and protect the lake from various users and uses, and to devise the optimum best
uses of the lake water.
6.1.4. Management Strategies
Sustainable development of resources and improved management of Laguna de Bay and

tributary river systems have been the focus of agencies and institutions for decades.
Considerable number of programs, projects, studies and activities have been conducted and
enormous amount of funds has been invested to implement them in Laguna de Bay Basin.
However, these are not adequately in dealing with the mounting problems in the lake. There
are remaining challenges that need different strategies.
It has often been said that there is no way to improve the current degraded status of the lake
and river systems, but to put in place the appropriate environmental infrastructure projects, as
mentioned in the Infrastructure Development Strategies. There should be a need for a
centralized or localized sewage treatment facility that cleans the effluents from domestic,
industrial and agricultural sources. Likewise, the need for an effective solid waste management
strategy in the basin such as the construction of the Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) and
Regional Sanitary/Engineered Landfill (RSLF) are necessary to limit the water pollution that
goes to the lake. These were somehow addressed by the Laguna de Bay Institutional
Strengthening and Community Participation (LISCOP) Project supporting local government
units (LGUs) in the construction of MRFs, SLFs, flood control and tourism projects, Public
Disclosure Program involving disclosure of environmental performance of industries, to
mention a few.
The management framework that shall be adopted by LLDA in conserving, protecting and
managing the Laguna de Bay basin freshwater resources to address the deteriorating water
quality and siltation/sedimentation involves three (3) core strategies. Specific management
strategies are the following: 1) Create sub-WQMA in each of the 24 sub-basins of Laguna de
Bay; (2) Formulate a WQMA Program on water quality management of the lake and major
rivers; 3) Encourage the participation on an informed and concerned public in WQM; and 3)
Rehabilitate the lake and tributary river systems.
Likewise, the need to formulate the water use zonation scheme for the lake in the next 20
years to address the sustainable, rational and equitable use of the lake. This is the revision
using the satellite generated maps and implementation of the zoning and management plan
(ZOMAP).
6.1.5. Lake and River Systems Management Area – Priority Programs and
Projects
Based on the issues and concerns identified and the need for sustainable resources
management for the Laguna de Bay Basin, the following are the non-infrastructure programs
and projects that could serve as stepping stones for achieving the goals, objectives and
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strategies listed above. Infrastructure programs and projects for water quality management are
mentioned in the Section 2.3.
Revisions Using Satellite Generated Maps and Implementation of

the ZOMAP 2011-2030
In the existing ZOMAP 2011 which allocates areas for fishpens, fishcages, fish sanctuary and
navigational lanes, the areas of other uses of the lake was located such as sites for industrial
cooling, hydropower, water abstraction, and ferry terminals. The proposed project will utilize
the satellite mapping to locate the approximate uses of the lake above- mentioned. Through
dialogues and consultations, the areas for the proposed uses will be located. The lake could
be divided into zones (e.g., production, protection, infrastructure zones). Thus, sustainable,
rational and equitable uses of the lake will implemented in order to prevent conflicting users
and uses through a participatory process.
Strengthened Laguna de Bay and Tributary River Systems Water

Quality Monitoring Project
This project will supplement the ongoing project on water quality monitoring program of LLDA.
New and state of the art equipment on the analysis of water quality will be bought and funding
will be allocated. There will be an increase of sampling stations around lake for reliability of the
results of the analysis. The technical staff should be competent in their work and will attend
the training conducted both local and international.
River Rehabilitation Project (Non-Infrastructure)
The ongoing campaign for corporations to adopt specific rivers would be continued within the
context of the sub-watershed/sub-WAQMA arrangement. This can be considered a public-
private partnership of the corporate social responsibility type. Partner corporations can
shoulder part of the expenses for activities such as physical surveys, clean-ups, and
information, education and motivation (IEM) campaigns or even, when feasible, physical
interventions such as streambank stabilization/ restoration and construction of eco-parks along
riverbanks.
Partnership on Sustainable Sewerage and Sanitation Development Project
As stated earlier, domestic wastes from the households are discharged directly into the
waterways untreated, thus contributing the biggest pollution loading into the lake. Ironically,
there has been very limited investments in proper sewage collection and treatment especially
at the local level. While the National Sewerage and Septage Management Plan developed and
implemented by DPWH pursuant to the Clean Water Act identifies intervention areas to
address these issues, it focuses on the larger infrastructure projects. Hence, LGUs continue
to find it difficult to develop sanitation projects with local resources, given their limited capacity
and competing demands for limited funds. This issue is exacerbated by the practice of open
defecation in most rural and even urban communities as well as by the lack of enforcement of
environmental laws and low awareness level among government agencies/LGUs about the
problem and appropriate solutions. Thus, there is a need for comprehensive and integrated
approach at the local level to address these constraints.
This project is directed at the need to address the limited capacity and lack of local resources
of LGUs in the Laguna de Bay Basin to develop and implement sanitation projects. As a key
player in the achievement of NSSMP goals of improving water quality and protecting public
health, LGUs are clearly in the forefront of these issues. The project is envisioned to provide
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the convergence point towards a comprehensive sewerage and septage management to which
other sanitation-related initiatives may be linked. A partnership towards this end, composed of
LLDA, participating LGUs, technical assistance organizations with proven expertise and track
record in the field of demand-oriented, highly innovative and cost-efficient solutions to
sanitation problems including wastewater management issues, and funding institutions. The
project will explore the application of the LLDA user fee revenues to support the capital cost
under a cost-sharing arrangement with participating LGUs
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CHAPTER 6
6.2. SHORELAND MANAGEMENT AREA
6.2.1. Introduction
The shoreland is part of the Laguna de Bay watershed but its distinct functions, indispensable
services to region, and vulnerability to man-made and natural stresses that take place within
the region warrant the full appreciation of its capacity to withstand development pressures.
Fundamental to shoreland management is the value of this ecosystem and its carrying
capacity. Despite the fact that this is essentially the last line of defense of the lake, little is
known on how much pressure from urbanization land and population changes the shoreland
can withstand. The policies that apply to shoreland uses seem to be focused on individual
projects, much like the EIA system. Even with the claim of LLDA to adopt an ecosystem
approach to manage the lake, it lacks the capacity and policy to assess the cumulative impacts
on the lake.
6.2.2. Core Issues
The concerns on informal settlements, indiscriminate waste disposal, flooding, competing

uses, and weak regulation of shoreland uses are symptomatic of shoreland management and
broader policy issues which extend beyond the LLDA.
Picture 6.2.2-a: Portion of Laguna Lake Shoreland
6.2.2.1. Absence of valuation of shoreland, carrying capacity, and

mechanisms to measure cumulative impacts of land use and
population changes
The shoreland is part of the Laguna de Bay but its distinct functions, indispensable services to
region, and vulnerability to man-made and natural stresses that take place within the region
warrant the full appreciation of its capacity to withstand development pressures. Fundamental
to shoreland management is the value of this ecosystem and its carrying capacity. Despite the
fact that this is essentially the last line of defense of the lake, little is known on how much
pressure from urbanization and population changes the shoreland can withstand. The policies
that apply to shoreland uses seem to be focused on individual projects, much like the EIA
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system. Even with the claim of LLDA to adopt an ecosystem approach to manage the lake, it
lacks the capacity and policy to assess the cumulative impacts on the lake.
6.2.2.2. Non-ownership of shoreland by LLDA
To date, the LLDA yet to conduct a cadastral survey on the shoreland coverage, claims
legitimate ownership of these areas. Without this, the LLDA will not be able to assert its
regulatory powers over the use of the shoreland.
6.2.2.3. Absence of a comprehensive shoreland management plan and

zoning policies
Imperative to the management of shoreland as an ecosystem is a comprehensive Shoreland

Management Plan and Zoning Policies, which the LLDA has not formulated since its
constitution. This policy document can help rehabilitate the shoreland and effectively regulate
shoreland uses.
The absence of such plan strengthens the opportunity for LGUs to assert their land use
regulations while the private sector seeks to locate their projects according to market demand.
The suitability of these policies and projects on the shoreland could be well defined in such
plan, as well as the degree of mitigation required – if feasible.
Picture 6.2.2.3-a: LGU-initiated Shoreland Use
169
Picture 6.2.2.3-b: Resort owned by a private individual conducting expansion and backfilling
Picture 6.2.2.3-c: Local government using the shoreland as a site for its MRF
6.2.2.4. Weak enforcement of policies on informal settlements
While the LLDA can implement housing and resettlement projects, this responsibility conflicts
with the programs of other agencies, specifically LGUs. The unabated proliferation of informal
settlements particularly in the West Bay is a result of conflicting policy standpoints and lack of
political will to address the issue -- at least for those informal settlers in high-risk areas.
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Picture 6.2.2.4: Site left by demolished informal settlers
6.2.2.5. Absence of sustainable livelihood opportunities for lakeshore

communities
Poor lakeshore communities are most vulnerable to economic disruptions for a number of
reasons. Among these are the unabated conversion of agricultural lands to residential
development, declining fish production due to poor quality of lake water, and flood hazards.
Without sustainable alternatives to their seasonal livelihoods, these families will continue to
thrive on a deteriorating resource as Laguna de Bay – exacerbating the cycle of ecosystem
stress and decline.
LLDA has been attempting to contribute to the solution through the LISCOP, but more can be
done. To date, livelihood policies within the region do not fully take into account vulnerability
of the lakeside population to economic shocks and the institutional processes that can be
reconfigured to empower the sector in coping and adapting to such disruptions without
sacrificing the other uses of the lake.
6.2.3.1. Scope of Policy Area
The deterioration of Laguna de Bay resulting from various land-based stresses shows alarming
weaknesses in the management of land resources. Although these weaknesses are rooted in
institutional and sectoral policy conflicts, the LLDA is empowered to initiate changes at its level
to help address these issues, at least in areas where it asserts expressed management
jurisdiction like the Laguna de Bay Shoreland. While this is part of the entire Watershed area,
the shoreland as final defense line of the Lake Water requires more focused management
policies and approaches.
Although the LLDA identified the shoreland to be limited to the 14,000 hectares of natural
floodplain, it is rapidly losing its ecological function in protecting the lake water as
developments continue to advance lakeward. This calls for the identification of the shoreland
management boundary as a special policy unit where higher lake-sensitive development
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controls from the natural floodplain extending landward will be implemented. As such, a
Shoreland Management Overlay Zone (SMOZ) is proposed to further reconfigure statutory
land use controls imposed by local government units and other agencies. This zone shall
consist of the following areas derived from existing legislations governing the Philippine
foreshore:
• 12 meter MLLW (based on LLDA)

• 3- meter salvage zone from the shoreline (based on the Philippine Water Code)
• 250-meter landward from the salvage zone (based on EIA direct impact area
delineation)
The policies outlined in the next sections will be limited to private economic and residential
developments. The policies for infrastructure development of mass-based services such as
transportation, floor control and river rehabilitation, water supply and wastewater treatment that
will entail the use of shoreland will be discussed in subsequent sections of this report.
6.2.3.2. Mission
The LLDA seeks to restore Laguna de bay Shoreland as a protected and healthy ecosystem
that supports secure, productive, environmentally conscious, empowered lakeshore
communities.
To achieve this, present regulatory systems will be retrofitted to aggressively protect the
shoreland as the last defense line of the lake, and reduce the risk of lakeshore developments
to flood hazards. For the next 10 years, there will be a dedicated management focus on
shoreland uses where innovative policies and investments on green technologies and
practices will be fundamental to foreshore development designs and operations.
6.2.3.3. Development Goal
The policies governing shoreland developments in Laguna de Bay are geared towards
advancing the defense line of the Lake Water. Policies adhering to this shall:
• take account of current Government sustainable development policies, regulations,

statutes and climate change guidelines associated with flood defense and pollution and
waste control and reduction;
• aim to have no negative effect on the lake water processes that other assets rely on;
• primarily maintain, restore or, where possible, improve natural and historic assets; and
• consider current regional development objectives and statutory planning policies.
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Figure 6. 2.2.3 Proposed Shoreland Management Zone
173
Laguna de Bay Basin Master Plan: 2016 and Beyond
Towards Climate-Resiliency and Sustainable Development
6.2.3.4. Basic Policy Units
There will be two (2) sub-zones within the shoreland (see Map above):
Conservation/Protection Area
This combines the 12.5 MLLW strip (natural floodplain) identified by LLDA and the proposed 3-
meter salvage zone or buffer mandated in the Philippine Water Code. Salvage zones are defined
from the shoreline or high water mark or mean higher high mark. This demarcation should account
the highest flood water mark. Said zone is mandated to be strictly protected where minimum
developments are allowed, pursuant to existing legislations on the Philippine foreshore (e.g.
Water Code and the Fisheries Code:
1. Nature parks or natural landscape/ vegetation;

2. Soil stabilization structures and flood control projects;
3. Fishery and fish ports; and
4. Water navigation infrastructure.
Green Development Area
Presently, this area is fully built-up consisting of residential, commercial, and industrial uses
mostly on the western Bay. Agriculture and rural residential uses typify the landscape in the
southern and eastern bays. These uses continue to intensify towards the lake, thus weakening
the shroreland’s capacity to filter sediments and wastes. This necessitates tighter development
controls on the operational processes of existing developments and higher standards for waste
control, resource use efficiency, and environmental quality for new developments.
The Green Development Area (GDA) will cover a 250-meter distance from the boundary of the
Conservation Zone landward -- patterned after the minimum direct impact area identified in the
EIA system (250 meters radial distance from nearest water body). Developments in the GDA shall
conform to Green Building Designs, certified through established design performance rating
systems adopted by the LLDA. The most stringent standards can be imposed on sections of the
shoreland that are contiguous to critical sub-watersheds and estuaries, and lake zones identified
for water supply.
6.2.4 Development Strategies
6.2.4.1 Rationalize the allocation of shoreland areas for various uses

through ecosystem- based management system
There has yet to be a comprehensive zoning and management plan for the shoreland to govern
the various foreshore uses. The LDA wrestles with uncontrolled developments of varying
magnitude sprawling across the shoreland, and several extending towards the lake. These call
for a comprehensive approach to effectively guide the proper siting and scale of operations of
developments in the foreshore to ensure compatibility with the lake and watershed-level land
uses.
From the basic policy units in the shoreland, more detailed site delineation and regulations can
be drawn up for the following:
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• areas that will continue to change due to erosion or accretion

• areas that will be increasingly at risk from flooding, erosion or instability;
• areas where maintaining existing defenses is likely to become increasingly difficult or
expensive; and;
• areas that will become increasingly important to the shoreline and lake defenses, such as
inter-tidal flats providing protection from waves.
• rehabilitation and containment of degraded shoreland areas;
• future developments on measurable thresholds and potential impacts
• redevelopment of non-conforming existing shoreland uses to comply with new policies.
6.2.4.2 Promote low-carbon developments based on carrying capacity
A critical input to the shoreland zoning and management plan is the setting of standards for
developments based on carrying capacity, at the minimum, and on emerging technologies for
low-carbon growth.
Establishing the carrying capacity of the shoreland can help determine the extent of pressure from
land resource changes the shoreland can sustain without compromising its defense features.
Thus, studies on the shoreland capacity should yield options for suitable lakeward development
types and densities at various time scales.
These developments will be further guided by the adoption of these low-carbon development
technologies:
• Green Building (GB) Design15 will be the benchmark for intensive uses such as residential
subdivisions, commercial activities, industries and recreational or tourism uses that are
under covered by the EIA system. GB designs and operational standards will be imposed
on large-scale development like waterfronts, lakeside resorts or tourism developments and
other infrastructure-based projects. Depending on the ecological sensitivity and potentials
of the shoreland where these projects will be located, LLDA can impose different
classifications under the Green Building Certification system2 6for allowable developments.
It can use existing auditing systems embedded in the certification processes to help ensure
developments are designed and implemented to achieve optimum environmental
performance. Among the parameters used in these systems are on waste reduction, carbon
emission reduction, resource use efficiency, sustainable site management, and innovations
to improve environmental quality.
This policy shall be dovetailed with the EIA system where LLDA can require the conduct of
additional studies or other relevant documentations to establish a project’s carbon footprint, the
projected carbon emission reduction and resource use, and the processes to be applied to meet
emission reduction targets and efficiency rates. These can enhance the LLDA database of for
strategic environmental assessment and further policy development.
5
Green building is a systematic effort to create, sustain, and accelerate changes in practice, technology, and behavior to reduce
building‐related environmental impacts while creating places that are healthier and more satisfying for people. Green building is a
movement dedicated to the transformation of practice in the design, construction, and operation of built environments. The objective
is to reduce the negative impacts of built environments while creating healthy, comfortable, and economically prosperous places for
people to live, work, and play. The popular term “green building” encompasses the collection of processes, institutions, and individuals
that serve to assess current practice, identify opportunities for improvement, develop and deploy tools, and provide independent
review and recognition of results. (USGBC white Paper on Green Building and Human Experience 2010)
6
Some Green Building Rating Systems include: LEED system of US, BERDE Rating system by the Philippine Green Building Council,
BREEAM of UK, BEPAC of Canada, Green Mark of Singapore and CASBEE of Japan.
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• For individual residential developments on the shoreland, which are not within present LLDA
regulations and outside the EIA system coverage, the eco-village concept will be used as
development standard. The LLDA may adopt the USGBC standards for these types of
developments. However, such policy should be harmonized with local land use policies to
draw up integrated forthright criteria and options to ensure low- carbon development,
disaster-resiliency, climate-adaptive, sustainable livelihoods, and culturally sensitive
developments.
The success of these policy measures will largely rest on a strong buy-in culture among the
stakeholders of Laguna de Bay, thereby, warranting a strong advocacy and incentive- based
partnership and collaborative arrangements.
6.2.4.3 Innovate Assistance to Ongoing Resettlement or Redevelopment

of Vulnerable Lakeshore Settlements by LGUs and other agencies
To the LLDA, informal settlements are viewed from the standpoint of a problematic waste steam
that degrades the lake. To the national government, these settlements are among the vulnerable
sectors needing more effective risk-reduction solutions. Efforts to address this have led to a
revitalized resettlement framework and shelter programs under the headship of by the
Department of Interior and Local Government with local government units and other housing
agencies. However, even with an improved response system to resettlement delivery, perennial
operational constraints persist such as limited resources, lack of suitable public land for
resettlement, sub-standard or unsustainable amenities, and inadequate livelihood opportunities.
While LLDA is not a key player in resettlement concerns, it has the authority to initiate such
projects or supplement ongoing efforts. The gaps in current resettlement plans present an
opportunity for LLDA to make an active intervention. It can bridge resource gaps while
demonstrating environmentally sensitive residential developments as the ecovillage concept –
suitable to the characteristics of the LDB region.
Through innovative investment solutions, LLDA can introduce better resettlement schemes. For
areas with the highest flood risk, LLDA can assist in creating sustainable
voluntary resettlement sites within the city or municipality. It can also share in the cost of providing
culture-sensitive, affordable, and decent housing, efficient life support systems and services, and
sustainable livelihood opportunities.
6.2.5 Shoreland Management Area – Priority Programs and Projects
The following projects and activities are proposed to support the rational allocation of shoreland
uses:
6.2.5.1 Benchmarking Low Carbon Shoreland Developments
This project supports the strategy on establishing low-carbon shoreland development standards.
It includes the following activity components:
• Assessment of existing shoreland development: Current allowable activities in the shoreland
176
would show substantial lot clearing, reduce vegetation and increase hard surfaces. These
activities, mostly for economic benefits, should be categorized per type of use as well as the
scale of development. Site considerations and development standards should also be
applied to come up with alternative development options. Existing policies that allow these
uses should be reviewed and assessed to established concerns about the shoreland
resource conditions and perceived quality of impacted resources.
• Valuation of shoreland resources and potentials: The value of the shoreland is derived from
its ecological functions (aquatic and riparian habitat), protection function (first line of defense
for water quality) and aesthetic quality (scenic values and visual qualities). In sustaining the
lake resources, the rate of lakeshore development becomes a critical variable. Establishing
monetary and non-monetary costs and benefits of shoreland resources allows for a guided
decision-making on the kind and extent of activities that will be allowed in the shoreland
areas of the Bay.
• Study on carrying capacity and cumulative impacts of near-shore land use: Identifying
development thresholds (appropriate limits) on the shoreland necessitates acknowledging
the carrying capacity of the ecosystem. Three important factors can be considered in
establishing carrying capacity, namely: (1) the characteristics of biophysical resources
(habitat), (2) the social factors reflective of local community needs and practices; and (3)
the managerial factors, which consist of legal directives and the missions of the LLDA.
6.2.5.2 Title-based Parcellary Mapping for the Shoreland Management

System of LLDA
This project aims to establish a reliable and updated inventory of properties and their owners in
the shoreland area in order to effectively define and regulate the use of the Laguna de Bay
shoreland areas, and enforce the allowable uses of the shoreland areas in a sustainable manner.
It covers all land titles falling within a 150 meter wide corridor or buffer zone using the 12.50m
reglementary elevation contour line from Laguna Lake as the baseline.
6.2.5.3 Development and Implementation of the Shoreland Zoning and

Management Plan
Lakeshore Zoning Management Plan is the implementation lever to ensure the rationalized uses
in the shoreland. It includes:
• delineated sub-management zones depending on established development limits and

potentials;
• density caps on specific zones and performance-based standards;
• standards for land and water disturbance activities;
• development authorization process for existing and new developments;
• enabling options to facilitate compliance;
• impact monitoring system;
• institutional arrangements and redress systems; and
• clear interface with other regulatory processes such as EIA and local zoning systems.
The shoreland management guides the use and transformation of the character of the shoreland.
The shoreland management plan sets areas for the recommended management strategies:
177
protection, restoration and enhancement of shoreland areas. Spatially locating these

management areas makes the regulation feasible and efficient.
The shoreland zoning and management plan provides the backbone for standards that local
governmental units need to incorporate into their land use controls to provide for the orderly
development and protection of the Laguna de Bay shoreland and waters.
Conservation/Protection Area
This combines the 12.5 MLLW strip (natural floodplain) identified by LLDA and the proposed 3-
meter salvage zone or buffer mandated in the Philippine Water Code. Salvage zones are defined
from the shoreline or high water mark or mean higher high mark. This demarcation should account
the highest flood water mark. Said zone is mandated to be strictly protected where minimum
developments are allowed, pursuant to existing legislations on the Philippine foreshore (e.g.
Water Code and the Fisheries Code:
1. Nature parks or natural landscape/ vegetation;

2. Soil stabilization structures and flood control projects;
3. Fishery and fish ports; and
4. Water navigation infrastructure.
Green Development Area
Presently, this area is fully built-up consisting of residential, commercial, and industrial uses
mostly on the western Bay. Agriculture and rural residential uses typify the landscape in the
southern and eastern bays. These uses continue to intensify towards the lake, thus weakening
the shoreland’s capacity to filter sediments and wastes. This necessitates tighter development
controls on the operational processes of existing developments and higher standards for waste
control, resource use efficiency, and environmental quality for new developments.
The Green Development Area (GDA) will cover a 250-meter distance from the boundary of the
Conservation Zone landward -- patterned after the minimum direct impact area identified in the
EIA system (250 meters radial distance from nearest water body). Developments in the GDA shall
conform to Green Building Designs, certified through established design performance rating
systems adopted by the LLDA. The most stringent standards can be imposed on sections of the
shoreland that are contiguous to critical sub-watersheds and estuaries, and lake zones identified
for water supply.
178
No PRIORITY G OBJECTI STRATEG Progr PROJECT PROJECT

. ISSUE O VES IES am S COMPONENTS
1 No standards PromoteA Set standards Establish Benchmarking of • Assessment of
for L
developments for shoreland Standards existing
shorel S
according shorel carrying for Shoreland shoreland
and to the and capacity as Developments developments
develo carrying develo basis for • Valuatio
pments capacity pment shoreland n of
of developments shorelan
shoreland d
• Study
resource
s development
&
Shoreland Development Program

potential
options,
s
types of uses and
• scale
Study of
on carrying
capacity and
developments
cumulative
(e.g. site impacts
of nearshore land
considerations,
uses
development
standards,
intensity of use,
etc.)
2 Uncontrolled Promot Harmonize Delineate Titling of • Cadastral survey of
encroachmen e an jurisdictiona jurisdiction of shoreland Shoreland
t of ecosyst l conflicts LLDA under LLDA
informal em- over the
settlements based shoreland
and other manageme
illegal nt system
structures for the Adopt a Develop Formulate a • Shorelan
shoreland shoreland coherent Shoreland d Zoning
manageme shoreland Zoning and and
nt system management Management Managemen
Shoreland Development Program
consistent policies and Plan t Plan

with water structures
use and
watershed
land use
with defined
jurisdictiona
l boundaries
by 2012
179
No PRIORITY GOALS OBJECTI STRATEG Progr PROJECT PROJECT

. ISSUE VES IES am S COMPONENTS
Promote Prevent the Established a “Bantay • Develop and
regulated establi control Shoreland” Project implement
developm shmen mecha strategic
ent on the t of nism shoreland
shoreland new on protection and
inform encroa conservation
al chment activities
settle • Monitoring of
ments shoreland
and development
• Creatio
Shoreland Conservation Program

structu
res n of
shorela
3 Lakeshore Reduce Provide Integrate DRR Capacity nd
communi vulnerability of adequate Disaster Risk building for monitori
ties lakeshore mitigation Reduction lakeshore ng team
vulnerabl communities measures (DRR) into communities*
e to to affected LLDA
flooding communiti policies of
Provision Flood control*
and other es and
infrastructu
hazards re –based
programs
interventio
Assist in Socialized • Census and
ns
ongoing Housing and Tagging Operation
resettlemen Resettlement •of Land
Informal Settler
Acquisition
t efforts of Assistance • HouseFamilies
Construction
LGUs and Project • Site Development
other
concerned
agencies
4 Low HH Augment Provide Establish Establish water*
income of household sustainable Cooperatives lily
lakeshore income of alternative livelihood
families shoreland livelihood
families opportunities Promote Vermicomposting
to the livelihood and
lakeshore partnerships Permaculture
barangays with NGOs, activities*
private sector
Enhanceme Art centers*
groups
nt of Skills
and
Knowledge
Waterfront
development
projects*
Ninoy and Cory
Ecoparks*
Table 6.2.3.3. Logical Framework – Shoreland Management Area
180
CHAPTER 6
6.3. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AREA
6.3.1. Development Components
The 24 sub-watersheds of the Laguna Lake Basin in Table 6.1a are topographically delineated
areas from which rainwater drains as surface run-off through a drainage or river system that
discharges into the Laguna Lake.
Table 6.3.1a. Names of the 24 sub-basins in the Laguna de Bay Basin
No. Name of sub- watershed No. Name of sub-watershed

1 Binan 13 Siniloan
2 San Pedro 14 Sta. Maria
3 Cabuyao 15 Jala-jala
4 Sta. Rosa 16 Pililla
5 San Juan 17 Tanay
6 San Cristobal 18 Morong-Teresa
7 Los Banos-Mt. Makiling 19 Baras
8 Bay-Calauan 20 Angono
9 Pila 21 Manggahan
10 Sta. Cruz 22 Marikina
11 Pagsanjan-Lumban (including Caliraya) 23 Taguig
12 Pangil 24 Muntinlupa
A study of the characteristics of the sub-watersheds showed that some sub-watersheds are
uplands, or mountainous, for example Tanay and Sta. Maria watersheds. Some sub-
watersheds are major sites for residential (San Pedro and Cabuyao), commercial (Sta. Rosa
Sub-Watershed), agricultural (Sta. Maria and Pangil), educational, experimental,
environmental (Los Baňos) and forest land uses (Pagsanjan and Tanay). In the Laguna de
Bay Basin, these uses are often conflicting and competing for limited watershed space and
land resources.
The sub-watersheds are also major sources of sediments, nutrients and pollutants that find
their way to the lakes, lowland plains and river. The biggest sub-watershed which is Pagsanjan
sub-watershed has large amount of sedimentation coming from its upstream areas as
evidenced by the formation of what is now becoming known as Lumban delta in the
downstream part of the watershed. Sedimentation is also becoming alarming in other sub-
watersheds like in Sta. Rosa because of economic developments and in Marikina, Angono,
Sta. Cruz, and Sta. Maria because of the deteriorating condition of the upland areas due to
uncontrolled land conversion and unsustainable land use practices.
In an ideal situation, the 24 sub-watersheds should be able to provide water, timber, and non-
timber products such as food, fiber, minerals, medicine and many other services like
aesthetics, and wholesome environments, with solar radiation, precipitation, and flood and
erosion control to benefit local communities. However, such is not happening, because of the
improper use of the watershed land and its resources.
Such trend has to be reversed. The objective of watershed management is to guide and
organize the use of land and other resources in order to provide the goods and services without
181
adversely affecting soil and water resources. The challenge for watershed management in the
Laguna Lake Basin is to find ways to meet the objectives of environment and economic
development simultaneously. In each of the sub-watersheds, management should aim at:
1) improved water resources management to meet the needs of different water

users;
2) increased protection from floods and sedimentation damage;
3) enhanced sustainable livelihood opportunities;
4) protection of areas for biodiversity, and;
5) improved management of watershed resources for economically productive
purposes.
Table 6.3.1.b. General Land Uses (Hectares) of Priority Sub-Basins
Watershed Urban/ Production Protection Total

Agriculture Forest Forest
Marikina 22,712 25,510 3,588 51,810
Tanay 3,056 1,953 139 5,148
Sta Maria 8,852 10,886 10,886 30,625
Sta Cruz 12,343 913 863 14,118
Pagsanjan 16,504 11,778 673 28,954
Los Banos 6,032 3,698 306 10,035
Sta Rosa 11,726 67 - 11,793
(Cabuyao)
Angono 5,884 1,933 188 8,005
6.3.1.1. Core Issues
The five objectives of watershed management are clearly not being achieved in the sub-
watersheds of the Basin. Water resources are not properly managed and uses have been
unregulated. Stakeholders and LLDA have identified problems related to the management of
the watersheds. These are:
• The lack of upstream vegetation has resulted to erosion in the lower reaches of river
systems (reduced bankfull capacity) and sedimentation of Laguna Lake (reduced flood
detention volume capacity). Denudation of forest areas and land conversion resulting
from the urbanization and industrialization of the region has caused much of the
problem. As discussed earlier, it is alarming that in the southern portion of the
watershed, particularly the Pagsanjan and Calauan catchments, deforestation is
severe of which 90% is due to conversion to grassland with the remainder
predominantly due to conversion to cropland and settlements. This issue is contributory
to even greater problems, such as
i. Flash floods and mudslides carrying tons of sediment and solid waste have become
ii. The results of the GHG inventory (Figures shown below) pinpoint areas vulnerable
to land use changes including rapid deforestation and its associated effect on soil
erosion and sedimentation in the Laguna de Bay and the need for mitigation
strategies particularly those that support improved watershed management.
182
Carbon Emissions by Subwatershed (2004)

(ranked L->R: highest emission -> highest sequestration)
200,000
150,000
100,000
Emissions / Sequestrations (tCO2-e/yr)
50,000
Pililla
nlupa
in a
a la
Pila
il
Maria
anjan
Pedro
ahan
al
ig
an
uan
Juan
osa
n
ruz
ng
ya
año s
y
no
s
Pan g
Biña
Tana
Bara
Tagu
Sinil o
Calira
Moro
J ala-J
Ang o
Marik
Cri sto
C
R
Cala
Mang
Munti
Los B
Pag s
Sta .
San
Sta .
Sta .
San
San
-50,000
-100,000
Other Emissions (from LUC)
Deforestation
-150,000
Other Sequestration
-200,000 Conversion to Forest
Growth of Existing Forest

-250,000
Figure 6.3.1.1 a. Results of Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory for Land Use and Land Use Changes
(WB/LLDA, 2004)
The problems that beset the watersheds mainly arise from the degradation of the watersheds
and the inability of the stakeholders to work together to properly manage the watersheds.
• Watershed land-use change
Due to rapid urbanization, the absorptive capacity of the soil has largely reduced, increasing
surface runoff considerably. Flood hydrographs with high surface runoff components are
known to have faster flow velocities moving downstream. Consequently, higher flood risk.
Improper and unregulated land-use and urban planning. Both legal and illegal settlements
finding their way in high flood-risk zones. Encroachment of banks of rivers and floodplains has
contributed significantly to the decrease in discharge carrying capacity of lakes and rivers.
Degradation of the sub-watersheds has already affected the economy of the Region, and the
livelihood of the rural and urban households that depend upon the natural resources within the
watersheds. Degraded watersheds are not able to provide the services it should provide, like
preventing soil erosion and controlling surface run-off.
The degradation of the watersheds is mainly due to the destructive activities of the
stakeholders who may not be aware of the environmental consequences of the actions they
are doing. These activities include uncontrolled land conversion and destructive practices like
shifting cultivations, charcoal making and illegal poaching of forest products.
183
Figure 6.3.1.1b. problem map indicates that most of the problems arise from the lack of awareness and
active participation of stakeholders in integrated watershed management.
6.3.1.2. Problems and Issues in Basin Management
184
6.3.2 Development Goals
The basic management unit for the strategy of integrated watershed management is the sub-
watershed. There are 24 sub-watersheds in the Basin whose boundaries were delineated
based on their topographic divide and whose hydrological, hydro-geological, meteorological or
geographic conditions affect the physiochemical, biological and bacteriological reactions and
diffusions of pollutants in the water bodies. As a management unit, a sub-watershed is unique,
affected by problems that can be addressed by specific development programs.
Watershed management in the 24 sub-watersheds has three main goals, namely:
a. Enhance participation of stakeholders in the effective management of the basin

b. Restore the watersheds so that they will continuously provide the environmental goods
and services they should ideally provide to satisfy local, regional and national demand
c. Harness the potential of the sub-watersheds for the development and promotion of the
use of renewable energy in the region
6.3.3. Objectives
1. The objectives under the goal of enhancing the participation of stakeholders in the
effective management of the watershed management are:
a. Implement science-based, climate adaptive and effective management of the sub-

watersheds
Each sub-watershed will be managed by adopting proper management strategies that are
based on information and science of watershed management. Effective watershed
management will consider balancing the demands of local communities, the region or basin
and the country as a whole. Climate change and its impacts will also be given high
considerations in planning conservation and rehabilitation programs and projects.
b. Engage various stakeholders in the management of the basin
Effective management will also require strong participation of stakeholders. Stakeholders‟

analysis will assist in identifying the various stakeholders, their roles, rights, responsibilities
and benefits currently being enjoyed from the sub- watershed. The analysis will be helpful in
identifying stakeholders benefitting heavily from the watershed and therefore should be
expected to contribute more in the management and conservation of the watershed. An
analysis of importance and influence of the various stakeholders will also help in identifying
stakeholders who will have more prominent roles in the management and stakeholders whose
roles need to be expanded more.
c. Build capabilities of LGUs and other stakeholders to implement laws and

undertake projects
Stakeholders need to be provided with tools and skills to enable them to undertake specific
tasks in integrated watershed management. These include capability on waste management,
strengthening of river rehabilitation councils, environmental monitoring activities, reforestation
projects. LLDA can provide some needed technical assistance. The Agency regularly remits
fish pen fee share among lakeshore LGUs which can be used for these. In addition, project
development funds may in some ways be utilized as source of funds for the above and other
development projects.
185
2. For the goal of restoring the sub-watersheds so that they will continuously provide the
environmental goods and services they should ideally provide to satisfy local, regional
and national demand, the objectives are:
a. Prioritize the sub-watersheds for restoration and conservation
The lack of resources needed to restore and conserve deteriorating sub- watersheds dictate
that the watersheds need to be prioritized. A system of prioritization can be developed to
prioritize watersheds based on their characteristics and current contribution to the condition of
the lake. Characterization can be done by collecting and updating information based on the
items shown in Annex 1. Consequently, a consistent and scientific approach to assess and
establish a baseline for each of the 24 sub-watersheds can be done.
b. Reforest and conserve seven (7) priority sub-watersheds
Appropriate and tested approaches in reforestation will be employed to restore the vegetation
in the denuded portions of the priority sub-watersheds. The reforestation technologies that will
be applied in undertaking the activities in the different sites are environmentally sound, socially
acceptable and economically feasible. Technologies in sustainable agroforestry and
biodiversity conservation will also be applied. Technical standards that will be adhered to are
suited to Philippine conditions and are contained in various publications:
• The Philippines Recommends for Reforestation (1992)

• Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and Department of
Finance (DOF). Training Modules in Forest Plantation Establishment and
Management for Community Based Resource
Management Program for Local Government Units. Undated
• Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and Department of

Finance (DOF). Training Modules in Seed Technology and Nursery Establishment and
Management for Community Based Resource
• Management Program for Local Government Units. Undated
• Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau. 1998. Development and
Management of Forest Plantations. A Guidebook. College, Laguna. DENR-ERDB
c. Protect valuable and sensitive habitats
The valuable and sensitive habitats will be protected to conserve biodiversity and to reduce
the risks that are attached in using sensitive areas.
3. For the goal of harnessing the potential of the sub-watersheds for the development and
promotion of the use of renewable energy in the region the objective is:
a. Develop sub-watersheds to demonstrate in each watershed a form of renewable

energy such as hydroelectric, solar, wind, geothermal and biomass
Considering that the watersheds have both natural and human resources that can be tapped
so that they can provide the desired goods and services without adversely affecting soil and
water resources, strategies to address the issues in the management of the sub-watersheds
include both technical and policy initiatives. Strategies for watershed management aim at
186
contributing to one or more of the following conditions:
a. improved water resources management to provide quality water on a sustainable

basis, to both the upstream communities and downstream communities of the
watershed;
b. increased protection from damages brought by floods and sedimentation;
c. improved standard of living of households and communities dependent upon the
d. resources of the sub-watersheds;
e. Improved protection of environmentally-sensitive areas
f. Effective management of the watershed resources for productive, social and
g. environmental functions
So that the above desired future will happen, the resources shall be marshalled to implement
management strategies for the sub-watersheds of Laguna de Bay Basin that will:
a. prevent further degradation by using conservation effective but productive

technologies including the enforcement of proper rules and regulations, and
b. designation of management areas for specific purposes like water quality
management, protection or multi-purpose watershed management;
c. creation of policy environment to resolve and reduce conflicts among
stakeholders,
d. so that they will be encouraged to be responsible managers and resource users;
e. remove underlying causes of misuse, adoption of correct resource management
practices, and taking vegetative restoration interventions as well engineering
structures like Sabo dams and weirs.
Management Strategy 1. Adopt a Sustainable and Integrated Watershed

Management
A framework for sustainable and integrated watershed management for the sub- watersheds
will require the following component elements:
1. General watershed management component shall take charge of the overall

management of the watershed areas and coordinate activities of the various
stakeholders inside the sub-watersheds.
2. Legal component will deal with the settlement program for the upland dwellers; build
the capabilities of local government units to implement the laws provided in the National
Integrated Protected Area System (NIPAS) and other policies, rules and regulations to
be promulgated within the framework of the Master Plan. It will also determine and
undertake procedures to implement water pricing mechanisms needed to finance
development projects in the sub-watersheds. This component will also determine the
appropriate tenurial arrangement for the occupants in the protected and forestlands in
the watershed.
3. Watershed conservation component will take charge of the planning and

implementation of reforestation programs, assisted natural regeneration strategies,
tree planting activities, biodiversity conservation and agroforestry. It will encourage
planting of endemics tree species and regulating the planting of exotic plants. To
ensure positive impact on watershed conditions, interventions to be contained in the
Master Plan will be identified based on accepted guidelines in forest rehabilitation.
4. Community development component will take charge of identifying activities to improve
187
living conditions of the upland communities in the sub-watersheds, including

implementation of livelihood programs.
5. Watershed protection system takes charge of the delineation, demarcation and
documenting of the boundaries of the sub-watersheds and the land use zones defined
in the Integrated Land Use and other management zones defined in the Master Plan.
Many areas in the sub-watersheds are overused and this causes most of the sub-
watershed problems. Land use capacity will be used in all activities that deal with sub-
watershed intervention. A land classification system that is practical and easy to apply
for determining land eligible for reforestation incentives, allocation for agriculture and
other purposes will be developed.
Figure 6.3.5. Relevant components of an effective integrated watershed management
Project on GIS-assisted participatory sub-watershed land use planning

Management Strategy 2. Enhance participation of stakeholders
Given that the stakeholders have varied interests and roles in the management of the
watersheds there is a need to involve them in every stage of planning and implementation.
There is a need to consolidate all development and rehabilitation plans that may have been
prepared by various groups and by existing river management councils, LGUs and private
sector. There will also be a need to resolve inter-sectoral and boundary conflicts.
Project on The Establishment Of 24 Sub-Watershed Management Councils to

Implement Sustainable and Integrated Watershed Management Plans
Management Strategy 3. Capabilities of LGUs and other stakeholders have to be
enhanced
Because the stakeholders will be given the responsibility to share in the management of the
sub-watersheds, they should be given opportunities to enhance their capability to undertake
the tasks delegated to them. Their ability to link with the financing agencies and sources of
assistance should also be improved.
188
Project on Capability Building Project
Management Strategy 4. Management interventions should be based on information
The use of updated information system in assessing the sub-watershed development carrying
capacity will be encouraged. The same system can be used in ranking the 24 sub-watersheds
for prioritization of developmental initiatives in the Lake basin. It can also be used in monitoring
the selected sub-watershed characteristics, as they are affected by management interventions
and development activities. In this case a baseline for the 24 sub-watersheds needs to be
established.
Project on River Basin Integrated Management Information System
Management Strategy 5. Rehabilitation and conservation efforts are based upon

priorities and needs
Different sub-watershed rehabilitation programs should be thoroughly evaluated and will be

selected based on set priorities. There will also be a need to establish priorities for watershed-
related small-scale restoration and management programs, climate change adaptation and
mitigation measures and resources allocation.
Project on Multi-stakeholder Reforestation Project
• Reforestation for Protection in the Sub-watersheds of Marikina, Pagsanjan, Sta. Cruz,

and Los Baňos/Bay
• Bamboo Agroforestry for Livelihood through Private Investment in the Sub- watersheds
of Marikina, Angono and Sta. Rosa
• Production Forestry in the Sub-watersheds of Angono, Tanay, and Sta.
• Rosa
Management Strategy 6. Showcase the use of watershed resources for

renewable energy
In order to reduce the reliance of the country against fossil fuel, watershed resources like solar
energy, rain, wind and biomass will be used at least at a pilot scale to demonstrate the use of
the resources for renewable energy generation.
Projects
• Solar Energy Development
• Renewable Energy Development Through Windmill Farms
• Micro Hydropower Plants for Upland Farming Communities
6.3.5 Basin Management Area – Priority Programs and Projects

The set of projects proposed will help LLDA to be in the forefront of integrated basin
management in the sub-basins and were arrived at by using Watershed and Land Use
Management Logical Matrix.
There are eight projects with five considered as big-ticket projects that are suggested to be
pursued vigorously because they contribute to the attainment of the vision of LLDA and mission
189
for watershed management in the basin. The rest of the other projects are also very important
and should also be pursued as soon as possible. Some projects need LLDA’s ability to harness
the resources of its partners and will require expertise in facilitation and coordination. The
projects and their recommended locations e.g. sub- watersheds are shown in Table 6.3.6.
Table 6.3.5 Projects and the priority sub-watersheds where they are proposed to be
located
Project Location (Priority Sub-watershed)
1.Multi-stakeholder Reforestation Project
1a. Reforestation for Protection Marikina, Pagsanjan, Sta. Maria, Sta. Cruz,
and
1b. Bamboo Agroforestry for Livelihood through Los Baňos/Bay
Marikina, Angono and Sta. Rosa
Private Investment
1c. Production Forestry Angono, Tanay, and Sta. Rosa
2. Strengthening and Establishment of Sub- Marikina, Pagsanjan, Sta. Maria, Sta. Cruz, Los
Water Quality Management Baňos/Bay, Marikina, Sta. Rosa, Angono,
Councils to implement Sustainable and Tanay
Integrated Watershed Management Plans
3.Solar Energy Development Rizal, Laguna
4.Micro Hydropower Plants for Upland Farming Tanay, Cardona, Binangonan, San Mateo,
Communities Rodriguez in Rizal; Sta. Maria, Siniloan, Famy,
Mabitac in Laguna; Lucban in Quezon
5.Renewable energy Development Through Caliraya
Windmill Farms
6. GIS-assisted participatory sub-watershed Marikina, Pagsanjan, Sta. Maria, Sta. Cruz,
land use planning and Los Baňos/Bay, Marikina, Angono, Tanay,
and Sta. Rosa
7. Capability Building Project Basin-wide
8. River Basin Integrated Management Basin-wide
Information System
The different projects listed below are discussed in more detail in the project briefs.
GIS-assisted participatory sub-watershed land use planning

This project supports the strategy on adopting a sustainable and integrated watershed
management of the sub-watersheds. The priority watersheds for this project are indicated in
Annex Map 1. Location of sub-watersheds for GIS-assisted planning.
It includes the following activity components:
• Formulation of a management and development strategy for the Laguna de Bay Basin
• Sub-watershed land use planning
Establish and Strengthen 24 Sub-Watershed Management Councils to

Implement Sustainable and Integrated Watershed Management Plans
To address the concerns on the deteriorating conditions of the sub-watersheds caused by
various factors discussed above and the lack of strong institutionalized arrangements to enable
stakeholders to actively participate in the sustainable management of the sub- watersheds, the
vision for the sub-watersheds of the Basin was crafted to guide future watershed management
decisions and actions. The vision for the sub-watersheds is:
“Restored Laguna de Bay Sub-watersheds sustainably managed by empowered
stakeholders”.
190
To contribute to the achievement of this vision, LLDA has also set a mission for watershed
management, which is:
“to establish 24 Sub-Watershed Management Councils in the Laguna de Bay Basin to

implement the Sustainable and Integrated Lake Basin Management Program
(SILBMP)”.
The 24 Sub-Watershed Management Councils will respond to the need for coordination and
effective institutional arrangements among the stakeholders inside each sub- watershed.
In relation to this, the LLDA Board of Directors has passed a resolution designating the 24 sub-
watersheds as water quality management areas with corresponding sub-water quality
management boards tasked to implement the provision of the Clean Water Act. The Boards
are also expected to implement the main strategy in watershed management, which is
integrated watershed management. This management strategy shall provide direction, support
and guidance to the civil society groups/ NGOs, Water Utilities, Business Sectors, Local
Government Units and National Government Agencies/Government Owned and Controlled
Corporations in the development and implementation of all activities related to the
comprehensive management and/or development of the watersheds so as to protect and
maximize productive use of all its natural resources. Integrated watershed management will
coordinate the development and management of water, land and related resources to enable
the sub-watersheds to continue to provide goods and services for the economic and social
welfare of the stakeholders without sacrificing the sustainability of vital ecosystems. The
establishment and institutionalization of the sub-watershed management councils or the sub-
water quality management area board contributes to the strategy of enhancing stakeholder’s
participation in the management of the sub-watersheds. With the complexity and enormity of
tasks to be done in integrated watershed management of the 24 sub-watersheds with many
stakeholders that have differing interests and capabilities, LLDA has to rely with the active
participation of the stakeholders to be effective in managing the sub-watersheds. LLDA cannot
do everything alone. The priority watersheds for this project are indicated in annexed map of
priority watersheds for institutionalization of management councils.
The activities in this project are:
• Organization and formation of sub-watershed management councils

• Institutionalization
Capability Building Project

Capability building project will target the different institutions like LLDA and other stakeholders
and communities so that they will be able to maximize their contribution in the management of
the sub-watersheds. Therefore, the activities are:
• Community Development
• Institutional Strengthening
• Establishment of network of Training Centers
This project is proposed to be undertaken in the whole basin.
191
River Basin Integrated Management Information System (RBIMIS)

This project contributes to the strategy of using information and science in the determination
of strategies and development activities in the sub-watersheds. The activities are:
• Assessment and collection of data

• Creation and integration of the system
• Transfer, capability building and training
This project is proposed to be undertaken in the whole basin. A sample set of watershed
characteristics that can be part of the RBIMS. Sample table of watershed characteristics that
can be used for the twenty-four Sub-watersheds of Laguna de Bay Basin
Multi-stakeholder Reforestation Project
Past efforts in reforestation by the government have only delivered mediocre results.
Reforestation efforts initiated by LLDA should be innovative, participatory and should address
the various needs of the stakeholders and in consideration of the different characteristics of
the sites in the sub-watersheds where the reforestation activity will be undertaken. A
reforestation project viewed as a system and implemented as an organized coherent set of
components interacting with each other to achieve a common goal is suggested.
Considerations in reforestation and conservation planning for the Sub- watersheds of Laguna
de Bay Basin.
Consideration of the needs of the stakeholders and the capability of the reforestation sires will
need the identification of appropriate species to plant in the reforestation projects, those that
will both provide protection and cover to the soil, provide other environmental services like
climate change mitigation and at the same time provide the opportunities to the communities
to improve their livelihood. Preliminary lists of species that can be used in the “List of
reforestation species that can be used for the reforestation of Laguna de Bay Basin.”
Reforestation project monitoring will be undertaken to ensure that the benefits to the
stakeholders are sustainable and therefore the reforestation project will also be sustainable. A
set of criteria and indicators to assess sustainability of the reforestation activities is shown in
Appendix. Proposed template of sustainability indicators and community benefits that LLDA
can use in monitoring reforestation projects
The component reforestation projects are:
Reforestation for Protection in the Sub-watersheds of Marikina, Pagsanjan, Sta. Cruz, and Los
Baňos/Bay.
Bamboo Agroforestry for Livelihood through Private Investment in the Sub-watersheds of

Marikina, Angono and Sta. Rosa.
Production Forestry in the Sub-watersheds of Angono, Tanay, and Sta. Rosa.
The above projects will contribute to the strategy of prioritizing sub-watersheds for
rehabilitation and protection. Its component activities are:
192
• Reforestation planning considering multi-stakeholders needs and tenure

• Planting material supply management establishment
• Protection, care, and maintenance
• Rewards and benefit sharing
Solar Energy Development in Rizal, Laguna

The location of the project is indicated in Annex. The activities to be undertaken to implement
this project are:
• Development of structures
• Maintenance
• Interface with utilities
Renewable energy Development through Windmill Farms
The location of the project is indicated in Annex. The activities to be undertaken are:
• Site and Resource assessment

• Construction
Micro Hydropower Plants for Upland Farming Communities

The location of the project is indicated in Annex. The activities that need to be done to
pursue this project are:
• Construction
• Maintenance
193
Issues Goals Objectives Strategies Projects Project Components Cost (Php’000)

Lack of awareness and Enhance participation of Implement science Formulate Sustainable GIS-assisted Formulation of a management 20,000
active participation of stakeholders in the based, climate adaptive and Integrated participatory sub- and development strategy for
stakeholders in effective management and effective Watershed Management watershed land use the Laguna de Bay Basin
integrated watershed of the basin management of the Plans planning Sub-watershed land use
management basin planning
Engage various Formulate a framework Establish 24 Sub Organization and formation of 20,000
stakeholders in the to enhance participation Watershed sub-watershed management
management of the of stakeholders councils Institutionalization
basin Management Councils
Consolidate to implement
development and
rehabilitation plans Sustainable and
Integrated Watershed
Resolve inter-sectoral Management Plans
and boundary conflicts
Build capabilities of Build capabilities of Capability Building Community Development 150,000

LGUs and other LGUs Project Institutional Strengthening
stakeholders to Establishment of network of
implement laws and Provide technical and Training Centers
undertake projects financial assistance and
support
Deteriorating condition Restore the watersheds Prioritize the sub- Sub-watershed level River Basin Integrated Assessment and collection 10,000
of the watersheds so that they will watersheds for assessment of the Management of data
contributing further to continuously provide the restoration and development carrying Information System
the worsening condition environmental goods conservation capacity Creation and integration of the
of the lake and services they system
should ideally provide
194
to satisfy local, regional

and national demand Ranking of the 24 sub- Transfer, capability building
watersheds insofar as and training
prioritization of
developmental initiatives
in the Lake basin
Monitoring program
using the selected
watershed
characteristics
Establish a baseline for

the 24 sub-watersheds
Solicit participation of
other stakeholders
Reforest and conserve
Multi-stakeholder
seven (7) priority sub- Analyze and develop
different sub-watershed Reforestation Project
watersheds Reforestation planning
rehabilitation programs considering multi- stakeholders
based on set priorities Reforestation for needs and tenure
Establish priorities for Protection in the Sub-
watershed-related small- watersheds of Marikina,
Planting material supply
scale restoration and Pagsanjan, Sta. Cruz,
management
management programs, and Los Baňos/Bay
climate change
adaptation and Bamboo Agroforestry for
mitigation measures and Livelihood through Establishment Protection, care
resources allocation Private Investment in
the Sub-watersheds of
Marikina, Angono and and
Sta. Rosa maintenance
Production Forestry in
the Sub-watersheds of
Angono, Tanay, and
Sta. Rosa
195
Protect valuable and Discourage settlement Rewards and benefit sharing

sensitive habitats and illegal activities
Harness the Develop sub- To develop renewable Solar Energy Development of structures 20,000
potential of the sub- watersheds to energy Development in Maintenance Interface with
watersheds for the demonstrate in each models in sub- 258Rizal, Laguna utilities
development and watershed a form of watersheds, each to
promotion of the use renewable energy showcase a specific
of renewable energy such as hydroelectric, renewable energy
in the region solar, wind, project
geothermal and
biomass
Renewable energy Site and Resource
Development Through assessment
Windmill Farms
Construction
Micro Hydropower Construction
Plants for Upland
Farming Communities Maintenance
196
CHAPTER 6
6.4. AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES
6.4.1. Core Issues
Unsustainable Cropping System. Continued use of the mono-cropping system and rapid
degradation of agricultural lands caused by siltation are two major problems in the agriculture
sector. Farmers of Sta. Maria, Siniloan and Mabitac and other rainfed areas in Laguna and
Rizal continue to use the rice –fallow-fallow cropping system in the rainfed areas and
monocrop of coconut or corn in the uplands in spite of the presence of the science
community in the area including the University of the Philippines at Los Banos, IRRI,
PCARRD, and other research centers. Production and income under this system of farming is
low and highly variable forcing many farmers to go to the uplands to do kaingin farming or
gather wood for charcoal to feed their families especially during times of drought or
flooding. Others invade the lake to gather fish, snails and other products and in the process
aggravating the already heavy pressure of resource extraction in the lake.
Unfair Price of Farm Products. Farmers are not receiving fair price for their products.
Shoreland farmers of Angono who are growing kangkong are paid only forty centavos for each
bundle of kangkong tops, which are retail for P10 pesos in Metro Manila. The middlemen
deliver to retailers at P4 pesos per bundle for a 100 percent return. Producers of other farm
products face the same problem that limits their income and their ability to get out of the
poverty trap.
Run-off of Nitrates, Phosphates, Organic Wastes. Pollution from agriculture comes from
two major sources: run-off of fertilizer and organic residue from about 28,000 has. of rice
planted each year and from large poultry and piggery farms around the lake. Farmers of
Pagsanjan, Sta. Cruz, Pila, and other areas with irrigation system are applying moderately high
amounts of fertilizer containing nitrogen and phosphorous. At the rate of about 15 bags of
fertilizer per hectare application per year of 16-20-0 fertilizer and 5 bags of Urea fertilizer, about
28,000 metric tons of chemical fertilizer is applied every year in rice farms around the lake.
Accumulation of nitrates, phosphates and pesticide deposits in the lake pose a serious threat
to the long-term sustainability of aquaculture in the lake. There are several large poultry and
piggery farms around the lake, some of which are already practicing responsible waste
management. There is limited data on the actual amount of agricultural wastes that pollutes
the bay today making it difficult for the LGUs to make informed decision in its management.
Conversion of Agricultural Lands. As of 1999, a total of 12,607 has. of agricultural land

have been converted to other purposes: 2,325 has. in Laguna, 961.7 has. in Rizal, 532 has.
in Quezon, 4,082 has. in Cavite and 4705 has. in Batangas. Continued conversion results to
permanent loss of primary agricultural land in Laguna and Rizal which are important
sources of food like vegetables and other farm products for CALABARZON and Metro Manila
especially during the typhoon season when the flow of agricultural products to Manila is
limited. Massive land developments in these converted lands cause excessive siltation and
deposition in agricultural farms located in lower slopes as well as into the lake especially after
a heavy rainfall or typhoon.
Lack of Capacity of Farmers. Farmers in the area are slow in adopting new innovations in
farming to take advantage of the big market for farm products needed by the rapidly
expanding population of CALABARZON and the National Capital Region estimated to reach
27 million by 2020.Farmers lack technical as well as entrepreneurial skills in agribusiness.
Moreover, farmers have limited access to credit and other support services to enable them to
adopt new innovations in farming.
197
Laguna de Bay Fisheries: Problems and Issues
Fisheries development in Laguna de Bay is faced with serious environmental as well as

socio-economic problems that need urgent attention.
Declining Productivity. Continued decline in productivity of the lake has been observed by
fisher folks forcing some to use artificial feeding during early fish growth. Result of studies
on the lake identified the following as the major cause of the decline in productivity: (a)
increased fishing pressure, (b) depletion of natural fish feeds due to siltation and
sedimentation, (c) increased turbidity of water and destruction of benthos and other rooted
plants during harvesting of snails by trawling. Decline in natural fish feeds in the bay results
to decline in the market value of the fish catch. In 2000, the value of fish catch in the bay was
approximately P28 million pesos, a 50% drop in the market value of fish catch in 1984 valued
at P53 million pesos.
Illegal Fishing/Poaching. There is continued illegal fishing in the lake with the use of
fine-meshed fish nets, Sakat and electrofishing depleting the natural fish population in the lake.
Poaching is also a major problem of the fish pen and fish cage operators.
Proliferation of Unregistered Fishpens and Fish Cages. One problem in the management
of aquaculture in the bay is the proliferation of unregistered fish pens and fish cages in the
bay, which until now has not been satisfactorily addressed. There are 281 unregistered fish
pens and 1,220 unregistered fish cages.
Other Problems. Proliferation of water hyacinth, loss of biodiversity and invasion of alien fish
species like the Janitor fish are some of the other problems affecting the lake that needs
urgent attention. Lack of sustainable livelihood opportunities and inadequate capability-
building/skills Training among the marginalized fisherfolks contribute to increased
fishing pressure.
6.4.2 Development Goals and Objectives
6.4.2.1 Policy Objectives for Agriculture and Cropland
Goal 1: Increase productivity and income from farming
Objectives to achieve Goal 1
a. Develop and promote a market-driven diversified farming system that will improve
productivity and income in farming and ensure year-round supply of fresh and safe
vegetables, fruits and other farm products to the local communities and the rapidly
expanding population of the national capital region;
b. Provide support to the farmers to develop and implement sustainable farm enterprises;
c. Link farmers to market
Goal 2: Reduce pollution coming from agriculture to minimize run-off of nitrogen,

Phosphorous, agricultural wastes and sediments to prevent occurrence of algal bloom in the
lake;
a. Promote sustainable agriculture practices to minimize erosion and sedimentation in the

rainfed and upland areas and pollution from agriculture;
b. Minimize use of pesticides through integrated pest management;
c. Promote responsible disposal of used oil and containers of pesticides and other toxic
198
materials;
6.4.2.2 Policy Objectives for Fisheries Sector
Goal 1: Sustainable open-lake fishing that provides sustainable livelihood to the small
fishermen of Laguna de Bay;
a. Sustained open-lake seeding with a balance mix of Tilapia and other species;
b. Protect and restore native species;
c. Implement recently approved policy by the LLDA board on resource allocation of Laguna de
Bay;
d. Dismantle all illegal structures in the lake;
e. Strict registration of Fishpens, Fishcages and issuance of licenses to operate in Laguna de
Bay;
f. Ensure correct area occupied by each of the registered fish cage and fish pen
g. operators through the use of satellite imagery and field validation;
Goal 2: Diverse and healthy ecosystem of Laguna de Bay
a. Develop and implement strategies to stop and protect the bay from illegal fishing and other
activities that destroys the lake resources and ecosystem;
b. Develop strategies on how to reduce population of nuisance species such as the
c. Janitor fish and prevent entry of other species;
d. Develop and implement Best Management Practices for Laguna De Bay;
e. Develop the awareness and interest of the stakeholders to help maintain a healthy and
diverse ecosystem through a sustained information and educational campaign;
Goal 3: Stable aquaculture in Laguna de Bay ensuring year-round supply of fresh and
affordable fish to local communities and the national capital region;
a. Reformulate ZOMAP and implement it seriously without delay to address unresolved conflict
between the big aquaculture operators and the marginal fishermen;
b. Develop the support of the stakeholders to implement the new ZOMAP;
c. Develop Best Management Practices that will reduce non-point source pollution,
sedimentation, occurrence of fish diseases;
d. Develop best management practices for managing the control of nuisance weeds like
Water hyacinth;
e. Develop and implement a sustained information and educational campaign to inform the
stakeholders of the new ZOMAP;
f. Develop an early warning system for algal bloom;
g. Develop and implement an action plan to disseminate results of studies conducted by LLDA
using a print media, TV, radio and ICT;
Goal 4: Strong R & D programs to support a science-based management system of the

lake.
199
a. Establish a strong collaborative research program with UPLB, URS, BFAR, DA-BAR,
SEAFDEC, PCARRD, PCAMRD, international research institutions and other research
institution in the region focused on a number of projects that includes development of early
warning system for algal bloom, study on the impact of climate change on food and health
security in the lake, study on the socio-economic impact of the total phase out of aquaculture
in the lake and many more.
200
Towards Climate-Resilience and Sustainable Development
ISSUES/PROBLEMS GOAL OBJECTIVES STRATEGY PROGRAM PROJECT
Low productivity Goal1: Increase productivity Develop and promote a Diversify Farming System; Crop Diversi- Sustainable Organic Vegetable and
and income of farmers in and Income of farmers market-driven diversified fication Fruit Tree Production;
rainfed, upland and coco- farming system; -Sustainable program
nut-based system; Agriculture Community Supported
Provide support to the Sustainable Vegetables and
farmers to develop and -Community
implement sustainable farm Supported Community Supported Sustainable
enterprises; Agriculture Fruit Tree Farms;
Link farmers to market

Crop-Dairy Integrated Program
Promote sustainable
agriculture practices; EcoVillage
Run-off of nitrogen, Goal 2: Reduce pollution Minimize use of pesticides -Modernize farming to Laguna de Bay Leadership Institute
phosphorous coming from agriculture to through integrated pest address the risk of
and organic Waste coming minimize run-off management; farming like low price;
from rice fields and farm crop damage due to rain
wastes; Promote responsible or drought,
disposal of farm wastes;
-Farm Enterprise development
Fisheries Goal 1. Sustainable open- a. Sustained open-lake -Partnership w/ Sustainable Open Lake seeding;
lake fishing; seeding; LGUs, NGOs,
Declining productivity due to b. Protect and restore Private sector; Fish Hatchery and Training Center;
disturb ecosystem and loss of native species;
native fish/low fish catch of c. Implement approved Fish Sanctuary
fishermen; policy on resource
allocation of Laguna de
Deteriorating water quality Bay; FARMC Sustainable Fish Cage Farm
Dismantle all illegal

Algal Bloom/Fish kill/economic structures in the lake Limnology Research Center‟
loss
201

Goal 2: Diverse and Strict registration of Early Warning system for Algal Bloom
Illegal fishing healthy ecosystem of Fishpens, Fishcages Open Lake
Laguna de Bay; Seeding Study on the ecological and socio-
Ensure correct area Program economic foot prints of aquaculture
occupied by each of the both in Laguna de Bay and crater lakes
registered fish cage and fish in San Pablo City
pen operators
Study on the impacts of Climate
Goal 3: Stable aquaculture Develop and implement Change on food and health security in
in Laguna de Bay strategies to stop and protect the lake
the bay from illegal fishing Fisheries R &
D Program Determination of the carrying capacity
Reduce population of of the lake for aquaculture activities
nuisance specie Impact of snail dredging on the
ecosystem of the lake
Goal 4: Strong R & D Implement Best Study on the ecological, socio-
programs to support a Management Practices economic and political impact of the
science-based total phase out of fish pens and fish
management system Develop the awareness and cages
interest of the stakeholders
to help maintain a healthy Develop a follow-on research activity
and diverse ecosystem for the Study on Lake Bathymetry and
sedimentation patterns in Laguna de
Reformulate ZOMAP and Bay.
implement it seriously Study on total pollution load
management system in the Laguna de
Develop the support of the Bay region
stakeholders to implement
the new ZOMAP; Study on the Biological control of water
Develop Best Management hyacinth
Practices that will reduce Analysis of toxic substances on
Develop best management kangkong
practices for managing the Fish disease monitoring
control of nuisance weeds
non-point source pollution,
Develop an early warning
system for algal bloom;
Develop and implement an
202

action plan to disseminate
results of studies
Establish a strong
collaborative research
program with UPLB, URS,
BFAR, other institutions;
Declining Productivity Increase fish catch 1.To sustain high Develop a Open-lake 1.Construction of Multipurpose
of the lake; and income of small population of Tilapia and Sustainable seeding Seeding Building for fish hatchery,
fishermen; improve Other fish species Program in partnership research and skills training at the URS
High incidence of poverty production of Fishpens throughout with other stakeholders; Alternative Cardona,Rizal;
among small and Fishcages; the entire lake; Livelihood -Will supply fingerlings for open- lake
Fishermen; 2. Reduce run-off of Develop alternative Development; seeding and for other fishcage
Improve acceptability nitrogen, Livelihood for operators
Lack of resources and access In the market of fish Phosphorous and farm fishermen and farmers R&
of small fishermen to credit Coming From Laguna Wastes into the lake; for reduce pressure in Development 2. Fish
with low interest rate; de Bay; 3. To be able to reformulate the lake; to conduct Sanctuary in Rizal by the Fishery
the ZOMAP that will facilitate Limnology Research Department, URS, Cardona
Equity issue on access to effective management of the Demolish all illegal or Studies and Campus;
resources of the lake Fishpens, Fishcages, open- Unregistered Structures other studies
between small fisher- Lake fishing and other In the lake; to develop 3. Limnology Research and Training
men and the fishpen/fishcage activities in the lake; Best Center with UPLB Foundation
operators; Adopt the system of registra- Management
4. Enable the small tion system in Canada to Practices for 4. Open-lake Seeding
Recurring Algal bloom and fishermen handle the registration of sustainable
Fish kill; poor taste fish meat; To develop viable livelihood fishpen and fish cages and Open-lake
other to handle licensing activity; fishing and
Run-off of nitrogen, Than open lake fishing; aquaculture
Phosphorous and farm waste
Enforcement
Proliferation of illegal structures of Fishery
and un-registered fishpen and Regulations
Fishcages; Janitor fish;
Low fish-catch and income

of marginal fishermen
Table 6.4: Agriculture and Fisheries – Logical Framework
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6.4.3 Agriculture and Fisheries Development Strategies
Agriculture
The strategy to modernize agriculture and get agriculture moving in the Laguna de Bay
region will focus on the implementation of a crop diversification program to enable the
farmers to change from a monocrop system to a diversified farming system. The present
monocrop system of farming in the region is not anymore viable. Production is low as a result
of degraded soil and income is low due to increasing cost of production.
The goal is to improve the productivity and income of the small farmers, especially the
rainfed and upland farmers and the coconut farmers and to minimize run-off of pollutants from
agriculture to the lake.
To achieve this goal, a crop diversification program will be implemented to:
a. Develop viable diversified farm enterprises which Farmer’s Cooperatives can use to
encourage their members to change from the monoculture to a diversified system of farming;
b. Implement a capacity building program and information campaign on the application
c. of sustainable agricultural practices that will help in the protection and restoration of the lake;
d. Deliver other support services including marketing linkage and establishment of agri-fisheries
center
Picture 6.4.3-a: Water Melon Farm
204
Picture 6.4.3-b. Multi-Story Croppping
Fisheries
The goal for sustainable open-lake fishing and a stable aquaculture in Laguna de Bay
requires a diverse and healthy ecosystem. Diversity and healthy ecosystem cannot be
achieved unless illegal fishing and presence of un-registered fish pens and fish cages
persist in the bay. To achieve this goal, an Action Plan for a sustained and coordinated effort
to strictly implement rules and regulation on registration of fish pens, fish cages and all other
licenses in Laguna de Bay will be prepared and implemented. A revised ZOMAP of Laguna
de Bay will address the gaps in l a k e w a t e r u s e s . Complementing this activity of protecting
diversity and a healthy ecosystem is the development of Best Management Practices for
sustainable open-lake fishing and productive aquaculture. Continued effort to develop and
build new best management practices will be pursued in this plan.
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CHAPTER 6
6.5. Tourism
6.5.1. Introduction
The Laguna de Bay Region has enormous potentials to become one of the major tourism
destinations in the Philippines as it covers the provinces in CALABARZON (Cavite-Laguna-
Batangas-Rizal-Quezon) which are very accessible to local and international tourists due to its
proximity to Metro Manila giving it an advantage in terms of travelling convenience.
The region, which is rich in natural attractions, historical and cultural heritage sites, traditional
music, arts and crafts and gastronomy, offers a variety of recreational activities that can be
very appealing to both local and international tourists. NEDA reports that the region is the
number one destination of one-day tourists or visitors meaning tourists who will not spend night
in their destinations.
Aside from the beautiful places to visit in the region like the mountains, lakes and rivers,
waterfalls and hot springs and forests, the region has several cultural and religious festivals to
enjoy and celebrate. Notable among these are the La Laguna (Anilag), Pagsanjan Bangkero
Festival, San Pablo Coconut Festival, Los Baños’ Bañamos Festival, Angono’s Higantes
Festival and Pakil’s Turumba Festival, among others.
The Laguna de Bay Basin is a stage where leisure, recreation, adventure and educational
experiences can be offered that may appeal to urban residents and even people from other
provinces. To develop tourism, the local residents near potential attractions in the lake basin
area must be made aware on how they can be partners in creating authentic and engaging
experiences as well as how to act on supply needs of tourist and tourism enterprises. Tourism
development can be further encouraged when an enabling environment for tourists and
tourism enterprises is created through supporting infrastructure, local government policies and
regulations, and capacity building programs.
Although tourism attraction has gained prominence and has brought tourists to a destination,
sustainable management of tourism activities is still required in order to maintain the value of
these resources. Sustainable practices must also be integrated so that the attraction does not
lose its value overtime which lead to lose of visitors in the long run.
6.5.2. Core issues
The tourism potential of the basin and the ecological viability of the Laguna de Bay and its
tributaries are threatened due to incessant urbanization and industrialization, population
expansion, unsound land use and solid waste management practices, deteriorating water
quality, and the denudation of forests and watersheds worsened by pollution, unregulated and
unplanned development, inefficient institutional arrangements to resolve conflict, inadequate
capacity and investments in environmental and water quality infrastructure development.
At present, the water quality of the lake is “Class C”. According to the Environmental
Management Bureau (EMB) classification of surface water, Class C, it is only suitable for
boating, sailing and is not safe for swimming and cannot be a source of potable water.
206
6.5.3. Re-defining the Tourism Thrust for the Laguna de Bay Basin
All tourism development, plans, and activities in the Laguna de Bay Region shall be pursued
and implemented under the principles of nature-based tourism which seeks to (Montalban
Wawa Ecotourism Sub-Project - Feasibility Study, April 2012):
a) Maintain the water quality;

b) Preserve existing significant vegetation and environmental features;
c) Facilitate local economic activities;
d) Empower the host community in decision-making processes, and;
e) Ensure the attainment of financial self-sustainability, i.e., those that will be resettled
should be provided with sustainable income-generating activities to cushion
potential negative effects.
“If tourism is to be truly beneficial to all concerned and sustainable in the long-term, it must be
ensured that resources are not over-consumed, that natural and human environments are
protected, that tourism is integrated with other activities, that it provides real benefits to the
local communities.” (Eber, 1992)
• Sustainable Tourism Development
“Sustainable tourism development meets the needs of the present tourists and host regions
while protecting and enhancing the opportunity for the future. It is envisaged as leading to
management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be
fulfilled, while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity
and life support systems.” (World Tourism Organization, 1996). “Sustainable tourism
development is about managing tourism’s impacts on the environment, communities and the
future economy to make sure that the effects are positive rather than negative for the benefit
of future generations. It is a management approach that is relevant to all types of tourism,
regardless of whether it takes place in cities, towns, countryside or the coast.” (English Tourism
Council, 2002). As a concept, sustainable tourism takes on many forms: Ecotourism, Green
Tourism, Heritage Tourism, Cultural Tourism, Adventure Tourism, Geotourism, Agritourism or
Farm Tourism, among others.
Sustainable tourism can address ENR degradation, deforestation and poverty. The problems
of lack of livelihood opportunities and environmental degradation can be addressed
simultaneously through sustainable tourism. Livelihood opportunities that can be generated
from tourism can ease the pressure on forest and upland resources thereby reversing their
degradation. In the sparsely populated areas of Rizal and Laguna, a number of LGUs have
developed ecotourism facilities but these facilities have remained isolated and suffer from lack
of marketing and promotion support. To maximize the potential of ecotourism to provide
alternative income sources for the rural people further investment is need on roads, trails, rest
areas and additional facilities which could traverse several LGU territories. Investment in
ecotourism can also include reforestation and establishment of tree parks, wildlife sanctuaries
and other natural attractions. There is also a need for a marketing and promotion program that
would package these facilities into several tourist destinations.
• Eco-Tourism Development
Ecotourism “involves travel to relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated natural areas with the
specific objective of admiring, studying, and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and
animals as well as any existing cultural features found in these areas” (Hector Ceballos-
Lascurain as cited in Libosada, 1998). Ecotourism requires minimal intervention or physical
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alteration of the environment. It involves travelling to beautiful natural places for pleasure in a
way that does not damage the environment or the practice of touring natural habitats in a
manner meant to minimize ecological impact (Merriam-Webster Dictionary).
“Ecotourism is a low impact environmentally sound and community participatory tourism

activity in a given natural environment that enhances the conservation of biophysical and
cultural diversity, promotes environmental understanding and education, and yields
socioeconomic benefits to the concerned community.” (DENR as cited in Libosada, 1998).
The Pacific Area Travel Association (PATA) further stipulated that ecotourism requires a
managed approach by the host destination wherein the latter should establish and maintain
the site with the participation of the local residents, enforcing regulations, marketing the area
appropriately and using the income to fund the area’s land management as well as community
development.
The overall objective is to develop Sustainable Tourism. All tourism projects and activities shall
be an enhancement to the environment with no anticipated adverse environmental impacts of
significance. Sustainability means meeting current needs without sacrificing the needs of the
future generations and natural systems (Montalban Eco-tourism Development Feasibility
Study).
Sustainability Goals
This goal consists of the following:
a) Prolonging the utility life of facilities and structures to be established;

b) Promoting safety and well-being of the people in the community including the workers
and visitors at the ecotourism site;
c) Reducing siltation of and eliminate dumping of wastes into the bodies of water to
enhance their productive and aesthetic values;
d) Increasing revenues for O & M and to support overall project sustainability.
Various key players consisting of offices and individuals shall assume roles and take part in
pursuing the sustainability goals.
The strategies towards ecotourism development in the Laguna de Bay Basin include the
following:
1. Find visitors before they arrive. “Visitors are not visitors anymore. They don’t arrive one
day and disappear two week later,” advises Mark Rybchuk, a Corporate Account
Executive at Hootsuite. He recommends that destination marketing organizations build
relationship with visitors long before they arrive.
Mini-campaign can be created to help travellers navigate common questions such as

“where to stay, the best local spots”. The social media could be utilized to entice
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potential tourists by what are the good things being offered in the ecotourism
destination. Pick-up transports can be arranged for their convenience.
2. Establish partnerships such as the regular or former visitors to invite others.

Government also should partner with the private sectors (the drivers), global sales and
distribution networks and the citizens and communities in the destination area.
3. Apply the Eco-System Approach which uses ecological metaphors derived from nature
as with organisms in nature, sector becomes proactive. Develop mutually beneficial
symbiotic relationships with critical partners.
4. Strategies should be focused on empowerment of LGUs in resource conservation,

development and management, and people’s participation / multi-sectoral /multi-
agency involvement in policy and plan formulation, program/project implementation
and monitoring. Promotes resource conservation, low impact and green efforts,
environmental education and interpretation to the tourist experience.
5. All eco-tourism projects should conform to the Updated Laguna de Bay Basin Master
Plan and LLDA thrusts and priorities. Although establishing an eco-tourism project is
being encouraged, it should pass through series of criteria that are required by the
LLDA and other regulatory agencies. A policy to that effect should be formulated and
approved by the Board of Directors.
6.5.6. Policy Framework and Directions for Tourism Management in the

Laguna Lake Basin Area
Goals for Tourism Development
To develop an integrated plan for Sustainable Tourism for the Laguna de Bay Basin based on
a specific brand to enhance its image as a major tourist destination that contributes to local
economic development.
This goal is aligned with the LLDA‟s goal to regain the lake by 2020 and to bring it back to its
natural state. The LLDA has stressed “…the need to develop the shoreland for commercial
and tourism purposes with due regard to environmental concerns and its rational
comprehensive land use policy.”
Tourism is an ideal sector to complement the project planning principles of implementability

and attainability, ecological and economic sustainability, comprehensiveness and
interconnectedness, improving the quality of life of residents and technology adaptiveness.
Tourism can develop and enhance the Lake Basin area first, by providing an economic
alternative to directly address the problem of the proliferation of informal settlers along the
shoreland and second, to promote the development of the less progressive towns and
municipalities along the eastern section of the Basin.
Sustainable tourism development can also arrest the loss of biodiversity and promote culture
and heritage conservation.
6.5.7. Coverage of the Tourism Planning Area
The Spatial Tourism Development Master Plan will be concentrated on the southern and
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eastern parts of the Laguna de Bay Basin. Planning direction will be from lake to inland.
6.5.8. Tourism Development Approach
The overall approach is to re-design the shoreland using tourism to reinvent the way informal
settlers live and promote the sustainable utilization and development of the Laguna Lake.
Tourism projects and programs to be designed are both nature-based and man-made. The
developments for natural attractions which include waterfalls, rivers and lakes will be
premised on the principles of ecotourism. Tourism in these areas will incorporate low carrying
capacities. For areas which could absorb a higher carrying capacity, man-made attractions will
be proposed.
The tourism projects to be designed should be able to attract private sector participation in
order to lessen the burden on the resources of the LLDA and the LGUs.
Specifically, the Hub and Spoke Approach to development is proposed. This scheme calls for
the intensive development of growth nodes (hubs) which would take the form of development
projects in identified area or localities/municipalities. The development is envisioned to radiate
or spill-over to surrounding areas. Concentrating development and funding efforts on identified
growth hubs to enable these to have the needed critical mass to be a successful destination
will foster efficient utilization of resources.
Figure 6.5.8: Hub and Spoke Approach

Moreover, all planned development projects and programs should cater to a mixed market,
that is, from high-end to low-end in order to bring in new investments and at the same time
provide a range of opportunities where locals can participate in the tourism industry and directly
share in its economic benefits.
6.5.9. Strategies
Short-term: 1 to 3 years
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• Re-design, re-invent shoreland activities

• Identify areas in the shoreland where people need not be relocated but where
the LLDA can implement schemes to re-invent the informal settlers‟ way of living
• Prepare the communities and the LGUs for sustainable tourism
development through the conduct of capability building training programs
• Review and update existing LLDA project proposals, pre-feasibility and feasibility
studies to make implementation possible
• Design fast track tourism projects in which communities and the LGUs
could readily implement and participate, e.g. tour packages
Medium-Term: 3 – 5 years
• Identify tourism sites which could be developed as growth nodes or hubs

Develop tourism project in inland sites to attract or draw settlers away from
the shoreland.
• Identify mechanisms to harness strong private sector support and
investments.
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CHAPTER 6
6.6. INFRASTRUCTURE: TRANSPORT
6.6.1. Development Components: Transportation
The Infrastructure Development Plan aims to improve the accessibility of locations within and
in the vicinity of the lake basin through land-based and water-based transport. It also targets
to address issues of waste management and sanitation, as well as identify strategies for
sustainable water use. It also identifies interventions that will reduce flooding and reduce and
mitigate disaster risks through physical interventions at the lake and also at areas that have
relevance to the issues of flooding in the lake.
The vision of the LLDA is:
… By year 2020, the multi-use lake serves the basin region for drinking water, transport,
recreation, electric power, food and fisheries, flood control and urban land uses including
tourism and housing projects where man responsibly uses and nurtures the lake and its
surrounding watershed in the way that God has planned it.
This vision emphasizes the multiple uses of the lake with transport being one of them. The
desired policy outcome for the lake and river system by the year 2026, as follows:
“Quality of lake and river system within acceptable level to serve as alternative source of
potable water, alternative transport system, and other water uses”
Quite clearly, transport is one of the important uses that the lake is expected and envisaged to
have.
The identification of strategies and interventions are shaped by the prior identification of issues
that need to be addressed. This is then followed by the articulation of desired futures in the
form of goals and objectives. Strategies, programs, and projects are then identified
accordingly. In this manner, there is a logic-based and rational identification of interventions,
instead of a random identification of solutions that are not focused on issues that need to be
addressed.
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Table 6.6.1 Strategy Development Matrix for the Transport Sub-sector
Issues Goal Objective Strategy Program Project

Traffic Provide safe, Reduce Utilize the Lake ferry Lake ferry
congestion; efficient, & dependence lake as transport transport
Inadequate environmentall on road- platform system system or
transport y sustainable based for travel development the
infra; Absence transport to transport to as an program for MAPALLA
of viable people around mitigate road alternative connecting
alternative the lake and congestion means of Manila Bay,
passenger surrounding levels transport Pasig River,
transport areas and Laguna
system; Lake
Economic
losses/health Increase Develop New road Lakeshore
costs/ road new road development ring road dike
environmental capacity to infrastructur program
costs; High mitigate e LABART
transport cost; traffic
Lack of Provide
congestion Mass Mass transit LABART
accessibility high- transit development
for some capacity and developme program
areas; Right quality mass nt
of way issues transit
Improve
system Develop Bridge and Construction
(land based accessibility connectivit island road of
transport) of Talim y of the network Binangonan-
Island island to development Talim Bridge
Binangona and island
n road network
6.6.2. Core Issues
The matrix contains the issues that need to be resolved by the interventions. These issues
were identified during the April 15 workshop and are as follows:
• Traffic congestion
• Inadequate transportation infra
• Absence of viable alternative passenger transport system
• Economic losses/health costs/environmental costs
• High transportation cost
• Lack of accessibility for some areas
• Right of way issues (land based transport)
6.6.3. Development Goals
These issues are addressed by pursuing the goal to provide safe, efficient, & environmentally
sustainable transport to the people around the lake and surrounding areas. This is an
articulation of a general target which when fulfilled should address the aforementioned issues.
6.6.4. Development Objectives
This general goal is broken down into more specific objectives that concern reducing
dependence on road-based transport modes, increasing road capacity to mitigate traffic
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congestions, providing high-capacity and quality mass transit system to curtail dependence on
the private car, and to improve the accessibility of some areas in the Lake Basin.
The strategies, programs, and specific projects that aim to meet the specific objectives and
consequently the general goals are as shown in the matrix below.
The identified strategies to address the transport issues discussed earlier pertain to a two-
pronged approach of transport supply and travel demand measures. The strategies form a
combination of transport capacity enhancement and travel demand management (TDM).
Transport capacity enhancement includes the construction of new roads to augment the
existing limited road capacities as manifested by traffic congestion and also provide access to
hitherto road-disconnected areas like Talim Island. Travel demand management refers to the
use of alternative modes to the private car which are more efficient and environment-friendly.
This is the provision of high-quality and high-capacity public transport systems as an attractive
alternative to the private car or as a basic means of transport for people who do not have
access to a private vehicle. Public transport or mass transit systems may be in the form of
water-based or road-based systems. Considering the planning context here, a water-based
transit system is therefore considered as well as a road (or land) based system.
The expansion of the road network and the provision of water-based and/or road-based mass
transits are meant to provide people a high level of mobility and also provide destinations with
improved accessibility.
The strategies are:
• Use of the lake as platform or medium of public transport

• Road infrastructure development including bridge development
• Public transport development
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CHAPTER 6
6.7. FLOOD MANAGEMENT
6.7.1. Introduction
When it rains, some of the water penetrates the soil column to recharge the ground water
aquifer, some is retained in the soil layers, some is stored in lakes and ponds, some is
absorbed by vegetation, some evaporates, and the rest travels over land as surface runoff.
Floods occur when reservoirs, ponds, lakes, riverbeds, soil, and vegetation cannot absorb the
water anymore. Water then runs off the land in quantities that cannot be carried within stream
channels or retained in natural ponds, lakes, and man-made reservoirs. Technically therefore,
floods occur when discharge exceeds bankfull capacity where water leaves the channel to
cover adjacent land - the floodplain. Human occupancy of this flood zone creates the need for
hazard response, correspondingly. Nearly one third of all precipitation becomes runoff and the
amount is exacerbated by increase amounts of impervious areas which reduce the supply of
vegetation that can absorb rainfall. Unfortunately, most human activity (urbanization,
deforestation, cultivation) tends to increase flood risk, by reducing interception storage and
constricting drainage channels for discharge to outer sea, thus increasing the amount of
surface run-off.
Flooding is a hazard that occurs almost annually in the Philippines, particularly in and around
Metro Manila including areas around Marikina River and its tributaries, and adjacent to Laguna
Lake. Unfortunately, historical trend leans toward more numerous and devastating flood
hazard, mainly because of the uncontrolled anthropogenic activity and the threat of a climate
shift. Severely affected by intense rainfall events especially during the typhoon season from
July to October when about 70 percent of the annual average rainfall (2500 mm) falls, flooding
is exacerbated by the reduced carrying capacity of both higher- and lower-order drains and
rivers, and encroachment of banks of the rivers, drains, and floodways. Many areas in and
around Metro Manila are flood prone, being a flood plain basin in general, with insufficient
protection from flood hazard. Current flood management and drainage system set-up however
proved inefficient in coping with extreme weather disturbances such as typhoons. Manggahan
Floodway was constructed in 1988, linking the Marikina River to Laguna Lake so as to use the
lake as a temporary catchment basin in times of intense rainfall and river flows. However, the
discharge of water out of Laguna Lake has been regulated through one outlet only, the
Napindan Channel through the Napindan Hydraulic Control Structure, which has a capacity
lower than Manggaahan Floodway and is a serious constraint to the ability to control Laguna
Lake water levels. The system has been effective in alleviating flood-prone areas in the
western side of Metro Manila, particularly along the lower reaches of Marikina, Pasig and San
Juan Rivers (except for intense short-duration rainfall events), but worsened the flood
inundation along the shore land areas of Laguna Lake.
In September 2009, tropical storm Ondoy (international codename: Ketsana) poured in a

month‟s volume of precipitation in the metropolis and surrounding areas in just half a day.
According to reports, the 12-hour rainfall corresponded to a 180-year return period. Ondoy
caused widespread flooding in Metro Manila and surrounding areas with river flows and
inundation of urban areas considerably above existing drainage capacities, as a result. The
water level of Laguna Lake increased 1.4 m above the average maximum water level
inundating shores within 3.38 m a.m.s.l. It took almost three months for the floodwaters in the
shore land towns of Mabitac, Pakil, Siniloan, Pangil, Paete, Kalayaan, Lumban, Sta. Cruz, Pila,
Victoria, Calauan, Bay, Los Baños, Cabuyao, Biñan, San Pedro, and the cities of Calamba
and Sta. Rosa to subside back to normal levels.
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6.7.2. Core Issues
Typhoon Ondoy’s flood damages brought back attention to a number of pressing flood hazard
issues in the lake basin including Metro Manila:
a. Watershed deforestation. The lack of upstream vegetation has resulted to erosion in

the lower reaches of river systems (reduced bankfull capacity) and sedimentation of
Laguna Lake (reduced flood detention volume capacity).
b. Watershed land-use change. Due to rapid urbanization, the absorptive capacity of the
soil was largely reduced, surface runoff increased.
c. Improper and unregulated land-use and urban planning. Both legal and illegal
settlements finding their way in high flood-risk zones.
d. Inefficient flood control infrastructure system. River network drainage capacity cannot
accommodate the volume of intense short-duration rainfall events. Lack of flood early
warning system. Existing flood early warning system for the Pasig-Marikina-Laguna
Lake complex was obliterated because of bureaucracy, neglect and lack of
maintenance.
e. Lack of maintenance of rivers and drains. Failure to clean and dredge waterways has
resulted to clogged channels and outlets, and constricted water flows.
f. Impact of global environmental change. Climate shift is expected to bring extreme
weather conditions that may cause more devastating flood hazards.
g. Fragmented institutional flood management arrangements.
6.7.3. Goals, Objectives and Strategies
Foregoing issues can be addressed by the government by pursuing the goal of providing
protection to its people and ensure that high rainfall and flood events are managed in a more
sustainable manner and with minimum impact to the population of Metro Manila, including
those living around Laguna Lake. In aiming for this goal, the response to the flooding problem
in the metropolis can be broken down into more specific objectives and strategies as outlined
below:
Objective 1: Flood protection. This includes strategies that reduce the risk of the drainage
network (rivers and lakes) exceeding bankfull capacity.
i. Increase bankfull capacity.

• Modification of channel or banks. The objective mainly is increase the hydraulic
radius for channels to become more efficient. Bank raising (dikes, levees) and
dredging both increase bankfull capacity.
• Artificial channel linings. Concrete lined channels provide smoother wetted
perimeter, thus faster channel flows.
• Flood relief channels. This method effectively increases bankfull capacity by
providing additional discharge outlet (spillway) and diverts flow away from high
impact zones.
ii. Decrease flood peaks and increase flood flow duration.

• Upstream water flow regulation. The controlled/regulated release of water
stored in reservoir/detention ponds through sluice gates distributes discharge
over a longer period, thus reducing peak flows. Effectiveness depends on
relative scale of reservoirs;
• Catchment area to that of the whole drainage basin.
• Upstream sediment flow regulation. The trapping of sediment in the upper
catchments prevents downstream bed aggradation, therefore maintains higher
bankfull capacities downstream.
• Spreading ground through floodways. This measure diverts flood flows to low
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impact floodplain zones for storage. Thus, reducing downstream peak flows.
iii. Increase channel gradient.

• Straightening of sinuous rivers. This measure increase channel gradient,
effectively flow rate, by shortening the distance between two channel points. It
also reduces deposition, averts bed aggradation and keeps the channel
navigable.
Objective 2: Flood abatement. This includes strategies that reduce storm flow and peak
discharge levels. Incorporates methods that tackle the problem at source by reducing surface
runoff, increasing soil absorptive capacity.
iv. Upstream afforestation or reforestation.

v. Flood control effective farming practices (terracing, contour plowing)
vi. Comprehensive forest and vegetation protection programs.
Objective 3: Behavioral adaptation. This includes strategies that promote coping strategies
for societies to adopt during floods.
vii. Monitoring and prediction. Set-up of a flood information and warning system
composed of rainfall and water level data-logging instruments, telemetry network,
communication towers and warning stations for reliable and accurate predictions of
the timing and location of flood surges. Valuable for advanced information for
communities to prepare for actual flood event or for authorities to organize
evacuations. Also, a significant tool for the effective operation of flood control
structures and facilities.
viii. Floodplain zoning. Planning authorities can prohibit certain land-uses in the more
flood prone floodplain zones.
ix. Flood proofing. Individuals bear responsibility for reducing likely flood
x. Damage to property. Techniques include water-proof garden walls, windows and
doors; sandbags; buildings on stilts; removal of damageable goods to higher levels.
xi. Public relief funds. Emergency response to hazard event requires funding,
materials, technical support and rebuilding. Sources vary from UN agencies to
governments and NGO‟s.
xii. Flood insurance. Safety provision for households from land developers and
planners.
These strategies for flood control development are implemented through more specific
programs and/or projects. Flood mitigation in the Laguna Basin will entail both structural and
non-structural solutions. For the infrastructure flood control sub-sector, flood management
strategy development is composed of structural measures such as river flood control including
drainage systems, and non-structural measures such as flood forecasting/information for flood
protection. Structural solutions include a range of engineering interventions such as dredging,
upsizing of hydraulic structures, flood impounding dams, detention ponds, ring dikes, levees
and many more. Non-structural measures include reforestation, wetland conservation, agro-
forestry, vegetative strips, early flood warning systems, land use planning and zoning.
Other Management Strategies
The change of permeable to impermeable lands due to land conversion will result in higher
peak floods, higher flood volumes and velocities, lower infiltration and soil erosion. Flood
neutral development as a land use policy has been adopted in more advanced countries to
keep stormwater flows. Flood neutral development means there is no net increase in
stormwater volume and intensity for pre-project and post-project stormwater runoff. If every
developer observes this principle, their developments will result in aggregate flows that are still
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within the design capacities of present flood infrastructure.
Flood maps and flood zoning laws are tools that LGUs can use to reduce vulnerabilities of
communities to flooding. The Mines and Geosciences Bureau produced flood maps that will
help LGUs to locate flood prone areas. Specialized zoning and building codes can be
formulated for these areas.
Flood zones define areas that are off limits to some types of public infrastructure while
requiring special standards for buildings or homes that are allowed to be built. These
areas would exclude the establishment of vital public infrastructures such as airports, hospitals,
or schools used as evacuation sites during disasters.
Local building codes can be legislated requiring compliance to electrical, sanitation,

drainage, and multi-floor standards for houses, buildings and other structures that are
located in flood prone areas. For example, the electrical outlets and toilets for homes in flood
zones should be located above the highest flood level mark experienced in the area. Residents
of Provident Village in Marikina, after the 2009 Ondoy event, constructed additional floors
where families keep refuge in case of high floods.
Flood management requires understanding of the basin hydrology, i.e. intensity and
duration of rainfall events, streamflows, discharges and headwater levels that impact a study
area. From these, the hydraulic design derives flow depths, velocities and pressures acting on
hydraulic sysems (culverts, canals, bridges, dams, etc.).
In hydrologic design, the choice of rainfall values is critical. Rainfall intensity is measured
though rainfall intensity duration frequency (RIDF) tables.
By using records from the PAGASA and EFCOS stations, RIDF tables and isohyetal maps are
produced for the Laguna Basin. These tables and maps may be referenced by hydrologists
and engineers in designing flood and drainage infrastructures within the basin.
The nearest available rainfall station is assumed to exert the largest influence over the study
area. But since most floods originate from watersheds farther upstream, the rainfall
assumptions should reflect the higher values from the higher elevations.
Considering that the Laguna Lake plays a major role in preventing flooding in the Metro Manila
area by acting as water storage reservoir, appropriate management strategies are required. In
the absence of water storage, flood risks would be considerably higher for the around 9 million
people living in potentially flood risk zones.
1. In order to reduce flood risks, it is urgently needed to rehabilitate the shorelines of the
lake by preventing new settlers from moving to dangerous areas, and potentially, where
appropriate and feasible provided that adequate compensation can be given, by
removing the houses closest to the lake. Preferably, some of the mangrove cover would
be restored (virtually all mangrove has been lost in the lake in last 15 years). The
mangroves would contribute to flood control, would serve as nursery area supporting
capture fisheries in the lake, and would act as sediment trap reducing siltation rates in
the lake.
2. Management of the slopes and uplands of the Laguna de Bay basin is also essential
in maintaining the long-term viability of the lake as water storage reservoir.
Sedimentation is leading to a backfilling of sediments, which reduces the water storage
capacity (significant part of the sediments is deposited in the zone that contributes to
flood control, i.e. the zone between 11.5 and 12.5m water level in the lake). Maintaining
forest cover is essential to reduce sedimentation. The Ecosystem Account (chapter 6.2)
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shows the areas that contribute most to sedimentation and that would be priority areas
for rehabilitation.
3. Forest vegetation also acts as buffer, storing water during high rainfall events and
gradually releasing this water over time. Hence the forests also provide a flood control
service. It needs to be examined if this can be included in the account.
6.7.4. Flood Management Programs and Projects
The insufficiency, inefficiency and lack of maintenance of flood control infrastructure system
resulted to flooding nonetheless even with a fully operational flood management and control
system. This is government responsibility and it should provide a comprehensive flood risk
management plan and a set of priority structural and non- structural measures that will provide
sustainable flood management up to a certain safety level.
Considering the management conditions of existing flood control structures/measures

including drainage systems, flood preparedness and response operation and institutional
system on flood risk management, five (5) programs/projects have been identified consistent
with the set goals and objectives. These are:
a. Integrated Laguna Lake-Pasig River-Manila Bay Dredging Flood Control

Project/Linkage Improvement Project
b. Upstream Marikina River Damming Project and Laguna Lake Watershed Sediment
Control Sub-Project
c. Pasig-Marikina-Laguna Lake Watershed Hydrologic Monitoring and Flood
Warning System Program
d. Paranaque Spillway Project
e. Paete/Siniloan Spillway Project
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CHAPTER 6
6.8 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION
6.8 Water Supply and Sanitation – Development Components
This section deals with the specific development components of the Water and Sanitation
Sector which covers the following areas:
a. Water Supply Systems

b. Solid Waste Management
c. Wastewater Treatment Systems
Adequate water and sanitation are clearly two vital components of the overall LDBR
development program. These problem areas were among the major issues identified the
Framework for the Laguna de Bay Masterplan presented by the LLDA, leading to the
identification of a subsector to ensure that the key issues in this area are addressed in the
planning activity. The Planning Team decided to integrate the Materials Recovery Facilities
and Sanitary Landfill Cluster into this section, acknowledging the very close links between solid
waste generation and its impact on quality of potable water supply, as well as overall
health/sanitation issues vis-à-vis water, wastewater and solid wastes.
This section presents the key results of the strategic development activities for this project,
with participation of the LLDA in various joint meeting and consultation activities.
6.8.1 Core Issues
Three core issues were identified in the course of this study, each possible to be approached
independently, but all three inevitably affecting one another in a cause -effect scenario.
Unabated Deterioration of Potential of the

pollutant river systems / Lake as supply
discharge in CAUSING waterways POSSIBLY of water
various forms AFFECTING
Core Issue No.1 - Unabated Domestic Pollution. Studies have indicated that that pollution
loading in the Lake can be largely attributed to domestic sewage, accounting for as much as
77% of organic loading in Laguna de Bay. Although the east and west Metro Manila
concessionaires Manila Water Co., Inc. and Maynilad Water Services are progressively
establishing sewage and septage treatment facilities in their respective coverage areas, there
is still a shortfall of treatment facilities in such areas as Angono, Teresa, Morong and Baras.
Elsewhere east and south of the lake, there are practically no treatment facilities available,
even in municipalities where there are Water Districts operating.
This is partly attributable to the high cost of treatment and the higher technological
requirements compared to direct supply of potable water. Given the limited resources and
coverage of majority of the Water Districts and the Rural Waterworks & Sanitation Associations
(RWSA), priority is generally given to water supply before wastewater treatment facilities. In
the absence of collection and treatment facilities, households and establishments rely on the
construction of individual septic tanks for treatment of domestic wastewater. The presence of
informal settlers, on the other hand, exacerbate
220
the problem of riverine pollution as they discharge their wastes directly onto the rivers and the
pollutants either find their way into the lake or into the groundwater below.
Core Issue No. 2 - Deteriorated River Systems Due to Solid Waste Dumping. Another
critical issue that will need to be addressed by the LLDA is the continuing deterioration of river
systems due to indiscriminate dumping of solid wastes in the waterways. Outside of Metro
Manila, an estimated 2,800tons( based on 2007 population and a generation rate of
0.5kg/cap/day) of daily waste may be generated by the municipalities, which require a
substantial amount of investment if no immediate intervention is done on the waste such that
only residual amounts will need to find their way into the waste facilities.
Data collected indicates an approximate total of 225 Materials Recovery Facilities (MRF)
spread across the cities/municipalities of the LDBR (excluding Metro Manila). However, a vast
majority of these are primarily serving as junk shops which have been relabeled as MRF‟s,
where we find a general lack of proper handling of waste materials outside of sorting for
purposes of reselling. The consequence of poor handling is the eventual dumping of polluting
materials which find their ways into the waterways or the groundwater. In addition, when the
MRF‟s are not able to maximize their intended function, landfills are forced to receive in excess
of their intended inputs (which should mainly be residual wastes), thereby shortening the
design life of the facilities and requiring additional investments. Informal settlers who throw
wastes directly to the rivers contribute to the amount of wastes found in waterways as do
residents living upstream of rivers who throw wastes indiscriminately. In some municipalities
where there is no disposal site, wastes are dumped in very unsanitary conditions, with very
few municipalities having landfills for their disposal needs. Some have open dumpsites while
others have no space allocated for disposal in their jurisdiction.
Core Issue No. 3 - Tapping of Laguna Lake as Water Source. This third core issue was
identified by the LLDA as part of its original Framework Plan, and correctly so - as the issue of
access to potable water is not constrained only with supply to households in the LDBR, but
also to ensure that supply sources - whether via groundwater, springs or surface water - are
managed to ensure sustainability. The proper utilization of Laguna Lake resources for potable
water supply not only eases the burdens of numerous Water Districts and RWSA‟s in the
region, but can also provide financial benefits to the LLDA when it operates as a
concessionaire similar to MWCI and MWSI.
The process of potentially tapping the lake as a water source, whether by direct abstraction or
through management of groundwater, springs or surface water is a complex one, and must be
approached through careful study, probably through the use of the MWSI/MWCI business
models which have thus far been successful in their implementation.
Core Issue No. 4 – Host of SWM-related Problems
With the operation of solid waste disposal facilities that are non-compliant to environmental
standards, it is expected that a host of problems will ensue. The most pressing concern,
probably, are the health impacts. Clogged drains result into stagnant water that breed disease
spreading mosquitoes.
The experience exhausted waste collection services; inadequately managed and uncontrolled
dumpsites. Problems with governance also complicate the situation. Ongoing challenge and
struggles due to weak institutions and rapid urbanization.
The most vulnerable, perhaps, to the abovementioned impacts are the urban poor, as they
cannot afford to take any precaution against these effects. Most of these people are not even
able to afford basic medical care. Since they are informal settlers or squatters, they also do
not get adequate water service, much less clean water. So with the looming water scarcity, it
221
is an added problem and an added expense as to where they will get potable water for their
daily needs.
Leachate from the garbage infiltrates the water table and contaminates groundwater supply,
endangering health and aggravating the ever-growing problem of water scarcity.
Table 6.8.1 Water Supply and Sanitation – Logical Framework

Issue Goal Objective Strategy Program Projects
Unabated To protect To ensure that Build Comprehensi Bay/Calauan
discharge of the quality of the quality of the wastewater ve domestic Sewage Treatment
pollutants the water in lake water is treatment plants wastewater Plant (STP) 1
mostly from Laguna Lake maintained at for sewage and treatment Project
domestic Class C level as septage; Strict systems
sources defined in DAO Implementation Sta. Cruz/Pagsanjan
34 of Septage and Sewage Treatment
Sewerage Plant (STP) 2 Project
To reduce the Ordinance
contribution of formulated by Development of
domestic sewage Mandamus Natural Wastewater
in the pollution Agencies Treatment Systems
load of the lake formulated by Around Laguna Lake
DILG dated
September 15, Decentralized
2015 with wastewater
inputs from treatment systems
LLDA and other in rural areas
member
agencies (Refer
to Annex 6)
Deteriorated To plan and To be able to Building of Integrated Construction of two

river implement a collect and landfills solid waste sanitary landfills
systems solid waste dispose Treating management
caused by management municipal solid wastes systems Assessment of
waste plan wastes in an thermally RA9003
dumping environmentally
acceptable Reviewing
manner existing Waste to Energy
systems Project
The need To be able to To abstract water LLDA to be LLDA Water Feasibility Study for
to tap utilize the from the lake, as a water Company the Creation of an
Laguna Laguna Lake source of water concession Formation LLDA Water
Lake as a as source of supply air and Company
future water supply use water
major from Comprehensive
source of Laguna Inventory & Mapping
drinking Lake as of LdB Basin Water
water for source of Supply &
Metro water Distribution Facilities
Manila supply
and Cabuyao/Calamba
environs & Sta. Cruz Water
Abstraction Study
222
6.8.2. Development Goals & Objectives
Towards resolution of the three (3) core issues identified, three (3) counterpart development
goals/objectives were determined as part of this Spatial Development exercise.
Goal/Objective No. 1: To protect the overall water quality in Laguna Lake, which would be in
consonance with the five key policy objectives of the LLDA insofar as the lake is concerned. It
is understood however, that the adoption of this first development goal cuts across several
subsectors and differs in their approaches as embodied in the development objectives. In the
case of water and sanitation sector, the two primary objectives are as follows:
a. To ensure that the water quality in the lake is maintained at Class C as defined in
DAO 34
b. To reduce the contribution of domestic sewage in the pollution load of the lake
Water quality is defined as the set of physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water
measured in relation to a set of criteria that determines its fitness of use - such as washing,
drinking, and human contact. In this case, the acceptance criteria is referred to the DENR
Administrative Order No. 34, which defined water usage and classification vis- à-vis water
quality criteria. Understanding and enforcement of DAO 34 is a crucial function of the
DENR/LLDA as it provides baselines for measurement, monitoring and acceptability of water
quality in the lake.
The objective to reduce the contribution of domestic sewage in the lake’s pollution load directly
addressed Core Issue No. 1, and an important component in the realization of the water quality
improvement. This objective serves as the main take-off point in the determination of
necessary strategies/interventions. A decrease on the volume of pollutants that find their way
into the riverine systems directly improves water quality. It is worth reiterating that focus should
be made on domestic waste management given the significant percentage contribution (77%)
of domestic waste to the overall pollution load. The decrease in the industrial/agricultural
sectors may be attributed to ongoing improvements in the enforcement of environmental laws
and the continuing charging of EUFs.
Goal/Objective No. 2: To design and implement solid waste management plan in order to
reduce the potential environmental degradation and health risks associated with continued
dumping. As a major issue that cuts across several sectors, solid waste management in a large
number of cities and municipalities (not just in the LDBR) has lacked planning and
implementation on an integrated basis. This has resulted in the significant reduction of the rate
of success and the benefits to the communities where the SWM programs are supposed to be
implemented.
The National Solid Waste Management Act (RA 9003) is supposed to provide the legal
framework and implementing guidelines for the management of solid waste, but the apparent
lack of understanding and the development of viable mechanisms to ensure its implementation
across the country has hampered the full realization of its objectives.
Achievement of this goal will entail the following:
• Economic - Improving economic efficiency through the means of resource use,

treatment and disposal and creating markets for recycles can lead to efficient practices
in the production and consumption of products and materials resulting in valuable
materials being recovered for reuse and the potential for new jobs and new business
opportunities.
• Social - By reducing adverse impacts on health by proper waste management
practices, the resulting consequences are more appealing settlements. Better social
223
advantages can lead to new sources of employment and potentially lifting communities
out of poverty especially in some of the developing poorer countries and cities.
• Environmental - Reducing or eliminating adverse impacts on the environmental through
reducing, reusing and recycling, and minimizing resource extraction can provide
improved air and water quality and help in the reduction of greenhouse emissions.
• Political - The Local Government Units (LGU’s) involvement in SWM in their
respective jurisdictions involves solid waste collection, street sweeping and river clean
ups. The quality of services, however, varies from LGU to LGU, depending on their
financial capability to deliver SWM services.
The overall objective of a solid waste management plan is to increase the level of collection
and disposal of municipal solid wastes in an environmentally acceptable manner. This means
ensuring that provisions of RA9003 are observed and that stakeholder participation in the
various waste management programs is increased to the level that allows a sustainable system
to be put into place. It is assumed therefore, that aside from the physical facilities that are
proposed to built to address the technical requirements of solid waste, the LLDA, LGU‟s and
the private sector will undertake, on a sustained basis, the implementation of Information and
Education Campaigns to increase the level of participation and improve practices that directly
impact the solid waste issue.
Goal/Objective No. 3: To realize the utilization of Laguna Lake as a source of water, either
through direct abstraction from the lake or through ground extraction from identified sub-
watersheds. The technical approach differs in relation to the contemplated mode of extraction,
although both will need to be subsumed by more comprehensive and inclusive financial,
technical, management studies to assess the requirements of a viable mechanism for the goal
to be realized.
Water as a resource is one that cuts across political boundaries and is more governed by the
inherent geophysical characteristics. The manner by which interventions (direct/indirect,
positive/negative) are imposed upon the water resources largely determines the sustainability
of the resources for the planned uses. While the total volume present in the ecosystems may
be deemed as constant, the useful volume is obviously affected by a variety of factors that cut
across a wide range of subsectors.
The lake and its some of its subwatersheds are already being utilized as a source of water by
Manila Water Company, Inc. and Maynilad Water Services, Inc., either through direct
abstraction or through deep wells. The main beneficiaries of these projects, though, are largely
restricted to urbanized areas or first class municipalities within the concession zones. A large
part of the eastern and southern municipalities are either served by Water Districts/RWSA‟s
who deal with a variety of day-to-day problems in supply and distribution, or are not provided
a reliable supply and distribution system.
This situation creates a good opportunity to provide water to a large population in the LDBR,
in the process creating value for the LLDA (as a Water Utility Company) which can be source
of income for the agency. The large-scale, full privatization of water utility services already has
a number of successful models not only in the Philippines but in a number of Asian countries
as well. Both the private sector and the United Nations Development Programme has
continually shown interest in this field and may provide funding and/or technical assistance to
the LLDA. In the long-term, this will support the government’s pro-poor agenda by making this
vital resource available to many LDBR residents still subjected to below standard living
conditions.
224
6.8.3. Development Strategy and Programs/Projects
Development Strategy 1: Plan, Design and Build Wastewater Treatment Plants
1.1 Comprehensive Approach to Domestic Wastewater Treatment Systems
1.1.1 Planning, Design & Construction of the Bay/Calauan Sewage Treatment Plant
1.1.2 Planning, Design & Construction of the Sta. Cruz/Pagsanjan Sewage
Treatment Plant
1.1.3 Studies for the Development of LDBR Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems
1.1.4 Planning, Design & Construction of Small-Scale Decentralized Sewage
Treatment Systems in Other Rural Areas (for site identification)
Development Strategy 2: Improvement of LDBR Solid Waste Management Systems
2.1.1. Integrated Solid Waste Management Systems

2.1.1 Planning, Design & Construction of Two Sanitary Landfills
2.1.2 Assessment of RA9003 Implementation in the LDBR
2.1.3 Planning & Implementation of Waste to Energy Projects
2.1.4 Environmental education and awareness
Environmental Education and awareness on the effects of SWM to the general well-
being of society may affect the system in different ways. With awareness, the general
public would know the perils of a failed SWM system and would take measures to
protect themselves. Environmental education should be aimed to make people aware
but at the same time understand their role in the SWM. Its goal should be to control
waste generation by promoting the value of environmental responsibility. On the other
hand, if SWM is added into the curricula in schools, it will inculcate the value of
environmental responsibility in the youth. At the same time, if it were practiced in
schools, offices and community centers, it could possibly be adopted into the
community’s way of life.
Development Strategy 3: Expansion of Water Supply Services in the LDBR
2.2 Formation of the LLDA Water Company
2.2.1 Comprehensive Inventory &Mapping of LDBR Water Supply & Distribution

Facilities
2.2.2 Undertake Feasibility Studies for the Creation of an LLDA Water Company
2.2.3 Undertake Cabuyao/Calamba Water Abstraction Study
2.2.4 Undertake Sta. Cruz Water Abstraction Study
6.8.4. Water Supply and Sanitation – Priority Programs and Projects
Program 1: Comprehensive Approach to Domestic Wastewater Treatment Systems
a. Project 1 - Planning, Design & Construction of the Bay/Calauan STP
This project involves the engineering planning, design and construction of a Sewage
Treatment Plant Facility in the general area of Bay/Calauan, which are 2nd and 3rd Class
Municipalities south of Laguna Lake. These areas are served by the Los Baños Water District
225
(total serviced population: 113,000), together with the Municipality of Victoria. Unless available
technology will allow the implementation of more advance systems, standard biological
treatment through a series of chambers, filters and tanks which will allow the quality of
wastewater to comply with DENR Standards.
b. Project 2 - Planning, Design & Construction of the Sta. Cruz/Pagsanjan STP
This project involves the engineering planning, design and construction of a Sewage
Treatment Plant Facility in the general area of Sta. Cruz/Pagsanjan, which are 1st and 2nd
Class Municipalities south-east side of Laguna Lake (total serviced population of two water
districts: 62,000), with the project more likely to be located on the Pagsanjan side. Unless
available technology will allow the implementation of more advance systems, standard
biological treatment through a series of chambers, filters and tanks which will allow the quality
of wastewater to comply with DENR Standards.
c. Project 3 - Studies for the Development of LdB Basin Natural Wastewater

Treatment Systems
This project will involve the assessment and development of viable sites for the
design/implementation of constructed wetlands as natural wastewater treatment systems
within the LdB Basin. Where space is available, wetlands provide a simple, inexpensive and
environment-friendly alternative to conventional treatment plant, being able to treat sewage
from a variety of sources such as small communities, agricultural lands, landfill leachate and
even partially treated industrial wastewater. The presence of plants and microorganisms
support ecological growth as food and possible habitation of natural wildlife is encourage within
the site. Initial areas contemplated for the siting of the wetlands include one municipality (to be
identified) in Rizal, Lucban in Quezon and Calamba in Laguna.
d. Project 4 - Planning, Design & Construction of Small-Scale Decentralized Sewage

Treatment Systems in Other Rural Areas (for site identification)
The project will involve studies for the identification of site and technologies for small- scale
(and modular) treatment systems in communities where the demand for conventional STP may
be insufficient and land available for constructed wetlands may not be available. The small-
scale system forms the third tier option to encourage the implementation of sewage treatment
projects in consideration of actual discharge volumes, cost considerations and the availability
of land within the municipalities, in order to meet the development objectives.
Projects 1 to 4 may be undertaken through the “Development Partnership Approach

Addressing Wastewater Pollution from Domestic Sources”. Laguna de Bay has suffered
increasing levels of agricultural and domestic wastewater pollution and no meaningful
interventions have been put in place to address the same. LGUs in the region still lack of basic
wastewater treatment facilities due to lack of financial and technical capacities. Septic tanks
have been inadequate, ill-designed (e.g., no appropriate flooring, etc.) or simply not installed
in housing units. LGUs are bound by the Clean Water Act and Supreme Court continuing
mandamus to clean up Laguna Lake, Pasig River and Manila Bay. Hence, the proposed
partnership will:
1. Address the long-time need to provide a definite solution to the unresolved issues on
the domestic wastewater discharge that affect the water quality of Laguna Lake.
2. Improve access to sanitation services for communities through the development and
implementation of environment-friendly solution to the foregoing issues.
3. Design, construct and pilot test natural and effective low-cost/ low maintenance
wastewater treatment systems
4. Undertake capacity building and training of LGUs on natural systems
226
5. Undertake monitoring and inspection, and possible funding options for LGUs.
Program 2: Integrated Solid Waste Management Systems
a. Project 5 - Planning, Design & Construction of Two Sanitary Landfills
The contemplated landfills will support the environmental protection objectives as solid wastes
not viable for reuse and recycling (residual wastes) will have a permanent disposal site
conforming to DENR standards. Coupled with materials recovery facilities (MRF), these
landfills are also expected to provide jobs to waste- pickers who would be adequately trained
in order for their livelihood to be supportive of the facility operations. Social preparation is an
important component in the planning and development of landfills as communities
contemplated to host the sites tend to have a negative response to the proposed project. Initial
sites under consideration are Cabuyao (which will cover an approximate area of 1.9has) and
Biñan (which will cover an approximate area of 2.4 has).
b. Project 6 - Assessment of RA9003 Implementation within the LdB Basin
The RA 9003 Assessment Project aims to undertake a review of the LdB Basin experiences in
the implementation of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act. This will be done with the
end-in-mind of designing programs which will improve compliance with its provisions or the
implementation of LdB Basin-specific improvements under the auspices of the LGU‟s and the
LLDA. It is expected that the study will include such components as rate of compliance with
key provisions, roadblocks in implementation, LGU experiences/case studies and mechanisms
for improved stakeholder participation.
c. Project 7 - Planning & Implementation of Waste to Energy Projects (Thermal

Conversion)
This project will involve the feasibility and possible implementation of waste-to-energy projects
which are among the emerging global technological trends. Waste-to-energy projects allow the
conversion of solid wastes into fuel, doing away with the large space requirements of sanitary
landfills and at the same time providing revenue opportunities via the sale of generated fuel.
Due the heavy costs of investments, the project is expected to be undertaken through the
private sector, with the possible host sites working out social acceptance since, as in a sanitary
landfill, there may be negative reactions to the hosting of waste-to-energy reactors within their
municipalities.
SWM projects may be undertaken through “Development Partnership Addressing Solid Waste
Management.” Laguna de Bay Basin has ever-increasing environmental pressures from more
than 12 million people and thousands of industries that produce largely untreated solid and
liquid wastes. Solid wastes have caused serious flooding problems and rendered communities
within and around the lake basin vulnerable. Thus, need to make vulnerable communities in
LGUs with limited SWM capacities, including lakeshore LGUs/ barangays, better equip to
confront the impacts of frequent flooding and other disasters, by efficient and sustainable
SWM.
Program 3: Formation of the Laguna de Bay Water utility Company
a. Project 8 - Comprehensive Inventory & Mapping of LdB Basin Water Facilities
The project will involve the preparation of a comprehensive and integrated maps of water
facilities within the LdB Basin (excluding MWCI/MWSI concessionaire areas), in support of
feasibility studies to be undertaken for the creation of an LLDA Water Company. This will also
benefit the LWUA and the water districts within the jurisdiction of the LLDA, helping all the
227
agencies in the improving the management of water supply and distribution systems around
the lake. The scope must include a mechanism for GIS-based updating to keep the records
current.
b. Project 9 - Undertake Feasibility Studies for the Creation of an Laguna de bay Water
utility Company
The feasibility study will aim to establish the technical, management and financial requirements
leading to the creation of an LLDA Water Company which may either serve as bulk water
provider to the various Water Districts/RWSA‟s and/or supply and distribution company to
areas with no available water infrastructure. The FS may use as model the creation of the
MWCI/MWSI as east/west zone concessionaires and the lessons learned in their operations
in the last 14 years.
c. Project 10 - Undertake Cabuyao/Calamba Water Abstraction Study
The abstraction study aim to assess the volume and cost of abstraction in relation to the intent
of LLDA to supply freshwater in selected areas within the LdB Basin, especially in areas out of
reach of the big Metro Manila concessionaires and for the Water Districts who may focus their
limited resources in the setting up and maintenance of efficient distribution systems. The
Cabuyao/Calamba area is the first of two sites contemplated for the study.
d. Project 11 - Undertake Sta. Cruz Water Abstraction Study
The abstraction study aim to assess the volume and cost of abstraction in relation to the intent
of LLDA to supply freshwater in selected areas within the LdB Basin, especially in areas out of
reach of the big Metro Manila concessionaires and for the Water Districts who may focus their
limited resources in the setting up and maintenance of efficient distribution systems. The Sta.
Cruz area is the second of two sites contemplated for the study.
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CHAPTER 6
6.9. INSTITUTIONAL / POLICY SECTOR
The challenges that have to be hurdled by LLDA in order for it to realize its goal of balancing
its regulatory and developmental functions are a result of internal and external factors. The
Authority’s organizational structure must be able to respond to its considerably enlarged
mandate. This necessitates the review of the Authority’s organizational structure and
manpower complement as well as the LLDA‟s mechanisms for fund sourcing. The institutional
conflicts and incoherent policies resulting from the many users and managers of the lake have
to be likewise resolved in order for the Authority to move forward and realize a more balanced
performance of its regulatory and developmental functions towards becoming an integrated
watershed management agency.
Surmounting these institutional challenges is not difficult given the potentials that LLDA has.
The jurisdiction of LLDA over the development and management of the region is recognized
not just by several legislations (e.g. Republic Act No. 9275 or the Philippine Clean Water Act)
but also by the Supreme Court in its recent decisions that relate to the authority of LLDA. There
is no agency in the region that has a focused mandate for the development and management
of the lake but LLDA. This recognition should result in the strengthening of LLDA’s
encompassing authority and minimize incoherence in policies and programs implemented over
the region.
The laws that created the Authority have given LLDA the standing authorization to restructure
itself- create other divisions and positions necessary for the performance of its mandate. A
reading of these laws leads to the conclusion that LLDA does not need any executive issuance
or legislative enactment to undertake corporate reorganization. Likewise, the enabling laws of
LLDA allow it to enter into contractual or BOT arrangements or any other project financing
schemes. This, complemented by its financial autonomy and revenue-generating capabilities,
should easily entice private sector to partner with LLDA in implementing self-liquidating
infrastructure projects. Considering the enormous capital investments necessary for the LLDA
to implement its developmental projects in addition to the performance of its regulatory
functions, it is timely for the LLDA to explore project financing schemes available to it.
6.9.1. Institutional Development Goals and Strategies
The persistent issues that LLDA has to address in relation to its policy and institutional
environments are both internal and external in nature. Internal issues refer to the Authority’s
organizational structure, manpower complement which includes the capacity and capability of
its personnel, and financial constraints. On the other hand, external issues refer to the
institutional conflicts and incoherent policies due to the sheer number of stakeholders that
undertake efforts to manage the lake. For these issues to be resolved, development strategies
were identified. These are summarized in Annex_.
Consistent with the Laguna de Bay Basin Master Plan 2016-2026, the overarching aim for the
policy and institutional development sector is thus stated:
The LLDA shall be the integrated lake basin authority , an apex body in the Laguna de
Bay Region, where partner agencies like local government units, river councils, national
government agencies, and people’s organizations are willing to co-manage portions of
the Region and shall have become financially independent in implementing programs,
projects, and activities.
229
In the same document, LLDA identified two major entry points wherein this overarching goal
shall be realized namely: (1) institutions and institutional arrangements and (2) information,
education and communication program (EIC). With regard to institutions and institutional
arrangements, there is a need to promote, enhance and improve institutional capacity of all
stakeholders to implement development programs and projects in collaboration and
cooperation with LLDA. In line with its basin plan’s strategic policy areas and management
strategies, LLDA needs to prepare its internal structure to perform its imperatives in pursuing
rehabilitation and protection/conservation of the basin. Structurally, this means it needs to
further strengthen its organizational units in the following areas:
Department/ Division Capacity Development Areas
Management Services Department Institution building
Environmental Regulation Department Rehabilitation
Environmental Quality Management Division
Resource Management & Development Department Resource protection/conservation
Community Development Division Resource protection/Conservation &

rehabilitation
Consistent with the integrated lake basin management approach, there is also a need to adopt
a joint stewardship mechanism with various stakeholders and affected communities to ensure
the beneficial and optimal use and utilization of economic resources within the Laguna de Bay
basin.
Thus, the mission for institutional partnership is stated as follows:
To promote environmental-developmental public-private alliance and stakeholders’ co-

stewardship, employing the best possible approaches and practices in the conservation
of the lake basin resources and in instilling inter-generational responsibility.
While for the IEC component, the mission statement is thus stated:
To instil awareness and appreciation of the critical importance of Laguna de Bay among
the stakeholders and to make them responsible stewards of the lake and its watershed.
6.9.1.1. Goal 1: Resolve conflicts and overlaps
The so many political and administrative agencies that deal with the management of Laguna
Lake calls for a mechanism by which efforts of these agencies are coordinated, harmonized
and are geared towards the sustainable and integrated management of the region. There is
an apparent absence of critical collaboration between and among these lake managers that
results in incoherence and, sometimes, conflicting policies being implemented.
The Authority is not devoid of experience in watershed co-management and stakeholders‟

partnerships. In fact, in as early as 2005, LLDA has reported that its operation has been
characterized by partnership building to raise the value of joint responsibility in managing and
conserving Laguna Lake (Laguna de Bay Environment Monitor, 2007). However, the challenge
to institutionalize integrated lake basin management approach in the management of the lake
remains because inconsistent and incoherent policies and programs being implemented by
the several stakeholders are still present in the region.
230
Towards the resolution of institutional conflicts and overlaps, the following objectives have
been set:
a. Increase stakeholder participation and compliance with LLDA regulations;

b. Strengthen sector coordination mechanisms for the effective management of the
region; and,
c. Intensify awareness of stakeholders
To attain these objectives, two strategies have been identified namely:
• Pursue Co-Management Approach. It has to be emphasized that the management and

conservation of the Lake is not just the responsibility of LLDA. It must be a shared and
joint responsibility between and among the users and managers of the lake. Political
units and administrative agencies as well as non-state actors have a role in facilitating
the sustainable management of the lake.
• Intensive Awareness-Raising and Advocacy Activities. The incoherence and conflicting

policies and programs implemented may be a result of parochial concerns of the
political units that lie on the Laguna Lake region. However, it cannot be gainsaid that
this apparent parochial approach to resource use, management, and development can
be a result of lack of timely and useful information about the region.
6.9.1.2. Goal 2: Strengthen organizational and institutional capacity
LLDA may have the organizational and institutional capacity to perform its regulatory functions
but it has yet to demonstrate how the Authority can absorb its considerably enlarged mandate
and effectively perform its developmental functions. The direction that LLDA is heading to
entails not just a shift in investment priorities but also a development of its existing
organizational framework and human resources complement. To its credit, there have been
several capacity building programs that LLDA has implemented over the years to train and
develop its personnel. Its effort to rationalize its organizational structure was evident in its
Rationalization Plan submitted to the Department of Budget and Management in 2006.
However, the said plan, when approved in 2010 did not fully capture the changes that have to
be undertaken for the Authority to be able to fully perform its mandate. For instance, the
number of personnel approved was significantly lower than what was proposed by LLDA.
Obviously, this will have an impact on how an LLDA with nominal number of personnel be able
to perform not just regulatory but developmental functions as well.
In order to strengthen its organizational and institutional capacities, the Authority has to
develop the capacity of LLDA‟s human resources to respond to the organization’s expanded
mandate and changing thrusts. To attain this objective, capacity development and
enhancement trainings to increase LLDA‟s absorptive capacity complemented by attractive
salary and benefit plan shall be used as a strategy.
231
Table 6.9.1.2-a: Programs and Projects that Build Stakeholders Partnerships
Partnership with LGUs and other Government Agencies

Public Disclosure Program for • promotes awareness for the protection and conservation of the Laguna
LGUs de Bay region and recognizes the LGUS best practices in
Fisheries and Aquatic Resources •
(2006) environmental
prepares governance policies for Local Development Plan and the
and recommends
Management Council (FARMC) Laguna Lake Master Plan and advises LGUs and other government
agencies on the
issuance of permits and licenses for appropriate use of fisheries and
Partnership with Industries aquatic
Philippine Environmental • encourages
resources and supports establishments to adopt self-regulation for
Partnership improved environmental performance through the provision of
Program (DAO 2004-14) regulatory assistance and
EnvironmentalUsers Fee System • order
a incentives instrument that encourages companies to invest and
market-based
(EUFS) operate pollution prevention and/or abatement systems within their
(adopted in 1997) establishments
• Provides incentives to discharges to reduce loading and to change the
behavior of pollution sources by utilizing the cost of pollution prevention
Public Disclosure Program • A and abatementthat
mechanism andmakes use of information to create public pressure
factor
and this intothe
motivate their business
polluters decision-making
to reduce and actions.
their pollution and comply with
Adopt-a-River • a environmental
priority venture standards
under the River Rehabilitation Program of LLDA which
is geared towards the rehabilitation, protection and conservation of the
rivers within the
• involves primarily the development of river segmentation and site
assessment, community profiling, information drives and motivation
campaigns, establishment of
eco-parks and water purification facilities
• In coordination
Partnership with NGOs and other non-state actors with LLDA, the adopters will provide financial and
Conservation of Laguna de Bay’s • technical
A partnershipassistance
amongto the LGUs
LLDA, andfor
Society River Councils in realizing
the Conservation this
of Philippine
Environment Resources (2001) project
Wetlands, and Unilever Philippines which aims to spearhead advocacy
and awareness among
key stakeholders and unify efforts towards conservation of the lake and
Bamboo for Life project • Inits line with the efforts to restore the degraded areas of Laguna de Bay
resources the LLDA in 2008 initiated the implementation of the
Watershed,
Laguna de Bay Watershed
Bamboo for Life Project in collaboration with PAGCOR thru its Green
Philippines
Movement and Rotary Club of Makati Central
• aims to reforest denuded areas and stabilize river banks using bamboo
as well as provide livelihood opportunities on bamboo related
Partnership with International Organizations
Eco-Index Network • enterprises to the various
aims to encourage industries within these areas to take active part in
stakeholders
minimizing of Laguna
adverse de Bay
impacts to the environment
The network enjoins industries, through partnering with resource
organizations, to practice resource recovery, recycling and reuse in
order to minimize waste generation. It will provide venue for facilitation
information exchange, networking
and collaboration on environmental and related initiatives
• supported by partners such as UNDP, through its program called
EPIC (Environmental Management Program for Industry
Competitiveness), Laguna Lake
Development Authority-Community Development Division and the
Department of
• Trade and Industry –Board of Investments
Sources: LLDA Website (www.llda.gov.ph)
232
Issues Goal Objective Strategy Program Projects

• Institutional • Resolve • Increase • Pursue co- • Incentive • Design of the
conflicts conflicts and stakeholder management Mechanism Incentive Schemes
among and overlaps with participation and approach s and and Partnership
incoherent other compliance with Partnership Modalities
policies of the institutions/ LLDA regulations Modalities
“managers” of stakeholders • Establishment of
Laguna Lake • Strengthen sector Integrated Sub-
coordination Watershed
mechanisms for Management Councils
the effective (IWMCs)
management of
the region
• Intensify • Conduct • Advocacy • Laguna de Bai

awareness of intensive and Basin Interactive
stakeholders awareness Awareness Online Database
raising and Program
advocacy
activities
233
• Issues • Goal • Objective • Strategy • Program • Projects
• Internal • Strengthen • Develop the capacity of • Implement capacity • Capacity • LLDA‟s Capacity Needs
organizational organizationa LLDA‟s human resources to development and development Assessment and Skills
structure and l and respond to the organization’s enhancement and Audit
capacity to respond institutional expanding mandate trainings to increase enhancement
to the challenges capacity LLDA‟s absorptive programs • Continuing Learning and
that arise from the capacity Capacity Enhancement
performance of the complemented by
Authority’s attractive salary and • Capacity Building Program
regulatory and benefit plan on Project Finance and
developmental Market- Based Instruments
functions
Table 6.9.1.2-b: Logical Framework – Institutions and Governance
234
6.9.2. Proposed Programs and Projects Incentive
Mechanisms and Partnership Modalities
The LLDA in its 2007 Environment Monitor reported that there have been several initiatives,
such as LISCOP Project, undertaken to foster co-management and shared responsibility in
the conservation of Laguna Lake. To build upon the gains from these initiatives and to
institutionalize these partnerships that have been successful, it is necessary to devise means
by which other stakeholders will be incentivized to partner with LLDA in pursuit of programs
and projects that are to be implemented in the region.
The current condition in Laguna Lake necessitates the harmonization and coordination of
actions of the various stakeholders in the region towards the conservation of the lake. A
number of programs and projects of the so many stakeholders in the region are sometimes
conflicting and parochial in nature. This may be a result of the lack of incentives among the
stakeholders to invest on projects that go beyond the scope of their respective territorial
jurisdictions. Ultimately, this will contradict the integrated management of the Lake as it calls
for a coordinated approach in planning, implementing and financing projects that transcend
political boundaries.
This program shall have the following projects as components:
a. Design of the Incentive Schemes and Partnership Modalities. This project will entail
a review of the existing incentives and partnership mechanisms between and among
the users and stakeholders in the region and formulation of a detailed action plan to
implement recommended incentives and partnership modalities as a result of the
review. The recommended schemes and modalities shall be subjected to
consultations and workshops with key LLDA stakeholders so as to build consensus
among them with regard to which schemes and modalities are effective in providing
incentives for partnerships. The schemes and modalities have to be approved by
the LLDA Board.
b. Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation of Incentives and Partnership
Modalities. The LLDA approved schemes and modalities shall be implemented with
a provision on monitoring and evaluation. The main objective is to have political units
and other stakeholders in the region to make investments that are complementary
and are not in conflict with the overall goal of lake management and conservation.
c. Establishment of Integrated Sub-Watershed Management Councils (IWMCs). In
January 2001, LLDA Board Resolution no. 157 was approved adopting a fully
integrated water resources management and development model for LLDA. LLDA
has delineated 24 sub-basins or micro-watersheds within the larger Laguna de Bay
watershed based on similar hydrological and geographic conditions obtaining in
such areas for purposes of effectively managing the Laguna de Bay Basin. In May
2011, these 24 sub-basins have been designated as Sub-Water Quality
Management Areas (Sub-WQMAs). LLDA approved the institutionalization of an
Integrated Watershed Management Program for the 24 sub-basins of the Laguna
de Bay watershed in accordance with Board Resolution no. 414, series of 2011. The
establishment of IWMCs is thus proposed to delineate the institutional framework
for sub-watershed management. Although currently not envisioned, it is probably
important in the future to provide technical support to each of the 24 IWMCs through
the creation of a Technical Secretariat Such a Technical
Secretariat should have the expertise to plan and manage the sub-watershed on a
sustained basis.
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Advocacy and Awareness Program
To intensify awareness among the users and stakeholders in the region, an information,
education, and communication (IEC) program has to be put in place. It is suggested that such
be an integral component of all the programs and projects that are to be implemented by
LLDA in the region. Such integration will not only secure success in the implementation of the
program and project but will also provide useful inputs to the stakeholders in making their
informed choices as to their respective programs and projects. It is towards this end that the
Laguna de Bai Basin Interactive Online Database Project is conceptualized.
Due to the sheer number of stakeholders in the region, it is necessary that the Authority’s
database be easily accessible. This can be done by developing and maintaining an online
database/website that contains not just information about the Authority (e.g. complete copies
of board resolutions, financial and fiscal performance, programs and projects) but a database
on Laguna Lake which are useful not only for planning but for monitoring and evaluation
purposes as well. This should also contain the three-dimensional and other presentations of
the lake basin and other plans prepared by LLDA and other entities/agencies. Also, the
website must facilitate electronic transactions and applications of permits and licenses.
The accessibility of these critical pieces of information will facilitate the coordination of plans
and programs of all the stakeholders in the region. One reason for the failure of the various
stakeholders to harmonize their plans and programs is the unavailability of and inaccessible
information about Laguna Lake.
IEC Medium-Term Plan
The development and implementation of the IEC Program should be guided by the philosophy
of creating a shift in the behaviour and perception among the target stakeholders of LLDA
after gaining awareness and knowledge of the its mandate, vision, mission, projects and
programs. This would require major shifts in the implementation and execution of IEC
strategies from a top-down to a participatory approach.
Adopting the strategies and approaches for the IEC Medium-Term Plan, the IEC strategies
and approaches are classified as either public communication or strategic communication.
Public communication refers to “generic” IEC strategies and activities that are addressed to
the general public or a mass audience. Strategic communication, on the other hand, is
specialized IEC interventions for well-defined audiences and applied in specific situations
(IEC Medium-Term Plan, 2005).
a) Public Communication
• Interpersonal and Group Communication
• Mass Media Channels
• Audiovisual Materials
• Non- Traditional Media
• Printed IEC Materials
b) Strategic Communication
• Policy Advocacy
• Social Mobilization
• Social Marketing
• Community Organizing
• Community Communication
• Strategic Communication
c) New IEC Strategies/Approaches

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• Information Caravan
• Lake-Friendly Techno Clinic
• Community Communication by using Community Audio Tower System (CATS)
IEC Key Result Areas and Objectives
IEC Key Result Areas (KRAs) refer to the desired awareness, knowledge, attitude, and
practice changes as a result of the implementation of the LLDA IEC PLAN. In the IEC program
framework where the outcome is always in the form of change in behaviour (AKAP),
objectives are expressed in terms of expected behavior of intended audience after being
exposed to the IEC interventions.
Message Development
Messages coming from LLDA will carry its mandate, policies, programs, projects, activities,
and overall accomplishments. These types of messages will have different appeals:
Informative – will give a detailed description of what the priorities LLDA is considering within
the next five years; who are the people involved; how can stakeholders participate; when
and where can they access information needed by those who would be interested to get
involved.
Persuasive – will appeal for stakeholders to act together for the good of the lake and will
carry information that will spell out what the benefits and incentives of those who are
interested to participate.
Coercive – will describe usually the fines, penalties, and other sanctions of violators,
particularly industries, fisher folk (illegal fishing), fish pen/fish cage operators (demolition
and demarcation of fish cages), others.
Capacity Development and Enhancement Programs
The LLDA plays a critical role in the conservation of the Laguna Lake basin especially taking
into consideration the current thrust of the Authority to perform functions that are not only
regulatory but also developmental. It is imperative that the Authority has the skills and
expertise to effectively and efficiently perform its mandate, responding to the needs and
demands of the times. Indeed, the Rationalization Plan of LLDA was approved only in 2010.
Still, it is necessary to look into the skills and expertise of the Authority’s human resources as
these are critical in the capacity of the Authority to respond to its expanded mandate and
thrusts. Assessment of the capacity of individuals and the organization to achieve the desired
LLDA outcomes is thus necessary.
The following projects have been identified under this program:
a. LLDA‘s Capacity Needs Assessment and Skills Audit. This project will entail a
review and evaluation of the current organizational structure, functions,
relationships of the organizational units, existing staffing pattern vis-à-vis their
respective functions and responsibilities; review of the relationships of positions
through job evaluation and identify the critical positions for reclassification and their
compensation leveling; Job-task-KSA analysis (knowledge, skills and attitudes) of
LLDA personnel; and, Review and assessment of personnel compensation and
benefits and their training programs.
237
b. Continuing Learning and Capacity Enhancement. The result of the Capacity Needs
Assessment and Skills Audit project will serve as an input to what capacity building
programs must be put in place. For the implementation of the other programs and
projects of the LLDA, it is recommended that each must have a capacity
development program embedded in it. By having capacity enhancement as one
component of all the programs and projects to be implemented by LLDA, it is
expected that the Authority’s human resources will have an avenue for continuing
learning.
c. Capacity-Building Program on Project Finance and Market-Based Instruments.

The creation of an entity that will serve as LLDA’s infrastructure investment arm is
in full swing. It is thus necessary that the Authority’s personnel are well capable of
planning, programming, financing and undertaking developmental projects. It is
crucial that the staff have knowledge and skills in structuring project finance deals,
assessing project finance proposals, and in organizing special purpose vehicles for
managing projects. Likewise, in keeping with the Authority’s thrust to balance its
developmental functions with its regulatory functions, it is also necessary that its
personnel are knowledgeable on market-based instruments as tool to manage
Laguna Lake. It is expected that this training will enhance the capacity of staff to
financially plan and monitor infrastructure projects and implement various financing
options/models to raise funds for LLDA‟s developmental projects.
As in all developing territories, the central concerns of the Laguna de Bay require striking a
balance between ecological integrity, economic development, and social advancement. This
challenge reflects the core themes of UNCED in Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit 1992 which
stressed the balancing act required for “sustainability‟. On climate change adaptation and
mitigation, the imperative for the Laguna de Bay Basin is to contribute, albeit in limited terms,
to greenhouse gas emissions. The evolving draft agreement (as agreed by nearly 200 nations
as of December 5, 2015) from the recent Climate Change 21st Conference of Parties (COP21)
in Paris, France, calls for global emission reduction target by at least 60% below 2010 level
by 2050, to put the world back on track, thus laying out three broad goals (bing.com/news):
• "To hold the increase in the global average temperature [below 1.5 °C] [or] [well below
2 °C] above preindustrial levels by ensuring deep reductions in global greenhouse gas
[net] emissions;
• "To Increase their ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change [and to
effectively respond to the impacts of the implementation of response measures and
to loss and damage];
• "To pursue a transformation towards sustainable development that fosters climate

resilient and low greenhouse gas emission societies and economies, and that does
not threaten food production and distribution.”
The basin plan’s institutions and governance sector envisions to lead to such transformation
towards sustainable and climate resilient Laguna de Bay Basin.
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CHAPTER 6
6.10. CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION
6.10.1. Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation, and DRRM in a Lake Basin Context
The Laguna de Bay Basin provides a natural framework with which to manage climate change
impacts and disaster risks. For LLDA to effectively fulfil its role in water-related disaster risk
management and in the light of the fragmented nature of local risk planning, the updating of
the master plan provides an opportunity to perform its climate change impact and risk
management focal point role as a basin management authority. This role shall provide the
platform to share information, provide guidance and key policies and resources in
collaboration with government and external partners through the updated master plan.
Therefore, this section looks at the core issues in the basin sectors relevant to and/or affecting
climate change, the policy context, the goals, objectives, management strategies and
strategic actions under the updated master plan.
Situating the Updated Master Plan
The updated master plan for the Laguna de Bay Basin must take into consideration the
support needed in the implementation of the both the Climate Change and DRRM legislations,
but at the same time addressing climate change issues and DRRM within the context of ILBM,
in the following manner:
1. “…..inter-local government unit collaboration shall be maximized in the conduct of

climate- related activities” (paragraphs 2 and 3 of Section 14, Republic Act 9279 of
2009), and “…LGUs are required to regularly update their respective climate change
action plans to reflect changing social, economic, and environmental conditions and
emerging issues” (paragraph 3 of the same Section), through the formulation of Local
Climate Change Action Plan.
2. The “need to “Incorporate internationally accepted principles of disaster risk

management in the creation and implementation of national, regional and local
sustainable development and poverty reduction strategies, policies, plans and
budgets and other related provisions” (Section 2-c of Philippine Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Act of 2010).
6.10.2 Existing Situation
According to the State of DRMM in the Philippines report of 2008, statistical records show
that from 1997 to 2007, total cost of damage brought about by various types of disasters that
hit the country amounted to approximately Php 176.33 billion per year. About 85 percent of
the total number of disasters that struck the country during the same period caused tropical
cyclones aggravated by four calamitous floods and landslides which increased the death toll
and cause more economic losses due to damage to properties, infrastructure and agriculture
that reached Php 158 billion. Thus, it is really imperative for the country to take hazards into
consideration and how their related risks affect vulnerable communities in our national and
local development programming, policies and strategies.
6.10.2.1 Climate Change Adaptation
6.10.2.1.a Disaster Risk Reduction Management
For better proactive role, the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010
provided a national framework for comprehensive disaster risk management. Said framework
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defined the organizational structures, political leadership and policy support and facilitates the
active participation of stakeholders from the national, local levels. The DRRM framework
integrate the integrated risk management mechanics which include risk identification, risk
reduction, and risk sharing/financing, disaster risk reduction and management councils (at the
provincial, city and municipal levels) at the sub-national level, regional and local disaster risk
reduction and management councils (at the provincial, city and municipal levels) are
mandated to develop, implement and monitor local disaster risk reduction and management
plans. They must also ensure corresponding integration into the local development plans.
Said new law also required for the creation of a local disaster risk reduction and management
office in each local government unit.
The LDRRMO shall fall under the office of the governor, city or municipal mayor, and the
barangay captain in case of the BDRRMC. The LDRRMOs shall be initially organized and be
assisted by three (3) staff responsible for: (1) administrative and training; (2) research and
planning; and (3) operations and warning. In Metro Manila, the Metro Manila Development
Authority chairs the disaster coordinating council. All 17 cities and municipalities is tasked to
coordinate risk reduction and mitigation activities with the head of MMDA.
As noted, a number of on-going projects of LLDA are also strongly aligned with disaster risk
reduction management. In response with these, LLDA has planted a total of 228,970
seedlings on 402.12 has. in 2014. Varieties of seedlings planted include: narra, mahogany,
bamboo, potat, molave, acacia, tuia, fruit-bearing trees, among others on areas within the
Laguna de Bay Watershed. DENR, on the other hand, planted a total of 6,312,925 on 10,820
watershed areas particularly in the provinces of Cavite, Laguna, Rizal within the Agency
jurisdiction in 2014. Reforestation projects contributed much in controlling landslide in
erosion-prone areas including flooding in lowland areas. Concerned LGUs assisted them in
these reforestation projects.
Furthermore, Flood Control Projects have been implemented by LLDA to lessen risk of
disaster. This is exemplified by LLDA-DPWH Convergence Project, a flood control project.
The Agency, in close coordination with the LGUs, the DPWH, formulated initial phase of
collaborative undertakings, a five-river improvement project for various rivers flowing to
Laguna Lake, namely: Santa Maria, Mabitac, Santa Cruz, Biñan and San Pedro Rivers. The
Laguna Lake Expressway Dike Project, a DPWH initiated project is currently under
implementation stage. This is anticipated to control flood from Taguig City and major
lakeshore areas in the Province of Laguna and at the same time to lessen traffic congestion.
A counterpart projects in the province of Rizal is also being eyed with similar objectives.
Described below are the institutions involved in DRRRM.
In general, DENR’s program on DRRM include the following: National Greening Program,
Geohazard Mapping and Assessment Program Groundwater Resources and Vulnerability
Assessment, Solid Waste Management for Local Government Units Program, Strengthening
Coordination for Effective Environmental Management Vulnerability Assessment of Selected
Watersheds.
Last September 26, 2010, six LGUs, namely: Marikina, Pasig, Antipolo, and the municipalities
of Rodriguez, Cainta, and San Mateo in the Province of Rizal welded together for improved
coordination, shared technology and resources for better DRRRM among its constituents and
called the Alliance “Marikina Watershed Environs Integrated Resource Development Alliance.
Quezon City joined them last July, 2011 and is now called the Alliance of 7 (A7).Their
collaborative efforts include: a) Establishment of “In-City Development Plans and pro-active
disaster readiness and response program; b) Formulation of a unified and coordinated inter-
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local responses and mechanisms framed within a sustainable and climate sensitive
development plan for Marikina Watershed and its environs; c) Campaign for better
partnerships among the stakeholders within the A7 LGUs; d) Design LGU Approaches and
models for effective governance; e) Harmonization of policies in order to respond immediately
to disasters and risk reduction; f) Sharing of needed resources for better collaboration among
A7 members.
The A7 conducted series of workshops relating to DRRRM in order to lessen the risks and for
better management of the communities from disasters such as flood, landslide, earthquake.
Their plan takes into consideration the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005 - 2015, the 2007
Delhi Declaration for Disaster Risk Reduction in Asia, and the UNFCCC, the PDRRRM Act of
2010 and the Climate Change Act of 2009.Although they formulated long term plans and
programs, they immediately responded to rescue operations such as flood rescue. In 2015,
2 more LGUs joined A7. These are the Municipalities of Tanay and Baras, Rizal. They now
called themselves Alliance of 7 +2.
The Province of Laguna formulated Local Climate Change Action Plan for the period 2015 to
2030. The plan includes: profile of the LGUs in the province, planning approach, vulnerability
assessment, adaptation interventions, monitoring and evaluation, among others.
GOs who have been involved in Climate Change, in general, DRRRM and their involved
programs are as follow: DENR - National Greening Program, Forest Protection, Geohazard
Assessment and Mapping Program, Unified Mapping; DOST – National Operational
Assessment Hazards (NOAH); MMDA – Flood Control Systems; PRRRC – Rehabilitation and
Development of Esteros. In the year 2013, the National Government included a Calamity
Fund, special purpose fund intended for aid relief and rehabilitation services among
communities/areas affected by man-made and natural calamities, repair and construction of
permanent structures including capital expenditures for disaster operations as well as
rehabilitation activities. Amount allocated by the national government in this year is 7.5 billion
pesos. Moreover, the national budget also includes Quick Response Fund (QRF) defined in
Section 21, Paragraph 2 of RA 10121 as:
Of the amount allocated LDRRMF, thirty percent (30%) shall be allocated to Quick Response
Fund or standby-fund for relief and recovery programs in order that situation and living
conditions of peoples in communities or areas stricken by disasters, calamities, epidemics or
complex emergencies may be normalized as quickly as possible. Added to these are other
GOs who are also involved in the programs which include: Office of the President (OP),
Department of National Defense (DND), Department of Social Welfare and Development
(DSWD), Department of Interior and Local Government, (DILG), (Department of Health
(DOH), Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), Academic Institutions, among
others.
Other organizations both local and international have been involved in climate change
adaptation programs and related projects and activities. These include: a) South East Asian
Research and Advanced Study in Agriculture (SEARCA); b) Japan International Cooperating
Agency; c) The World Bank, d) Asian Development Bank; e) Asian Development Bank; f)
Local Governments for Sustainability (ECLEI), among others.
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6.10.1.2b Climate Change Mitigation
6.10.1.2.b.1 Greenhouse Gas Emission
Forested areas contribute to greenhouse gas emission reduction including grasslands and
brushlands.LLDA pioneered the implementation of the Laguna de Bay Community Carbon
Finance Project (Carbonshed Project).The project objectives are as follows: a) capacitating
LLDA as a liaison in working towards helping small-scale environmental projects to result in
certifiable emission reduction projects; b) Piloting interventions that address priority
environmental issues such as waste management and erosion control. These objectives are
based under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol.
This project was supported by a grant from the Japanese Trust Fund – Special Program on
Climate Change Initiatives and is anchored on the partnerships with Local Government Units
including communities to lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the Laguna de Bay
Region. World Bank managed the funding in this project. The grant ended in July, 2008;
however, LLDA continued its support to implement projects that will help in reducing global
warming. The Agency’s involvement includes the following projects: a) Engaging communities
to implement solid waste management mechanisms, composting, reforestation projects; a)
infrastructure projects such as requiring involved industries to comply with wastewater
treatment facilities.
The Agency even assists communities outside the Laguna de Bay Region in reforestation
projects. Bamboo, unpopular species among government organizations, has been introduced
by LLDA within the Region. Moreover, the Agency started the legwork for the inclusion of
bamboo species in the list of GHG emission sequestrator.
DENR has partnered with LLDA, concerned LGUs in the Region in the National Greening
Program (Tree Planting Program) for several years. It also implement other environmental
laws such as RA 9003 (with DILG, LGUs), Clean Air Act. Moreover, it advocates the
conversion of waste to energy, renewal energy, fuel efficiency, alternative energy. The
Agency also estimate carbon sequestration rate, carbon density of forest plantation species,
among others.
2010-2012 World Bank support to the government under its new Country Assistance Strategy
(CAS) will be through variation of technical assistance and lending operations aided by
several climate change facilities. These include: Global Fund for Disaster Reduction and
Recovery (GFDRR) which will provide technical assistance in order to enhance the
development of DRRRM and climate change strategies, the Global Environment Facility
which will provide grant-funding support to climate change, environmental activities and
possibly Disaster Risk Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Projects which will support
the government’s programs to integrate disaster risk and climate risk management in local
and national development planning in areas such as agriculture and natural resources
management. World Bank will also support government programs on power, transport and
waste management. This is based from the government’s experience on projects such as
geothermal, wind, and wastewater projects.
6.10.3. Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment of Laguna Lake Basin: GIS Approach
1.1.a Entry point into the adaptation process
Typhoons and monsoon rains enter the Laguna de Bay Basin several times very year. Effects
of stronger typhoons are the following; devastating damages to communities, infrastructures,
business establishments, agricultural production, displacement of families and loss of lives.
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There is a need to minimize adverse effects of typhoons and extreme climate events in the
future, hence, vulnerability assessment of areas along typhoon path should be conducted in
order to help the government and the rest of the stakeholders to prepare should typhoon enter
the Laguna de Bay Basin (REECS, 2009). REECS conducted a study on Climate Change
Vulnerability Assessment using GIS Approach in the Laguna Lake Basin. The project was
formulated as a “social responsibility share” of REECS to sustainable development and
environmental protection under climate change condition.
Vulnerability assessment is a process which identify attributes of the basin which are at risk
to hazards and impacts of climate change factors which include rainfall, temperature, wind
speed and direction, temperature. This result in the reduction of the optimal capacity of the
basin attributes in performing intended functions. It treated sensitivity and adaptive capacity
as external factors rather than as integral determinants of the vulnerabilities of the basin. The
methodology used in the study include combine simulation, GIS, ground truth method, and
experts’ and stakeholders’ observation
The main objectives of the study are: 1) to assess the vulnerability of the different sectors or
attributes of the Laguna Lake Basin, and 2) to inform MLGUs around the Laguna Lake on the
potential hazards that may come in the future to the communities within the context of climate
change. The secondary objectives were 1) to estimate the economic damage of typhoons,
and 2) to formulate adaptation measures to be recommended to the leaders of the MLGUs
(REECS, 2009). The methodological approach adopted the conceptual framework as
described in figure 6.10.3-a below:
Figure 6.10-a: Conceptual framework of the Laguna Lake basin vulnerability assessment
study
Source: REECS, 2009
Inputs: Data and information used for the study
Basic digital data on the administrative boundaries of the covered municipalities in the basin,
drainage network, land cover/land use, topography/contour, elevation, slope, and soil type
were mapped utilizing GIS. Information relating to Climate change data such as rainfall, wind
direction, speed, and temperature from 1979 to October 2007 were sourced from the
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Agromet Station of the Rice Research Institute in Los Baños, Laguna. Typhoons which
occurred in the area from 1970 to 2006 were characterized in terms of rainfall, and wind
direction, and wind speed. Rainfall data from these typhoons were correlated to flooded
areas defined by their elevations.
Science-based physical responses of the basin attributes on climate change parameters
were used as criteria in the study in order to aid in identifying vulnerable areas. These
are:
1) Drainage network and slopes to establish potential
vulnerability to landslides. The criteria for determining
vulnerability classes are:
Criteria Class
Slope 0-18%, high drainage density Low vulnerability
Slope 18-50%, medium drainage Medium vulnerability
density>50%, low drainage density
Slope High Vulnerability
Source: REECS, 2009
Criteria Class
Slope 0 – 18%, high density forest Low vulnerability
Slope 18-50%, young forest plantation, Medium vulnerability
coconut and fruit-tree plantations
Slope >50%, grassland, agriculture, High vulnerability
residential
Source: REECS, 2009
2) Drainage network and elevation to establish potential vulnerability to flooding
Criteria Class
Elevation >30m, high drainage density Low vulnerability
Elevation 10-20m, medium drainage Medium vulnerability
density 0-10m, low drainage density
Elevation High vulnerability
Source: REECS, 2009
3) Land cover and temperature to establish potential vulnerability to increases in

temperature
Criteria Class
Forested, temp: 27-29 degree Celsius Low vulnerability
Agriculture, temp: 29-32 degree Celsius Medium vulnerability
Built-up areas, Central Business District, High vulnerability
temp: 33-37 degrees Celsius
Source: REECS, 2009
The connections of rainfall (which came from typhoons) to flooded areas described
by elevation were transformed into equations in order to simulate the potential
coverage of flood of the affected areas. The impact models were adopted to
foresee areas at risk or affected in case climate change variables surpassed
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normal range.
Outputs of the study
Described below are the output of the study:
1. Vulnerability to flood at 78mm rainfall (The definition of flood is any area on

the land surface of Laguna Lake basin under water with a depth of more than 30cm
receding within 2 hours or more). Described on figure are areas susceptible to
flooding and landslide
The total area flooded by province is shown below.
Province Hectare % Area

Metro Manila 16,469 31
Cavite 7,622 14
Laguna 21,102 39
Rizal 8,570 16
Total 53,764 100
Source: REECS, 2009
2. Vulnerability to flood at 382mm rainfall
Province Area (Ha) % Area

Metro Manila 31,541.76 31
Cavite 19,259.87 19
Laguna 36,531.89 36
Rizal 13,969.29 14
Total 101,302.81 100
Source: REECS, 2009
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Figure 6.10.3-b: Areas in Laguna de Bay which are susceptible to flood and land
landslide
Source: MGB.
3. Vulnerability to wind direction and

speed
Metro Manila and the coastal municipalities of Cavite are highly vulnerable to
wind. The areas with medium vulnerability are the lakeshore municipalities of
Laguna and Rizal. Areas covered by mountains located at the northeast to
Mideast, south to southeast, south and southwest of Rizal, Laguna and
Cavite have low vulnerability.
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4. Vulnerability to temperature increase
Warmer places in the basin areas are central business districts, commercial
centers, residential other areas places that have concrete structures in Metro
Manila, Laguna, Rizal and Cavite.
Metro Manila has a maximum temperature range of 33 to 38 degrees. Part

of Cavite and Rizal province have 29 to 32 degrees. The temperature of
portions of Rizal, Cavite, and Laguna ranges from 27 to 29 degrees Celsius.
The low summer temperature in the provinces of Laguna, Rizal, and Cavite
is traced to relatively wider space of vegetation in comparison to housing
and commercial density in these areas. Existence of agroforest and forest
ecosystems in Laguna and Rizal, and high elevations of most municipalities
in Cavite, Rizal, and Laguna also brought about low temperature
5. Rainfall impact on soil erosion
The consequent soil loss deposited in the lake is 100.6 million tons per day.
Soil loss per hectare per year averages 211.23 tons and is equivalent to 0.58
ton per day. Soil is doubled from 12 million tons of soil to 27.17 million tons
of soil loss whenever there is rainfall of 382 mm.
6. Ecosystem
Twenty-one percent of Mt. Makiling forest ecosystem was destroyed

by the typhoon with the highest wind speed.
7. Potential impact on rice production of temperature

increase
There is a 10% decline of grain yield for every 1 degree Celsius increase in
temperature in growing season-minimum temperature during dry cropping season.
Rice farm’s yield in areas of Laguna, Rizal and Cavite decline by 10% during dry
season.
8. Potential flood impact to

population
The affected total population ranges from 10-12 million

households and categorized as vulnerable.
9. Potential temperature impact to

population
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92.7% of the household population is anticipated to have increase in electricity

consumption during hot months. This will lead to corresponding increase in carbon
dioxide emission to the atmosphere; consequently, this will contribute to global
warming and climate change.
10. Cost of crop damage due to flooding and strong wind
The above costs range from a total of PhP 897 million at 76mm rainfall to
PhP 8.6 billion at 459mm rainfall. There are no data in Metro Manila areas
that are being utilized for rice production. Hence, there is no computation of
costs arising from crop damages. The hardest hit among the provinces within
the Laguna Lake basin in terms of costs of crop damage is the province of
Laguna.
11. Cost of palay yield reduction due to temperature increase
The loss for 2 cropping season arising from temperature increase would
amount to PhP 181 million in present value of total revenue from the rice
production areas in Laguna, Rizal and Cavite. This is based from the
assumption that the 2 cropping seasons suffer El Niño.
Base from estimation, climate change will have a minimum partial damage
cost of PhP 101.6 billion yearly considering one strong typhoon and 1 degree
Celsius increase in temperature. The net negative economic impact resulting
from this is PhP 93.7 billion a year. Said estimate is conservative considering
that there was substantial number of climate change impact indicators that
were not quantified due to financial and time constraints.
Process in Conducting the Study
The methodology adopted in the vulnerability assessment was guided by the

conceptual framework. Described in the methodology are the specific activities
conducted in the study. The major procedures are: 1) identification and mapping of
relevant geo-referenced basin’s attributes; 2) attributes integration and vulnerability
criteria specification; 3) Impact modeling; and 4) formulation of adaptation and
mitigation policies, strategies and actions.
The procedure is composed of the following principles: 1) Mapping all the

basin’s attributes using GIS; 2) Mapping the areas affected by typhoon; 3)
Mapping the areas affected by temperature increase;4) All the maps of the
basin’s attributes and the areas affected by typhoons were overlaid to identify
flooded areas;5) All the attribute maps were overlaid with wind direction and
speed map to determine the vulnerable areas;6) All the attribute maps were
overlaid with the temperature map to determine the vulnerability of the basin
attribute to temperature increases; 7) Simulation of floods using different
rainfall levels of typhoons that passed through the basin.
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6.10.4. Core Issues
The following multi-sectoral issues have great influence to climate change in the lake basin:
Ecological Overshoot. The basin ecosystems contain far less biocapacity. This means that
currently, it requires the biocapacity of 30 Laguna Lake regions to meet the demand of its
population. When a population’s demand on an ecosystem exceeds the capacity of that
ecosystem to regenerate the demand, overshoot results in ecological assets being
diminished, including carbon waste being accumulated in the atmosphere.
Deforestation and Denudation. There is very rapid decline in forest cover in 2003-2010. All
mangrove forest disappeared, and closed forest decreased with 35%. Remaining forests are
found, in particular, in the Makiling Forest Reserve and Sierra Madre mountain ranges, but
already encroached by illegal settlements. These remaining forest areas should be preserved
as they maintain the ecological balance. There are still many parts of the region that should
be reforested by law (P.D. 705) in the Sierra Madre Mountain foothills in Rodriquez, San
Mateo, Antipolo, Tanay, Pagsanjan and Sta. Cruz and the denuded foothills especially of the
northern Marikina and the southern Sta. Cruz-Pagsanjan sub-watersheds. The 42.4 km2
Makiling Forest Reserve (MFR) protected zone in Los Baños should continue to be preserved.
Flood Risks. The flood risks in the lake zone have substantially increased since Typhoon
Ketsana (Ondoy) in 2009, because of an increasing population along the lake shore. Climate
change may increase these problems in the future, due to both potential increases in extreme
events and sea level rise making drainage from the lake to Manila Bay even harder. Given
this situation, attention to disaster risk reduction management including emergency response
is needed.
6.10.5 Goals and Objectives
The goal is to institutionalize climate change initiatives within the LLDA and to improve the
capacity of LGUs and project partners at local levels to implement interventions addressing
climate-related issues in the lake basin. To achieve this goal, the following are the objectives
and corresponding outcome indicators:
Objective 1: To enhance and systematize the use of relevant assessments with a focus on
vulnerability, projected climate change impacts, adaptation practices, and the climate
sensitivity of development and ENR activities within the ENR Sector Plan of 2011-2016 (Year
to be omitted)
• Outcome Indicator: Better mitigation and adaptation strategies
• Output Indicator: Vulnerability assessment of all sectors
Objective 2: To develop a system of prioritizing issues, areas, sectors, or populations for

action and decision given the geographic distribution of climate change impacts, as well as
differential vulnerability to the impacts of climate change among a country’s population
• Outcome indicators: Same statement with above and succeeding indicator
• Output Indicator: Policy issued on the system development for prioritizing areas on
vulnerabilities
Objective 3. To establish the required structure, coordinating mechanisms, and resource

allocation to implement an effective and efficient engagement on climate change mitigation
249
and adaptation on a long-term perspective in collaboration with LGUs, DENR, and other
relevant agencies and the private organizations.
• Output indicator: Organizational structure to implement policies from basin-wide

through the LLDA and to local levels through the LGUs (including M&E)
The Climate Change mitigation/adaptation framework should be integrated lake basin

management context.
Objective 4. To contribute in addressing the effects of climate change through development

of interventions.
• Output indicator: Monitoring of industries; refer to concerned proposed projects on

chapter 7 which deals with reforestation, flood control, relocation projects, among
others.
The general framework and management policies, strategies and interventions for climate
change adaptation and mitigate call for:
• Multi-disciplinary approaches considering the scientific context of climate change
– Integrated where the program relates to a broad range of local problems or made
worse by natural hazards and disasters.
– Community engagement to directly involve vulnerable communities in the
decisions on risk management so that their interests and affordability are
considered
– Multi-sectoral where people from different existing organizations at the community
level are engaged as volunteers
• A single framework that brings together information, guidance and key policies and
providing a resource for all levels of government and external partners, in order to
bring coherence and unity of action on water-related, weather-induced disaster risk
management.
• A platform for integrated, multi-sectoral and community-engagement in decision-

making on disaster risk reduction & management
• Sustainable management approach to bring natural and social systems together to

develop and provide the context for water-induced/flood risk management decision
making.
Climate variability and disasters almost always hurt the poor and vulnerable the most. Many
low-income families live in multi-hazard zones like shoreland and river banks, are the most
vulnerable. The economic impact are devastating for them. Economic development,
population growth and rapid urbanization are driving the rising trend in disaster losses. The
impact of disasters will continue to rise with climate change exacerbating such trends. LGUs
within the lake basin have mainstreaming disaster risk management in local development
planning and implementation at varying level of capacity. This can reverse the current trend
of rising disaster impact.
250
Strategies
• Strengthen climate-related components of the LLDA annual work and financial plan,
incorporating disaster and climate risk analysis;
• Assess exposure to water-related hazards and disaster risks by providing technical
support for risk assessments, risk reduction, preparedness.
• Develop a knowledge hub on climate change and DRRM for Laguna Lake Basin. The
hub will serve as a platform for information and knowledge sharing among LLDA and
all partners. The hub will help match expertise with knowledge partners, the academe,
financial institutions and climate-related project implementers. LLDA will seek external
funding to develop and set up this institutional mechanism.
• Catalyze regional (basin) knowledge sharing through high level events (“Building
Resilience Dialogue”, etc.)
• Provide cutting-edge capacity building and technical assistance initiatives on disaster
risk reduction and climate change adaptation,
• Develop and implement climate-related initiatives using innovative financing
mechanisms such as organizing a start-up competition to encourage high impact
business solutions to rural and urban risks, with top candidates receiving a support
package, in order to promote safer communities and sustainable development through
disaster reduction in priority river basins;
• Include community-based elements, such as:
– Partnership with NGAs, local government

– Formation and training of community volunteers
– Training and education
– Community preparedness measures
– Sustainability measures
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Table 6.10.1 Logical Framework on Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation
ISSUES OUTPUT OUTCOME OBJECTIVE GOAL

1)Ecological Vulnerability Better 1: To enhance and To
Overshoot; assessment of mitigation systematize the use institutionalize
all sectors and of relevant climate
2) Deforestation adaptation assessments with change
and strategies of focus on vulnerability, initiatives
Denudation; communities projected climate within the
3) Flood Risks in the change impacts, LLDA and to
Laguna de adaptation practices, improve the
Bay Region and the climate capacity of
Policy issued on sensitivity of LGUs and
the system development. project
development for partners at
prioritizing local levels to
areas on 2: To develop a implement
vulnerabilities system of prioritizing interventions
issues, areas, addressing
sectors, or cli-mate-
populations for action related issues
and decision given in the lake
the geographic basin
distribution of climate
change impacts, as
well as differential
Organizational vulnerability to the
structure to impacts of climate
implement change in population
policies from
basin-wide 3.To establish the
through the required structure,
LLDA and to coordinating
local levels mechanisms, and
through the resource allocation to
LGUs (including implement an
M&E) effective and efficient
engagement on
Monitoring of climate change
industries; mitigation and
Refer to adaptation on a long-
concerned pro- term perspective in
posed projects collaboration with
on Chapter 7 LGUs, DENR, and
which deals with other relevant
reforestation, agencies and the
flood control, private organizations.
relocation
projects, among 4.To contribute in
others addressing the
effects of climate
change through
development of
interventions.
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Chapter 7
PRIORITIZED BASIN-SCALE PROGRAMS/PROJECTS AND BRIEF
PROFILE
“To effectively restore the lake and its delicate ecosystem, we need the full
involvement of all stakeholders, the soundness of science and research to guide
proper interventions and the strengthening of the overall environmental
management and governance to ensure that livelihood, economy and wealth
will flourish sustainably in what is the focal area of regional and national
development.”
--J. R. Nereus O. Acosta, Ph.D.

Presidential Adviser on Environmental Protection
General Manager, LLDA
The Laguna Lake Basin’s complex ecosystem and the persistent threats to it require solutions
and interventions that must be holistic and solidly built on sound science, economic analysis,
appropriate and climate-smart business practices. Effective environmental policy and
governance cut across sectoral and jurisdictional boundaries. The active involvement of all
stakeholders who reside in the region is crucial, the better to integrate initiatives and foster
alliances to sustainably manage the resources of the Lake Basin.
The final list of programs/projects to be implemented is a pr oduct of the planning

process. The SDMP list was opened to additional project ideas particularly from the
T W G a n d sectors represented in various stages of the process. S D M P Programs
and/or projects were screened and evaluated on the basis of their potential contribution
to the realization of the vision and the long-term goals and, in the case of land-based,
land contingent projects, their consistency with preferred overall development strategy.
Indicative location and cost estimates are accompanied in each project. A simple set of
criteria for determining priority for the implementation of the projects is suggested below.
Classification for the implementation of the projects was done by brainstorming and
consensus taking. Categories are ranged in the descending order of priority.
7.1 Existing/Regular programs/projects (LLDA)
LLDA aims to achieve the balanced ecology of the Lake only through a holistic
approach, science-based monitoring, management and maintenance, and
encouraging all stakeholders to become actively involved in restoring the Lake’s
ecosystem.
The following programs, projects and activities are being implemented by LLDA using its
corporate funds, funds downloaded from the National Government through the Department
253
of Budget and Management and other external sources. Hence, the funds needed for their
implementation do not form part of the financing plan (Chapter 8) for the updated lake basin
master plan.
7.1.1 Environmental Management Program
LLDA puts into action systems and programs such as Environmental User Fee System
(EUFS), Public Disclosure Program (PDP), the Appropriation and Utilization of Surface
Waters (Surface Waters), and the Compliance Assistance Centers (CAC) for the
management of the lake waters and tributaries that flow into the Lake, to ensure their proper
use and maintenance for the sustainability of the ecosystem.
• Environmental User Fee System (EUFS)
The EUFS is a market-based instrument that applies the “Polluters Pay” Principle. It covers
all enterprises within the lake region and requires them to obtain a Discharge Permit (DP)—
a legal authorization for the enterprise to discharge their treated wastewater meeting the set
environmental standards into the tributaries within the Laguna de Bay Region.
• Public Disclosure Program (PDP)
In addition to the EUFS, the LLDA under the PDP assesses the environmental performance
of regulated establishments and Local Government Units (LGUs), and discloses the results
thereof to the public. This mechanism is intended to motivate the industrial sector and LGUs
to reduce their pollution.
• Surface Water Program
Under the Surface Waters program, Water Permitting, Registration, and Monitoring programs
are established and operated for the extraction of waters that are naturally open to the
atmospheres, such as rivers, lakes, and streams within the Laguna de Bay Region.
• Compliance Assistance Centers (CAC)
To encourage and improve compliance with environmental regulations and standards, the
CACs connect the LLDA with regulated establishments initially in the hog/poultry farms and
slaughterhouse sectors. The CACs also provide clear and consistent information to these
establishments on environmental laws and regulations.
7.1.2 Watershed Management Program
To abate the further degradation of the Laguna de Bay Basin, the LLDA instituted various
programs and strategies for reforestation of the denuded sub-basins. Part of these programs
and strategies are the Laguna de Bay Community Carbon Finance Project (LDBCCFP),
participation in the National Greening Program (NGP), the River Rehabilitation Program, and
the Shoreland Management Program.
• National Greening Program (NGP)
The LLDA contributes to the NGP objectives, which include planting 1.5 billion seedlings in
1.5 million hectares of public lands nationwide, from 2011 to 2016. The NGP also aims to
improve water quality in rivers and irrigation of farm lands, reduce flooding, absorb carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere, and as support for the expansion of a wood-products economy.
254
Using its own resources, the LLDA produces tree seedlings for distribution to LGUs and other
beneficiaries for planting in their respective areas. Further, the Authority undertakes
reforestation activities in denuded/designated areas in critical sub-watersheds.
• River Rehabilitation Program
The River Rehabilitation Program takes into consideration the effects of water quality and
quantity to the ecosystem. Under the program, the LLDA has organized River Basin Councils
all over the Region. The “Environmental Army,” an aggrupation of community volunteers, has
been established and mobilized to help LLDA in various river clean-up operations. The LLDA
has transformed the River Councils and the Environmental Army into empowered partners in
environmental governance throughout the lake region.
• Shoreland Management Program
The Shoreland Management Program is designed to control pollution and nuisance through
the elimination of incompatible elements and uses of the shoreland, through the LLDA Board
Resolution No. 23, Series of 1996, which defines and regulates the use and/or occupancy of
the Laguna de Bay Shoreland Areas.
7.1.3 Fisheries Development Program
Prior to 1996, the use of lake resources for aquaculture caused the uncontrolled
increase in fish pens and fish cages, decline in lake productivity, and conflicts between
marginalized fisher folks and fish pen operators. These socio-economic and
environmental problems in Laguna de Bay prompted LLDA to formulate and approve
the Zoning and Management Plan (ZOMAP) in January 1996. At present, the LLDA also
undertakes several fishery and aquaculture development activities such as fish
sanctuary management and seeding program,
• Zoning and Management Plan (ZOMAP)
Through the ZOMAP, lake resources are equitably delineated and allocated to various users
for aquaculture operations, navigation, and open fishing. At the national level, the aquaculture
operations in Laguna de Bay contributes significantly to fishery production (Israel, 2008).
Lake productivity is further improved through the maintenance of Rayap Fish Sanctuary in
Talim Island, Rizal; Tabon Fish Sanctuary near Calamba, Laguna; and the Muntinlupa Fish
Sanctuary in Muntinlupa City. With the assistance of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic
Resources, regular lake seedings are conducted in these sanctuaries.
LLDA is assisted by the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Councils, Philippine
National Police, Coast Guard, and other groups in the enforcement of fishery laws, rules and
regulations in Laguna de Bay.
Since 1996, regulation of aquaculture operation in Laguna de Bay is based on the Zoning
and Management Plan (ZOMAP). LLDA enforces in the Laguna de Bay and other lakes in
the basin the Fishery Code as well as the implementing rules and regulations of the existing
ZOMAP.
255
• Livehood Support Project to Abate the Impact of Knifefish Infestation in

Laguna de Bay
To further increase the economic utilization of knifefish and eradicate knifefish population
from the lake, the LLDA implements a livelihood support mechanism specifically for the
upliftment of the socio-economic conditions of the fisherfolks families affected by the
infestation of knifefish in the lake and contribute to government’s interventions on poverty
reduction. This project aims to: i) provide gainful employment and livelihood opportunities
through knifefish retrieval; ii) establish a mini processing plant to utilize knifefish for value
adding and product development; and, iii) further develop the capacity of fisherfolks
organized group to undertake and manage income generating and livelihood support
activities. The retrieval of Knifefish will involve the actual collection of knifefish or its eggs by
the fisherfolks association members.
For its part, LLDA allotted P100,000 for each of the 21 target LGUs/FARMCs or a total of P2.1
million in 2014. In 2015 LLDA provided P1.2 million for 12 LGUs/FARMCs and a similar
amount for 12 LGUs/FARMCs in 2016.
7.1.4 Community Development Program
The LLDA serves to maintain and improve the ecosystem of the Lake and the Region for
sustainability, while taking into consideration the importance of the development of the people
and community surrounding Laguna de Bay through community-based projects. LLDA
continuously works not just to protect the environment, but also to help improve the economy
and the lives of the residents within the Region through various livelihood projects.
In 2012, LLDA signed a Memorandum of Agreement with the Department of Trade and
Industry, Region IV-A, and the Asian Social Institute to create a bamboo and water hyacinth
livelihood program for identified groups, primarily the fisherfolk families of the Laguna Lake
Region. This project also aims to promote women and youth empowerment, community
development, and sound environmental management.
• Bamboo for Life
The Bamboo Negosyo Village, a project of LLDA since 2008 under its Laguna de Bay
Watershed Bamboo for Life Program, establishes bamboo plantations in Lumban, Bay, and
the mountainous areas of Pangil and Paete in the province of Laguna, and around the
shoreland area in Taguig City. This project provides an alternative livelihood to the project co-
operators through various bamboo enterprises, and additional incentives are also given
through the provision of bamboo houses for each beneficiary family.
• Adopt-A-River
In partnership with various stakeholders, the LLDA established the river rehabilitation program
“Adopt-A-River,” which is envisioned to protect and rehabilitate the various river systems
through river segmentation, community participation and involvement, information, education
and motivation campaigns, establishment of ecoparks, and development of a sustainable
funding mechanism.
256
7.1.5 Infrastructure Development
➢ Flood Control and River Protection Convergence Project
The Hazards Mapping for Effective Community-Based Disaster Risk Mitigation or the READY
Project of the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) has identified the eastern side of the
Laguna Lake Region as the most vulnerable to massive flooding (Figure 3.6.2.2-4). LLDA and
the DPWH joined hands to formulate some immediate interventions on these vulnerable
areas.
The DPWH and LLDA signed a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) entitled: “DPWH-LLDA
Flood Control and River Protection Convergence Project” in 2012. Its objectives are as
follows: a) To increase the capacity of river channels to confine flood waters and increase the
flow capacity of the outlet channels from the Laguna Lake; and 2) to minimize the amount of
emergency measures needed to protect properties, settlements and farmlands and to mitigate
impacts of climate change and flooding as well as increase the resiliency of flood-prone
communities in the densely populated centers within the Laguna de Bay Region.
At the initial phase of the collaborative activities, five (5) Flood Control and River Improvement
Projects were implemented in the western and eastern side of the Laguna Lake watershed
wherein construction of various concrete slope protection works, sheet piling, rubble concrete
and other associated features started in April 2013 and was completed sometime November,
2014. The five flood control projects that were recently completed are as follows:
➢ Sta. Maria-Mabitac Rivers

➢ Sta. Cruz River
➢ Binan-San Pedro Rivers
Detailed discussion of these flood control projects is found in Section 3.5 of Chapter 3.
7.1.6 Research Program
In support of LLDA’s mandate and various programs, the Decision Support System (DSS)
and Water Quality Monitoring (WQM) Program are implemented to aid in monitoring and
relevant policy decision-making. The DSS, introduced by the Royal Government of the
Netherlands through a funding for the Sustainable Development of Laguna de Bay
Environment (SDLBE) Project in 2000, integrates state-of-the-art software tools to provide an
adequate scientific description of the Laguna de Bay water system (catchment and lake).As
part of WQM, lake and river water quality are monitored continuously through thirty six (36)
stations located in the rivers of Marikina, Bagumbayan, Mangangati, Tunasan, San Pedro,
Biñan, Sta. Rosa, Cabuyao, San Cristobal, San Juan, Los Baños, Bay, Pila, Sta. Cruz,
Pagsanjan, Pangil, Siniloan, Sta. Maria, Jala-jala, Pililla, Tanay, Baras, Taytay Barkadahan
and Morong, and also in Sapang Baho and the Buli Creek.
7.1.7 Local and international Partnership Projects
• Ecosystem Health Card
257
The Ecosystem Health Report Card is a joint initiative of the Partnerships in Environmental
Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA) and the LLDA to assess the environmental
condition and status of Laguna de Bay. The project is part of the UNEP/GEF Project (United
Nations Environmental Protection/Global Environmental Fund) on Global Foundations for
Reducing Nutrient Enrichment and Oxygen Depletion from Land-Based Pollution in support
of Global Nutrient Cycle. To facilitate the development of the Ecosystem Health Report Card,
UNEP, Chilika Development Authority, National Center for Sustainable Coastal Management
of India and University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science fielded their experts to
orient and capacitate LLDA. Since the workshop-orientation in 2014, water quality/physic-
chemical parameters, phytoplankton and chlorophyll-a, zooplankton and fisheries were
reviewed to identify the threshold for each parameter, in preparation for the first draft of the
score card (Laguna de Bay Environment Monitor, 2014). The report card will also be used to
make the public aware of the lake condition in order to encourage the community in general
to improve and sustain the water quality of the lake water resource.
• PhilWAVES/Laguna Lake Basin Ecosystem Accounting Project
In an effort to address environmental concerns and plan for the long-term sustainable
development of the Laguna Lake Basin, the Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) will
adopt natural capital accounting under the Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystems
(WAVES) program. WAVES is a global partnership that promotes natural capital accounting
as an integral part of sustainable development. To establish the use and application of natural
capital accounting to the Laguna Lake Basin, “The first step in protecting our environment is
putting a value on it--how can we protect what we do not value?” said LLDA Secretary and
concurrent Presidential Advisor on Environmental Protection Nereus O. Acosta. Acosta
expressed support for WAVES as a complement to the strategic development plan laid out
for the Laguna Lake Basin under the platform, “Ibalik ang diwa ng lawa” or “Bring back the
essence of the lake”. Natural capital accounting recognizes that a country’s natural resources
are a source of its wealth, and provide both tangible and intangible benefits that are essential
for human survival and economic activity.
However, traditional economics does not account for the benefits of ecosystems such
as clean air, clean water, or the protection from flooding mangroves provide; these do
not have a price tag. WAVES, using the UN System of Environmental-Economic
Accounts (SEEA) as an internationally accepted accounting methodology, factors in
the value of these natural assets. The Philippines has been chosen as one of the five
core implementing countries for the WAVES Global Partnership Program (WAVES-
GPP). The Laguna Lake Basin is one of two ecosystems has been selected as case
study site (the other is Southern Palawan) s: the Laguna Lake Basin and the Southern
Palawan region. The results of the pilot project will lead to the institutionalization of
natural capital accounting in policy and decision-making in the Laguna Lake Basin.
These results and findings have been used extensively to update the SDMP
information and situational analysis on the lake basin from the ecosystem accounting
point of view. WAVES also supports the Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2011-2016
258
and the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP), which underscore the
significance of resource accounting and valuation.
• “Enhancing Resiliency Through Community Participatory Flood Observation

System for Laguna Lake Basin”: Flood Awareness & Community Empowerment
(FACE) Project
In 2013 LLDA along with other Philippine agency-collaborators, namely UPLB and concerned
Local Government Units became part of the FACE Project to launch a new climate change
mitigation and DRRM plan. This involves the development of a flood mitigation plan using
simple technologies to link communities, private sector and the local government, such as
simple web camera and water detection system, to reduce flood risks, loss of life and
properties by providing sufficient lead time to take precautionary measures prior to flooding.
The project is funded by the Japan International cooperating Agency (JICA) under the
Technical Cooperation for Grassroots Projects, to be implemented from 2013 to 2016.
7.2 Implementability of Prioritized Programs/Projects
The Master Plan encompasses programs/projects to resolve various problems/ issues

in a holistic manner and seek sustainable development of the Laguna de Bay Basin.
At the same time, the plan incorporates measures for addressing environmental
challenges, including deterioration of water quality. The plan covers a period of ten
years from 2016 to 2026.
Table 7.2a
Urgent Programs/Projects
Programs Prioritization Projects
Watershed 1 Multi-Stakeholder Reforestation of Priority Sub-Basins

Management
Program
2 Laguna de Bay Watershed and Restoration and Conservation Project
3 Establishment and Strengthening of Integrated Watershed Management

Councils (IWMCs) Establishment and Strengthening of Integrated Watershed
Management Councils (IWMCs)
4 GIS-Assisted Participatory Sub-Watershed Land Use Planning
5 Strengthened Laguna Lake and Tributary River Systems Water Quality

Management Program
259
Environmental 6 Improving the EUFS through Policy and Institutional Reforms

Management
Program
7 Sewage Treatment Plants
8 Developing Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems Around Laguna Lake
9 Development Partnership Approach Addressing Wastewater Pollution from

Domestic Sources
10 Development Partnership Addressing SWM
11 Construction of Regional Landfill and MRF
Flood Control 12 Rehabilitation of Existing Wawa Dam and Construction of Upper Rodriguez
and Boso-Boso Dam
13 Integrated Laguna Lake-Pasig River-Manila Bay Discharge Capacity

Improvement (Dredging of River Mouths/Flood Control/linkage
Improvement) Project
14 Automatic Telemetering System for Laguna Lake
15 Prescribing Flood-Neutral Land Development and Standardizing Approval of

Development Plans and Permits
16 River Rehabilitation Institutional Partnership and Construction of Gabions

and Ripraps
17 Improvement of the Pasig-Marikina-Laguna de Bay Watershed Hydrologic

Monitoring and Flood Warning System (EFCOS)
Sustainable 18 Raw Water Price for Hydroelectric Power Generators

Resource Use
19 Revision Using Satellite Generated Maps and Implementation of ZOMAP
Shoreland 20 Title-Based Parcellary Mapping for Shore land Management System

Management
Program 21 Development of Master Plan for the Relocation of Informal Settlers in
Lupang Arienda
Livelihood 22 Bamboo for Life

Development
Program 23 Processing and Use of Water Hyacinth Materials for Handicraft Making
Eco-Tourism 24 Arts and Craft Village
25 Pila Heritage Project
Agriculture 26 Knife Fish Retrieval Project

and Fisheries
Development 27 Fishermen’s Village and Wharf
Program
28 Herbal and Botanical Park
Institutional 29 Development of Idle LLDA Properties

Development
Program
260
Transport 30 Laguna Lake Ferry System or Manila Bay-Pasig River- Laguna Lake
Development (MAPALLA) Ferry System
Program
Information, 31 Strengthened IEC Program

Education and
Communicatio
n Program
Table 7.2a shows the program, prioritization and project title and Table 7.2b shows the
Project Title, problem to be addressed/rationale, indicative location, indicative budget and
possible funding.
7.2.1Project Briefs for each of Each of the Prioritized

Programs/Projects
The succeeding tables present the Prioritized Programs/Projects and corresponding

Project Brief of each of the prioritized project for implementation. The project brief is
usually a one-page information containing the title of the program/project, lead proponent
and participating agencies, rationale of the project, activity components, possible financing,
indicative location and cost of the project, intended beneficiaries, success indicators, and
suggested year of implementation. These brief profiles will the starting point for feasibility
study and project proposal preparations. Other proposed Project Briefs are also discussed.
Guidelines for Integrated Watershed Management Program/Projects, Flood Control

and Related Projects
LLDA, DPWH and other implementing partners shall be guided by the following when dealing
with dredging as an option for lake rehabilitation, sediment control and flood mitigation
(LLDA, 2010):
• There should be no massive dredging in the lake that would significantly impact upon
and/or alter the lake ecology and biodiversity. The need for lake environmental
dredging must be further evaluated as available information lack sufficient details.
However, site-specific and limited lake dredging may be considered, subject to strict
requirements, only under the following circumstances: (i) when handling large
volumes of contaminants from the lake if it is found out that they are a threat to the
environment; (ii) development of large and small scale infrastructure developments
involving reclamation;
• Dredging of river tributaries along downstream section and river mouths should be a
priority (such dredging must be preceded by the removal of garbage waste); Garbage
waste, which covers the river embankments and the riverbed, must be removed and
stored separately before starting the dredging operations as described above.
• Dredging of upstream sections of rivers may be allowed for improving water

management (It is expected that the upstream sections of the tributaries will not be
contaminated because these are flushed during the rainy season).
• When dealing with contaminated sediments, information must be required on the type
and degree of contamination, as well as the volume to be dredged, to be able to
determine the appropriate method for treating the dredged spoils.
261
• Local storage areas for dredged spoils from tributary dredging should be required,
such areas should be selected in order to assess the feasibility and economy of
dredging operations and other vital environmental evaluations and studies.
262
Chapter 7 PRIORITIZED PROGRAMS/PROJECTS & BRIEF PROFILE
Table 7.2b Implementability of Prioritized Programs/Projects CATEGORY: Urgent
No Project Title Problem to be addressed/Rationale Indicative Location Indicative Start Year/ Possible
Budget Implementation Funding
period
1 Strengthened Information Conflicting interests of stakeholders; need to build one Laguna Lake Basin Approximately Php 2017 onwards LLDA
Education Communication (IEC) community of stakeholders with unity of vision and 3 M per year
Program for the LLDA development goals/ direction for Laguna Lake basin
1)Reach out to stakeholders through well-planned IEC
strategies; 2) promote mass-based support for the master plan
and its programs/projects; 3) develop positive attitudes and
behavior towards change; 4) support for development projects
unites a community into one cohesive body, actively
participating in issues that concern their development
2 Multi-stakeholder reforestation Denuded critical sub-watersheds. Priority sub- Php 1.876B 2018/ 6 years Govt
of priority sub-watersheds 1) Solve siltation of the lake; 2) Maintain the environmental watersheds of
goods and services; 3) Provide livelihood to local Marikina, Tanay, Sta.
communities; 4) Local communities will be safer in restored Maria, Pagsanjan, Sta.
watersheds where impacts of climate change can be Cruz, Los Banos, Sta.
mitigated. Rosa, Angono, other
3 Establishment and Denuded critical sub-watersheds. microwatersheds
Same as above Php 480 m 2016/ pilot Govt
Strengthening of sub- Broaden the functions of the River Rehabilitation and (120m 1st ongoing
watershed management Protection Councils and the Sub-Watershed Water Quality year and 60m
councils (IWMCs) Management Areas (SubWQMAs) beyond river and water from 2nd to 7th
concerns, but towards all possible concerns in the sub- year)
watersheds
263
4 Improving the EUFS Pollution loading from non-covered establishments Laguna de Bay Basin Php 300,000 2018 LLDA
through Policy and under existing EUFS development Corporate
Institutional Reforms phase; Operating
limited coverage of eligible establishments, a fee implementation Budge
structure that encourages dilution; need, to progressively 2020
enhance EUFS implementation by supporting it with a range
5 GIS-Assisted Participatory ofDenuded
additionalcritical
measures
sub-watersheds. Laguna de Bay Basin Php 40 M 2019 / 2 years Govt
sub-watershed land use 1) Need to support the LLDA in its function of coordinating 24 sub-watersheds
planning integrated watershed management and development; 2)
1 . The EUF system
Development needs to beplans
and rehabilitation improved
for the 24 sub-
watershed areas needed to be consolidated; 3) Need to
coordinate the development efforts and concerns of the
different stakeholders belonging to each of the organized
River Rehabilitation and Protection Councils and the Sub-
watershed Water Quality Management Area.
6 Rehabilitation of existing Flooding of the lakeshore communities and Metro Rodriguez, Rizal Php 30.660 B 2022 / 5-6 years PPP
Wawa Dam and the Manila. Upstream Rodriguez,
construction of Upper 1) Reduce flood peak and increase flood duration, regulate Boso-boso, Marikina
Rodriguez and Boso-boso downstream water and sediment discharge; 2) Alleviate City
Dams flood prone areas particularly shoreland areas against the
damaging impacts of typhoon and monsoon rains for the
preservation of life and properties, and continuation of
economic activities; 3) Provide additional source of
domestic water supply for Metro Manila; 4) Potential source
of agricultural irrigation
264
period
7 Integrated Laguna Lake-Pasig Flooding of the lakeshore communities and Metro Parts of West Bay, Pasig Php 20.000 B 2021 / 2-3 years PPP
River-Manila Bay Discharge Manila. River and mouth of
Capacity Improvement 1) Increase the discharge capacity of the lake and Pasig Manila Bay
(Dredging Flood Control/ River particularly during wet season; 2) Alleviate flood prone
Linkage Improvement Project) areas particularly shoreland areas against the damaging
impacts of typhoon and monsoon rains for the preservation
of life and properties, and continuation of economic
activities; 3) Improve lake and Pasig River hydrodynamics
thru meliorate water exchange and circulation conditions
resulting to shorter hydraulic residence time of the lake,
hence better lake flushing.
8 Sewage Treatment Plant Deteriorating water quality of the lake and tributary Southeast of the basin Php 42 M 2018 / 2-3 years PPP
(STP) river systems (liquid waste). (Bay/Calauan)
1) Provide adequate attention to the sanitation concerns in
the Laguna de Bay Region considering the virtual absence
of treatment facilities in areas not served by MWCI and
MWSI; 2) Improve overall quality of the water in the lake
and rivers.
9 Developing Natural Deteriorating water quality of the lake and Municipality in Rizal Php 299 M 2018 / 3 years Govt
Wastewater Systems tributary river systems (liquid waste). (TBD); (1 yr/site)
Around Laguna Lake 1) Provide for habitat for wildlife and aesthetic values; 2) Lucban, Quezon;
Basin Septage from 40,000 households will be treated in the Calamba, Laguna
system
265
10 Development Deteriorating water quality of the lake and One municipality in Php 5M 2019-2021 (Pilot LLDA PDF or
Partnership Approach tributary river systems (liquid waste) Rizal, One in Laguna Phase) EUF collection,
Addressing LGUs in the region still lack of basic wastewater treatment for pilot phase 2022 onwards for Co-sharing
Wastewater Pollution facilities due to lack of financial and technical capacities. upscaiing with LGU host
from Domestic Sources Septic tanks have been inadequate, ill-designed (e.g., no
appropriate flooring, etc.) or simply not installed in housing
units. LGUs are bound by the Clean Water Act and Supreme
Court continuing mandamus to clean up Laguna Lake, Pasig
River and Manila Bay.
266
period
11 Development Solid wastes have caused serious flooding problems and LGUs with critical SWN Php 250 M 2017/ 2 yrs LLDA PDF
Partnership Addressing rendered communities within and around the lake basin issues (Pilot Phase) or EUF
Solid Waste vulnerable. Thus, need to make vulnerable communities in 2019 onwards collection,
Management LGUs with limited SWM capacities, including lakeshore upscaling Co-sharing
LGUs/ barangays, better equip to confront the impacts of with LGU
frequent flooding and other disasters, by efficient and host
sustainable SWM.
12 Construction of a Sanitary Deteriorating water quality of the lake and tributary Antipolo City Php 150 M 2020 / 2-3 years PPP
Landfill with MRF river systems (solid waste).
1) Ensure the environment is protected; 2) Disposal site of
residual waste
13 Strengthened Laguna Lake Deteriorating water quality of the lake and tributary Laguna Lake and Php 2016 / ongoing Govt
and Tributary River Systems river systems Tributary River Sampling Supplemental
Water Quality Monitoring 1) Determine the status of the lake and tributary rivers; 2) Stations budget P10m/
Address the environmental degradation of the lake tributary year
river systems to protect, conserve, and manage the (without
freshwater resources; 3) Laboratory analysis results equipment
become the basis for evaluating compliance of industrial
establishments to existing effluents discharge rules and
regulations
267
14 Proposed Raw Water Price for Conflicting quality and quantity dependent lake water Laguna Lake Php 500,000.00 2016 policy LLDA
the Hydroelectric Power uses for policy development;
Generators development 2018 start of
1)Comprehensively rationalize the limited water resources including implementation
towards judicious management and optimum utilization; 2) stakeholders
Ensure renewability and preservation of the lake’s consultation;
implementation
ecological balance.; 3). Raw water pricing is essential to
to be funded by
the hydropower sub-sector, specifically NPC—CBK, which LLDA thru COB
has been using lake’s raw water to generate electricity to
attain efficiencies and sustainability in the development
and allocation of water resources; 4) Raise revenue to
fund the proper management and protection of the lake.
15 Revisions Using Satellite Conflicting lake water uses, inconsistency with RA8550 Laguna Lake and Php 7.5 M 2018 / 2 years Govt
Generated Maps and 1) Rationalize the management and regulate the utilization of the Shoreland Areas
Implementation of the Zoning lake’s resources; 2) harmonize the ZOMAP to conform with 10%
Management Plan (ZOMAP) of suitable surface area allotted for aquaculture under the
Fisheries Code (RA8550); 3) Rationalize fishpen/fishcage
structures and clear the lake of illegal aquastructures; 4) study
the potential regulation of fish corral or baklad.
268
16 Title-based Parcellary Mapping for Illegal encroachment of buffer zone, proliferation of Shoreland area around the Php 2018 onwards LLDA
the Shoreland Management disallowed shoreland uses, rampant violations of Laguna Lake (can be done 36,489,120.00
System of LLDA shoreland policies and regulations per lakeshore municipality (Php
1)Establish a reliable and updated inventory of properties and as indicated by LLDA) 128,032.00,
their owners in the shoreland area to effectively define and exclusive of
regulate the use of the Laguna de Bay shoreland areas, and VAT, per
enforce the allowable uses of the shoreland areas in a Kilometer, which
sustainable manner; 2) Cover all land titles falling within a 150 shall cover all
meter wide corridor or buffer zone using the 12.50m titles falling
reglementary elevation contour line from Laguna Lake as the within a 150
baseline meter wide
corridor or buffer
zone using the
12.50m
reglementary
elevation
contour line from
LLDA as the
baseline.
269
17 Automated Telemetering System Lack of adequate mechanisms for flood forecasting and Laguna Lake Php 26.600 B 2018 National
for Laguna de Bay warning system to monitor the conditions on the water level
and rainfall events around the catchment of Laguna Lake. Govt.
The project aims to: 1) Provide for a scientific and automated
method (wireless network (or telemetered network) that is fully
compliant with the standards set by PAGASA, NDCC, and the
World Meteorological Organization) for gauging the amount of
rainfall at various locations within the catchment area of Laguna
Lake and for monitoring water levels of the lake at two locations,
Los Banos and Cardona; 2) make available real-time data on
rainfall, water level, and other weather data to concerned
government offices and local government units whose
jurisdiction borders Laguna Lake.
18 Prescribing Flood Neutral Land Conversion of permeable land to impervious surfaces due 24 sub-basins of Laguna Php 120,000.00 2018 LLDA
Development and to land development projects has increased the volume and Lake (policy
Standardizing the Approval of intensity of storm water, flooding and has reduced development in
Development Plans and rainwater infiltration and recharge leading to increase 2016-2017)
Development Permits in the floods, soil erosion and groundwater scarcities.
Twenty Four (24) Sub-
Watersheds of the Laguna de 1) Make future land development in the basin flood neutral
Bay Basin thereby addressing recharge and flooding; 2) Require land
developers to incorporate best management practices in soil
and water management in their respective land developments;
3) Prescribe Flood Neutral Development and shall standardize
the approval of development plans and development permits in
the twenty four (24) sub-watersheds of the Laguna de Bay
basin.
270
19 River Rehabilitation (Including Deteriorating water quality of the lake and tributary 8 Priority critical rivers – Php 1.000 B 2018/ 6 years PPP
Institutional Partnerships and river systems Tunasan, San Pedro,
Construction of gabions and 1) Integrate the social (institutional partnerships) and San Cristobal, San Juan,
ripraps) technical (infrastructure development) interventions; 2) Sta. Cruz, Pagsanjan,
Implement within the context of a watershed approach; 3) Tanay, Morong
optimize the Sub-WQMA as an institutional mechanism
20 Pasig-Marikina-Laguna de Bay Vulnerable lakeshore communities and nearby Metro Pasig-Marikina, Morong, Php 5.000 B 2018 / 2 years PPP
Watershed Hydrologic Manila LGUs Tanay, Sta. Maria,
Monitoring and Flood Warning 1) Advance information on watershed rainfall and river/lake Siniloan, Pagsanjan, Sta.
System (Rehabilitation of the water level to serve as early warning for potential flooding; Cruz, San Juan, San
Effective Flood Control 2) Improve understanding on the hydrological dynamics of Cristobal, Binan, San
Operation System (EFCOS)) the Pasig-Marikina-Laguna de Bay Basin watersheds Pedro
temporally and spatially, thus better forecasting capability;
3) Better regulation of existing hydraulic structures
(Mangahan Floodway, Napindan Hydraulic Control
Structure) for flood control purposes
21 Development of Master Plan for 25,000 informal settler-families in Brgy. Arenda in Taytay, Rizal Pasig City, Municipalities Php 15 M 2 years/2019 Gov’t/PPP
the Relocation of Informal of Cainta, Taytay, Rizal
now occupies 175 hectares of the buffer zone (between 12.50-
Settlers in Lupang Arienda
10.50 meter elevation). The said colony is expected to increase
over the years if there is no government intervention that will be
implemented and this will further worsen the environmental
damage to the lake and its watershed. Hence, Master Plan has
to be formulated in this area.
271
period
22 Bamboo for Life Project • Degradation of Laguna de Bay Watershed through Laguna de Bay basin Php 1.5 M 2016 onwards Cost-Sharing
reforestation with other
agencies
• Use bamboo as source of tree planting materials;
• Need for alternative livelihood to lake-based activities among

the stakeholders including the business sector
23 Knife Fish Retrieval Project • knifefish proliferation at Laguna Lake; Taguig, Muntinlupa City; Php 1.68 M 2016 onwards Cost sharing
• Need for non-lake based alternative livelihood among the Angono, Binangonan, (LLDA, BFAR
fisherfolks; Taytay, Baras, Rizal, & DSWD)
• Economic utilization of knife fish Laguna areas, etc.
24 Processing and Use of Water • Over proliferation of water Hyacinth in Laguna Lake and Lakeshore Php 7.2 M (Year 2018-2026 Private Sector
Hyacinth Materials for Tributary Rivers; Municipalities 1) investor; DTI,
Handicraft Making 1 M per year LLDA, DA
• Processing and conversion of water hyacinth to handicrafts by (year 2onwards Or PPP
fisherfolks & their wives and other handicraft makers
272
25 Fisherman’s Village and There is a need to Transform the fishermen’s villages along Shoreland of Pakil and Php 20 M 2018/ 1-2 years Govt
Wharf the lakeshore into tourist attractions in order to provide Pangil (Excludes site
livelihood to the community and generate funds for the LGUs; 2) acquisition
Enable visitors to see the traditional lifestyle of residents of the cost)
fishing village e.g. how fishing nets are mended, how fish catch
are unloaded, and will give visitors the opportunity to buy the
fresh catch; 3) Boardwalk constructed will feature restaurants
and shops catering to a mixed market, i.e., from high to low-end
clientele
273
period
26 Arts and Crafts Village Limited economic opportunities for communities of the Paete, Laguna Php 50 M 2018 / 1-2 years Govt
Laguna de Bay Region Angono, Rizal (Excludes site
1) Production of arts and crafts in the Laguna de Bay acquisition
Region has a potentially high touristic value; 2) Maximize cost)
the potentials thru a defined are area to showcase the
production of these various arts and crafts like paper
mache, pottery, sculptures, hat and basket weaving, native
food delicacies and other handicrafts
27 Pila Heritage Site Limited economic opportunities for communities of the Pila, Laguna Php 30 M 2018 / 1-2 years Govt
1) Pila has already been designated as the Heritage Town
of Laguna due to the presence of about 50 turn of the
century houses (Bahay na Bato) in and around the plaza
fronting the old church apart from an existing museum; 2)
Develop Pila as a themed heritage destination to feature
commercial facilities such as shops, galleries, restaurants
and shops designed to complement the heritage site theme
274
`
No Project Title Problem to be addressed/Rationale Indicative Location Indicative Budget Start Year/ Possible
Implementation Funding
period
28 Herbal and Botanical Parks Limited economic opportunities for communities Jala-Jala, Rizal Php 30M 2018 / 1-2 years Govt
of the Laguna de Bay Region
1) Increasing awareness and appreciation for the
use of traditional herbs as alternative medicine; 2)
Include cultivation and propagation of medicinal
herbs; 3) Attract not only park goers but also those
who study alternative medicinal sciences or are
interested in alternative medicine both domestic and
foreign guests; 4) Establish other businesses to
include food and beverage outlets specializing
organic healthy menus and a market to sell plants,
hers and products; 5) Allow for the conversion of the
park into a “Health and Wellness Tourism Zone”
under the TIEZA
29 Development of Idle LLDA LLDA properties remain unutilized/ under utilized 1. 26-Hectare Earthen (may be shouldered 2018 Leasehold
Properties (DLIPs) for several years; need to convert government lands Ponds, LLDA Calauan by lessor) arrangement or
into productive economic resource so as to Complex, Calauan, joint venture or
Laguna (may be portion BOT, following
contribute to the national goal of inclusive growth. PPP/govt.
only) ;
2. 32-Hectare Lumban guidelines
The project will develop/ present alternative options that
Property, Lumban,
can be adopted to transform said idle real properties into Laguna 7 hectare Bina-
more productive uses and contribute to the economic 3. ngonan Property
growth of the area, and to corporate revenue generation.
275
30 Laguna Lake Ferry System or Limited economic opportunities of the Laguna Manila Bay, Pasig River, Php 270 M 2021 / 3 years PPP
the Manila Bay-Pasig River – de Bay Region Laguna Lake Ferry
Laguna Lake (MAPALLA) Strategic location as a transport circuit, tourism, etc.; terminals in the lake,
Ferry System k 2) Vast opportunities as alternative transport route to Angono, Binangonan,
service commuters/workers from Rizal, Laguna and Taguig, Sta. Rosa,
Metro Manila at the periphery of the lake thru safe, Cabuyao, Calamba, Los
reliable and accessible water transport system; 3) Baños, Sta. Cruz, Pililia,
Ease vehicular traffic in existing land-based and others for validation in
transport route, e.g., Ortigas Ave., C-5, SLEX, EDSA the Feasibility Study
that brings about investment opportunities for
onshore terminals and facilities; 4) Cost effective
alternative to new road/highway construction; 5)
Enhancement of regional mobility and economic
development (promotes trade, tourism, etc.)
31 Laguna de Bay Watershed and There has been removal of forest vegetative cover Microwaterheds of Laguna Php 160M 10 years Gov’t
Restoration and Conservation because of deforestation and other development Lake such as Marikina, Sta.
Project activities. Wetlands are also being degraded. Cruz, among others.
Hence, interventions are needed to address these
and other related problems
32 Establishment of Sewage The construction of a STP is consistent with the intent 28 lakeshore municipalities Php 1.5 B 2019; 5-7 years PPP
Treatment Plants (STPS) for to provide adequate attention to sanitation concerns in and cities
the 28 lakeshore municipalities the LDBR considering the inadequate treatment
cities in the Laguna de Bay facilities in areas not served by MWCI and MWSI, and
Basin thus improving over-all quality of the water in the lake.
Other areas may be served should there be available
funding.
276
Note that all projects are not mutually exclusive in solving a particular problem. A project
could solve 2 or more problems.
Criteria for the implementation of priority projects are given below:
Category General Criteria
1) Urgent
Projects that cannot be reasonably postponed

Projects that would remedy conditions dangerous to public health, safety and
welfare
Projects needed to maintain critically needed programs
Projects needed to meet emergency situations
2) Essential
Projects required to complete or make usable a major public improvement

Projects required to maintain minimum standards as part of on-going program
Desirable self-liquidating projects
Projects for which external funding is available
3) Necessary
Projects that should be carried out to meet clearly identified and anticipated needs
Projects to replace obsolete or unsatisfactory facilities
Repair or maintenance projects to prolong life of existing facilities
4) Desirable
Projects needed for expansion of current programs

Projects designed to initiate new programs considered appropriate for a progressive
community
5) Acceptable
Projects that can be postponed without detriment to present operations if budget

cuts are necessary
6) Deferrable
Projects recommended for postponement for elimination from immediate

consideration in the current Investment Programming
Projects that are questionable in terms of over-all needs, adequate planning, or
proper timing
277
7.2.2 Project Briefs for Prioritized Programs and Projects
PROGRAM: WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Project Title Strengthened Laguna Lake and Tributary River Systems Water Quality
Monitoring Project
Proponent & Project LLDA
Partners
Rationale 1. Determine the status of the lake and tributary rivers
2. Address the environmental degradation of the lake and tributary river
systems to protect, conserve, and manage the freshwater resources
3. Laboratory analysis results become the basis for the evaluating
compliance of industrial establishments to existing effluents discharge
rules and regulations
Project Assumptions Budget and competent/technical staff are available
Laboratory is filled with state of art equipment for analysis
Support by the management
Project Components Elements Duration Cost (P)
1. Laguna de Bay Monitoring Ongoing Supple-
2. Lake Primary Productivity mental
3. Tributary Rivers Monitoring Funding
4. Crater Lakes Monitoring
5. Sediment Quality Monitoring
6. Assessment of Toxic Substances in Fish Tissue
Estimated Total Project Supplemental budget of Php10 Million per year only for operations; buying
Cost (Php) of equipment have separate funds
Possible Financing Scheme LLDA Corporate Funds
Location of the Project Lake and tributary river sampling stations
Project Duration Ongoing
Recommended Time of 2016
Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries Stakeholders
Success Indicators 1. Freshwater resources protected, conserved and managed;
2. Law enforcement strictly implemented;
3. Freshwater quality improved; and
4. Clean and managed lake and tributary river systems
Expected Private Sector Private sector is keen to participate in the project because this project will
Response affect their business and this project is for the good of the community as
part of their corporate social responsibility.
278
POLICY BRIEF
Project Title Improving the EUFS through Policy and Institutional Reforms
Proponent & Project LLDA with business/industry sector, in collaboration with DENR-EMB
Partners
Rationale The study under the MTSP7 pointed to limited coverage of eligible
establishments, limited collection efficiency and a fee structure that encouraged
dilution (MTSP Component 4 Final Report, 2012. Hence, to progressively enhance
EUFS implementation, It recommended that:
1. The EUF system needs to be improved by extending it progressively to more

parameters, increasing user fees to reflect actual abatement costs and, in the longer
term, changing the basis of charging from pollutant concentration to discharge
volume and eventually pollution load.
2. The system should be supported by a range of additional measures such as
s t r o n g e r penalties for operating without a permit, charges for non-
applicants and, in the longer term, an effluent trading scheme.
3. The system should also be extended to the domestic sector (i.e. households
and other sources of domestic types of wastes), which is responsible for about 75%
of pollution.
4. Separate tailored approaches should be developed for small and medium-scale
industry and non-industrial business.
Project Assumptions The improved EUFS will be approved by the LLDA Board;
5. A special fund should be developed to support investment in promoting and co-
Improved EUFS will be strictly implemented;
financing waste water treatment and septage projects, using EUF scheme proceeds.
Stakeholders are aware and comply with the improved EUFS; and
Support of the lake users needed for the success of the plan.
7
The Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) was financed by a grant from the Global Environmental Facility, and
managed by the World Bank. DENR is the lead implementing agency for the Project, and its principal implementing
partners are the LLDA and MWSS. The primary objective of the Project is to improve water quality in the Manila Bay
watershed (including Laguna Lake and the Pasig River system) by facilitating increased investment in sanitation, sewerage
and wastewater treatment and strengthening institutional arrangements and water quality management systems.
Following the project’s studies/ analyses, it defined a program of progressively enhancing the application of EUFS/MBIs
by LLDA and DENR.
279
Project Components Elements Duration
1. Evaluation & prioritization of MTSP Jan. 2019
recommendations for EUFs/MBI enhancement
and other measures
2. Policy Planning and development including
stakeholders consultation
3. Prepare board documents (Memo & Board Dec.2018
Resolution) for Board approval 1.
4. Short-term priority measures (details below) 2. 2020
5. Medium-term priority measures (details below) 2022
6. Long-term priority measures (details below)
Estimated Total Project Php 300,000

Cost (Php)
Location of the Project NA
Duration/Implementation 2 years; 2018 -policy development

Recommended Time of 2020 onwards
Implementation
Success Indicators 1. Policy on improvement of EUFS and MBIs and accompanying
institutional reforms prepared;
2. Consultation with DENR/EMB, industry associations, PCAPI, WEAP,
academe;
3. Board Resolution approved by Board;
4. Implementation of improved EUFS and MBIs monitored and evaluated
Expected Private Sector Initially, private sector may find the project burdensome, but improvements
Response will bring equity and fairness to dischargers and eventually lead to reduced
pollution loading as it encourages good environmental performance among
industrial and other firms under EUFS. This project is for the good of the
environment and community as part of their corporate social responsibility.
280
281
POLICY BRIEF
Project Title Proposed Raw Water Price for the Hydroelectric Power
Generators
Proponent & Project LLDA, NPC-CBK Hydroelectric Power Plant
Partners
Rationale By virtue of its Charter, LLDA is responsible for the conservation and sustainable
development of the natural resources in the basin and the regulation of the use of surface
water of the lake. It is necessary to comprehensively rationalize the limited water resources
towards judicious management and optimum utilization. This will ensure renewability and
preservation of the lake’s ecological balance. The hydropower sub-sector, specifically
NPC—CBK, has been using lake’s raw water to generate electricity. Raw water pricing is
essential to this type of lake user, to be determined according to its economic value so as
to attain efficiencies and sustainability in the development and allocation of water resources.
There is a need to raise revenue to fund the proper management and protection of the lake;
Project Assumptions The EUF for the hydroelectric power generators will be approved by the LLDA
Board;
EUF for hydroelectric power will be strictly implemented;
Stakeholders are aware and comply with the EUF; and
Support of the lake users needed for the success of the plan.
Project Components Elements Duration Cost(P)
1. Review the technical, legal and related studies 3mos 50,000
including recommended raw water fee
(1st Qtr 2016)
2. Policy development, stakeholder consultation 3mos 200,000
& negotiations (2nd and 3rd Qtr 2017)
3. Board’s approval (4th Qtr 2017 3mos
4. Dissemination, IEC (1st Qtr 2018) 3mos 200,000a
5. Policy implementation (2 Qtr 2018-2024)
nd 6 yrs
6. Review of implementation (2025) 3mos 50,000
anInclusive of
nos.3,4,5
Estimated Total Project Php0.5 Million
Cost (Php)
Location of the Project N.A.
Project Duration 2.0 Years
Implementation
Success Indicators 1. Technical and other studies under LISCOP Component (Task 1) reviewed.
2. Proposed EUF for hydropower prepared
3. Successful negotiation with CBK
4. Memo for the Board and Board Resolution prepared and approved;
5. Agreement between LLDA and CBK prepared and signed
6. Implementing guidelines issued
Expected Private Sector Initially, NPC-CBK may view the proposed EUF as unnecessary because this
Response project will affect their business, but LLDA has the legal and technical basis and
7. project
this Implementing
is for the guidelines issued.
efficient use of water resources and sustainability. Hence, it
is for the long-term sustainability of the lake water resources. It is thus part of the
company’s corporate social responsibility.
Source: LISCOP Project Component 2 Project Completion Report-Task 1: Expansion of the Environmental User
Fee System; LLDA
282
PROGRAM BRIEF
Project Title River Rehabilitation Project (Non-Infra)

Proponent & Project LLDA, DENR, LGUs, Private sector
Partners
Rationale ▪ Integration of social (institutional partnerships) and technical
(infrastructure development) interventions
▪ Implementation within the context of a watershed approach
▪ Optimization of sub-WAQMA as an institutional mechanism
Project Assumptions ▪ Cooperation of local government units especially in watersheds with
multiple local government jurisdictions
▪ Sufficient funds for implementing project activities especially technical
interventions
Project Components A. Institutional Partnerships 2016
1. Institutionalization of “adopt a river” schemes
2. Strengthening of river councils
3. Activation of “environmental army”
4. Regular clean-up activities
5. Information, education and motivation campaigns
B. Infrastructure Development
1. Construction of gabions and ripraps
Estimated Total Project PhP 1B
Cost (Php)
Possible Financing Scheme ▪ LLDA regular budget (Subject to availability of funds)
▪ Funds for the implementation of the RA 9275 (DENR)
▪ Private sector contributions under the “Adopt a River” scheme
▪ Grants from international financing institutions and non-government
organizations.
Location of the Project First Phase First 8 watersheds
Second Phase Next 8 watersheds
Third Phase Last 8 watersheds
Project Duration 2016 – 2021
Recommended Time of ▪ First Phase 2016 – 2017
Implementation ▪ Second Phase 2018 – 2021
▪ Third Phase 2022
Intended Beneficiaries ▪ Local communities
▪ Lake and river users
Success Indicators ▪ Number and type of activities conducted and output produced
▪ Number of persons mobilized in activities
▪ Number of “adopt a river” schemes institutionalized
▪ Enhanced capacity of river/watershed management bodies
▪ Extent and quality of stakeholder participation
▪ Amount of resources mobilized for river rehabilitation
▪ Amount and type of infrastructure constructed and maintained
▪ Improved water quality
Expected Private Sector Private sector corporations are likely to be open to partnerships especially
Response in West Bay
283
PROJECT BRIEF
Project Title River Rehabilitation ( with community organizing component)
Proponent & Project LLDA,DENR, LGUs, Private sector, local communities
Partners
Rationale The need to address the very poor water quality of the tributary rivers of
the Laguna de Bay Basin requires both technical and institutional
interventions. LLDA has been implementing a river rehabilitation
program since 1996 that includes components such as Lakbay Ilog
(physical survey), Environmental Army (clean-up), information, education
and communication (IEC), river rehabilitation plans, river protection
councils, and water quality monitoring.
These initiatives should be further enhanced within the context of
watershed, land and waste management that would aim to mitigate the
main drivers of the deterioration of water quality of the lake.
Activity Components 1. Streambank Restoration;
(With Costs, Duration 2. Strengthening of River Protection Councils;
And Estimated Total 3. Formulation and Implementation of River Rehabilitation Plans;
Costs): 4. Regular Clean-up Activities; and
5. Information, Education and Communication (IEC) campaigns
Possible Financing
Scheme: Government LLDA (Subject to availability of funds), Local government units, Private sector
Financed/Loan/Grant
Location of the 24 Rivers
Project:
Intended Lake and river users, Local communities
Beneficiaries:
Success Indicators: Improved water quality

Suggested Year(s) of Immediate (2016 onwards)
Implementation:
284
PROJECT BRIEF
Project Title Title-based Parcellary Mapping for the Shoreland Management System of LLDA
LAGUNA LAKE DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
Proponent & Project LLDA, Land Registration Authority
Partners
Rationale Establish a reliable and updated inventory of properties and their owners in
the shoreland area to effectively define and regulate the use of the Laguna
de Bay shoreland areas, and enforce the allowable uses of the shoreland
areas in a sustainable manner
Project Components . Title-based Parcellary Map Database
This shall involve the buildup of the Parcellary Map Database using the titles
covering LLDA’s jurisdiction and registered with the LRA, with the following Data
Components and Layers:
a. Digital Parcel Map

Shall be in vector data format, shapefile (.shp and Geodatabase file format), and shall
be generated using the Technical Description of the corresponding Titles, which shall
be processed and rectified, and counterchecked against immediately surrounding
parcels.
b. Title Information, as follows:
i. Title Type;
ii. Title Number;
iii. Registered Owner’s Name;
iv. Owner’s address as indicated in the Title
v. Location of the Property;
vi. Land Area as stated in the title;
vii. Technical Description of the Property;
viii. Title History (traceback); and,
ix. Other relevant information on the title.
2. Reference Map Database
This shall involve the scanning and processing of various data from LLDA’s
reference maps that shall be stored in raster data format and Geodatabase file format,
with Philippines Transverse Mercator (PTM) and World Geodetic
System (WGS84) projections

285 at 1:5000 scale (reference dependent), as follows:
a. Administrative Boundaries (provincial/ municipal, barangay) with names;
b. Land Classification;
3. Parcellary Map Viewer
This shall involve the development of an open source based Geographic
Information System (GIS), which shall allow LLDA to view the Digital Parcels
and its attributes, with respect to above mentioned reference layers.
The Viewer shall allow LLDA to:
a. Query on the land parcels within the shoreland areas of the Laguna de Bay;
b. Visually confirm/verify allowable usages for the shoreland areas;
c. Visually verify land use against zoning; and,

Estimated Project Cost Php 36,489,120.00 (Php 128,032.00, exclusive of VAT, per Kilometer, which
d. Visually
shall covermonitor
all titlesShoreland Development
falling within Clearance
a 150 meter and Shoreland
wide corridor or bufferLease
zone
using the 12.50m reglementary elevation contour line from LLDA as the
areas.
baseline.
Possible Financing LLDA Corporate
The Viewer shall beFunds
scalable to accommodate future use, such as:
Location of the Project Shoreland area around the Laguna Lake (can be done per lakeshore
a. Viewing of other LLDA department’s data;
municipality as indicated by LLDA)
Project Duration b. Datarate
Work Entry
of and
3 toAttribute Updating;
5 kilometers and, depending on LLDA’s indicated
per week,
project location
c. Report generation
Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries LLDA, Stakeholders located in the shoreland area
Success Indicators Improved shoreland conditions resulting from better monitoring, regulation, and
enforcement on shoreland developments with the help of the parcellary
mapping system and database.
286
PROJECT BRIEF
Project Title Development of Master Plan for the Relocation of Informal
Settlers in Lupang Arienda
Proponent & Project Office of the President, Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR
Partners Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA), Department of Interior and Local
Government, Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), National Housing
Authority(NHA), Metro-Manila Development Authority (MMDA), Department of Social
Welfare and Development (DSWD), National Anti-Poverty Commission (NAPC), Local
Government Units of Pasig City, Taguig City, Municipality of Cainta and Municipality of
Taytay in Rizal Province, Private People’s Organization (in partnership with
LGUs/NGAs), Technological Livelihood Resource Center (TLRC) and the Technical
Rationale ItEducation
is but vitaland Skills Development
to formulate Authority
a Master Plan (TESDA)
for Lupang Arenda, located within the Laguna
de Bay shoreland. Out of the 80 hectares proclaimed area, only 12 hectares are land
and the rest are under water for eight months in a year. Under R.A. 4850 as amended
by Presidential Decree 813, this area forms part of the bed of Laguna de Bay and is
considered as an environmentally critical area.
Since 2002, the area has become a dumpsite of solid wastes from Metro Manila and
nearby towns. Given the proximity of the area to Laguna de Bay, the LLDA and other
stakeholders of the lake were alarmed. Negative effects of the dumpsite to the
environment and to the residents in the area are expected.
25,000 informal settler-families in Brgy. Arenda in Taytay, Rizal now occupies 175
hectares of the buffer zone (between 12.50-10.50 meter elevation). The said colony is
expected to increase over the years if there is no government intervention that will be
implemented and this will further worsen the environmental damage to the lake and its
watershed.
Because of the unabated shoreland intrusion, the Laguna de Bay ecological system is
now being compromised. This is validated by the recent study which shows that the
pollution profile of the lake has changed. In 1996, data showed that waste coming from
industries and agriculture combined, covered nearly 70% of pollution load. Recent data
reveal a reduction in pollution load of these two sectors by 38%. This maybe attributed
to government efforts and the LLDA’s implementation of the Environmental User Fee
System.
What is alarming is that, while there is a reduction in pollution load coming from
industries and agriculture, domestic waste increased also by 38% or 70% of the total
pollution load in the lake. This maybe blamed on the stakeholders uncontrolled dumping
of waste coupled with the maintenance of dumpsites by some LGUs along the shores
of the lake. Another reason is increasing number of squatters in the shorelands areas
that were built without adequate sewage facilities; the Laguna Lake has become a “big
septic tank”.
As to health and sanitation issues, although speculative, the recent rise of dengue cases
in densely populated shoreland areas, such as cities of Taguig, Pasig, municipalities of
Cainta and Taytay, both in the Province of Rizal could be attributed to stagnant waters
that are trapped within the reclaimed shoreland areas.
287
Another concern is the lack of livelihood program being implemented by the LGUs in
the area. The lack of opportunity to the settlers contributes to the increased in crime
rates in the area.
Because of the above concerns, the project proposes the relocation of the most of the
squatters in the area to a more secure and safe environment. An inventory of informal
settlers in the area will have to be prepared. All of these need to be addressed at the
Project Assumptions
earliest possible time formulation of Master Plan
The LGU and other national Agencies will be partners in the formulation of the
Master Plan.;
There are lands available within the city/municipality for resettlements.

Project Components 1.Delineation of Lupang Arenda’s boundary, topographic and subdivision survey to
identify the original 80-ha allocation for socialized housing under Proclamation 704; 2.
2.A socialized housing project that may be ideal for these settlers will have to be
conceptualized with the assistance of the National Housing Authority;
3 Projects shall be formulated conceptualized and be formulated. This shall be in line

with the allowable use of the shoreland area under BR. 23, Series of 1996 and would
benefit the LLDA, MMDA, LGUs and the stakeholders living near the area;
Estimated Total Project Php 15 Million
Cost (Php)
Possible Financing Scheme Gov’t; Local and International Funders
Location of the Project Pasig City, Cainta, Taytay, Rizal
Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries Pasig City, Municipalities of Cainta and Taytay in the Province of Rizal, Laguna Lak
Development Authority, FARMCs, fisherfolks, farmers, Private People’s Organization
(in partnership with LGUs/NGAs)
Success Indicators
1. Number of families to be relocated;

2. Increased number of families with secured housing units;
3. Decreased number of families in risk prone areas;
4. Reduced number of ISFs in the shoreland;
5. Decreased domestic waste output to Lake water;
6. Number of families to be given livelihood projects.
288
PROJECT BRIEF
Title of the Project Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Proponent & Project LLDA, LGUs, NDRRMC, RDRRMC, DND (OCD), private sector, local
Partners communities
Rationale There are numerous disaster risks to which communities in the Laguna de
Bay Basin are exposed including floods, storms, landslides, earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions. These risks must be effectively studied, managed and reduced through the
employment of appropriate mechanisms as provided for by the recently enacted DRRM
Act (RA 10121) and the legal mandate of the LLDA. The focus of the project would be
integration, coordination and consolidation of DRRM efforts across scales from local to
basin-wide and beyond.
Activity 1. Coordinate disaster risk reduction and management activities in the

Components (with costs, Laguna de Bay Basin at the barangay, municipal/city and provincial levels in
duration and estimated relation to regional and national institutions and mechanisms;
total costs):
2. Facilitate and support risk and vulnerability assessments from the local to the basin
level;
3. Consolidate disaster risk information including natural hazards,
vulnerabilities and climate change risks and maintain a Laguna de Bay-wide
risk map;
4. Operate a multi-hazard early warning system linked to disaster risk
reduction to provide timely and accurate advice for appropriate action; and
5. Formulate and implement a comprehensive disaster risk reduction and management
(DRRM) plan for the Laguna de Basin.
Note: Refer to Budget Cost of the Province of Laguna and Rizal on other current and/or
proposed projects of LLDA and other GOs
Possible Financing Laguna Lake Development Authority, Local government units,

Scheme: Government DND-OCD, NDRRMC, Climate change adaptation funds (Climate
financed/Loan/ Grant Change Commission, International Financing Institutions [IFIs])
Location of the Laguna de Bay Basin-wide
Project:
Intended Beneficiaries: All communities and residents within the LDB Basin
Success Indicators: DRRM Indicators as set by NDRMMC
Suggested year(s) of Immediate (2016 onwards)
Implementation
289
PROGRAM BRIEF: TOURISM

Title of the Project Fisherman’s Village Wharf
Proponent (lead and Local Government Unit (Lead Agency), TIEZA (Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone
participating agencies): Authority), LLDA, DOT
Rationale The objective is to transform the fishermen’s villages along the Lakeshore into tourist attractions.
This will serve a two-pronged purpose: to provide livelihood to the community and generate funds for
the LGU. It is also envisioned that the increased economic development in the area of the project will
spread to neighboring towns due to tourism’s multiplier effect. The Fisherman’s Village and Wharf
will enable visitors to see the traditional lifestyle of residents of a fishing village, for instance, how
fishing nets are mended, how fish catch are unloaded, and so forth. Visitors will also have the
opportunity to buy fresh catch. The Boardwalk will feature restaurants and shops catering to a
mixed market, that is, from high-end (expensive) to low-end (budget) clientele.
Allocation of at least 5 hectares for the development of the fishermen’s village and boardwalk
Activity Components (with into a Tourism Enterprise Zone
costs, duration and Construction of a fishermen’s village and a mini wharf to link the village to the ferry system
estimated total costs): Construction of a seafood market
Construction of a boardwalk with facilities to be leased to restaurants, cafes and shops
Project Cost- P20 M
Possible Financing Depending on the development scheme, the project can qualify as a “General Leisure Tourism
Scheme: Government Zone” or a “Cultural Heritage Tourism Zone”.
financed/Loan/Grant “General Leisure Tourism Zone”: if the project will offer other recreational facilities that will have
high visitor density.
“Cultural Heritage Tourism Zone”: if the project will focus on the agricultural / fishing heritage of
the people living in the area, showcasing their traditional occupational activities and lifestyles.
Construction of the fishing village and wharf: LGU and LLDA responsibility
Boardwalk with shops: Public – Private sector partnership
Location of the Project: The pilot Fishermen’s Village and Boardwalk is recommended to be located along the shoreline of
the municipalities of Pakil and Pangil, the most feasible site as recommended by the LLDA.
Project Duration/Year of 2 years; 2018-Implementation
Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries: Direct beneficiaries: Formal and informal settlers living along the shores of the Laguna Lake
Basin.
Indirect beneficiaries: Communities living along the route to the fishermen’s village and
boardwalk
Success Indicators: Creation of new jobs particularly in the service sector
Increased income for the fishermen
Improvement of the standard of living of the community
Spill-over of development to surrounding municipalities
Expected Private Sector The private sector will find the project attractive particularly the area can be designated as a
Response: Tourism Enterprise Zone (TEZ) with the corresponding incentives
290
PROJECT BRIEF
Title of the Project Pila Heritage Site

Proponent (lead and LGU (Lead Agency), National Historical Institute, National Commission for Culture and
participating agencies): the Arts (NCCA), Department of Tourism
Rationale Laguna is rich in history but still does not have a heritage site like in Vigan, Ilocos Sur and
the town of Taal, Batangas. Pila has already been designated as the Heritage Town of
Laguna due to the presence of about 50 turn-of-the-century houses (Bahay na Bato) in
and around the plaza fronting the old church. It also has an existing museum.
The project calls for the development of Pila as a themed heritage destination. It will
feature commercial facilities like shops, galleries, restaurants and coffee shops designed
to complement the heritage site theme.
Activity Components (with Zoning of the heritage site
costs, duration and Restoration of old houses
estimated total costs): Rehabilitation of the Museum of Pila
Design of commercial activities complementing the character of a heritage site
Project Cost – P30M
Possible Financing Restoration and Rehabilitation of old houses and the museum
Scheme: Government LGU Grants
financed/Loan/Grant Commercial Activities: Private sector investors
The LGU may also apply for the designation of the restoration site in Pila as a “Cultural
Heritage Tourism Zone”. This move will attract the private sector to invest in
businesses and amenities in the area.
Location of the Project: Pila, Laguna
Intended Beneficiaries: The Pila Heritage Town is intended to be a touring attraction. Hence, besides the
residents of Pila itself, the towns and communities along the route to Pila can benefit from
increased tourist traffic.
Success Indicators: Creation of new jobs in the service sector
Increased demand for goods produced in Pila and surrounding municipalities
Increased revenues for the LGU
Expected Private Sector The private sector may be expected to invest in putting up restaurants, cafes, art galleries
Response: and souvenir shops.
291
PROJECT BRIEF
Title of the Project Arts and Crafts Village

Proponent (lead and LGU (Lead Agency), Department of Tourism, National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA),
participating agencies): TIEZA (Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority), Design Center of the Philippine
Rationale While the province of Rizal is well-known in the field of Art due to the presence of National Artists
and other recognized painters and sculptors in the Philippines mainly in Angono, the province of
Laguna is known for its traditional crafts.
The production of these arts and crafts have high touristic value. In tourism, the production process
of handicrafts is as interesting to visitors as the final products they buy. Besides seeing how crafts
are made, visitors can enjoy an interactive experience by trying their hand at doing the crafts. In
many countries, communities which craft these local products have been transformed into
destination attractions. Such an opportunity is not present in the provinces of the CALABARZON.
There is a need to provide a defined area to showcase the production of these various arts and
crafts like paper mache, pottery, sculptures, hat and basket weaving, native food delicacies (cheese,
biscuits, etc.) and other handicrafts.
Moreover, there is a need to provide attractive shops to showcase and sell the products produced in
the community instead of having stores and stalls spread along the national highway.
Activity Components Designation of at least 5 hectares for the development of the arts and crafts village into a
(with costs, duration and Tourism Enterprise Zone (TEZ)
estimated total costs): Construction of residential houses with built-in workshops for the artisans producing arts and
crafts
Construction of a showroom /shop to showcase and sell the products
Project Cost – 50M
Possible Financing There are two options in developing an Arts and Crafts Village.
Scheme: Government
Option 1: Create a new village in enclave form, that is, with defined boundaries. This will entail the
financed/Loan/Grant
construction of houses with built-in workshops and amenities for visitors.
Option 2: Identify an area in the town or municipality where there is a critical mass of residents
producing the crafts. In this scenario, what may be needed is to undertake a face-lift or renovation
of the site to enhance its touristic attractiveness. Other amenities like parking spaces, restaurants,
restrooms and shops should also be provided.
For both options, financing should come from public and private sector partnership.
The Arts and Crafts Village will highly qualify as a “Cultural Heritage Tourism Zone.”
Location of the Project: The pilot site can be located in Paete, Laguna. The artisans/craftsmen to be invited to reside in the
arts and crafts village may come initially from Pakil, Pangil and Siniloan.
However, Arts and Crafts Villages can also be established in other provinces of the Laguna Lake
Basin like Batangas, Quezon and Rizal.
Project Duration/Imple- 2 years;2018
mentation
Intended Beneficiaries: Towns and municipalities in Laguna producing arts and crafts.
Success Indicators: Design, quality improvement and diversification of arts and crafts produced by Laguna craftsmen
and artists
Increased demand for products resulting to better income for the community
Improvement of the quality of life of communities
Increased revenues for the LGU
Expected Private Sector The Tourism Enterprise Zone will be able to attract investors
Response:
292
PROJECT BRIEF
Title of the Project Herbal Botanical Parks

Proponent (lead and LGUs (Lead Agency) ○ LLDA ○ Department of Health ○ Department of Tourism ○ TIEZA
participating agencies):
Rationale There is an increasing awareness and appreciation for the use of traditional herbs as alternative
medicine. Hence, the Botanical Parks to be developed in the identified towns and municipalities in
the Laguna Lake Basin is recommended to include the cultivation and propagation of medicinal
herbs. This will attract not only park goers but also those who study alternative medicinal sciences
or are interested in alternative medicine both domestic and foreign guests.
Moreover, incorporating herbal gardens into the Botanical Parks can allow for a more diversified
development of the park as an attraction. Eventually, the Herbal Botanical Garden may offer
services such as “Traditional Filipino Touch Therapy” or “hilot” and a spa using traditional Philippine
medicinal herbs. Other businesses that can be established include food and beverage outlets
specializing in organic healthy menus and a market to sell plants, herbs and products made from the
latter. These attractions will allow for the conversion of the Herbal Botanical Parks into a “Health
and Wellness Tourism Zone” under the TIEZA.
Activity Components Development of the herbal botanical park
(with costs, duration and Construction of green houses
estimated total costs): Construction of demonstration laboratory/lecture rooms
P30M
Possible Financing LGUs ○ LLDA ○ Grants ○ Private sector
Scheme: Government
financed/Loan/Grant
Location of the Project: As identified by the LLDA, Jala-jala will be the pilot site for the Botanical Park.
Project Duration/Imple-- 2 years;2018
mentation
Intended Beneficiaries: Communities where the botanical parks are located
Success Indicators: Increased livelihood and employment opportunities for communities
Increased demand for other supporting goods and services produced by residents
Increase in LGU revenues
Improved quality of life of residents
Expected Private Sector If the concept of putting up a botanical garden would be for it to function mainly as a leisure and
Response: recreation park, then this project cannot be an income-generating venture. Gate receipts are not
expected to be enough to be able to maintain the park on a self-sustaining basis.
However, should the Herbal Botanical Parks eventually become a venue to showcase and promote
alternative medicine, then its income-generating potential can be realized.
.
293
PROJECT BRIEF
Title of the Project Bamboo for Life and National Greening Program
Proponent (lead and Lead Agencies: DENR-LLDA; Cooperating Agencies: LGUs, other organizations
participating agencies):
Rationale • To address degradation of Laguna de Bay Watershed through reforestation
• To utilize bamboo as source of tree planting materials;
• To provide alternative livelihood among the stakeholders including the business sectors
Activity Components 1. Social Mobilization;

(with costs, duration and
estimated total costs): 2. Nursery Production and Maintenance;
3. Tree planting with the Laguna de Bay Watershed;
4. Identification of needed resources;

Possible Financing LLDA, sharing of needed resources with other agencies, partner organizations
Conduct seminars and trainings on bamboo production
Scheme: Government
financed/Loan/Grant
Location of the Project: Within Laguna de Bay Watershed.
Project Duration/Imple-- Yearly
mentation
Intended Beneficiaries: Farmers/fisherfolks, etc.
Success Indicators: Reforest denuded areas, aware stkeholders on the utilization of bamboo; livelihood
Expected Private Sector Positive response because some areas on the watershed will be reforest; aware the stakeholders regarding
Response: income opportunities for bamboo
294
PROGRAM BRIEF: WATERSHED CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT
Project Title Multi-stakeholder Reforestation Project of Priority Sub-watersheds

Reforestation for Protection in the Sub-watersheds of Marikina, Pagsanjan, Sta. Cruz, and Los Baňos/Bay
Bamboo Agroforestry for Livelihood through Private Investment in the Sub-watersheds of Marikina, Angono
and Sta. Rosa
Production Forestry in the Sub-watersheds of Angono, Tanay, and Sta. Rosa
Proponent and Project LLDA
Partners DENR, DA, LGUs, Local communities, Private Sector
Rationale 1) The region had been subjected to environmental pressures like deforestation, decimating its original dense
forest to less than 25% of its total area today. About 33% of the area of the basin is open areas consisting of
bareland, grassland and brushland. Uncontrolled land conversion, urban area expansion, and poverty
forcing people to undertake illegal cutting of trees, charcoal making and practicing slash and burn agriculture
even in steep areas have contributed to the current state of the 24 sub-watersheds. Instead of helping
improve the condition of the lake, the 24 sub-watersheds had ironically contributed to the problem of the lake.
Heavy siltation has reduced the present depth of the lake to an average of 2.5 meters only. This was mainly
due to the 4 million tons of suspended sediments that drain to the lake annually and coming from the
degraded sub-watersheds.
2) Various means should be put together to solve the siltation of the lake. Dredging, solid waste management,
flood control systems have to be supported by the rehabilitation and reforestation of the priority sub-
watersheds of Marikina, Sta. Rosa, Pagsanjan, Sta. Cruz, Sta. Maria and the Mt. Makiling Reservation and
the rest of the other 24 sub-watersheds, with the involvement of LGUs, communities, private sectors and
other stakeholders.
3) Reforestation and plantation efforts will support the implementation of EO 23 and EO 26 which shifted
sustainable forest management to the development of plantations in protection and production areas under
a National Greening Program with appropriate schemes. Forest rehabilitation should be implemented to
maintain the environmental goods and services provided by the 24 sub-watersheds.
4) Reforestation schemes like agroforestry and production forestry will also provide livelihood to local
communities thereby reducing their dependence upon illegal activities that are detrimental to the condition of
the watersheds.
5) Local communities in the 24 sub-watersheds will be safer in restored watersheds where impacts of climate
change can
6) be mitigated by planted indigenous tree species
Project Assumptions Stakeholders needs are considered in planning the reforestation projects
Tenure arrangements are considered in locating the project sites
Appropriate systems and structures are put in place at LLDA to support the implementation of the project,
including financial and general planning, monitoring and evaluation
Project Components Elements Duration Costs
(PhP)
Reforestation planning considering multi-stakeholders needs and tenure 6 months 72 M
Reforestation/Rehabilitation of Protection Forestlands
Forest Plantation Development in Production Forestlands 6 years 200 M
Reforestation in Forestlands under the Jurisdiction of Other Government 6 years 200 M
Agencies. 6years 200 M
Reforestation and Afforestation in Alienable and Disposable Lands or Private
Lands 6 years 200 M
Planting material supply management
Establishment, protection, care, and maintenance 6 years 400 M
6 years 600 M
Rewards and benefit sharing study and implementation
6 years 4M
Project Cost PhP 1.876 B
Possible Financing Scheme President’s Social Fund;
various forms of debt conversion such as Debt for Nature, Debt-for-Ecotourism and Debt-for-Development;
grants from the World Wildlife Fund, the Biodiversity Convention of the European Community, and other
foreign funding institutions such as the World Bank, ADB, USAID, CIDA, AUSAID, UNDP, Global
Environment Facility and Royal Netherlands Government
Private Bank financing/Private Investment
REDD+, Carbon credits
Location of the Project Priority watersheds of Sta. Rosa, Marikina, Pagsanjan, Sta. Cruz, Sta. Maria, Angono, and Los Ba ňos/Bay. The
rest of the other watersheds.
Project 6 years; 2018
Duration/Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries 1) Local communities; 2) LGUs
Success Indicators Number of hectares managed as reforestation areas
Number of stakeholders participating
Private groups investing in the projects
REDD+ listed projects
Expected Private Sector Private sector can participate in production forestry and agroforestry.
Response
295
PROJECT BRIEFS WATERSHED AND LAND USE
Project Title Establishment and Strengthening of Integrated Sub-Watershed

Proponent and Management Councils (IWMCs)
LLDA
Project Partners DENR, LGUs, NEDA, MMDA, industrial and commercial establishments, academic institutions, religious groups,
NGOs, POs, civic organizations, homeowners’ associations
Rationale 1. To broaden the functions of the River Rehabilitation and Protection Councils (RRPCs) and the Sub-Water
Quality Management Areas (SUB-WQMAs) beyond river and water concerns, respectively, towards all the
possible concerns obtaining in each sub-watershed
2. Following the principles of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), there is a need to: (a)
coordinate development and management of water, land and related resources within a given sub-watershed;
(b) maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner; and (c) ensure the sustainability
of vital, particularly freshwater, ecosystems.
3. To make the RRPCs evolve, while serving as the core of the IWMCs, into a strong, autonomous and
sustainable mechanism for multi-stakeholder participation, coordination, consensus building and conflict
resolution for micro-watershed environmental and economic issues and activities, as well as a channel for
communication between LLDA and the LGUs
Project 1. Formation of the Governing Board of IWMCs composed of the representatives of the DENR, MMDA, NEDA,
Components DPWH and other government agencies, Mayors of LGUs, industrial and commercial establishments, academic
institutions, religious groups, NGOs, POs, civic organizations and homeowners’ associations. The expanded
Board will include or absorb those of the RRPCs and SUB-WQMAs if they are already existing.
2. Expansion of the Technical Secretariats of the SUB-WQMAs and IWMCs, if they are already in existence, to
include the following:
a. One (1) member of the Philippine Bar
b. One (1) member who is either a Chemical Engineer, Chemist, Sanitary Engineer, Environmental Engineer,
or Ecologist, or one with a significant training and experience in chemistry
c. One (1) member who is either a Civil Engineer , Geologist or Hydrologist, or one with significant training
and experience in fields related to research on and development of freshwater resources
d. One (1) member who is either a Forester, Botanist or Biologist, or one with significant training and
experience in closely related fields
e. One (1) member who is either a Social Worker, Community Development Worker or Sociologist, or one
with significant training and experience in related fields
f. One (1) member who is either an Urban and Regional Planner or Economist, or one with significant
training and experience in related fields
3. Formation of the different policy-making committees, namely: (a) River System Management Committee, (b)
Water Resources Management Committee, (c) Watershed Resources Management Committee, (e) Land Use
Management Committee, (f) Climate Change/Disaster Management Committee.
Project Cost Php120 million/annum for inception year and Php60 million/ annum in succeeding years
Possible 1. A share of the National Water Quality Management Fund being administered by the DENR as a special
Financing Scheme account in the National Treasury
2. A share of the Area Water Quality Management Fund to be initially sourced from the fines incurred by
establishments located in the area
3. A seed money of P150,000.00 to be given by LLDA to support the IWMCs’ activities or their registration with
the SEC as foundations
4. President’s Social Fund; various forms of debt conversion such as Debt for Nature, Debt-for-Ecotourism and
Debt-for-Development; grants from the World Wildlife Fund, the Biodiversity Convention of the European
Community, and other foreign funding institutions such as the World Bank, ADB, USAID, CIDA, AUSAID,
UNDP, Global Environment Facility and Royal Netherlands Government
Location of The major component town/city in the sub-watershed
Project
Project Dura- 2016/ongoing
tion/Implementation
Intended 1) Local stakeholders 2) civil society 3) business community
Beneficiaries
Success Improved socioeconomic conditions of the sub-watershed residents
Indicators improved business conditions
sustainable use of water, soil and other resources
mitigated damages of flooding, erosion, landslide, pollution and other hazards
restoration of degraded natural environment
Expected Private Positive response as it will even enhance and sustain their profit-making capacity as well as their social
Sector Response acceptability
296
PROJECT BRIEFS FOR WATERSHED AND LAND USE
Project Title Solar Energy Development in Rizal, Laguna

Proponent and Project Department of Energy
partners National Power Corporation, National Grid Corporation, LLDA
Rationale Harness free, abundant solar energy in a tropical country
Generate additional power from green
sources and reduce dependence on
petrol and fossil fuels
Increase power reserve particularly for
the Calabarzon area, the industrial
heartland.
Electrify rural villages in the lake region
without access to steady supply of
power, thus partially meeting
Millennium Development Goals
Project Components Development of site, solar hybrid structures, and solar charging units, permitting and
interconnection studies; utility system upgrades, transformers, protection, and metering
equipment; maintenance, and repair. Interface with transport vehicles and other
applications
According to Department of Energy, generation of soloar power still costs PhP26 per
kWh which can go down to PhP10 per kWh through additional improvements.
LLDA indicative budget for Solar Energy Development is only PhP20-million
Project Cost PhP 100M
Possible Financing Public-Private Partnership
Scheme
Location of the Project Tayak Adventure and Nature Park, in Sitio Malasena, Brgy Tala, Rizal, Laguna is already
an eco-tourist destination as declared by the provincial government of Laguna, It was used
as landing strip for light aircraft of foreign soldiers and foreign tourists in previous decades.
At 560 feet above sea level. It is a denuded hill without much vegetation. It can be used as
major site to capture solar energy. A buffer area around the core installation can also
creatively function as open space or tourism space.
Intended Beneficiaries 1. Immediate beneficiaries are 50 households in Brgy Tala, Rizal, Laguna. Solar energy
can benefit multiple communities by generating power for schools, health centers, lamp
posts, lighthouses, and other infrastructure helpful to visitors and residents alike
Success Indicators Number of village,and households electrified
Cost reduction in the power consumption of households
Streets and facilties energized and beautified
Energy-related jobs generated and ancillary enterprises created
Expected Private Sunpower Philippines Mfg. Ltd. with address at 100 East Main Avenue, Phase 4, Special
Sector Response Economic Zone Laguna, Techno Park, Binan, Laguna – has already expressed interest in
the site. Sunpower is the world’s leading manufacturer of solar panels.
297
Project Title Micro Hydropower Plants for Upland Farming Communities in Laguna de Bay Basin
Proponent and Project LLDA

Partners
Rationale 1. Micro-hydropower plants
can generate at least 100
kWh for unelectrified
upland barangays, thus
contributing to attainment
of MDG on rural
electrification. Depending
on volume and rate of
streamflow, micro-
hydropower plants can
generate up to 2MW per
unit.
2. It can provide both
irrigation and power to
convergent or clustered
farms, in particular to
roofed vegetable gardens and HVCC (High Value Commercial Crops) greenhouses, as
well as energy for post-harvest facilities to reduce farm losses in remote areas (i.e. cold
storage plants, ice plants, refrigerated vans, etc.)
3. Micro-hydro is supported by the following laws, RA 7156 - Mini-hydroelectric Power
Incentives Act, RA 9136 – Electric Power Industry Reform Act, RA 6957 B.O.T. Law,
and National Grid Code
Project Assumptions The gross Philippine computation according to size is P200,000 per linear meter.
Important of hydropower equipment is exempted from tax. NAPOCOR is obligated by
law to buy generated power at avoided cost.
Micro-hydro complementary activities contribute to watershed conservation, namely
streambank rehabilitation, dike construction, planting strips of trees along the stream,
utilization of freshwater for agriculture versus rapid flow to the sea, etc.
Project Components The components of project are mini-dam, or reservoir, or mill-pond, intake structure, power-
canal or penstock, turbine, generator, power loads, distribution system.
Possible Financing Grant applications to UNDP Small Grants Programme, UN FAO, and Rotary International
Scheme Foundation program, backed by endorsement from Department of Agriculture, BSWM, and
NWRB.
Location of the Project Priority sites are ten upland LGUs in Rizal and Laguna which have proposed communal
farms and HVCC greenhouses with favorable evaluation from Department of Agriculture
(soil and microclimate)
Intended Beneficiaries Depending on capacity, the smallest micro-hydropower of 100 kWh can service at least 10
firms and at least 10 households. Number of beneficiaries can rise dramatically with
increase in design capacity.
Success Indicators Number of homes, institutions, and enterprises electrified Cost reduction in the power
consumption of householdsCost reduction of water supply and power supply of
enterprises/firms engaged in vegetable gardening, HVCCImprovement in awareness of
farming households in soil conservation and water conservation
Expected Private Registered Farmers’ associations, ARBAs, and Rural Improvement Clubs can receive major
Sector Response boost as well possible collective income from co-management of micro-hydropower
projects.
Years of
Implementation
298
Project Title Renewable Energy Development through

Windmill Farms
Lead Proponent Department of Energy

Participating Partners National Power Corporation, National Grid Corporation, LLDA
Rationale Generate additional power from green sources and reduce dependence on petrol and
fossil fuels
Increase power reserve particularly for the Calabarzon area, the industrial heartland
Electrify rural villages in the lake region without access to steady supply of power, thus
meeting partially Millennium Development Goals
Project Components Cost components for windmill projects include wind resource assessment and site analysis
expenses; the price and freight of the turbine and tower; construction expenses; permitting
and interconnection studies; utility system upgrades, transformers, protection, and metering
equipment; insurance; operations, warranty, maintenance, and repair; legal and consultation
fees. Others factors that will impact your project economics include your financing costs, the
size of your project, and taxes.
LLDA indicative budget for Renewable Energy PhP200-million
In Baguio, Ilocos Norte, the cost of each windmill to the Northwind Power Development
Corporation was US$1.75 million, compared to US$3.50 in other US projects, The turbines
are arranged in a single row spaced 326 meters apart. The turbines hub height (ground
level to center of nacelle which holds the blades) is 70 meters high (roughly equivalent to a
23 story building), each blade is 41 meters long, giving a rotor diameter of 82 meters and a
wind swept area of 5,281 square meters
Project Cost PhP 60M
Scheme
Location of the Project The Caliraya Laguna area has a potential of 25MW according to the Department of Energ in
previous studies. Caliraya Site would need at least15 hectares in elevated plateau location.
A buffer area around the core installation can also creatively function as open space or
tourism space.
Intended Beneficiaries Based on US studies, 2MW per turbine could service 200,000 households, with potential
benefit to the poorest communities and households
Success Indicators Number of village, households, and institutions (schools, hospitals) electrified
Cost reduction in the power consumption of households
Electricity-related jobs generated and ancillary enterprises created
Expected Private The private sector may assume 100% of the project
Sector Response
299
PROGRAM BRIEF
WATERSHED CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT
Project Title WATERSHED CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT

Proponent and Project LLDA, DENR, DA, NEDA, DPWH, LGUs, Private sector, local communities
Partners
Rationale 1. There is need to support the LLDA in its function of coordinating integrated watershed
management and development.
2. Development and rehabilitation plans for the 24 individual sub-basin areas need to be
consolidated.
3. Twenty two out of the 24 sub-basins have already organized river councils. There is a
need to coordinate the development efforts and concerns of the different stakeholders
belonging to each of the organized River Rehabilitation and Protection Councils.
4. The Clean Water Act had also designated the Laguna de Bay Basin as a Water Quality
Management Area. Institutional set-ups mandated by laws, like management councils
and water quality management boards can be used to enhance stakeholders’
participation.
Project Components Component Duration Cost (PhP)

Participatory sub-watershed 2 yeass; 2018 PhP 40M
land use planning 2019-implementation
Possible Financing President’s Social Fund; various forms of debt conversion such as Debt for Nature,
Scheme Debt-for-Ecotourism and Debt-for-Development;
grants from the World Wildlife Fund, the Biodiversity Convention of the European
Community, and other foreign funding institutions such as the World Bank, ADB, USAID,
CIDA, AUSAID, UNDP, Global Environment Facility and Royal Netherlands Government
Location of Project 24 Sub-basins
Intended Beneficiaries 1. Local stakeholders in the 24 sub-watersheds

Success Indicators One major success indicator is when all the sub-watersheds have formed their
respective Management Councils, Water Quality Management Boards.
Councils and Boards adhere to one management plan accepted by the different
stakeholders.
Sectoral conflicts in the use of sub-watershed resources have been significantly
lessened and boundary problems between the sub-watershed and component LGUs
have been significantly resolved
Expected Private Project will be acceptable to the private sector and stakeholders as it will enhance
Sector Response economic productivity and ecological stability in the Laguna de Bay Region
300
Laguna de Bay Watershed Restoration and Conservation Project
Title of the Project Laguna de Bay Watershed Restoration and Conservation Project
Proponent (Lead and LLDA, DENR, LGUs, NGOs
Participating Agencies):
Rationale: Massive deforestation of upland areas and exploitation of wetland areas exemplified by shoreland
needs immediate and long term interventions. Destructive logging, shifting cultivation,
overgrazing, mining and other destructive activities led to soil erosion and degradation. Major
sediment materials are finally discharged into the rivers and Laguna Lake.Hence, short and long
term interventions are needed to address this situation.There is a need to assess the existing
situation and strategized on needed programs and projects in partnership with the affected
stakeholders.
Activity Components 1. Watershed Rehabilitation and Slope Protection including shoreland areas;
2. Social Mobilization and Community Development;
Expected Cost Php 160 Million

Possible Financing Scheme National Government Agencies;LGUs;NGO-GO Collaboration.
Location of the Project Laguna de Bay Microwatershed such as Marikina, Sta. Cruz, and nearby watershed needing
interventions
Intended Beneficiaries • Local stakeholders/civil society, business community, other stakeholders
Success Indicators • Improved socioeconomic conditions of the sub-watershed marginalized residents;
improved business conditions; sustainable use of water, soil and other resources; mitigated
damages because of flooding,
Expected Private Sector erosion, response
• Positive landslide, as
pollution
it will and other hazards;
contribute restoration ofinitiatives
to sustainable degraded natural environment
of development
Response organizationsy
Suggested Year(s) of • 2017 (10 year period)
Implementation
301
BAY/CALAUAN SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT (STP) 1 PROJECT
Project Title BAY/CALAUAN SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT (STP) 1 PROJECT

Proponent & Project LLDA with private-sector
Partners
Rationale 1. The construction of a STP is consistent with the intent to provide adequate attention to
sanitation concerns in the LDBR considering the virtual absence of treatment facilities in
areas not served by MWCI and MWSI, and thus improving over-all quality of the water in
the lake
Project Assumptions 1. Determination of project location was based on several factors, such as (1) maximum
distance from MWCI/MWSI-service cities/municipalities - as areas in the immediate
vicinities of these concessionaires may possibly benefit from further expansion; (2)
presence of a Water District, thereby ensuring presence of distribution facilities and
capability to install collection systems; (3) least level of urbanization, in order for facilities
to service more poor communities; and (4) potential number of beneficiaries
Project Components 1. Project Scoping / Terms of Reference, including final site location and specific
performance parameters (3-6 months)
2. Land acquisition
3. Procurement of design-build services (2 months)
4. Project construction (1-2 years, depending on desired capacity)
5. Proving Period (1 year)
Estimated Total Project
42 M
Cost (Php)
Possible Financing PPP, possible tie-up between engaged Design-Build Contractor and existing Water
Scheme District/RWSA
Location of the Project The project will be located in the general vicinity of Bay and Calauan
Project Duration 2 – 3 years
Implementation
1. Residents of Bay and Calauan who will enjoy improved sanitation
Intended Beneficiaries
2. General population who will enjoy better water quality of the lake
Success Indicators Construction of STP
Expected Private Sector
Positive
Response
302
Sta. Cruz/Pagsanjan Sewage Treatment Plant (Stp) 2 Project
Project Title Sta. Cruz/Pagsanjan Sewage Treatment Plant (Stp) 2 Project

Proponent & Project Partners LLDA with private-sector
Rationale 1. The construction of a STP is consistent with the intent to provide adequate
attention to sanitation concerns in the LDBR considering the virtual absence of
treatment facilities in areas not served by MWCI and MWSI, and thus improving
over-all quality of the water in the lake
Project Assumptions 1. Determination of project location was based on several factors, such as (1)
maximum distance from MWCI/MWSI-service cities/municipalities - as areas in
the immediate vicinities of these concessionaires may possibly benefit from
further expansion; (2) presence of a Water District, thereby ensuring presence
of distribution facilities and capability to install collection systems; (3) least level
of urbanization, in order for facilities to service more poor communities; and (4)
potential number of beneficiaries
2. Land acquisition
Estimated Total Project Cost 30 M
(Php)
Possible Financing Scheme PPP, possible tie-up between engaged Design-Build Contractor and existing Water
District/RWSA
Location Of The Project The project will be located in the general vicinity of Sta. Cruz and Pagsanjan
Recommended Time Of 2018
Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries 1. Residents of Sta. Cruz and Pagsanjan who will enjoy improved sanitation
2. General population who will enjoy better water quality of the lake
Success Indicators Construction of STP
Expected Private Sector Positive
Response
303
ESTABLISHMENT OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS (STPS) FOR 28 LAKESHORE MUNICIPALITIES/CITIES IN

LAGUNA DE BAY BASIN
Project Title ESTABLISHMENT OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS (STPS) FOR 28 LAKESHORE

MUNICIPALITIES/CITIES IN LAGUNA DE BAY BASIN
Proponent & Project LLDA or PPP/ Private Sectors
Partners
Rationale 1. The construction of a STP is consistent with the intent to provide adequate attention to
sanitation concerns in the LDBR considering the inadequate treatment facilities in areas
not served by MWCI and MWSI, and thus improving over-all quality of the water in the
lake.Other areas may be served should there be available funding.
Project Assumptions 1. Determination of project location was based on several factors, such as (1) maximum
distance from MWCI/MWSI-service cities/municipalities - as areas in the immediate
vicinities of these concessionaires may possibly benefit from further expansion; (2)
presence of a Water District, thereby ensuring presence of distribution facilities and
capability to install collection systems; (3) least level of urbanization, in order for facilities
to service more poor communities; and (4) potential number of beneficiaries
2. Land acquisition
B 1.5
Cost (Php)
Possible Financing PPP
Scheme
Location of the Project City of Antipolo and Tanay Rizal; Calaua and Sta. Cruz, Laguna or other identified sites
Project Duration 5-7 years
Project Implementation 2019
Intended Clients 28 lakeshore Municipalities and cities and/or potential hotspot areas
Success Indicators Number of households that shall be served
Expected Private Sector Positive response because many households shall be served
Response
304
Project Title Developing Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems Around Laguna Lake
Proponent & Project Partners LLDA, Water District, LGUs, academic institutions, ODA
Rationale 1. This project is among the listed priority projects of the LLDA in its general
framework plan, to serve the following municipalities: Angono (Rizal), Lucban
(Quezon), and Calamba (Laguna).
2. Aside from treating the wastewater, it has other benefits such as providing for
habitat for wildlife, aesthetic values
3. Septage from 40,000 households will be treated in the system
Project Assumptions (bullets)
Project Components 1. Project scoping/Terms of Reference; engagement of consultant
2. Technical Assessment
3. Business/Financial Assessment, including required investments, sourcing, etc.
Estimated Total Project Cost 299 M
(Php)
Possible Financing Scheme LLDA or Grant
Location Of The Project One (1) municipality in Rizal Province (TBD), Lukban, Calamba
Project Duration Twelve (12) months per site
Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries Shoreland communities in Angono, Calamba and Lukban
Success Indicators Functioning wetlands which is able to efficiently treat septage
Improved water quality
Response
305
Project Title Proposed Development Partnership Approach Addressing

Wastewater Pollution from Domestic Sources
Proponent & Project LLDA, LGUs, BORDA German, BNS Philippines Inc.
Partners
Rationale Laguna de Bay has suffered increasing levels of agricultural and domestic wastewater
pollution and no meaningful interventions have been put in place to address the same.
LGUs in the region still lack of basic wastewater treatment facilities due to lack of
financial and technical capacities. Septic tanks have been inadequate, ill-designed
(e.g., no appropriate flooring, etc.) or simply not installed in housing units. LGUs are
bound by the Clean Water Act and Supreme Court continuing mandamus to clean up
Laguna Lake, Pasig River and Manila Bay. Hence, the proposed partnership will:
6. Address the long-time need to provide a definite solution to the unresolved

issues on the domestic wastewater discharge that affect the water quality of
Laguna Lake.
7. Improve access to sanitation services for communities through the

development and implementation of environment-friendly solution to the
foregoing issues.
8. Design, construct and pilot test natural and effective low-cost/ low
maintenance wastewater treatment systems
9. Undertake capacity building and training of LGUs on natural systems
Project Assumptions The Partnership will be approved by the LLDA Board;
10. Undertake monitoring and inspection, and possible funding options for LGUs.
Partnership scope
and terms of reference will be strictly implemented;
LGUs are aware of the benefits from the partnership
Support of the LGUs and communities needed for the success of the plan.
Support of LLDA on funding using EUF collection for
installation/construction of natural wastewater treatment systems in
partner LGUs.
Technical assistance from BORDA Germany thru BNS Phils. for the
design/development of the system.
Project Components Elements
1.Partnership planning and development
2. Capacity building and training of partners (BORDA-Germany)
3.Needs analysis, design and technical assistance of natural wastewater

treatment systems (BNS Phils., Inc.)
4. Installation/construction of demonstration systems in pilot LGUs (1-2 pilot
projects each in Rizal and Laguna, outside the concession areas) around
Laguna Lake, under co-sharing arrangement between LGUs and LLDA (using
Project Devt Fund or EUF collection)
4. Sharing of knowledge and experience with Indonesia on managing and
operating similar systems in their countries (BNS-Indonesia and India)
306
5. Policy development emerging from the pilot testing and the development of guidelines
for developing such wastewater treatment systems in the Laguna de Bay Region.
5. Policy development emerging from the pilot testing and the development of guidelines
for upscaling such wastewater treatment systems in the Laguna de Bay Region.
Estimated Total Project Php5.0 Million

Cost (Php)
Co-Financing Scheme LLDA PDF/EUF collection, LGU local funds, BORDA-Germany/BNS Phils,
Recommended Time of Jan 2016 to Dec. 2018 for pilot phase; upscaling phase- 2019 onwards
Implementation
Success Indicators 1. Partnership agreement prepared, Board-approved and signed by
all parties.
2. Implementing guidelines prepared, mutually agreed upon by
parties and officially issued.
3. Technical, financial and other related studies on natural treatment
systems reviewed
4. Proposed technical designs for pilot systems completed and
approved.
5.Manual of Operation prepared and disseminated to LGU operators.
11. Series of training initiated.
12. Operation and maintenance of treatment systems undertaken by LGU
operators.
13. Upscaling plan completed and agreed upon by partners.
Expected Private Sector The overwhelming support of partners is expected given the urgent need to
Response address domestic wastewater pollution in Laguna de Bay and its river
tributaries, and the attractive co-sharing scheme between/among partners.
Further, the pressure upon LGUs to comply with environmental legislations
and Supreme Court Mandamus.
307
Project Title Development Partnership Addressing Solid Waste

Management
Proponent & Project LLDA, LGUs, project partners
Partners
Rationale Laguna de Bay Basin has ever-increasing environmental pressures from
more than 12 million people and thousands of industries that produce
largely untreated solid and liquid wastes. Solid wastes have caused serious
flooding problems and rendered communities within and around the lake
basin vulnerable. Thus, need to make vulnerable communities in LGUs with
limited SWM capacities, including lakeshore LGUs/ barangays, better equip
to confront the impacts of frequent flooding and other disasters, by efficient
and sustainable SWM.
Project Assumptions The partnership on SWM will be approved by the LLDA Board;There is wide support
from project partners;Stakeholders are aware and comply with RA9003; and Support
of the lake users needed for the success of the partnership.
Project Components Elements Duration Cost(P)
1. Pre-implementation phase (proposal 3mos 50,000
submission/ discussion, Board approval,
MOA signing) 3mos
2.Participatory SWM planning and development 200,000
(1st Qtr 2016) 3mos 500,000a
3.Comprehensive profiling of SWM situation,
WACS, SWM systems in selected priority
sites/LGUs (2nd and 3rd Qtr 2016) 3mos 250,000
4.SWM action planning 3 mos 250,000
3 mos 250,000
5.Developing the SWM plans
Parallel 300,000
6.SWM Value Chain Analysis, documentation of activity
300,000
livelihood & business opportunities 3mos
7.Capacity building and training
300,000
8.Development of Social and Behavioral Changes 3 mos
100,000
and Communication Strategy
14. Knowledge products & sharing activities
15. End-of-project workshop including Upscaling/
Estimated Total Project Php2.5replication
Million strategies
Cost (Php)
Possible Financing Scheme LLDA Corporate Funds, grants from ODA, National Govt.
Recommended Time of Jan 2017 to 2018; 2019 onwards upscaling in other lake basin LGUs
Implementation
Success Indicators 1.Board approval of partnership and signing of MOA
2.Proposed SWM action plans and SWM plans prepared for selected priority LGUs/sites
3.Capacity building and training completed benefiting targeted LGUs

Expected Private Sector LGUs and project
4.Livelihood partners
development positive
program response
accepted and and support are
implemented expected as the project
by LGUs
Response is for the long-term sustainability of the lake water resources.
5.Upscaling plans/strategies in place
308
Project Title CONSTRUCTION OF SANITARY LANDFILL with MRF

Proponent & Project Partners LLDA, LGU
Rationale 1. Sanitary landfills are important in ensuring that the environment is protected
2. The landfill should have an MRF within the vicinity also, and will be used as
disposal site of residual wastes only
Project Assumptions Only 10% of wastes generated will be dumped in the landfills
5 years useful life
10 m landfill height
waste density 200 kg/m3
2. Siting
3. Design of Landfill and Technical Assessment
4. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
5. Business/Financial Assessment, including required investments, sourcing,
etc.
6. Acquisition of Land
7. Construction
8. Training of former waste pickers to MRF workers
Estimated Total Project Cost Php 150 M o (for construction, excluding land acquisition)
(Php)
Possible Financing Scheme Govt; PPP
Location of the Project Antipolo City
Project Duration Two to three years
Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries Host municipalities and nearby municipalities
Success Indicators Sanitary landfills constructed
MRFs able to collect and segregate recyclable wastes
Expected Private Sector Can be negative for communities very near location of landfills. Needs good
Response social preparation to be acceptable
309
PROGRAM: TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
Project Title Laguna Lake Ferry System Or The Manila Bay – Pasig River – Laguna
Lake (Mapalla) Ferry System
Proponent & Project Partners DOTC, LLDA MMDA, PRRC, Marina, PCG, PPA, DENR
Rationale 1. Strategic location as a transport circuit, tourism circuit, etc.
2. Vast opportunities as alternative transport route to:
a. Service commuters/ migrant workers from Laguna, Rizal & Metro Manila
at the periphery of the lake thru safe, reliable & accessible water transport
system
b. Ease vehicular traffic in existing land-based transport route, e.g., Ortigas
Ave., C-5, SLEX, EDSA -brings about investment opportunities for on-
shore terminals and facilities
3. Cost-effective alternative to new road/highway construction
4. Enhancement of regional mobility and economic development (promotes
trade, tourism, etc.)
Project Assumptions Need to guard against the lack of good interface between ferry system with
other modes
Need for continuous promotion or marketing once a good product (or service)
is produced
Vulnerability of ferry transport system to weather has to be addressed
1. Conduct of feasibility study for ferry system and 10 M Pesos 6-12
Project Components its integration with other transport modes (10M mos.
Pesos, 6-12 months)
2. Project implementation (260M Pesos, 12-24 260 M Pesos 12-24
months) mos.
Estimated Total Project Cost 270 M Pesos
(Php)
Possible Financing Scheme Government financed/Loan/Grant or PPP
Location Of The Project Ferry system to connect Manila Bay, Pasig River, and Laguna Lake
Ferry terminals in Laguna Lake in Angono, Binangonan, Taguig, Sta. Rosa,
Cabuyao, Calamba, Los Banos, Sta. Cruz, Pilila, and others for validation in
the FS
Project Duration 36 mos.
Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries Population in Laguna Lake Basin
Success Indicators Ridership of ferry transport system
Reduction in travel time
Reduction in travel cost
Alleviation of traffic congestion on road network in the Lake basin
Expected Private Sector Potential investors driven by prospective viability of the project.
Response
310
PROGRAM: RIVER REHABILITATION AND FLOOD CONTROL

Title of the Project Integrated Laguna Lake-Pasig River-Manila Bay Dredging Flood Control
Project/Linkage Improvement Project
Proponent (lead and Department of Public Works and Highways, Metro Manila Development Authority, Laguna
participating agencies): Lake Development Authority, Pasig River Rehabilitation Council, Manila Bay
Environmental Management Council
Rationale Increase the discharge capacity of Laguna Lake and Pasig River particularly during
wet season
Alleviate flood prone areas particularly shore land areas against the damaging impacts
of typhoon and monsoon rains for the preservation of life and properties, and
continuation of economic activities
Improve Laguna Lake and Pasig River hydrodynamics through meliorate water
exchange and circulation conditions resulting to shorter hydraulic residence time of
the lake, hence better lake flushing.
Activity Components Investigation of effective sites/areas for dredging; identification of the dumping site;
(with costs, duration and mathematical modeling study; environmental impact assessment studies;
estimated total costs): coordination with concerned authorities; public consultation; relocation of affected
families/establishments; dredging.
Cost components for the dredging project include hydraulic assessment and site
analysis expenses; dredging equipment hire; dredging cost; relocation and right of
way expense; environmental impact assessment studies; legal and consultation fees.
Others factors that will impact the project economics include the financing costs, the
size of the project, and taxes.
The dredging cost may lobby around a few hundred million USD. Additional expense
will come from mathematical and environmental impact assessment studies (pollution
from dredged material) and the relocation of affected families/establishments.
P20 B
Possible Financing Government financed/Loan/Grant
Scheme:
Project Duration/Imple- 3 years; 2021
mentation
Location of the Project: Based from existing field-based and mathematical modeling studies, ideal sites to be
dredged to effectively improve the discharge and circulation characteristics of Laguna
Lake and Pasig River for flood control include, large portion of West Bay Laguna
Lake particularly the river deltas of Angono, Pasig, Taguig, Muntinlupa, San Pedro,
Sta. Rosa and San Cristobal; Pasig River; Napindan River; and adjacent areas to
Pasig river mouth in Manila Bay. Dredging location and volume need to be properly
studied so as to effectively improve discharge and preserve the natural flow dynamics
of the integrated system.
Intended Beneficiaries: Households and establishments regularly affected by floods in the metropolis, shore
land areas, and river banks during the rainy season; the national government through
the prevention of damaging floods that halts economic activity; improved hydraulic
residence time of the lake
Success Indicators: Number of village, households, and institutions (schools, hospitals) alleviated from
floods
Cost reduction in national government expenditures for flood-related
casualties/damages
Improve water quality condition of Laguna Lake and Pasig River
Expected Private Sector Positive considering alleviation from flood-related damages
Response:
311
Title of the Project Pasig-Marikina-Laguna Lake Watershed Hydrologic Monitoring And Flood Warning
System Program
Proponent (lead and Department of Public Works and Highways, Metro Manila Development Authority, Laguna
participating agencies): Lake Development Authority, Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration, National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council
Rationale Advance information on watershed
rainfall and river/lake water level to
serve as early warning for potential
flooding
Improve understanding on the
hydrological dynamics of the Pasig-
Marikina-Laguna Lake watersheds
temporally and spatially, thus better
forecasting capability
Better regulation of existing hydraulic
structures (Mangahan Floodway, Napindan Hydraulic Control Structure) for flood
control purposes.
Activity Components Rehabilitation of EFCOS; selection of critical hydrologic stations for expansion;
(with costs, duration and procurement of data-logging equipment such as rain gauges, water level loggers,
estimated total costs): current meters; procurement of control, communication and telemetry system
equipment; set-up of the entire hydrologic monitoring and flood warning system with
relay towers and warning stations; coordination with concerned authorities; operation,
maintenance and repair.
Cost components for the project include hydrologic equipment costs; telemetry system
equipment and set-up costs; operational costs; maintenance costs; hydrologic
assessment and site analysis expenses; consultation fees. Others factors that will
impact the project economics include the financing costs, the size of the project, and
taxes.
The existing but non-operational Effective Flood Control Operation System (EFCOS)
of MMDA costs a total of PhP1.1-billion in a two-phase set-up. Considering there is an
existing telemetry equipment and system set-up already, additional costs will just be
added to expand (include key Laguna Lake watersheds) and make the system
operational again. A few million USD may be.
5 B
Possible Financing Government financed/Loan/Foreign Grants
Scheme:
Location of the Project: Rain gauges and water level gauging stations will be strategically located around the lake
and at major watersheds of the basin, particularly Pasig-Marikina, Morong, Tanay, Sta.
Maria, Siniloan, Pagsanjan, Sta. Cruz, San Juan, San Cristobal, Binan and San Pedro;
data-logged information from the network of sensors will be transmitted centrally using a
telemetry system, and a master control and communications system sends the data to
designated warning stations and government agencies.
Intended Beneficiaries: Households and establishments regularly affected by floods in the metropolis, shore land
areas, and river banks; the national government through the prevention of damaging
floods that halts economic activity; LLDA/PAGASA with the comprehensive hydrologic
information; researchers/academe
Project Duration 2 years; 2021
Success Indicators: Number of village, households, and institutions (schools, hospitals) alleviated from
floods
Cost reduction in national government expenditures for flood-related
casualties/damages
Increase number of Laguna Lake-based academic research
Expected Private Sector Positive considering alleviation from flood-related damages.
Response:
312
Project Title Prescribing Flood Neutral Land Development and Standardizing the Approval of
Development Plans and Development Permits in the Twenty Four (24) Sub-Watersheds
of the Laguna de Bay Basin
Rationale Over recent decades, flooding and soil erosion has resulted from land conversion spurred by
economic development, housing demand and industrialization in the CALABARZON region.
The conversion of permeable land to impervious surfaces due to land development projects has
increased the volume and intensity of storm water flooding and has reduced rainwater infiltration
and recharge leading to increased floods, soil erosion and groundwater scarcities.
Flood neutral development, best management practices and provision of sustainable drainage
systems such as detention ponds, or catchbasins, are important flood mitigating measures while
allowing rainwater to infiltrate into groundwater aquifers.
The LLDA has the power to require the require the cities and municipalities embraced within the
region to pass appropriate zoning ordinances and other regulatory measures necessary to carry
out the objectives of the Authority and enforce the same.
At the onset of Climate Change and the effects of flooding in several areas within the Laguna
de Bay basin, there is a need to improve standards and land developments in the basin to
mitigate future impacts from flooding and groundwater scarcity caused by natural and extreme
weather events.
Objectives • To provide direction, support and guidance to the civil society groups/NGOs, Water
Utilities, Business Sectors, Local Government Units and National Government
Agencies/Government Owned and Controlled Corporations in the development and
implementation of all activities related to integrated watershed management for
purposes of managing the Laguna de Bay basin; and
• To address the problems of recharge and flooding, future land developments in the
Laguna de Bay basin shall be flood neutral. Contractors, developers and/or planners
shall incorporate in their development plans provisions for retention ponds, detention
ponds, rain gardens and/or swales insofar as these are appropriate in the area being
developed.
Basic Features • Land developers shall be required to incorporate best management practices in soil
and water management in their respective land developments
• It shall prescribe Flood Neutral Development and shall standardize the approval of
development plans and development permits in the twenty four (24) sub-watersheds
of the Laguna de Bay basin; and
• Pond design elements, shall be guided by the following:
o Ponds should preferably have a gradual graded-slope configuration;
o Ponds should be constructed away from emergent or other wetlands so as not
to cause alteration of hydrology;
o Ponds should be sited in previously disturbed areas to avoid habitat loss;
o Ponds should ideally be near the river in consideration of the force of gravity on
the water; and
o The size and dimensions of the pond shall be determined on the basis of the
pond design guidelines/standards of the Department of Public Works and
Highways (DPWH).
Funding Required PhP 120,000.00
Duration/Implementaion 1 year; 2018
Appropriation Source Corporate Operating Budget
313
Title of the Project Upstream Marikina River Damming Project

Proponent (lead and Department of Public Works and Highways, Metro Manila Development Authority, Water
participating agencies): Concessionaires
Rationale Reduce flood peak and
increase flood duration.
Regulate downstream
discharge.
Alleviate flood prone areas
particularly shore land areas
against the damaging impacts
of typhoon and monsoon rains
for the preservation of life and
properties, and continuation of
economic activities
Provide additional source of
domestic water for Metro
Manila (timely).
Potential source for agricultural
irrigation
Activity Components Rehabilitate Wawa Dam; hydrologic/hydraulic modeling studies; environmental impact
(with costs, duration and assessment studies; legal framework and institutional set-up; coordination with concerned
estimated total costs): authorities; public consultation and participation; land acquisition and relocation; detailed
engineering designs; set-up of optimal operational guidelines; dam construction; dam
operation.
Cost components for the damming project include hydrologic/hydraulic assessment and site
analysis expenses; relocation and right of way expense; detailed engineering design studies;
environmental impact assessment studies; legal and consultation fees; dam construction;
operational and maintenance costs. Others factors that will impact the project economics
include the financing costs, the size of the project, and taxes.
30.6 B
Project Duration/Imple- 5 years; 2022
mentation
Scheme: Government
financed/Loan/Grant
Location of the Project: The projects involves rehabilitation of Wawa Dam in Rodriguez Rizal for the full river
discharge capacity (1500MLD); construction of Bosoboso dam in Antipolo Rizal (400MLD);
and one more dam in upstream Rodriguez Rizal (500MLD). Transmission cost for domestic
water supply is expected to be cheap considering proximity to La Mesa Dam. With the
coordinated operation of the dam reservoirs upstream of Marikina River, flood attenuation is
guaranteed through regulated flood discharge.
Intended Beneficiaries: Households and establishments regularly affected by floods in the metropolis, shore land
areas, and river banks during the rainy season; the national government through the
prevention of damaging floods that halts economic activity; Metropolitan Manila population
with the additional source of water supply; Farmers for irrigation.
Success Indicators: Number of villages, households, and institutions (schools, hospitals) alleviated from floods
Number of villages, households, and institutions (schools, hospitals) with dependable water
supply
Farm families benefitting from available irrigation source
Cost reduction in national government expenditures for flood-related casualties/damages
Improved water quality condition downstream from sediment/debris collection upstream
Expected Private Sector The private sector may assume 100% of the project.
Response:
314
Project Title Laguna Lake Watershed Sediment Control Project

Proponent & Project Partners Department of Public Works and Highways
Rationale Reduce sediment discharge from upstream watershed
Reduce flood peak and increase flood duration. Regulate downstream water and
sediment discharge.
Alleviate flood prone areas particularly shore land areas against the damaging impacts of
typhoon and monsoon rains for the preservation of life and properties, and continuation of
economic activities
Project Assumptions
Project Components Hydrologic/ hydraulic modeling
studies; environmental impact
assessment studies; legal
framework and institutional set-up;
coordination with concerned
authorities; public consultation and
participation; land acquisition and
relocation; location of sediment
control point; detailed engineering
design; sabo dam construction;
sabo dam operation.
Cost components for the damming
project include hydrologic/hydraulic assessment and site analysis expenses; detailed
engineering design studies; environmental impact assessment studies; legal and
consultation fees; relocation and right of way expense; dam construction; operational
and maintenance costs. Others factors that will impact the project economics include the
financing costs, the size of the project, and taxes.
The watershed sediment control sub-project may cost about a few million USD for the
sites selected. This project is a subsidiary of the Upstream Marikina Damming Project.
Estimated Total Project Cost
(Php)
Possible Financing Scheme Public-Private Partnership
Location of the Project The projects involve the construction of at least one sabo dam at selected critical (slope and
geology) sub-watersheds in the Laguna Lake basin: Morong; Tanay; Sta. Maria; Siniloan;
Pagsanjan; Sta. Cruz; Calauan; San Juan; San Cristobal; and San Pedro. The dams will be
located at least 20 km upstream from the mouth depending on the location of the sediment
control point. With the coordinated operation of the sabo dams upstream the Laguna Lake
watershed, sediment control and flood attenuation is assured through regulated flood
discharge.
Project Duration
Recommended Time of
Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries Households and establishments regularly affected by erosion, sediment flows and floods
during the rainy season; the national government through the prevention of damaging floods
along with erosion and sediment flows that halts economic activity; Laguna Lake with the
reduction in watershed sediment discharge.
Success Indicators Number of villages, households, and institutions (schools, hospitals) alleviated from
floods/erosion/sediment flows
Cost reduction in national government expenditures for flood-related casualties/damages
Improved water quality condition downstream from sediment/debris collection upstream
Expected Private Sector Government project mainly considering it is non-revenue generating.
Response
315
PROGRAM: AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES
Project Title Revisions Using Satellite Generated Maps and Implementation

of the ZOMAP to Conform with the Fisheries Code
Proponent & Project LLDA, LGUs, Fishpen/Fishcage Operators, Small Fishermen, FARMC and
Partners BFAR
Rationale 1) Rationalize the management and regulate the utilization of the lake’s resources; 2)
harmonize the ZOMAP to conform with 10% of suitable surface area allotted for
aquaculture under the Fisheries Code (RA8550); 3) Rationalize fishpen/fishcage
structures and clear the lake of illegal aquastructures; 4) study the potential regulation of
fish corral or baklad.
Project Assumptions Areas for aquaculture reduced to 9,000 hectares by 2019 per
1.
GCG commitment and about 2,000 baklad structures were
registered
Project Components Duration Cost (P)
6mos 1M
1. Objectives, Scope and Limitations of the Plan 6mos 1M
3mos 3M
2. Assessment of the existing ZOMAP 3mos 1M
3mos 0.5M
3. Economic Impact on the reduction of fishpen/fishcage areas
3mos 1M
4. Consultation / Meetings with the concerned stakeholders
including inventory and mapping
Estimated Total Project 5.Php7.5

Physical Layout/Plans
Million
Cost (Php)
6. Criteria for area allocation (fish corral)
Location of the Project 7.Different parts ofscheme
Implementation the lake identified for best use
Project Duration 2 Years
Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries Fishpen / fishcage operators, Baklad owners, LGUs, FARMCs
Success Indicators Reduced fishpen/fishcage areas to 9,000 hectares and regulated
baklad structures
Expected Private Sector
Response 1. Affected fishpen operators under the 2003 fishpen belt may take legal action against
LLDA. But LLDA has a strong position by virtue of its Charter as amended. Benefits far
outweigh the costs.
2. Positive effect on the concerned operators once baklad
operation will be regulated; social conflict will be minimized
3. Increased catch for small fishermen due to larger fishing
grounds as a result of reduction of areas, improved water
quality.
316
I Title of the Project Knife Fish Retrieval Project

Proponent (Lead and Lead Agencies: LLDA, BFAR, DILG, DENR, DTI, DSWD,DOST, TESDA, FARMC
dParticipating Agencies):
e • To address knifefish proliferation at Laguna Lake;
• To provide alternative livelihood among the fisherfolks;;
• To explore possibilities for its economic utilization

Activity Components 1. Community Meetings for collective action planning through the Inter-Agency TWG
2. Coordination with LGUs and FARMCs to identify areas for retrieval and other related
activites
3. Identification of needed resources
4. Retrieval activities
I Expected Cost Php 1.68 M (LLDA Counterpart)
Possible Financing Scheme • Sharing of needed resources with the members of Inter-Agency TWG
s
hLocation of the Project • Taguig, Muntinlupa City;Angono, Binangonan, Taytay, Baras, Rizal, Laguna areas, etc.
Intended Beneficiaries
e jala, Pililla, Rizal;threat to the lake’s physical habitat, biodiversity; threat to other fish species,
Success Indicators • Address serious
r
f
Expected Private Sector • Positive response because kifef fish population will be controlled
oResponse
l Suggested Year(s) of • Yearly
Implementation
317
I Title of the Project Regulation of Water Hyacinth in Laguna Lake and Tributary Rivers
Proponent (Lead and Lead Agency-LLDA; Participating Agencies – LLDA, NGSs, FARMCs
dParticipating Agencies):
e
• To control proliferation of water Hyacainth at Laguna Lake and Tributary Rivers;
• To utilize water hyacinth for handicrafts by fisherfolks and other handicraft users
Activity Components 1. Community Meetings for collective action planning;
2. Coordination with LGUs and FARMCs to identify areas for clearing;
3. Identification of needed resources
4. Clearing of water lily which cause obstructions in some areas of Laguna Lake and tributary
rivers;
5. Purchase of Backhoe and other needed equipments, suppllies;
6. Promotion of water hyacinth as raw materials for handicrafts;
7. Allocation/distribution,of water hyacinth to FARMCs/handicraft manufacturers/users

I Expected Cost Php 7.2 million for the first year of implementation and P1M in the next 4 years
Possible Financing Scheme Counterpart with NGAs and LGUs shall be arranged
s Project Duration/Implemen- 5 years; 2018
htation 5 years;2018
Location of the Project Areas of Laguna Lake and tributary rivers with water lily obstruction
e
r Intended Beneficiaries FARMCs, handicraft manufacturers, other stakeholders
f Success Indicators Clean and navigable lake and rivers; provision of livelihood opportunities
oExpected Private Sector Positive response because water hyacinth obstruction will be reduced
l Response
318
Project Title Pilot Crop Diversification Project

Proponent & Project Partners LLDA –Provincial government of Laguna and Rizal, LGUs, FARMC
Rationale Farming in the region is under the monocrop system which is not anymore viable
as production is low due to degraded soils and income is low. Moreover, variability
in price of agricultural commodities as a result of the entry of imported agricultural
products especially coconut often cause severe economic difficulties to the
coconut farmers. A diversified farming will give the farmers better chance to
survive fluctuations in world price of agricultural products.
Project Assumptions Pilot Phase –5 municipalities, 8 clusters of farmer groups per municipality, 20
farmer participants per cluster, Clusters are close to each other, 4 SWIPs per
municipality located near vegetable farms;
Project Components 1. Capacity building & Tech assistance P500,000
2. Agri-infra development (SWIP, etc) P1,600,000
3. Development of viable farm enterprises P600,000
4. Market research and other support activities P280,000
Estimated Total Project Cost Pilot Phase: 2018 – 2021, P15M –
(Php) Expansion Phase: 2022 – 2028, P150 M
Possible Financing Scheme LLDA, Provincial government of Laguna and Rizal and participating LGUs share
in the cost of the project; buyers of farm products share in the cost of production
under the Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) scheme
Location of the Project Pilot Phase: Magdalena, Sta. Maria and Mabitac in Laguna and Teresa and
Tanay in Rizal
Project Duration Pilot Phase: 3 years, Expansion Phase – 6 years
Recommended Time of Pilot Phase: 2018 to 2021, Expansion Phase: 2022 - 2028
Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries Farmers and fisher folks of Laguna and Rizal
Success Indicators Increase in production and income of farmers;
Number of farmers benefitted
Increase in food supply delivered to local and metro Manila Market
Change in attitude of farmers and fisher folks towards protecting the
environment as evidence by the adoption of sustainable agriculture practices
Expected Private Sector Initially low response but support of private financial intermediaries will improve as
Response they find them viable credit risk when they see them improve their production
under a modernized farming system.
319
Project Title Pinoy Farmers Agri-Fisheries Business Center

Partners
Rationale Developing farmers as entrepreneurs is one of the strategies adopted to
achieve sustainability of the proposed crop diversification program. One
way to get the farmers to think and act as entrepreneurs is to provide them
the environment where they can meet and discuss their business plans
and where to entertain buyers of their products. The Center will serve as
the official business address of the farmers and fisherfolks in the barangay
and a place where they will transact business with traders and other
customers.
The Center will be provided with the basic office facilities like a table and
chairs, computer, internet connection, a meeting room, a packaging room
for their products, a filing cabinet and other basic office facilities.
Project Assumptions 1. Two or three clusters of farmers/fisherfolks have established
projects on crop diversification and or sustainable fish cage
projects and have submitted a request for a business center;
2. The LGU/barangay acquire a site for the project;
3. The building will have a floor area of 96 sq meters covered area
and an extension of 150 sq meters of uncovered cemented area
as receiving/display area for farm products;
4. The participating farmers or fisherfolks organization will agree to
maintain and pay for the repair of the building and other facilities.
Project Components 1. Building construction, 10 units P8,000,000
2. Office Equipment (table, computer, chairs, P500,000
internet connection, filing cabinet ), 5 sets
3. Working table, vacuum pack machine, P500,000
others items
Estimated Total Project Phase1: 2018 – 2024, P9 M
Cost (Php) Expansion Phase 2012 – 2018, P45M
Possible Financing Scheme LLDA/LGUs, DA
Location of the Project Phase 1-Sta Maria, Mabitac, Magdalena in Laguna; Tanay, Teresa in Rizal
Expansion Phase: All LGUs in Laguna and Rizal with crops and fisheries
diversification program
Project Duration Phase 1: 3 years, Expansion phase: 6 years
Recommended Time of Phase 1: 2018 – 2024
Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries Fisherfolks and farmers of Laguna and Rizal
Success Indicators Number of fisherfolks and farmers marketing their products
through the Center and getting a fair price on their products;
Number of Business Centers established and operating after 5
years,
Number of farmers trained and practicing as entrepreneurs;
Response
320
Title of the Project Establishment of Integrated Sub-Watershed Management Councils (IWMCs)

Proponent (Lead and Lead Agency-LLDA; Participating Agencies – DENR, LGUs, NEDA, MMDA, industrial and
Participating Agencies): commercial establishments, academic institutions, religious groups, NGOs, POs, civic
organizations, homeowners’ associations
Rationale: • To broaden the functions of the River Rehabilitation and Protection Councils (RRPCs) and the
Sub-Water Quality Management Areas (SUB-WQMAs) beyond river and water concerns,
respectively, towards all the possible concerns obtaining in each sub-watershed
• Following the principles of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), there is a need
to: (a) coordinate development and management of water, land and related resources within a
given sub-watershed; (b) maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable
manner; and (c) ensure the sustainability of vital, particularly freshwater, ecosystems.
• To make the RRPCs evolve, while serving as the core of the IWMCs, into a strong,
autonomous and sustainable mechanism for multi-stakeholder participation, coordination,
consensus building and conflict resolution for micro-watershed environmental and economic
issues and activities, as well as a channel for communication between LLDA and the LGUs
Activity Components 3. Formation of the Governing Board of IWMCs composed of the representatives of the DENR,
MMDA, NEDA, DPWH and other government agencies, Mayors of LGUs, industrial and
commercial establishments, academic institutions, religious groups, NGOs, POs, civic
organizations and homeowners’ associations. The expanded Board will include or absorb
those of the RRPCs and SUB-WQMAs if they are already existing.
4. Expansion of the Technical Secretariats of the SUB-WQMAs and IWMCs, if they are already in
existence, to include the following:
a. One (1) member of the Philippine Bar
b. One (1) member who is either a Chemical Engineer, Chemist, Sanitary Engineer,
Environmental Engineer, or Ecologist, or one with a significant training and experience in
chemistry
c. One (1) member who is either a Civil Engineer , Geologist or Hydrologist, or one with
significant training and experience in fields related to research on and development of
freshwater resources
d. One (1) member who is either a Forester, Botanist or Biologist, or one with significant
training and experience in closely related fields
e. One (1) member who is either a Social Worker, Community Development Worker or
Sociologist, or one with significant training and experience in related fields
f. One (1) member who is either an Urban and Regional Planner or Economist, or one with
significant training and experience in related fields
5. Formation of the different policy-making committees, namely: (a) River System Management
Committee, (b) Water Resources Management Committee, (c) Watershed Resources
Management Committee, (e) Land Use Management Committee, (f) Climate Change/Disaster
Management Committee.
Expected Cost Php120 million/annum for inception year and Php60 million/ annum in succeeding years
Possible Financing Scheme • A share of the National Water Quality Management Fund being administered by the DENR as
a special account in the National Treasury
• A share of the Area Water Quality Management Fund to be initially sourced from the fines
incurred by establishments located in the area
• A seed money of P150,000.00 to be given by LLDA to support the IWMCs’ activities or their
registration with the SEC as foundations
• President’s Social Fund; various forms of debt conversion such as Debt for Nature, Debt-for-
Ecotourism and Debt-for-Development; grants from the World Wildlife Fund, the Biodiversity
Convention of the European Community, and other foreign funding institutions such as the
World Bank, ADB, USAID, CIDA, AUSAID, UNDP, Global Environment Facility and Royal
Netherlands Government
Location of the Project • The major component town/city in the sub-watershed
Intended Beneficiaries • Local stakeholders/civil society, business community, the environment
Success Indicators • Improved socioeconomic conditions of the sub-watershed residents; improved business
conditions; sustainable use of water, soil and other resources; mitigated damages of flooding,
erosion, landslide, pollution and other hazards; restoration of degraded natural environment
Expected Private Sector • Positive response as it will even enhance and sustain their profit-making capacity as well as
Response their social acceptability
Suggested Year(s) of • 2016
Implementation
321
PROJECT BRIEF: IEC PROGRAM
Project Title Strengthened Information Education Communication (IEC) Program for the LLDA
Rationale A well-planned Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) program builds a positive
reputation to the organization using it and at the same time, results in positive attitudes and
behaviors toward introduced changes. IEC programs, whether multimedia or community
traditional ways of communicating proved people with messages that would help them make
decisions.
IEC studies, such as those conducted by Food and Agriculture (Development Support
Communication in the Philippines, 1995-1997) suggest that the use of a comprehensive IEC
support for development projects unites a community into one cohesive body, actively
participating in issues that concern their development
The lessons learned during LISCOP’s (a World Bank project supported by a grant from the
Netherlands Government) implementation and the flagship programs and projects in the
Laguna de Bay Region make a strong defense for LLDA to use Information, Education and
Communication so that it can make stakeholders aware of its vision, mandates, thrusts,
programs, projects and activities.
The application of IEC Program is important in building a positive image of LLDA, moreover,
that the current perception about LLDA needs to be strengthened. Likewise, its current
regulatory efforts about improving the environmental status of the lake and its watersheds,
ongoing regulatory resources, as well as the different approaches that are beneficial to the
community need to be spread widely to pursue the search for expanded participation and
involvement of the stakeholders of the Laguna de Bay region.
IEC plays a critical role in enhancing the interest and participation of the stakeholders. Its
ultimate objective is to come up with an integrated water resources management program that
would lead to an improved quality of Laguna de Bay and its watersheds.
IEC will not only contribute to increased awareness and appreciation of the natural resources
among the stakeholders of the lake, but it will also help advocate and develop environmental
actions that will lead to stakeholders’ commitment and responsible stewardship of the lake’s
resources.
Objectives 1) To empower the communities to plan and implement sustainable interventions of the
LLDA that will reduce environmental degradation and poverty by means of
community participation, empowerment and support;
322
2) To bring about desirable behavioral changes in the government sector, Local
Government Units (LGUs), Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), Civil Society,
communities, private sectors and other partners with the use of mass media,
publications, public disclosure program, LLDA Website, etc.;
3) To promote a positive image of the LLDA and its services including other
interventions of programs and project through social marketing and by creating
demand and acceptance among target groups; and
4) To solicit public perception on the impacts of programs and projects in the
community, LGUs, private sector to access for its continuance, introduce other
methods or schemes, repackage or improve.
Basic Features The implementation of the IEC strategy will be guided by the philosophy of creating a shift in
the behavior and perception among the target stakeholders or audiences of LLDA. It is also
guided by the fact that the stakeholders and audiences have a common knowledge or system
of doing things, either the conventional or the improved manner of managing a watershed
resource.
This scenario, therefore, would involve major shifts of implementing IEC strategies from top-
down to a participatory approach. As people are informed of the status of the Laguna de Bay
region, they are asked to share experiences, good or bad, in the process of being involved in
the planning process, particularly in coming up with strategies on how to protect, conserve, and
preserve the resources of the lake for the children of the next generation.
Methods and approaches include:
1) Segmentation, mapping, and analysis of target audience;

2) Linkages and networking;
3) Social marketing and social mobilization;
4) Community organizing;
5) Review of secondary data;
6) Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and Key Informant Interview (KII);
7) Media coverage, Audio-Visual Presentations;
8) Multi-sectoral planning workshop;
9) Enhancement of the LLDA website from a dynamic to interactive and linking of the
Water Mondriaan System;
10) Conduct of Public Disclosure Program;
11) Conduct of Learning Fora
12) Replication of the perception survey result conducted in 2009
The approaches that will be used in the process are: face to face communication, interactive
website, multimedia, special events, community dialogues and organizing, focus group
discussion, key informant interview, and multi-planning workshop. To support the IEC
strategies, the LLDA will produce IEC materials as follows: LLDA corporate leaflet, flyers,
posters, popularized magazine or comics, exhibits and mobile exhibit design.
Total Project Cost P3M
Appropriation Source LLDA COB;Other funders
323
PROJECT BRIEF
Project Title Development of Idle LLDA Properties
Proponent & Project LLDA/Private Sectors

Partners
Rationale LLDA has properties which must be utilized for revenue generation
purposes.This may be lease to the private or government sectors.Another
scheme may be through joint venture arrangement through PPP or other
revenue generation schme..Income from these LLDA properties may be used
to fund the Agency’s environmental development programs. In general, this
project will transform these properties into more productive uses and contribute
to the economic growth of the area, and to corporate revenue generation.
Project Assumptions The project will be approved by the LLDA Board;

Prospective clients
LGU suppport
Project Components 1) Profiling of LLDA properties;

2) Assessment of properties;
3) Identification of properties for specific investments i.e. for leasehold/joint
venture or PPP
Estimated Total Project Major project cost will be shouldered by would be lessor or investors with
Cost (Php) portion of revenue to be shared to LLDA
Possible Financing Gov’t/PPP
Scheme
Location of the Project LLDA properties at Calauan,Lumban, Laguna;Binangonan, Rizal
GUIDELINES FOR INFORMATION, EDUCATION and COMMUNICATION

DISSEMINATION PLAN
Information, Education and Communication (IEC) plan should always include dissemination or
distribution plan as well as utilization schemes and channels. The dissemination plan of any
IEC intervention is as important as the production of IEC materials.
The distribution component of any IEC Plan should include the following:
• Allocation of budget for distribution;
• Masterlist of distribution points (recipients);
• Distribution mechanisms; and
• System to monitor or track the distribution system i.e. receipt slip or accomplishe IEC
request form
Utilization component describes the intended uses and application of the IEC materials
produced in order to ensure maximum utilization as well as cost-effectiveness of materials
produced.
CRITERIA FOR DISTRIBUTION OF IEC MATERIALS
Individuals or sectors that are most available and accessible to the producers are able
to access the materials not because of need but because of accessibility or availability.
324
This requires a systematic distribution scheme to ensure that intended and priority
audiences receive the produced IEC materials on time and in adequate quantity.A
standard criteria in the distribution of IEC materials should be spelled out, taking into
consideration institutional policies and resources. The following are the initial criteria in
disseminating IEC materials related to LLDA programs and projects:
• Immediate need
• Expressed interest and demand
• Physical distance
• Capability to reproduce
DISTRIBUTION STRATEGIES
• Social Media – LLDA website, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and Email accounts
are the common social media sites that are used in this generation and the best
part, it’s free of charge.
• Tri-Media – Radio, Television and print media
• Community-Based Tri-Media
• Mass Media Strategies such as Radio plug, Ragio jingle, Announce-on-
Board,Phone patch interview,Live or taped interviews,Commentary,Television
exposure,MTV,Video Documentary,TV clips/news coverage,TV
interview/guesting,Print (newspaper/magazines/brochures),Press and photo
releases,Feature story,Letter to the editor.
Based on the IEC program for the Laguna de Bay Institutional Strengthening and
Community Participation (LISCOP) Project, any attempt to manage the resource should
include institutional support that would help promote attitude and actions supportive of
its sustainable use. Among these institutional support is the information, education, and
communication or IEC component.
Information refers to a set of physical data such as facts, figures, messages, and ideas
in written or spoken form. Education refers to the process of creating desired
behaviours in terms of knowledge, attitudes, and practices or KAP. Communication
refers to the process of exchanging or sharing information. Taken together, IEC can be
use as a generic term for all communication and education efforts and activities
designed to facilitate the formation of behaviours supportive of a particular cause or
undertaking (Torres, 1998 as cited in LLDA IEC PLAN for LISCOP).
It should be noted, however, that IEC is just one of the many approaches in
communication. It works best in combination with other approaches such as social
mobilization, advocacy, social marketing, and others when properly designed to
achieve certain behavioral objectives.
325
Table 7.3a below shows the Other Ongoing and/or Proposed Projects or Policy
Research of LLDA and other Government Organizations.
NO. PROJECT TITLE PROBLEM TO BE AD- INDICATIVE INDICATIVE START FUNDING/PO

DRESSED/RATIONALE BUDGET YEAR/ SSIBLE FUN-
LOCATION DING
IMPLEMEN
TATION
PERIOD
1 Flood Control improvement of the Metro Manila P 106.7 M 2014-2016 JICA/

Operating System EFCOS, involving the
(EFCOS) project restoration of the telemetry GOV’T
system and replacement of
its radio system
2 Laguna Lake Ex- Mitigate Flooding and ease Taguig City to 122.8 B PPP (Build –
pressway Dike Pro- traffic flow from Taguig Los, Banos, Transfer – O-
ject City to Los Banos, Laguna Laguna perate for Ex-
pressway Dike
and Build –
Transfer for
reclamation)
3 Rizal Eastlake Deve- Minimization of traffic and Binangonan, 109.46B 2 years PPP/Joint
lopment (Red) Project flooding problem along Taytay, Rizal cons- Venture/
lakeshore munici-pallities; truction
likewise, this project will Local Govern-
trigger investments ment Co-
llaboration
4 Land Raising for There is flooding along Sta. Cruz, 7.16 B For sche- Gov’t
Small Cities around lakeshore Laguna and 3 duling. De-
Laguna Lakeshore communities;henceinterve nearby towns tailed Fea-
ntion specifi-cally land sibility stu-
raising is needed to dy shall be
prevent flow of flood are conducted
needed in 2018
5 Improvement of the Flooding Problem along Tanay, Rizal; .637B -do- Gov’t
Inflow Rivers to lakeshore communities Sta. Maria, Sta.
Laguna Lake must be prevented via Cruz,
improvement of inflow of Pagsanjan, San
rivers Cristobal, San
Juan and Santa
Rosa Rivers in
Laguna
6 East Mangahan Occurrence of flood is Cainta and 25.9 B -do- Gov’t

Floodway prevalent along Taytay Rivers
Manggahan Flood-way;
hence, this project is
needed to reduce said
occurence
326
NO. PROJECT TITLE PROBLEM TO BE INDICATIVE INDICATIVE START FUNDING/
ADDRESSED/ LOCATION BUDGET YEAR/ POSSIBLE
RATIONALE IMPLEME FUNDING
NTATION
PERIOD
7 Resettlement Projects lies living along Rizal Cities and P 1.9 B 2017- Gov’t
in Rizal Province in coastal shoreline Municipalities, 2019
Compliance to the and waterways af- namely;Antipolo
Supreme Court Man- fecttting environ- City, Cardo-
damus menttal concerns of na,Angono,
Manila Bay and ,Pililla,Binango-
Laguna Lake nan, Tanay, Tay-
tay, Teresa,Baras
8 Resettlement Projects Relocation of Laguna Cities and P4.6 B 2018- National

in Laguna Province in families living along municipalities 2019 Gov’t
Compliance to the lakeshore and water- namely: San Subsidy
Supreme Court Man- ways because of Pedro, Binan,
damus flood during strong Santa Rosa,
typhoons and to Cabyao, Calamba,
prevent loss of lives. Bay, Calauan, Los
Banos, Nagcarlan,
Victoria, Mabitac
9 OPLAN LIKAS IWAS Disaster prepared- Muntinlupa City P.1026 B 2015- -do-
KALAMIDAD AT SA- ness among resi- 2017
KIT – Clearing of River dents living along
Banks river banks and
maintenance of
sanitation
10 Province of Rizal Disaster control Rizal municipali- P145 M for 2016 2016 and Gov’t, other
DRRRM Programs and/or prevention ties and cities (Depends on yearly onwards) donor orga-
especially lower budget allocation) nizations
class municipa-
lities
11 Province of Laguna -do- Laguna municipa- P120 M for 2016 -do- -do-
DRRRM Programs lities and cities (Depends on yearly
especially lower budget allocation)
class municipali-
ties
12 Province of Laguna Effects of Climate All lakeshore mu- P14,959,350 2017 Gov’t,other
Climate Change Change among the nicipalities donor orga-
Adaptation and constituents of the nizations
Mitigation province
13 Ferry Port System The project will help Barangay Aplaya P100 2 years PPP / Joint
alleviate the constructi Ven-ture /
worsening traffic on / 20 Na-tional /
conditions in the city years mi- Local Go-
nimum o- vernment
-The project will perations Collabora-
provide alternate tion
access to and from
the City of Santa
Rosa
-The project will

promote
development in the
area
327
No. PROJECT TITLE PROBLEM TO BE INDICATIVE INDICATIVE START FUNDING/

ADDRESSED LOCATION BUDGET YEAR/IM POSSIBLE
PLEMEN FUNDING
TATION
PERIOD
14 San Pedro Ferry Port For San Pedro to Barangay Landa- P100,000,00.00 to Three (3) PPP
Project fast track its Tourism yan, San Pedro, P200,000,000.00 to Five (5)
Development Laguna Years
Program, it is
necessary to explore
other transportation
options for pilgrims
to the Shrine of
Jesus in the Holy
Sepulchre (a.k.a.
Lolo Uweng Shrine)
which to date is
estimated at 40,000
- 50,000 weekly
(every Friday).
These pilgrims may
come from cities and
municipalities in
Metro Manila, and
Rizal and Laguna
provinces which
have lakeshore
areas around
Laguna Lake.
15 Proposed Develop- The project will help Brgy. San Salava- P50 M (including 2 years PPP/Joint
ment of Mountain develop the munici- dor, Luisiana, construction of con- construc- Venture/
Landscape of Hulugan pality of Luisiana, as Laguna crete trail, land- tion LGU
Falls tourist destination scape, other faci- Collabora-
lities tion
16 Masungi Karst Area -The massive rock Barangays, Cu- P200 million Ten (10) LGU/Private
Protection and Conser- formations are a u- yambay and Tan- Years Sector
vation Project nique natural won- dang Kutyo, Ta-
der that must be nay
preserved;
-The Masungi envi-
rons are home to
various species of
flora and fauna;
-The area is the

location of the
headwaters of the
Tanay River. The
area has huge po-
tential for eco-
tourism
17 The Development and The Municipality of Barangay Burgos, P300 Million 3-5 years -do-
Construction of Birhen Pakil, Laguna has Pakil,Laguna
Maria de los Dolores been supporting the
Marina and Lighthouse sustainable develop-
ment in Laguna
Lake. The project
aims to bring back
the glory as the
pioneer destination
for lake travellers,
tourists and local
fishermen of the
province.Further, the
328
ADDRESSED LOCATION BUDGET YEAR/IM- POSSIBLE
PLEMEN FUNDING
TATION
PERIOD
development of of
the lakeshore area
of Pakil into a
lighthouse-
commercial complex
will boost eco-tourim
development in the
fourth district of
Laguna.
18 Fisherman’s Village To increase tourist Barangay San P20 Million 3-5 years PPP/Go-
Wharf attractions, to Pablo Norte vernment
provide livelihood
projects and
generate funds for
the LGU and to
aware other
stakeholders, visitors
about the traditional
lifestyle of the
fisherfolks
19 Planting of Forest To protect the buffer Lakeshore baran- P500,000.00 2 years Govt
Trees in Selected zone from degrada- gays, namely: San
Lakeshore areas tion and to control Pablo Norte, San-
soil erosion tissima Cruz,
Santo Anghel Nor-
te, Calios, Ba-
gumbayan, Gatid,
Duhat, Sta. Cruz,
Laguna
20 Grand Terminal with Transportation aces- Barangay Tun- P100 Million 2 years PPP/Joint
Travellers’ Lodge sibility, acceleration hac,Famy, Laguna Venture/Loc
of business activities a; Govern-
ment Colla-
bora-tion
21 Fishwarden Leader- For several years, Laguna, Rizal, P115,000.00 yearly LLDA-LGU
ship Training/ Deputa- LLDA funded the Manila, Seven Partnership
tion of Fish Warden deputation of fish Crater Lakes
Seminar/Monitoring Of warden seminar.
Anti-Illegal Fishing O- However, Republic
peration Act 8550 should be
further implemented
especially anti-illegal
fishing activities
though training se-
minars among would
– be fisherfolk-
fishwarden including
the need for LLDA to
monitor anti-illegal
fishing opera-
tion.These activities
would contribute to
protection of fishery
resources.
329
ADDRESSED LOCATION BUDGET YEAR/IM- POSSIBLE
PLEMEN FUNDING
TATION
PERIOD
22 Establishment of Calauan, Laguna P100M 3 years- PPP
Industrial and 2019
Domestic Waste
Treatment Facility
23 Emergency Disaster There is a need to LLDA, Q.C. Php 100,000.00 2017 LLDA
Pre-paredness Drill prepare the Au- (yearly
Exercise thorityf for imme- budget)
diate action should
there be any disaster
(strong ty-phoon,
flood, earth-quake,
fire, and other
calamities
24 LLDA Gender and Gender and Deve- LLDA, Q.C. P382,000.00 2016 an LLDA
Deve-lopment Plan lopment initiatives is onwards
a must in every (Pro-
government agency posed)
in order to ensure
equality of men and
women.Moreover,
these must be
institutionalize.
25 Construction of Sanitary landfill is a Antipolo City P150 M 2020 LLDA/Other

Sanitary Landfill with must in order to Gov’t A-
MRF ensure implement- gencies.
tation of RA
9003.MRF shall be
included in order to
recycle reusable
waste materials.
26 Provision of Fishing Marginalized fisher- Lakeshore munici- P1.9 M 2017 on- BFAR Re-
Gears among the folks need fishing pallitis/cities in the wards gion IV-A
Fisherolks gears for their open Laguna de Bay (depends
fishing equipment Basin upon the
require-ments. availa-
bility of
budget
27 Waste to Energy Management of solid Antipolo City 4.4 B 2 to 3 City Gov’t of

Project waste is a must. years/ Antipolo/PP
Thermal Conversion of This can also be a 2019 P
Organic Materials source of fuel. The
technology to be
used can also be a
source of revenue
for the host LGUs
and would be
partners
28 Shoreland Ecotourism Degradation of rivers Historical PhP 80 M. 2018- LGUs, DOT,
Development and shoreland; floo- shoreland towns in 2024 LLDA and
ding,lack of lively- the LDB Region DENR
hood opportunities
330
NO. PROJECT TITLE PROBLEM TO BE INDICATIVE INDICATIVE BUD- START FUNDING/
ADDRESSED LOCATION GET YEAR/IM- POSSIBLE
PLEMEN FUNDING
TATION
PERIOD
29 Community Fish Fisherfolks lack Calamba, Pakil, Php 24.2 M (P2.2 M 2016 BFAR Re-
Landing Center adequate lan- Los Banos, Sta / site) gion IV-A,
ding sites in or- Cruz in the LLDA (for
der to expedite Provinceof Lagu- the sites),O-
transport of na; Binagonan (2), ther institu-
their fish Cardona (2) tions
catch.The pro- TAnay, Pililla,
sed project will Jalajjala in the
also serve as Province of Rizal
trading cen-
ters;hence sel-
lers and buyers
can have con-
venient marke-
ting transac-
tions
30 Taguig Substation Pro- There is heavily Barangay Sta. PhP 9,528.73 Billion March NGCP
ject loaded San Jose Ana, Taguig City (with RVAT, Land- 2016 – Internal
and Dasmariñas 500 related CAPEX and April 2021 Cash
kV Substation and Permit Fee) Generation
there is a need to (ICG)
provide higher level
of reliability to the
500 kV system of
the Luzon Grid.
7.3.1 Some Project Briefs of Other Ongoing and/or Proposed Projects/Policy

Research of LLDA and other Government Organizations.
Described below are some project briefs of other ongoing and/or proposed
Projects/Policy Research of LLDA and other Government Organizations
331
PROJECT BRIEF
Project Title Improvement of Flood Control Operating System (EFCOS) project
Proponent & Project DPWH,MMDA
Partners
Rationale There is a need to improve flood control system in metro manila and
nearby areas in order to reduce casualties during typhoon season
Project Assumptions Sharing of resources with funder(s)

Project Components Rehabilitation of flood control and early warning system including
restoration of telemetry
Estimated Total Project P106.7 M (P90.7 M from JICA)

Cost (Php)
Possible Financing JICA with the Phil. Gov’t
Scheme of the Project
Location Rosario Pumping Station, Barangay Manggahan, Pasig City
2014 to 2016
Project Duration
Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries Metro Manila, Rizal Municipalities
Success Indicators Complement continuous efforts to minimize flooding specifically in flood-

prone areas such as the Pasig-Marikina-Laguna Lake complex thus
saving thousands of lives during this natural calamity,
Expected Private Sector Positive effect to affected communities of addressing flood
Response related problems
332
PROJECT BRIEF
Project Title Laguna Lake Expressway Dike Project (LLEDP)
Proponent & Project Partners DPWH as Implementing Agency with LLDA as Cooperating Agency
There is a need to regulate flooding and facilitate traffic flow along the western
Rationale coastal communities along Laguna Lake, from Bicutan/Taguig in Metro Manila
through Calamba to the Los Baños/Bay boundary in Laguna.
Project Support from the stakeholders; Proper Engineering Design to
Project Assumptions
ensure safety of the stakeholders especially nearby residents.
• construction of a 47-kilometer flood control dike on top of which will be a six-lane
expressway, on an off-shore alignment 500 meters away from the western
shoreline of Laguna Lake, including interchanges, bridges, floodgates, and pumps,
Project Components from Taguig to Los Baños, Laguna; and
• reclamation of approximately 700 hectares west of and abutting the expressway-
dike, separated from the shoreline by a 100-150-km channel, in Taguig and
Muntinlupa.
P122.811 B
(Php)
PPP (Build-Transfer-Operate for Expressway-Dike and Build-Transfer for
Possible Financing Scheme
Reclamation)
Location of the Project Taguig City to Los Baños, Laguna
Project Duration N/A
Recommended Time of
N/A
Implementation
The Project will serve fast growing urban areas in southern Metro Manila towards
Intended Beneficiaries Laguna, Batangas and Quezon, marked by intensive residential, commercial, and
industrial land uses.
• Reduced flooding along the western urban corridor of Laguna Lake
• Embankment structure will enhance aquatic habitat in the lake
Success Indicators
• Sustenance fishing operations during lean months will be protected
• Increased opportunities for economic development
Expected Private Sector Positive effect to concerned communities, business sectors and other
Response stakeholders.
333
PROJECT BRIEF
Project Title Rizal East Lake (RED) Project
Proponent & Project Fabmik Construction and Equipment, Saturn Resources Inc. and
Partners
Rationale Alliance Holdings
Reduction in traffic congestions and induce more development
Project Assumptions Project Support from the stakeholders and proper engineering
design to ensure safety of the stakeholders.
Project Components Conduct of Feasibility Study and business plan;
Detailed Engineering Designs;

Estimated Total Project P109.46B
Cost (Php) Construction of Road network and other infrastructures
Possible Financing PPP/Joint Venture/ Local Government Collaboration
Scheme of the Project
Location Municipalities of Angono, Binangonan and Taytay, Rizal
Project Duration 2 Years
Recommended Time of 2018 to 2020
Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries Commuters, motorists from Eastern Rizal going to Manila and
Southern Luzon, commuters from nearby municipalities, business
Success Indicators Reduce traffic congestion and flood in lakeshore municipalities and
cities; minimize casualties during strong typhoons because of flood.
Expected Private Sector Positive effect to concerned communities, business sectors and
Response other stakeholders.
334
PROJECT BRIEF
Project Title Land Raising for Small Cities around Laguna Lakeshore
Proponent & Project Partners DPWH
Rationale Flooding in lakeshore LGUs
Project Assumptions Project Support from the stakeholders and proper engineering design to
ensure safety of the stakeholders.
Project Components Conduct of Feasibility Study;
Construction of Road network and other infrastructures

Estimated Total Project Cost P7.16 B
(Php)
Possible Financing Scheme Gov’t
Location of the Project Sta. Cruz, Laguna and 3 nearby towns
Project Duration Under Study
Recommended Time of For scheduling. Detailed Feasibility study shall be conducted in 2018
Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries Residents of 4 lakeshore municipalities and LGUs, business sectors and other
stakeholders
Success Indicators Reduction in flood incidence; prevention of casualties during strong typhoons
Response staleholders.
335
PROJECT BRIEF
Project Title Improvement of the Inflow of Rivers to Laguna Lake
Rationale Flooding along in Tanay, Rizal and other Laguna Municipalities
Construction infrastructures
Estimated Total Project Cost P.637B
(Php)
Location of the Project Tanay River in Rizal; Sta. Maria, Sta. Cruz, Pagsanjan, San Cristobal,
San Juan, and Santa Rosa Rivers
Project Duration Under Study
Recommended Time of For scheduling. Detailed Feasibility study shall be conducted in 2018
Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries Residents of 4 lakeshore municipalities and LGUs, business sectors and other
stakeholders
Under Study
336
PROJECT BRIEF
Project Title East Manggahan Floodway
Rationale Flooding along Cainta, Taytay and neaby areas
Construction infrastructures
Estimated Total Project Cost P 25.9 B
(Php)
Location of the Project Cainta and Taytay Rivers
Project Duration 7 years

Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries Residents of Cainta, Taytay and nearby areas.
337
PROJECT BRIEF
Resettlement Projects in Rizal Province in Compliance to the Supreme

Title of the Project
Court Mandamus
Proponent & Project MMDA, DENR, DEPED, DOH, DA (BFAR, BSWM) DPWH, DBM, PCG, PMP,
Partners DILG, PPA, MWSS, LWUA, HUDCC
Relocation of families living along coastal shoreline and waterways

Rationale
affecting environmental concerns of Manila Bay
Development of Resettlement Sites (In-City/Off-City) for 4,820 families from

2018 – 2019 with house and lot provisions per family @ 393,000 or Php
Activity
1,894,260,000.00
Components (with
costs, duration and
estimated total
costs):
Note: Proposed project cost excludes the provision of Community Facilities &
Livelihood development cost & number of ISFs subject for validation.
Possible Financing
Scheme: Government National Government (NG) Subsidy
financed/Loan/ Grant
Rizal Cities and Municipalities

Antipolo City Cardona
Angono Pililla
Location of the Binangonan Tanay
Project: Taytay Teresa
Baras
Alaminos
Project Duration 2017 - 2019
Intended ISFs living along waterways/and shorelines considered tributaries of

Beneficiaries: Laguna Lake and Manila Bay
Success Indicators: Cleared shorelines and developed resettlement sites
Suggested year(s) of
2017-2019
Implementation
338
Resettlement Projects in Laguna in compliance to the Supreme Court

Title of the Project
Mandamus
Proponent & Project MMDA, DENR, DEPED, DOH, DA (BFAR, BSWM) DPWH, DBM, PCG, PMP,
Partners DILG, PPA, MWSS, LWUA, HUDCC
Relocation of families living along coastal shoreline and waterways

Rationale
affecting environmental concerns of Manila Bay
Development of Resettlement Sites (In-City/Off-City) for 11,567 families

from 2018 – 2019 with house and lot provisions per family @ 393,000 or
Activity
Php4,545.831,000.00
Components (with
costs, duration and
estimated total
costs):
Note: Proposed project cost excludes the provision of Community Facilities &
Livelihood development cost & number of ISFs subject for validation.
Possible Financing
Scheme: Government National Government (NG) Subsidy
financed/Loan/ Grant
Laguna Cities and Municipalities

Biñan City Bay Mabitac
Cabuyao City Calauan
Location of the Calamba City Los Baños
Project: San Pablo City Nagcarlan
Sta. Rosa City San Pedro
Alaminos Victoria
Project Duration 2018 - 2019
Intended ISFs living along waterways/and shorelines considered tributaries of

Beneficiaries: Laguna Lake and Manila Bay
Success Indicators: Cleared shorelines and developed resettlement sites
Suggested year(s) of
2018 - 2019
Implementation
PROJECT BRIEF
339
PROJECT BRIEF
Project Title : OPLAN LIKAS PARA IWAS KALAMIDAD at Sakit Clearing of

Riverbanks in Muntinlupa City. (This project is in reference to the case filed by
the concerned residents of Manila Bay to the Mandamus issued by the Supreme
Court).
Project Proponent : DPWH and Local Inter-Agency Committee (LIAC)

and Partners headed by the City Mayor of Muntinlupa
Rationale : To clean-up the riverbanks of Muntinlupa City and mobilize

agencies in the provision of their resources to the affected families.
Project Components
1. Clearing of the riverbanks by removing/relocating the 5,700 informal settler families through provision
of housing program and other incentives ie., 18k
2. Developing the affected areas by the DPWH i.e rip rapping activities or MMDA dredging of
waterways.
3. Maintenance of the clean areas through developing the clear site as mini park/planting or greening
per Barangay area.
Project Location: Muntinlupa City
1. Pasong Diablo River - Brgy. Cupang and Brgy. Alabang

2. Magdaong River - Brgy. Poblacion and Tunasan
3. Buli River - Brgy. Buli and Sucat
Project Duration - The project started since 2015 on going

clearing and relocation, until 2017
Beneficiaries - There are 5,700 ISF occupying the above mentioned

Barangays. The first two (2) rivers priority for clearing are the Pasong
Diablo River and Magdaong River which have a total of 2,500 more
or less ISF. An on going clearing and relocation of qualified families to
Villa Sta. Rosa, Brgy. Caingin Sta. Rosa Laguna. A total of 547
qualified ISF have been resettled to this housing project of the NHA as
of this date. The second priority for clearing is the Buli river with an
estimated 3,200 ISF which census validation shall be conducted this
August 2016.
340
PROJECT BRIEF
Project Title Disaster Risk Reduction Management Projects
Proponent and Project Province of Rizal other GOs

Partners
Rationale There is a need to prepare whenever natural calamities occur. These

calamities include strong typhoons, earthquake, landslide, among others.
Project Assumptions Availability of needed budget, project Support from the stakeholders
Project Components a) Early Warning Systems; b) Trainings; such as on disaster

preparedness; c) provision of some of needed social services to
affected individuals and families; d) Risk assessment.
Estimated Total Project Cost P120M

(Php)
Location of the Project Laguna municipalities especially lower class municipalities
Project Duration yearly

Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries Affected individuals, families and other concerned stakeholders
Success Indicators Prevention of reduction of casualties.
341
PROJECT BRIEF
Project Title Disaster Risk Reduction Management Programs
Proponent and Project Province of Laguna

Partners
Rationale There is a need to prepare whenever natural calamities occur. These

calamities include strong typhoons, earthquake, landslide, among others.
Project Components a) Early Warning Systems; b) Trainings; such as on disaster

preparedness; c) provision of some of needed social services to
affected individuals and families; d) Risk assessment.
Estimated Total Project Cost P120M

(Php)

Implementation
Success Indicators Prevention of reduction of casualties.
342
PROJECT BRIEF
Project Title Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation
Proponent and Project Province of Laguna

Partners
Rationale There is a need to formulate mitigation and adaptation interventions to

address effects of climate change.
Project Components 1.Trainings;
2.Assessment, Interventions Planning and Evaluation;
3. People’s Participation (Multi-sectoral) on program;

Estimated Total Project Cost 4.P24, 048,482.00
Green Awarding;
(Php)
Possible Financing Scheme Gov’t, othertofunders
5.Support implementation of FARMC Programs

Implementation
Success Indicators Implemented mitigation and adaptation programs
Response stakeholders because of extending all out support in order to address the
effects of climate chanage
343
Republic of the Philippines

CITY OF SANTA ROSA
Province of Laguna
OFFICE OF THE CITY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT COORDINATOR
Project Brief
Title: Ferry Port System
Proponent: LGU – City of Santa Rosa, Laguna / LLDA / Private Sector Partners
Rationale:
• The project will help alleviate the worsening traffic conditions in the city
• The project will provide alternate access to and from the City of Santa Rosa
• The project will promote development in the area
Assumptions:
• Commuters are willing to use the Ferry System as a means of alternative mode of transportation
• There is adequate market (commuters) for the project
Components:
• Conduct of Feasibility Study

• Conduct of Business Plan
• Detailed Design and Engineering
• Possible PPP modality / funding
Estimated Total Project Cost:
• 100M
Possible Financing Scheme:
• PPP / Joint Venture / National / Local Government Collaboration

Project Location:
• Barangay Aplaya
Project Duration:
• 2 years construction / 20 years minimum operations

Time of Implementation:
• 2017 - 2019
Intended Beneficiaries:
• Commuters from Santa Rosa going to Manila and other LGUs

• Commuters from other LGUs going to Santa Rosa
• Traders of Goods
Success Indicators:
• Attainment of indicators identified in the FS and Business Plan

• Improve Traffic condition in the city
344
• Revitalized local trade
• Bustling and Lively Port Area
• Improved local standard of living of people living near the Port area
Expected Private Sector Response:
• Partnership through PPPs

• Local support to the project
Prepared by:
EnP. Ermin V. Lucino, MPM
City Planning and Development Coordinator
City of Santa Rosa, Laguna
July 7, 2016
345
PROPOSED SAN PEDRO FERRY PORT PROJECT
PROJECT TITLE: San Pedro Ferry Port Project
PROPONENT AND PROJECT PARTNERS:
Local Government of San Pedro, Laguna
Barangays Landayan, San Roque and Cuyab
Laguna Lake Development Authority
Provincial Government of Laguna
Others: TBD
RATIONALE:
For San Pedro to fast track its Tourism Development Program, it is necessary to explore other
transportation options for pilgrims to the Shrine of Jesus in the Holy Sepulchre (a.k.a. Lolo Uweng Shrine)
which to date is estimated at 40,000 - 50,000 weekly (every Friday). These pilgrims may come from cities
and municipalities in Metro Manila, and Rizal and Laguna provinces which have lakeshore areas around
Laguna Lake.
Pilgrimage Tourism being one of San Pedro’s strategy for future growth, a FERRY TERMINAL
will certainly increase religious tourist arrival in San Pedro and, in the same breath, dramatically boost the
city’s local economy and augment the local population’s per capita income.
PROJECT ASSUMPTIONS:
The Laguna Lake waterfront can be the forefront of development for San Pedro because of the
Lolo Uweng Shrine which attracts thousands of pilgrims every Friday, and even hundreds of thousands to
a million during Lenten Season.
The Ferry Terminal can be multi-purpose, and therefore, can be used for trade and commerce of
products to and from cities and towns with producing authentic merchandise including food and
handicrafts.
The establishment of this strategic Infrastructure will attract investors and increase local
investments in San Pedro.
PROJECT COMPONENTS:
A Medium Size Pier for Passengers and Goods for capable of berthing of small and medium-
sized sea crafts
346
A Modern Passenger Terminal with facilities and amenities that can provide for the needs of
200 passengers at any one time, including areas for fast food dining and souvenir shops
Four (4) Units of Passenger Ferry Boats with 50-100 people capacity
Two units of medium-sized capacity cargo boats
Lake to Shrine road network for vehicles and people
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
One Hundred Million to Two Hundred Million Pesos
(P100,000,00.00 to P200,000,000.00)
POSSIBLE FINANCING SCHEMES:
Public-Private Partnership (PPP)
LOCATION OF THE PROJECT: Barangay Landayan, San Pedro, Laguna
PROJECT DURATION:
Three (3) to Five (5) Years
RECOMMENDED TIME OF IMPLEMENTATION: 2017-2020
INTENDED BENEFICIARIES:
40-50 Thousand Present Day Pilgrims to expand to 75-100 Thousand in 5-10 years
San Pedro City LGU and Barangay Landayan LGU to self-generate a combined P20-30 million
a year from business taxes, fees, etc.
Local Population (2,000 to 3,000 families) who will earn income from improved tourism
SUCCESS INDICATORS: Increase in local religious tourist arrival in San Pedro
Robust local economy with increase in economic activities
Increase self-generated income for LGUs
Traffic Decongestion in the National Highway (Manila South Road)
347
Heightened religious tourism activities in San Pedro
EXPECTED PRIVATE SECTOR RESPONSE:
Partnership with Government for funding
Investments in commercial establishments to cater to tourists
Voluntary support (financial and non-financial) to religious tourism programs in the Shrine
348
Project Title Proposed Development of Mountain Landscape of Hulugan Falls

Proponent & Project Partners Municipality of Luisiana, Laguna
Rationale a) The project will help develop the municipality of Luisiana, Laguna as a tourist
destination;
b) Provide eco-tourism in the community;
c) Will help boost the local economy;
d) Accelerate development in the area
Project Assumptions a) The flow of water going to Hulugan Falls will be continuous through
out the year;;
b) Several tourists will be going to Hulugan Falls for recreational and
outdoor activities;
c) Availability of needed resources for the tourists.
Project Components a) Formulation of Tourism Plan;

b) Conduct of Feasibility Study;
c) Preparation of Detailed Engineering Design;
Estimated Total Project Cost P50 M (including construction of

(Php) concrete trail, land-scape, other facilities
Possible Financing Scheme PPP/Joint Venture/Local Government Collaboration
Location of the Project Brgy. San Salvador, Luisiana, Laguna
Project Duration 2 years construction

Recommended Time of After Construction
Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries Municipality of Luisiana, Laguna; concerned stakeholders
Success Indicators Influx of tourists
Expected Private Sector Positive response from the private sector

Response
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REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

MUNICIPALITY OF TANAY
PROVINCE OF RIZAL
OFFICE OF THE MUNICIPAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT COORDINATOR
PROJECT BRIEF
Title: Masungi Karst Area Protection and Conservation Project
Proponents: Municipality of Tanay and DENR- CALABARZON (Thru a Co-Management Agreement)
Rationale:
• The massive rock formations are a unique natural wonder that must be preserved
• The Masungi environs are home to various species of flora and fauna
• The area is the location of the headwaters of the Tanay River
• The area has huge potential for eco-tourism
Assumptions:
• A well protected conservation area as tourist destination site will be self-sustaining
• Community involvement will ensure project success
Components:
• Inventory of Flora and Fauna
• Survey and Delineation of Area
• Preparation/Implementation of Karst Conservation Area Management Plan
• Preparation/Implementation of Masungi Eco-Tourism Development Plan
Estimated Project Cost: P200 million
Possible Financing Scheme: LGU/Private Sector
Project Locations: Barangays Cuyambay and Tandang Kutyo, Tanay
Project Duration:Ten (10) Years
Implementation Period: 2011-2021, Extendable
Intended Beneficiaries:
• Residents of Cuyambay and Upper Tandang Kutyo
• Residents of Tanay poblacion
• Conservationists and Tourists
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Success Indicators
• Preservation of the rock formation

• Flourishing of flora and fauna
• Community involvement
• Improvement of standard of living of residents in the area
• Tourist arrivals
Expected Private Sector Response
• Full support
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Project Title Jose Rizal Shrine Project

Proponent & Project Partners Order of the Knights of Rizal (Rizal Chapter)
Rationale a) The project will be a manifestation of our love, appreciation,
recognition, reverence, for the honor, and distinction accorded to
Rizal as the one and only province after our national hero;
b) The project will be a tourist attraction that could generate
employment and additional revenue for the province;
c) The project will provide the necessary support and influence for the
launching of promising artists and craftsmen and provide venue for
their exhibit in visual and performing arts at the same time develop
and market
Local crafts to tourists, buyers and exporters.
Project Assumptions a) As a historical landmark and a prime tourist destination, the
project will underscore the legacy left behind by our national hero
– his patriotic ideals and sacrifices and rekindle our admiration
and respect for the Malayan Race;
b) It will receive support/donation from individuals and corporations;
Project Components a) Conduct of fesibility study;

b) Detailed Engineering Design;
c) Solicitation Activities
Estimated Total Project Cost P300 M
(Php)
Possible Financing Scheme GO Collaboration
Location of the Project Mt. Tagapo between in the boundaries of the municipalities of Binangonan and
Cardona, Rizal
Recommended Time of 2018-2020
Implementation
Location of the Project Mt. Tagapo between in the boundaries of the municipalities of Binangonan and
Cardona, Rizal

Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries Students, Rizal constituents, the public in general
Success Indicators Local and international support
Expected Private Sector Positive response from the private sector
Response
352
Republic of the Philippines
Province of Laguna
Municipality of Cavinti
Office of the municipal planning and development coordinator
Project Brief
Title: Cavinti Underground River Cave Complex (CURCC) Development Project

Proponent: LGU – Municipality of Cavinti, Laguna, LLDA, DOT
Rationale:
1) To increase the tourist arrival in the municipality and the province.
2) To create more jobs in relation to the tourism

3) To promote Cavinti as world class tourism destination in Laguna province
Assumption: 1)Local and international tourist arrivals will increase by 100%;

2) Tourist satisfaction will be provided by constructing infrastructure
project.
Components:a) Conduct of Tourism Master Plan; c)Conduct Site Development Plan;

d) Detailed Engineering Design; e)Fund sourcing
Estimated Total Project Cost: 100M
Possible Financing Scheme:LGU-counterpart, Philippine Rural Development Program

(PRDP), DOT
Project Location:Barangay Paowin and Barangay Mahipon-Lumot, Cavinti, Laguna
Project Duration:3 years construction/ lifetime operation
Time of Implementation: 2017 – 2019
Intended Beneficiaries:Residents of Barangay Paowin and Barangay Mahipon-Lumot,

LGU-Cavinti,Local and foreign tourist
Prepared by:
Engr. Ariel M. de Leon

MPDC
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PROJECT BRIEF
Project Title Development and Construction of Birhen Maria de los Dolores, Port and
Lighthouse Complex
Proponent & Project Partners LGU/Private Sector
Rationale Pioneer destination for travellers, businessmen. Transportation accessibility of fisherfolks,
other travelers.
Project Components Construction of Statue of Birhen Maria de los Dolores;
Ferry Terminal Station, Restaurants, port facilities, lighthouse
Estimated Total Project Cost P300 million

(Php)
Possible Financing Scheme PPP/Government
Location of the Project Barangay Burgos, Pakil, Laguna

Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries Residents of Pakil, Laguna and nearby areas, tourists, businessmen
Success Indicators Eco-tourism developmaent
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PROJECT BRIEF
Project Title Fisherman’s Village Wharf
Proponent & Project Partners LGU, LLDA, DOT
Rationale Regulation of Flooding along lakeshore areas, to spur economic
development and provision of livekihhood opportunities among the
fisherfolks and other lakeshore dwellers
Project Assumptions Project Support from the stakeholders and proper project design
Project Components Construction of Sea food Market, boardwalk with commercial facilities,
fisherman’s village
Estimated Total Project Cost P 20 million

(Php)
Possible Financing Scheme PPP/Government
Location of the Project San Pablo Norte, Sta. Cruz, Laguna

Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries Formal and informal settlers, residents, businessmen, nearby communities
Success Indicators Economic Development, increase fisherfolks’ income, trigger development of nearby
areas.
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PROJECT BRIEF
Project Title Reforestation Project along Shoreland Areas
Proponent & Project Partners LGU, LLDA, DENR
Rationale Protection of shoreland areas
Project Assumptions Project Support from the stakeholders, adequate funding
Project Components Tree- Planting Activities
Estimated Total Project Cost P 500,000.00

(Php)
Possible Financing Scheme LGU, LLDA-DENR
Location of the Project Lakeshore Barangays, namely: San Pablo Norte, Satissima Cruz, Santo
Anghel Norte,Calios, Bagumbayan, Gatid, Duhat, Sta. Cruz, Laguna
Project Duration 2 years

Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries Fisherfolk – members of FARMC
Success Indicators Survival rate of seedlings, environmental awareness
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Project Title Grand Terminal with Travellers’ Lodge

Proponent & Project Partners LGU, LLDA, Private Sectors
Rationale Economic Development, transportation accesibility
Project Assumptions Adequate funding
Project Components Feasibility Study, business plan, detailed engineering design
Estimated Total Project Cost P 100,000,000.00

(Php)
Possible Financing Scheme PPP/Joint Venture/LGU Collaboration
Location of the Project Barangay Tunhac, Famy, Laguna
Project Duration 2 years construction/20 years operation

Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries Commuters, businessmen, other stakeholders
Success Indicators Survival rate of seedlings, environmental awareness
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Project Title Deputation of Fish Warden Seminar/

Proponent & Project Partners LLDA- LGU Partnership
Rationale For several years, LLDA funded the deputation of fish warden seminar.
However, Republic Act 8550 should be further implemented especially anti-
illegal fishing activities though training seminars among would – be fisherfolk-
fishwarden including the need for LLDA to monitor anti-illegal fishing
operation.These ac-tivities would con-tribute to protection of fishery
resources.
Project Assumptions Adequate funding/LGU support
Project Components 1)Fisherfolk members of FARMC choices on Deputation of Fish Warden or

leadership training
Estimated Total Project Cost P 115,000.00 yearly with 10% budget increase per year.
(Php)
Possible Financing Scheme LLDA-LGU Collaboration
Location of the Project Laguna, Rizal, Manila, Seven Crater Lakes
Project Duration Yearly

Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries Fisherfolk communities, other staleholders in the Laguna de Bay Region
Success Indicators Increase in population of snails and other endemic and native fish species
Expected Private Sector Positive effect to communities, LGUs other stakeholders in the Region
Response
358
Project Title Establishment of Industrial and Domestic Waste Treatment Facility
Proponent & Project LLDA or with development organization/private sectors

Partners
Rationale The construction of Waste treatment facilities wihich include industrial, domestic (septage
treatment) wastes are needed in order to address continuous degradation of Laguna de
Bay Watershed. This project will also hope to lessen increasing costs of treatment services
from these facilities.Currently, LLDA needs additional funding to supports its environmental
program;hence, revenue from these shall be utilized for the Agency’s unfunded projects and
institutional needs
Project Assumptions Determination of project location was based on several factors such as (1) Proximity from
industries
1. and other beneficiaries; 2) Potential of clients to secure services from this project;
3)2.Adjacent
a STPtoissource of needed
consistent with theresources neededadequate
intent to provide in production operation;
attention 4) located
to sanitation on
concerns
nearbyinrural areas.considering the virtual absence of treatment facilities in areas not served by
the LDBR
MWCI and MWSI, and thus improving over-all quality of the water in the lake
Project Components 1.Project Scoping / Terms of Reference, including final site location and
specific
2.Land acquisition
100 M
Cost (Php)
Possible Financing PPP,
Scheme
Location of the Project The project will be located in the general vicinity of Bay and Calauan
Intended Clients Municipalities, industries, Subdivision developers, among others
Success Indicators Number of Municipalities, industries, Subdivisoin developers and other clients served.
Expected Private Sector Positive Stakeholder response because this project will help in addressing waste
Response management
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Project Title Emergency Disaster Preparedness Drill Exercise

Partners
Rationale LLDA must be prepared enough in case of calamities such as strong typhoon, flood,
earthquake,), among others. Hence, all personnel of the Agency must be prepared on said
calamities
Project Assumptions Availability of needed budget
Project Components a) Simulated drill exercise;

b) Trainings on disaster preparedness;
c) Cascading of necessary information to LLDA employees

Php 100,000.00
Cost (Php)
Possible Financing LLDA and donor organizations
Scheme
Location of the Project LLDA, Q.C.
Intended Clients LLDA Employees, would-be affected guests and visitors
Success Indicators Prevention of casualties during disaster
Expected Private Sector Positive impact to LLDA employees and nearby government agencies
Response
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Project Title Gender and Development Plan

Partners
Rationale Gender and Deve-lopment initiatives is a must in every government agency in order
to ensure equality of men and women.Moreover, these must be institutionalize.
Project Assumptions Availability of needed budget
Project Components
a) Gender Responsive Training, capacity development;

b) Updating of system for gender data basing;
c) Health awareness activities;
d) Meetings and workshops
Php 382,000.00
Cost (Php)
Possible Financing LLDA
Scheme
Location of the Project LLDA, Q.C.
Intended Clients LLDA Employees
Success Indicators Gender awareness and support among LLDA employees
Expected Private Sector Positive response because gender and development is supported by LLDA
Response
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PROJECT BRIEF
Project Title Waste To Energy Project (Thermal Conversion Of Organic Materials)
Proponent & Project Partners LLDA, LGU, Private Sector, Energy Sector
Rationale 1. There is a need for the treatment of solid wastes, as well as source of fuel
2. This technology does away with the space requirements needed by landfilling,
while at the same time producing source of energy which can also be a source
of revenue
Project Assumptions Availability of funding

2. Siting
3. Pilot scale study
4. Design of Reactor and Technical Assessment
5. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
6. Business/Financial Assessment, including required investments, sourcing, etc.
7. Acquisition of Land
8. Fabrication of equipment
Estimated Total Project Cost 4.4 B
(Php)
Possible Financing Scheme Gov’t/Private Investor/PPP
Location of the Project Antipolo
Project Duration Two to three years
Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries Host municipalities and nearby municipalities
Success Indicators Wastes thermally converted to energy
Expected Private Sector 1. The project is expected to generate interest from the private sector provided the
Response presence of financially viable number of customers/volume of waste treated, as
well as projected revenues
2. Can be negative for communities very near location of the reactors. Needs
good social preparation to be acceptable
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PROJECT BRIEF
Project Title Provision of Fishing Gear among the Fisherfolk Sector
Proponent & Project Partners LLDA/BFAR IV-A /LGUs
Rationale Fisherfolks especially the marginalized ones have inadequate financial resources
needed to purchase fishing equipments.Hence, government agencies have to
support some of the needed fiishing equipments of this sector.
Project Assumptions a) Availability of budget of government agencies/other funders;
b) Commitment of LGUs
Project Components 1. Commuinity Organizing;

2. Profiling;
3. Needs Assessment;;
4. Distribution of fishing gears
Estimated Total Project Cost P1.9M

(Php)
Possible Financing Scheme BFAR IV-A/Other Government Agencies
Location of the Project Lakeshore municipalities and cities in the Laguna de Bay Basin
Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries Marginalized fisherfolks
Success Indicators Number of marginalized fishefolks who availed of the fishing gears
Expected Private Sector Positive because of government support to marginalized fisherfolks

Response
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Title of the Project Community Fish Landing Center

Proponent (lead and BFAR Region -IV-A, LLDA, LGUs of Calamba, Pakil, Los Banos, Sta Cruz in the Provinceof Laguna;
participating agencies): Binagonan (2), Cardona (2) TAnay, Pililla, Jalajjala in the Province of Rizal
Rationale The objective is to transform some of lakeshore areas as fish landing centers.This is because fisherfolks
lack adequate landing sites in order to expedite transport of their fish catch.This will also as trading
centers; hence sellers and buyers can have convenient marketing transactions. This project will provide
livelihood to the community, generate funds for the LGU. Said project will also enable visitors to see the
fish trading activities, how fish catch are unloaded, and will have the opportunity to buy fresh catch.
Activity Components Allocation of F i s h L a n d i n g s i t e s b y L L D A ;

(with costs, duration and Construction of boat landing sites and trading centers;
estimated total costs): Project Cost- P 24.2 M (P2.2 M per site)
Possible Financing BFAR Region IV-A, LLDA (for the sites), other institutions
Scheme: Government
financed/Loan/Grant
Location of the Project: Calamba, Pakil, Los Banos, Sta Cruz in the Provinceof Laguna; Binagonan (2), Cardona (2) TAnay,
Pililla, Jalajjala in the Province of Rizal
Project Duration/Year of 2 years and to be implemented in 2016
Implementation
Intended Beneficiaries: Fisherfolks.
Traders
buyers
Visitors
Success Indicators: Income generation among the fisherfolks, traders, LGUs
Expected Private Sector The private sector will find the project attractive e s p e c i a l l y a m o n g t h e b u y e r s o f f i s h
Response: catch and local visitors.
PROJECT BRIEF
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Project Title Shoreland Ecotourism Development
Proponent & Project Partners LLDA, LGUs, Fisherfolks/FARMCs, Farmers, Local Enterpreneurs, Local Community
Overall Goal:
Develop portions of Laguna de Bay shoreland into ecotourism area
Objectives:
Rationale 1)Raise awareness on the rich history of Bay and other historical towns in the Laguna de Bay
Region;
2) Restore and protect rivers and shoreland area from further degradation;
3) Control, manage and mitigate the effects of flooding and other disasters on the shoreland area
and rivers as a result of climate chanage; and
Project Assumptions Historical towns in the LDB Region documented and developed into ecotourism attraction
4)Boost agri-related livelihood and local industry for the benefit of small farmers, fishers and local
entrepreneurs
1)Preparation of Feasibility Study;
2) Preparation of Detailed Architectural and Engineering Design;
3)Project Implementation
a) IEC Campaigns
b)Dredging and clean-up of lakeshore and rivers;
c)Installation of Waste Traps;
Project Components d)Conduct of Tree-Planting along shoreland and river banks;
e) Development of Agri-related livelihood and promotion of local products and
industry
f) Establishment of historical structures (Galleon in Bay, Laguna) for promoting
ecotourism
g) Establishment of eco-friendly evacuation centers
4) Monitoring and Evaluation
Estimated Total Project Cost (PhP) PhP 80 M.
Possible Financing Scheme LGUs, DOT, LLDA and DENR
Location of the Project Historical shoreland towns in the LDB Region
Six (6) years

Project Duration
Recommended Time of Implementation 2018-2024
Intended Beneficiaries LLDA, LGUs, Fisherfolks/FARMCs, Farmers, Local Enterpreneurs, Local Community
Increase awareness and appreciation of the history, culture and tourism attractions in the LDB
Region; Enhanced and protected shoreland and rivers;Reduced effect of flooding and other
Success Indicators
disasters ; Sustainable livelihood.
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1)Improve lake and river environment;

2)Increased stakeholders participation and community involvement;
Expected Private Sector Response
3) Increased business opportunities on eco-tourism related goods and services;
4) Enhance protection from flooding and other disasters
PROJECT BRIEF
Project Title Taguig Substation Project
Proponent & Project Partners National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) as Implementing Agency
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The Taguig Substation Project aims to provide another 500/230 kV drawdown

substation to decongest the heavily loaded San Jose and Dasmariñas 500 kV
Rationale Substation and provide higher level of reliability to the 500 kV system of the Luzon
Grid.
Project Support from the stakeholders; Proper Engineering Design to ensure
Project Assumptions
safety of the stakeholders with due care to environment.
• Construction of Taguig Substation designed as an indoor Gas Insulated
Switchgear (GIS) with the 500 kV and 230 kV GIS equipment to be arranged in
one-and-a-half breaker and double-bus schemes, respectively. A GIS building will
be constructed to house the 500 kV and 230 kV GIS equipment including
associated substation control, protection and communication systems. The major
substation equipment for installation includes eight (8) 500 kV GIS power circuit
breakers and ten (10) 230 kV GIS power circuit breakers including 2 X 1000 MVA,
500/230-13.8 kV Power Transformers and 1 X 90 MVAR, 500 kV Shunt Reactor
Project Components and 3 X 100 MVAR, 230 kV Capacitor Banks to provide voltage regulation to the
grid.
• Construction of associated transmission lines to linked Taguig Substation to the
500 kV and 230 kV systems of the Luzon Grid thru 37 km, ST-DC, 500 kV, 4 X
795 MCM ACSR/AS ‘cut-in’ to the existing San Jose – Tayabas 500 kV line and
2 X 2.4 km, SP-DC1, 230 kV, 2 X 410 mm2 TACSR/AS ‘bus-in’ to the existing
Munitinlupa – Paco 230 kV line, respectively. Both segment of the 500 kV and
230 kV transmission lines will be routed along C-6 road near the shoreline of
Laguna de Bay.
PhP 9,528.73 Billion (with RVAT, Land-related CAPEX and Permit Fee)
(PhP)
Possible Financing Scheme NGCP Internal Cash Generation (ICG)
Location of the Project Barangay Sta. Ana, Taguig City
March 2016 – April 2021

Project Duration
Recommended Time of
April 2019
Implementation
The Project will complement to the existing San Jose and Dasmariñas 500 kV
Intended Beneficiaries Substations. It will also support to the growing demand being served by Doña
Imelda, Quezon, Taytay, Marilao, Paco, Muntinlupa and Las Piñas 230 kV
drawdown substations serving the 115 kV Primary Distribution System of
MERALCO in Metro Manila.
Success Indicators Stable, efficient and reliable power supply in Luzon particularly Metro Manila.
Possible opposition from Project Affected Persons (PAPs) on the implementation

Expected Private Sector of the project hence, endorsements of concern Local Government Units (LGUs)
Response is needed. Project information and dissemination is also being undertaken to
secure the assistance and support of the PAPs.
FRAMEWORK FOR PLANNING
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Strategic planning which answers the following four fundamental questions:
- Where are we now?

- Where do we want to go?
- How do we go there?
- How do we know we are there?
Application of the “What 2) So What? 3) Now, what? 4) Then, what?” matrix
SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS: Where are we now? (should be updated with new

survey/interviews/FGD)
1. Status of LLDA IEC

2. LLDA Stakeholders’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) and perceptions of,
expectations from LLDA and needs (PEN) study
- Familiarity with LLDA
- Sources of Information on LLDA
- Perceived Benefits from Laguna de Bay
- Accessibility of LLDA Sources of Information
- Respondents’ Information Needs
- Perception of the Water Quality of the Lake
- Understanding of Environmental User Fee System (EUFS)
- Understanding of Effluent Trading
- Understanding of Public Disclosure Program
- Understanding of Alternative Dispute Resolution
- Understanding of Watershed
- Understanding of Pollution
- Understanding Decision Support System
- Willingness to Pay
- Knowledge of LLDA Programs
- LLDA Programs they Like Best
- Perceived Strengths of LLDA
- Perceived Weaknesses of LLDA
- Perception of LLDA’s Overall Performance (Public Assistance Desk/feedback
mechanism)
- Audience Segmentation
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GOALS/OBJECTIVES SETTING: Where do we want to go?
a. Goal
b. Objectives
STRATEGIC APPROACHES: How do we go there?
a. Environmental education – this will involve the integration of fundamental

principles of sound natural resource management into the science subjects in the
curriculum of formal education starting at the elementary and onward to high
school level.
As defined by IUCN (1971), cited in LLDA IEC Plan for LISCOP, environmental
education is the process of recognizing values and clarifying concepts in order to
develop skills and attitudes necessary to understand and appreciate the
interrelationships among men, his culture, and his biophysical surroundings. It entails
practice in decision-making and self-formulation of a code of behaviour about issues
concerning environmental quality.
b. Environmental communication refers to the application of communication

principles and techniques in addressing environmental problems. It focuses more
on the environmental issues of the day and does not follow hierarchical structure
of learning present in environmental education. It is a discipline and a practice
envisioned as a means for enhancing environmental literacy, awareness and
sustainable environmental practices.
SPECIFIC COMMUNICATION APPROACHES
• Advocacy
• Social marketing
• Social mobilization
• Tree Planting
Fun Run
Networking/ linkaging and alliance building
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Institutional Partnership
Corporate Social Responsibility
Information, education and communication
Green Building Tour
Community communication
Community organizing
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Chapter 8
IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
As stated earlier, the updated Laguna de Bay Basin Master Plan is envisioned to change the way
that the basin is managed. Implementing the basin plan will require transforming it into detailed
implementation plan. Implementing the updated master plan will benefit from the following: (i)
the legal statute (R.A. 4850 as amended) providing the policy and legal context for ILBM; (ii)
existence of the LLDA clothed with a clear mandate to manage the lake basin across
administrative provincial, city and municipal boundaries, thus providing an institutional home and
an effective implementation monitoring system; and (iii) critical basin concerns that calls for
meaningful interventions to address priority basin issues. All these also provide built-in advantage
to situations requiring cooperative arrangements to effectively implement the basin plan.
8.1 Implementation Strategies

8.1.1 Iterative Process
For some of the development goals/objectives, translating the plan into detailed implementation
plans will require close integration with major basin actions and thematic plans such as
infrastructure development plan and water supply development plan. For other objectives, there
may be a need for specific plans to be developed such as wastewater treatment plans. This will
require an iterative process over time that will assess relationship between development and
environmental priorities, identifying key issues and deciding on trade-offs using scenarios. This
process will also be a mechanism for engaging a range of decision-makers and stakeholders.
This iterative process of assessing scenarios and revising plans builds flexibility into the basin
plan implementation. With developed and tested tools and using scientific information generated
by LLDA and other agencies, scenario assessment can provide the basin plan greater chance of
remaining coherent and actionable in the face of a dynamic lake basin system like Laguna de
Bay.
8.1.2 Go for immediate “Wins” for current prioritized issues and adoption of a phased
approach to achievement of long-term goals
Some basin issues are of higher priority, hence will demand more immediate attention than
others. Further, it is not possible to address all the issues at the same time throughout the basin.
Attempts to do so can lead to the most important issues not being addressed. Similarly,
management measures/interventions may be prioritized according to technical, financial and
institutional feasibilities. It may be important to consider those issues that have a high political
profile, and those that can create momentum through immediate “wins”, or so called “low-hanging
fruits”.
8.1.3 Development of Relevant and Consistent Thematic and Sub-Basin Plans Linked to
the Basin Plan
Once approved and implemented, in consonance with the nesting approach discussed in Chapter
5 (Overall Development Framework), the updated basin master plan will provide an overarching
strategic framework to sub-basin/ thematic plans to ensure consistent objectives, alignment of
policy and institutional cooperation around the interrelationship and interdependencies
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between/among the thematic and sub-basin plans. These plans translate the strategic intent of
the “umbrella” Laguna de Bay basin plan into implementable activities and interventions. The
thematic plans can include plans related to protection, conservation and rehabilitation, disaster
risk and institutional aspects of the basin plan. On the other hand, the sub-basin plans will deal
with the institutional arrangements for management of the 24 sub-basins, e.g., creation of sub-
WQMAs and formulation of detailed sub-basin management plans.
8.2 Plan Implementation Arrangements

It has been stated in relevant chapters/sections of this report that the basin planning process and
plan implementation have a remarkably good chance of success because of a supportive legal
and institutional context, i.e., the LLDA Charter that serves as the plan’s “institutional home”. The
basin plan itself was borne out of a highly participative stakeholders consultation, thus clearly
indicating its wide ownership. The LLDA, as the principal mandated lead institution, has to drive
the planning and implementation processes.
Thus, it is important to recognize the importance of a clear and coherent legal and institutional
arrangements and capacity within which the basin plan is developed and implemented. The plan
implementation arrangements embodied in the current basin plan are informed by and evolved
out of the lessons learned from previous cooperation arrangements pursued by LLDA and other
agencies/ institutions for lake basin management plans/programs/projects, as well as the
experience during the basin planning processes. The institutional arrangements and capacity are
described hereunder in terms of roles and responsibilities in the plan implementation, to be
institutionalized through an Institutional Memorandum of Agreement (I-MOA) to be executed by
the parties concerned. Aside from formalizing their participation in plan implementation, the I-
MOA will be a legally binding document which shall transform the roles/responsibilities of
implementing agencies to accountabilities and obligations, including resource commitments to the
successful implementation of the basin plan. Upon mutual agreement among all parties, other
institutions and agencies may be identified and included in the partnership as the plan
implementation progresses.
8.2.1 Roles/Responsibilities
a) The LLDA, as the lead implementing agency, is responsible for the overall supervision
and execution of the plan implementation. This function will be mainstreamed within the
LLDA through the Policy Planning and Information Management Division (PPIMD) and
shall include the following roles/responsibilities:
i) Implement the Laguna de Bay Basin Master Plan in accordance with the institutional
memorandum of agreement;
ii) Ensure the attainment of the key result areas and performance indicators stipulated in
the agreement;
iii) Build the capacity of LLDA’s implementing arms, Local Government Units, River
Councils, FARMCs, and other key institutional partners and stakeholders in plan
implementation, and as such, allow active and meaningful stakeholders participation
in the implementation thereof.
iv) Closely coordinate with the Department of Finance, NEDA, Department of Budget and
Management, DENR and other relevant agencies, to source funding support and
ensure timely and regular release of adequate budgetary allocations for plan
implementation;
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v) Monitor and evaluate the progress of plan implementation;

vi) Lead the conduct of plan implementation assessment, review and updating and
ensure the active participation of a wide-range of stakeholders;
vii) Conduct annual forum/conference, consolidate results and accomplishments for
publication in the Laguna de Bay Environment Monitor.
The development and implementation of specific programs/ projects under the Master
Plan shall be the responsibility of the Project Development, Monitoring and Evaluation
Division (PDMED), which shall closely collaborate with the Resource Management and
Development Department’s Community Development Division on implementation of
community-based projects, and the Environmental Quality and Research Division on the
technical aspects and support research services needed. The Environmental Regulation
Department shall implements, monitor and evaluate implementation of policy and
regulatory/enforcement programs and MBIs under the master plan. The Management
Services Department/Finance Division on the financial and fiscal aspects and logistics
support of plan implementation in general and of programs/projects implementation under
consideration. All departments/divisions of LLDA shall closely coordinate with the PPIMD
in relation to the overall progress of the master plan implementation.
b) The DENR shall:
i) Provide policy guidance, technical and administrative support to the plan

implementation;
ii) Undertake strategic action steps necessary to put in place appropriate policy/ies
(in the form of proposed legislations, standards and ) to carry out the set vision
and objectives of the basin plan;
iii) Through the Environmental Management Bureau, streamline and fast track the
EIA process for the programs/projects under the Laguna de Bay Basin Masterplan;
iv) Allocate and provide funding within the DENR budgetary ceiling for relevant
programs/projects of the plan; and
v) Undertake jointly with LLDA, GCG, DBM, DOF monitoring and evaluation of plan
implementation based on KRA and performance targets.
c) The Governance Commission on GOCCs (GCG) shall undertake jointly with the LLDA,
DOF and DBM, monitoring and evaluation of plan implementation based on the agreed upon
KRAs and performance targets;
d) The Department of Finance (DOF), National Economic and Development Authority

(NEDA) and Department of Budget and Management (DBM) shall make appropriate
recommendations on the funding for urgent/ priority programs/projects of the master plan from
bilateral and multi-lateral sources;
e) The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) shall continue implementation
of its Flood Control Master Plan for Metro Manila and Surrounding Areas, including priority
flood control projects and facilities that include “flood risk and drainage and flood water
overflow management projects, water resource containment and development and
improvement and rehabilitation of related infrastructures and those programs and activities
responsive to climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction and their sub-component
projects, within the Laguna de Bay Basin” (MOA on Flood Control and River Protection
Convergence Project in year 2014, and in this regard:
373
i) Allocate within the approved GAA and ODA funding for flood control and other
infrastructure projects under the DPWH Flood Control Master Plan and Laguna de Bay
Basin Master Plan;
ii) Ensure the timely releases of funding for basin infrastructure including flood mitigation,
climate change-related projects in the Laguna de Bay Basin.
iii) Facilitate allocation of budgetary cover for master plan priority programs/projects to be
financed through ODA (bilateral and multi-lateral).
g) The Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (DA-

BFAR) shall prioritize agriculture and fishery projects in the Laguna de Bay Basin and allocate
funds therefor.
h) The Department of Social Welfare and Development shall: provide social services
support to community-based programs/projects related to fishery, DRRM, resettlement and
relocation of vulnerable communities facing risks due to flood and other climate change
impacts.
i) The Department of Transportation and Communication shall prioritize transport

and transport-related programs/ projects in the Laguna de Bay Basin
j) The Department of Trade and Industry shall prioritize handicraft making, furniture
making and other livelihood projects and related capacity building/technical
entrepreneurial skills training support in the Laguna de Bay Basin and allocate funds
therefor.
k) The Department of Tourism shall develop and implement eco-tourism projects and
provide skills training, technical services support to such projects in the Laguna de Bay
Basin
l) Local Government Units (LGUs) implements/co- implements at the municipal/city-level

component programs/projects of the master plan.
m) River Councils/FRBC, FARMCs, among others, participates in programs/projects

implementation at the field level.
8.2.2 Monitoring and Evaluation
The plan implementation M&E will be housed in LLDA, and shall use its Decision Support System
(DSS) and its built-in information system, simulation and analysis systems, whenever applicable.
This will facilitate reporting and analysis on the status, performance and impacts of the plan
implementation. Such information will be highly important in the annual review of the plan
implementation and its periodic updating.
8.3 Implementation Timetable
The time period covered by the updated master plan follows an adaptive approach, recognizing
that the plan may require modifications over time due to the following:
374
• Complexity of the lake basin management issues; it takes time to generate

updated and complete information;
• Future uncertainties, especially in relation to prediction of climate change and
disaster risks during the planning process
In fact, in G. Pegram, Y. Li, Le, QUesne, R. Speed, J. Li, and F. Shen. 2013. River Basin Planning
Principles, procedures and approaches for strategic basin planning. Paris, UNESCO, “Adaptive
management systems are usually developed around good monitoring and information systems,
with flexibility provided in the way in which objectives and actions are defined and achieved”. The
authors combined this adaptive management philosophy with the stages of planning results in a
series of review and feedback loops. The generic process of basin planning, iteration and
adaptation follows these timeframes:
• Basin vision and objectives : 20-year re-planning

• Basin strategies and situation assessment : 5-7 year review
• Implementation : Annual refinement
• Monitoring and review : Annual
The updated Master Plan for the Laguna de Bay Basin has a 10-year timescale (2016-2026)
considering the new vision/ mission of the LLDA for the region, and 6-year planning cycle for
strategies based on the results of periodic monitoring and review of plan implementation and
assessment of conditions.
Furthermore, the Plan encompasses a longer-term vision, envisaging the state of Laguna de Bay
basin 20-30 years from now. This necessitate flexible operation and, if necessary, revisions in
response to environmental, climate-related, socio-economic and other changes. This plan has
been set as the first stage (2016-2026). The objective of the first stage is to promote
environmental conservation through steady yet flexible implementation of ongoing initiatives,
based on constant review of effectiveness, coordination among various interventions, introduction
of new initiatives and projects, and continuous surveying and monitoring. The 2nd stage (beyond
2026) is to further promote conservation initiatives in response to new findings in the 1 st stage ,
with particular focus on preventive and rehabilitative measures.
Timelines
The chart below shows the indicative timeframe between 2016 to 2026 for the urgent
programs/projects under the Plan. It is important to stress that the time indicated hereunder may
change based on the monitoring and assessment of plan implementation as well as new
information/ findings that may emerge from on-going and new initiatives of the master plan.
375
Table 8.2: Indicative Program/ Project Implementation Timetable

2016-2026
Activities Deliverables Timetable
Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10
PRE-
IMPLEMENTATION
i)Conditional Board Board

X
approval Resolution
ii) Revision incorporating Revised draft

X
Board’s inputs master plan
iii) Posting of revised Consolidated

master plan in the LLDA comments
Website for info/ inputs from X
from stakeholders stakeholders
iv) updating draft master Final draft

plan with inputs from X
stakeholders
v) Final Board approval Board

X
Resolution
vi) Roadshow to
disseminate approved X X
Basin Master Plan
vii) Fund Outsourcing X X X X X X X X X X X
PLAN IMPLEMENTATION
Implementation of On-
going Programs/ X X X X X X X X X X
projects
Implementation of urgent Programs/ projects

1.Strengthened IEC
X X X X X X X X X X
Program
2.Multi-Stakeholder
Reforestation Priority Sub- X1 X X X X X
watersheds
3 Establishment &
X X X X X X X X X X
Strengthening of IWMCs
376
4 Improving EUFS
Through Policy & X X X X X X X X X
Institutional Reforms
5. GIS-Assisted
Participatory Sub-Basin X
Land Use Planning
6 Rehabilitation of Existing
Wawa Dam &
Construction of Upper X
Rodriguez & Boso-Boso
Dam
7.Integrated Laguna Lake-

Pasig River-Manila Bay
Discharge Capacity
X X X
Improvement (Dredging/
Flood Control/Linkage)
Improvement Project
8 Sewage Treatment
X X X
Plants
9 Developing Natural
Wastewater Treatment X X X
Systems
10 Devt. Partnership
Approach Addressing
X X X
Wastewater Pollution
from Domestic Sources
11 Devt Partnership
X X X X X X X X X X
Addressing SWM
12 Construction of
Regional Sanitary Landfill X X X
with MRFs
13 Strengthened Laguna
Lake & Tributary River X X X X X X X X X X
Systems WQM
14 Raw Water Price for

Hydroelectric Power X X X
Generators
15 Revision Using Satellite

Generated Maps &
X X X
Implementation of
ZOMAP
377
16 Title-Based Parcellary
Mapping for Shoreland X X X X X X X X
Management System
17 Automatic
Telemetering System for X
Laguna Lake
18 Prescribing Flood-
Neutral Land Devt. &
X X X X X X X X X
Standardizing Approval of
Devt. Plans & Permits
20 River Rehabilitation
Institutional Partnership &
X X X X X X
Construction of Gabions &
Ripraps
21 Pasig-Marikina-Laguna
de Bay Watershed
Hydrologic Monitoring & X X
Flood Warning System
(EFCOS)
22 Bamboo for Life Project X X X
23 Knife Fish Retrieval

X X X X X X X X X X
Project
24 Processing & Use of

Water Hyacinth Materials X X X X X X X X X
for Handicraft Making
25 Fishermen’s Village &

X X
Wharf
26 Arts & Craft X X
27 Pila Heritage X X
28 Herbal & Botanical Park X X
29 Devt. Of LLDA
X X X X
Properties
30 Laguna Lake Ferry

System or Manila Bay-Pasig
X X X X X X
River-Laguna Lake
(MAPALLA) Ferry System
SITUATIONAL
ASSESSMENT & REVIEW X X
OF BASIN STRATEGIES
378
MONITORING & REVIEW X X X X X X X X X X
ANNUAL PLAN
X X X X X X X X X X
REFINEMENT
PLAN UPDATING X X
8.4 Investment and Financing Plan
A total of Php86.0891 billion will be required to smoothly implement the 10-year Master Plan, specifically
its component urgent and priority programs/ projects (Chapter 7).
8.4.1 Fund Outsourcing
The LLDA is authorized under its Charter as amended to access funds from the following external sources:
• National Government subsidies and financial assistance to carry out its social overhead projects,
upon recommendation of the NEDA Board;
• Bilateral and multilateral sources through their technical assistance grants or loan facilities;
• Contracted loans through floating of bonds and other debt instruments;
• Sale of stocks and invest in secured debt instruments
• Public-private partnership
• Build-Operate-Transfer contracts with private entities pursuant to thee BOT Law (RA 6957 as
amended by RA 7718
The LLDA can also make recommendations to the proper government agencies on the peso or dollar
financing requirements of its mandated functions, technical support, the level of priority to be given to certain
projects, and accordingly solicit assistance from the national Government or any of its instrumentalities.
The Charter of the LLDA further allows it to receive sovereign guarantee for the payment for principal and
interest of the loans, bonds, debentures and other obligations of the Authority.
While the LLDA Charter provides for broad opportunities to expand its financial base, these are limited and
hampered by the long, tedious and multi-layered approval process of the National Government through the
Investment Coordination Council and NEDA Board, thus affecting the proper timing and provision of
financing for long-term sustainability of the lake and watershed resources.
8.4.2 Financing Schemes/Strategies
8.4.2.1 Corporate Funding
LLDA’s projects have been funded through corporate funds, grants and donations from local and foreign
fund sources. Hence, most of the soft interventions under the Master Plan, such as regulatory tools and
market-based instruments, community-based environmental and natural resource management measures
and IEC programs, will be funded through corporate funds.
379
8.4.2.2 Funded by Government (General Appropriation Act)

As a GOCC, the LLDA has no allocation from the National Government through the GAA. The much-
needed water-related and environment infrastructure to address the environmental issues, including
declining water quality, will be funded by the National Government through the DBM. The flood control and
drainage measures for municipalities and cities along river tributaries will continue to be explored.
8.4.2.3 Through Official Development Assistance (ODA)

LLDA’s past and present development and environmental initiatives funded through ODA, e.g., LISCOP
Project, unduly suffered due to lack of National Government guarantee as LLDA has no allocation in the
GAA. The LLDA has to literally beg line agencies, such as the DENR, DOF and DBM for the needed
budget cover for its ODA-funded projects. The LLDA has to negotiate with DENR and other line agencies
on budgetary allocation as it is tantamount to competing internally with their own foreign-assisted projects
for a share in their budget ceilings.
Under the ODA set up, the LBDC would establish an Infrastructure Development Fund (IDF). In this
mechanism, financing assistance from donor agencies such as the World Bank and Asian Development
Bank would be secured, and the funds channelled to project preparation and/or co-financing for their
implementation. The LLDA Charter does not allow it to manage the IDF directly as this is legally untenable
within the existing regulatory framework of the LLDA. As a regulatory body, LLDA could not act as a funding
intermediary that relends funds to borrower who are at the same time its regulated clients (LLDA-Tetra
Tech EMI. Final Report No. 2 – Trunk Infrastructure Priorities and Implementation Strategy Through Private
Sector Participation: Review of Past Studies and LLDA Institutional Re-engineering. April 2008).
8.4.2.4 Through Public-Private Partnership (PPP)

In the Philippines. The PPP modality has opened the possibility of long-term finance from domestic and
international sources due to improved and continued reforms in corporate governance and the stock and
bond markets. Further, the most successful models for the geographically focused agencies, such as
lake/river basin authorities, in other countries, e.g., Tennessee Valley Authority in the United States, rely
on commercially based project development concepts. These experiences combined with increasing
favorable capital market environment and the support of multilateral agencies put LLDA in a unique position
to carry out the necessary re-engineering process toward meeting its original mandate, that is, development
(environmental) and sustainable management of the water resources in the Lake and its watershed.
The new institutional re-engineering model of LLDA segregates overtime the regulatory functions from the
development mandates. As part of the re-engineering effort, LLDA intends to pursue infrastructure
development projects through the PPP approach through either the following tracks:
• Track 1: Establish an initially wholly owned subsidiary, Laguna de Bay Development Corporation
(LBDC), as a vehicle to carry on infrastructure project development and market these projects to
the private sector or other investors. As an entry point, LLDA plans to pilot test the viability of
LBDC by prototyping one water supply and sewerage and sanitation project development. If the
results show success, LLDA will seek the approval for establishing LBDC on a permanent basis.
LBDC when formed will enable the Authority to fulfill one of the most important covenants of its
Charter (R.A. 4850 as amended).
• Track 2: Proceed directly to joint-venture arrangement with interested and capable private sector
investor in water supply and sanitation project under the PPP modality.
In both tracks, based on the institutional re-engineering program, the LLDA will create the Project
Development Facility (PDF) within its organization. In the new rationalized organizational set up as
approved by the Department of Budget and Management, the Project Development and Management and
Evaluation Division (PDMED) has been established which may take the role of the envisioned PDF. The
380
PDMED/PDF may also include additional part-time support assigned to the PDF either from within the LLDA
or outside consultants. Depending on the skills set of the PDMED/PDF members as finally constituted, it
would be wise to retain one outside financial advisor to support the process (LLDA-Tetra Tech EMI, Final
Report No. 4 –Detailed Plan for Developing Larger Trunk Infrastructure Development Project by LLDA’s
PDF Using Private Sector Participation. April 2008).
Key Features
• Laguna de Bay Development Corporation

The LBDC will facilitate and manage the Authority’s investments in larger environmental and water
resources-related infrastructure development. Although it will be responsible for the development functions
of LLDA, implementation and execution of projects will be contracted out to the private sector through the
PPP modality. The LBDC’s mandate is to plan, program, supervise and monitor projects. Specifically, the
LBDC shall:
➢ Prepare a detailed infrastructure development plan;

➢ Create special purpose vehicles (SPVc) for joint venture and other arrangements with the private
sector and investors for infrastructure projects under PPP modality;
➢ Direct investments in non-profit environmental infrastructure projects through external financing or
grants.
• Joint Venture Company and other SPVs

As an alternative, LBDC and private sector partner may set up SPV to manage or operate the project. The
SPV may spin off as separate company, e.g., joint venture company with separate juridical personality. A
certain percentage of the revenues collected by SPV would be shared with LLDA, e.g., resource use fee in
the case of water supply drawn from the lake or any of the river tributaries, depending on the nature of the
infrastructure projects and prior agreements.
• Alternative Modalities
There are a number of options available to LLDA for financing the plan implementation: bond financing8;
credit enhancement9 and co-financing through joint venture and partnership with private sector and/or other
government corporations and LGUs. Co-financing with the private sector has a number of advantages: (i)
allows LLDA to capitalize on private sector’s innovations to achieve environmental quality goals; (ii) reduces
the cost of compliance and enforcement over time; and (iii) encourage development of innovative pollution
reduction technologies and management techniques that may have wider applications. In this case, LLDA
invites the private sector to co-finance the project with the responsibility for operating and maintaining the
project.
8
Bonds are principal sources of capital financing, and have been to finance certain
environmental infrastructure projects. However, bond financing is not suitable for covering
the annual operating cost of LLDA, and if it carries the financial burden of capital financing,
then more funds from the revenue of LLDA can be made available for other purposes.
Bonds would be an appropriate for financing projects where debt service is repaid by user
charges, e.g., sanitary landfill projects.
9
Credit enhancement is useful for infrastructure facilities with no credit history, or for LGUs.
LLDA can act as intermediary in negotiating with financial institutions to develop credit
enhancement mechanisms. The down side is that it comes with legal implications as to its
regulatory role under its Charter.
381
8.4.2.5 Other/Mixed Financing

A combination of the above-mentioned financing options may be considered depending on the
financing needs. The decision will be based on a careful financing study with the aide of financial
modelling tools.
Final Note on Financing Options
The final decision on the most appropriate financing options is best left until after the feasibility studies have
been conducted. The foregoing discussion simply gives a range of options which can be studied under
different scenarios and simulated through financial modelling.
8.4.3 Environmental Trust Fund

The Project Development Fund (PDF) could be the precursor of the Environmental Trust Fund (ETF). The
PDF could be expanded as the ETF pursuant to the legal authority vested upon the LLDA by its Charter.
Section 4 (d) of RA 4850 provides that reasonable fees as may be determined by the LLDA Board of
Directors shall be collected for the processing of plans, programs and projects proposed by LGUs in the
region, public corporations, and private entities where such plans, programs and/or projects are within the
mandate of the Authority. Further, Section 3 of EO 927 empowers the LLDA to collect fees for the use of
the lake water and its tributaries for all beneficial purposes including but not limited to fisheries, recreation,
municipal, industrial, agricultural, navigation, irrigation, and waste disposal. However, the EO states that
the rates of the fees to be collected and the sharing of the revenues with other government agencies and
LGUs, if necessary, shall be subject to the approval of the President of the Philippines upon
recommendation of the LLDA Board, except the sharing of fishpen fee collections.
In addition, Section 4-A of RA 4850 authorizes the LLDA to collect fees as compensation for damages to
the water and aquatic resources of the Laguna de Bay and its tributaries resulting from failure to meet
established water and effluent quality standards, or from such other wrongful act or omission of a person,
private or public, juridical or not, punishable under the law. The money collected should only be used for
water quality control and management. Also, Section 4-B of RA 4850 empowers the LLDA to collect annual
fees for the use of the lake water and its tributaries for all beneficial purposes. The law specifically
mandates the LLDA to earmark the fees collected for the management and development of the lake and
its watershed. Finally, the LLDA as a government corporation, can generate its own revenues and use it
to realize its aims and purposes, such use limited to the management and development of the lake and its
watershed.
8.4.3.1 Principles and objectives of the Trust Fund

The objectives of the Environmental Trust Fund is to enhance the implementation of environmental
management activities in the Laguna de Bay Region. The establishment of the Fund shall be in accordance
with the following principles:
• Broad scope of the Fund to address a wide range of environmental projects to attain environmental
policy objectives inherent in the LLDA Charter and the Local Government Code and within the
priorities under the LLDA mandate;
• Flexibility to adapt to economic, social and environmental situation over time;
• Clear set of criteria for the use of the Fund;
• Establishment of a Fund Trustee, either a private-sector accounting firm or national development
bank, that should impose the general rules for financial control and accounting;
• Publication of Annual Financial Report and other documents to provide the public information on
the fund operations
8.3.3.2 Efficient Use of User Fee Collections Through the ETF

The LLDA intends to make efficient use of effluent charges (EUFS) and resource user fees by establishment
of various trust funds. Trust funds are widely used worldwide as a financing mechanism to fund water
resources management and environmental protection. It is easy to tract and could earn interest. Given the
382
legal basis in its existing Charter, LLDA could target specific initiatives to be funded out of the trust funds,
as follows:
•Lake Rehabilitation Trust Fund
–For projects that directly clean the lake water system
–Counterpart money for establishment of sewerage systems in the municipalities
•Recycling Initiatives Trust Fund

–For projects that focus on recycling and solid waste management
•Municipal Waste Water Treatment/STP Counterpart Trust Fund

–Counterpart financing for construction, repair, rehabilitation, or replacement of new and
existing waste water treatment facilities, sewage treatment systems, septage treatment
systems, etc.
8.4.3.3 Funding Sources of the Trust Fund

The Fund shall be generally sourced from the environmental charges, clearances and permits that are
collected through the operational activities of the LLDA. This provides a revenue base to finance priority
environmental projects in the Laguna de Bay Region. In essence, the Trust Fund is a revolving fund that is
replenished by LLDA through set-aside percentage of its annual operating revenues or such other sources
as may be determined by the LLDA. The Fund is disbursed annually to LGUs or other LLDA partners. The
Trust Fund is not an investment fund for large scale environmental infrastructure development. A separate
facility, the Laguna de Bay Infrastructure Development Fund discussed above will serve that purpose.
8.4.3.4 Trust Fund Arrangement

The parties to the Trust Fund are: (i) Grantors to the Fund – regulated businesses and facilities required
to secure permits and clearances and make payments to LLDA in the form of environmental fees, fines and
penalties, sources of international or domestic grants to enhance the environmental management program
in the Region; (ii) Trustee – a bank or other financial entity qualified to hold and invest such funds; and (iii)
Beneficiary – recipients of the fund, LGUs or other partners.
LLDA shall have a two-part structure for fund management consisting of the Management Unit and a
decision-making body. The Fund Management Unit which will be located within LLDA, will monitor
payments made to into the trust and oversee the environmental activities undertaken by the trustee and
fund recipients. Through the Supervisory Board, the decision-making body for the Fund, LLDA shall assume
responsibility for monitoring the flow of revenues into the trust fund and for informing the trustee on the
disbursement from the fund. The Board shall undertake procedures for identifying, preparing and deciding
upon the projects to be financed through the Fund.
8.4.5 Development of Raw Water EUFS
It is also an important direction for LLDA to develop its Raw Water EUFS. A water “market” pricing approach
would be difficult to implement because of the analytical problems that such a concept would create. The
adoption of a user fee system rather than a pricing based on “scarcity argument” will provide LLDA with the
flexibility, thus the need for LLDA to review the premise of its current water pricing scheme. It is the intention
of the Authority to earmark the fees collected for their intended use, i.e., for the protection of the water
source. This practice not only ensures that the system achieves it actual objective, it facilitates public
acceptance of the fee.
383

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Laguna de Bay Basin Master Plan:

2016 and Beyond Towards Climate Resilience and Sustainable Development

1.2.1. Past and Recent Efforts to Update the Master Plan

Development of the Framework for the New Laguna

In 2011, the LLDA revisited the 1995 master plan and

• Watershed level land use plan;

1.2.2. Impetus to the Updating of the Master Plans

1.3. Objectives and Outputs of the Project

1.4. Lake Basin Planning Framework and Principles

1.4.1. Development Planning Framework for the Laguna de Bay Basin

Figure 1.4.1.1: Plan Integration by Unification, ILBM 2006

Source: World Bank 2007

Figure 1.4.1.2: ILBM Management Continuum

Source: Lintner – World Bank 2007

1.5. Organization of the Plan

1.5.1. Plan Structure

The following are the core elements of the basin plan:

• Introduction to the basin master plan updating exercise including rationale/objectives,

1.5.2. Organization of the Final Report

2.3. Key Features of the Laguna de Bay Basin

2.3.1. Geographical Location

2.3.4. Demographic Profile of Laguna de Bay Region

2.4. General Land Use

Table 2.4.1: Current Land Uses in Laguna de Bay

2.4.1. Land Use Changes

2.4.1.2. Land cover in 2003

Figure 2.4.2.3 Land Cover by Watershed, 2003. Sub-watersheds are delineated

2.4.1.3. Land Cover in 2010

Figure 2.4.1.4 Land Cover by Watershed, 2010

2.4.1.4. Land cover change between 2003 and 2010

Area in hectares Area in hectares Change in hectares

2.4.1.5. Land Classification of the Laguna de Bay Region

Annual Crop 49,946 324 1,855 81 5,161 57,367

Figure 2.4.2.5 Land Classification of Laguna de Bay Region

2.4.3. Land Use Problems, Issues and Concerns

2.4.4. Flooding in the Shoreland

2.4.5. Titling of Shoreland Areas

2.4.6. Disorderly Use of Land

2.4.7. Conversion of Agricultural Lands and Denudation of Forested Lands

2.4.9. Land Capability Analysis

Table 2.4.9 Land Capability Criteria

CHAPTER 3 – SECTORAL PROFILE AND SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

3.1. LAKE AND RIVER SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT AREA

3.1.1.1. Lake Hydrology

3.1.1.2. Lake Bathymetry

Source: Laguna de Bay Atlas

Figure 3.1.1.3-2. Potential Evapo-Transpiration

3.1.1.4. Potential Evapotranspiration

3.1.1.5. Stream Flow

Figure 3.1.1.5-1: Annual Stream Flow in the years 1999 – 2004.

3.1.1.6. Lake Water Balance

3.1.1.7. Water Quality

Figure 3.1.1.7: Laguna Lake and Tributary Rivers Sampling Stations

3.1.2 Lake Uses and Benefits

The lake supports a range of environmental

3.1.3. Characteristics of the Tributary River System

3.1.3.1. Water Uses and Benefits of the Tributary River System

3.1.3.2. Status of the Lake and Tributary River System

Sampling Stations 2003 2010 2013

Figure 3.2.1-a Distribution of Laguna de Bay Shoreland Areas

Technical and Legal Basis of Shoreland Area (Elevation 12.50 meters)

Why average annual maximum?

Laguna de Bay Datum