UEE605: Power System Analysis &

Stability (Unit 4)
Lecture 08
Ms. Manbir Kaur
Associate Professor, EIED
TIET, Patiala
mkaur@thapar.edu
 Single Machine Infinite Bus System
• A single machine system with double circuit line
can be reduced to equivalent circuit as shown for
calculations:

Infinite
Machine Bus

16-04-2020 EIED Ms. Manbir Kaur Lecture 08(4) 2

 Effect of Fault on Mid-Point of TL-II on Transient
Stability
1. Let us now understand the transient behavior of the system, with both circuits in
service. considering a disturbance as line TL-II as three phase fault on mid point of
line.
2. Before this disturbance system is operating in steady state condition and delivering
power pe0 at rotor angle δ0. The mechanical power is assumed to be constant.
Before disturbance ; From circuit model
𝑋𝑇𝑅 = 𝑥𝑔 + 𝑥𝑇 + (𝑥𝑇𝐿𝐼 × 𝑥𝑇𝐿𝐼𝐼 )/(𝑥𝑇𝐿𝐼 +𝑥𝑇𝐿𝐼𝐼 )
𝐸′𝑉
Limit of power-angle curve 1 will be 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑋𝑇𝑅
Under steady state conditions before fault 𝑃𝑚𝑜 = 𝑃𝑒0 = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿0
𝑃𝑚𝑜
Such that 𝛿0 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
3. Three phase fault at mid point of line . Power angle curve is re-modelled for new transfer
reactance.
During Fault : From circuit model 𝑋𝑇𝑅 𝐼 is calculated using delta-star conversion,
followed by star-delta conversion.
𝐸′𝑉
Limit of power-angle curve 2 will be 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼 = 𝑋
𝑇𝑅𝐼
16-04-2020 EIED Ms. Manbir Kaur Lecture 08(4) 3
 Cont…
As 𝑋𝑇𝑅1 > 𝑋𝑇𝑅 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼 < 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
During fault, operating point will shift at point B (𝛿 = 𝛿0 ) 𝑜𝑛 power angle
curve 2 with maximum limit as 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼 .
4. As mech. Power > elec. Power output (Pm0>Pe1), It results into accelerating
power, it causes the rotor to accelerate from the initial operating point B
toward the new position C as less power is transferred to load. The difference
between Pm0 and Pe1 at any instant represents the accelerating power
5. At point C , the fault on TL-II line is cleared by opening CBs on either side
simultaneously.
Post –Fault Operation
6. As line TL-II is open, 𝑋𝑇𝑅 is re-calculated as 𝑋𝑇𝑅𝐼𝐼 = 𝑥𝑔 + 𝑥𝑇 + 𝑥𝑇𝐿𝐼
𝐸′𝑉
Limit of power-angle curve 3 will be 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼𝐼 =
𝑋𝑇𝑅𝐼𝐼

As 𝑋𝑇𝑅𝐼𝐼 < 𝑋𝑇𝑅𝐼 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼𝐼 > 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼

6. The operating point will shift from point C to D and will follow power angle
curve 3 till stability is achieved with limiting value of𝛿2 = 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 on curve 3.
In case line TL-II is reclosed after some time assume at point E, the operating
point will shift from E to point F on power angle curve 1. (as the complete
circuit is restored)
Due to oscillations rotor will swing. The maximum swing can be up to point J.
16-04-2020 EIED Ms. Manbir Kaur Lecture 08(4) 4
 Three phase Fault at Mid point of line
• Fault takes place on Line TL-II at around mid
point. But Line TL-II is not reclosed after
clearance of fault.

16-04-2020 EIED Ms. Manbir Kaur Lecture 08(4) 5

 Case 1: CBs do not reclose (Line TL-II is taken out)
𝛿𝑐𝑟 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐴1 = 𝛿0
𝑃𝑚0 − 𝑃𝑒1 𝑑𝛿 and 𝐴2 = 𝛿𝑐𝑟
𝑃𝑒2 − 𝑃𝑚0 𝑑𝛿
𝛿𝑐𝑟 −1 𝑃𝑚0
𝐴1 = 𝛿0
𝑃𝑚0 − 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 𝑑𝛿 , where 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜋 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝑃max 𝐼𝐼
Solving the integral
𝐴1 =𝑃𝑚0 𝛿𝑐𝑟 − 𝛿0 − 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿0 − cos𝛿𝑐𝑟
𝛿
Similarly 𝐴2 = 𝛿 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 − 𝑃𝑚0 𝑑𝛿
𝑐𝑟
Such that 𝐴2 = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿𝑐𝑟 − cos𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑃𝑚0 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝛿𝑐𝑟
Solving for 𝛿𝑐𝑟 using 𝐴1 = 𝐴2 ,
𝑃𝑚0 𝛿𝑐𝑟 − 𝛿0 − 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿0 − cos𝛿𝑐𝑟 =
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿𝑐𝑟 − cos𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑃𝑚0 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝛿𝑐𝑟
Rearranging and solving for 𝛿𝑐𝑟
−1
𝑃𝑚0 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝛿0 − 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿0 + 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝛿𝑐𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼𝐼 − 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼

𝟏/𝟐
𝟐𝑯(𝜹𝒄𝒓 −𝜹𝟎 )
Critical clearing time 𝒕𝒄𝒓 = (Refer lecture 06)
𝝅𝒇𝑷𝒎𝒐
Operating time of CB should be less than 𝒕𝒄𝒓
16-04-2020 EIED Ms. Manbir Kaur Lecture 08(4) 6
 Case 2: When line TL-II is reclosed
Let the CBS of line TL-II are reclosed at time 𝒕𝒓𝒄
Such that 𝒕𝒓𝒄 =𝒕𝒄𝒓 + τ
𝒕𝒓𝒄 : is time of reclosing after clearing by CBs
𝒕𝒄𝒓 : is critical clearing time
τ: is the time between clearing and re-closure
The operating point will shift from E to F on power angle curve 1
For system to be critically stable
Accelerating area =total decelerating area
𝛿𝑐𝑟 𝛿𝑟𝑐 𝛿𝑚𝑥𝑟

𝑃𝑚0 − 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 𝑑𝛿 = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 − 𝑃𝑚0 𝑑𝛿 + 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 − 𝑃𝑚0 𝑑𝛿

𝛿0 𝛿𝑐𝑟 𝛿𝑟𝑐

𝑃𝑚0
Where 𝛿𝑚𝑥𝑟 = 𝜋 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥

16-04-2020 EIED Ms. Manbir Kaur Lecture 08(4) 7

 Cont…
There are two cases
Case 1: CBs does not reclose the circuit.
8. Due to retarding action along path C to D, rotor swings due to inertia but rotor
speed starts decreasing.
9. Assume at point D’ , rotor regains syn. speed but due to retarding action the rotor
will swing back towards point D then to C due to poor damping . The oscillations of
rotor will continue till rotor gets stabilised at point C.
The limiting value of rotor angle will be δmax corresponding to point E. Decelerating
area will be as shaded blue in diagram.
Case 2: CBs reclose the line TL-II at point F
Assume CB operates and closes the line TL-II at point when δ =δrc . The operating point
will move to point F on original Pe-δ curve as the complete circuit is restored.
1. For values of δrc higher than δC , Pe is greater than Pm0 and the rotor
decelerates. At some peak value δ2, corresponding to point F’ the rotor speed
recovers to the synchronous value, but Pe is higher than Pm0.
2. The rotor continues to decelerate with the speed dropping below ω0; the
operating point retraces the Pe-δ curve from F’ to F then to A.
3. As all sources of damping are neglected, therefore, the rotor oscillates continue
unabated following the perturbation.
4. In this case the limiting value of rotor angle will be when δ =δmxr corresponding
to point G on Pe-δ curve . Decelerating area will be area covered as shaded red
in diagram.
5. Beyond point G the system will go unstable.
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 Cont…
According to equal area criteria, the system will be stable
when net area under P − 𝜹 curve is zero.
Accelerating area =Decelerating Area
Accelerating area is area under P − 𝜹 curve when 𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ >
𝑃𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐. Let it be area 𝐴1 .
Decelerating area is area under P − 𝜹 curve when 𝑃𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 >
𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ. Let it be area 𝐴2 .
For system to be transiently stable when 𝐴1 = 𝐴2
From P − 𝜹 curve ;
𝛿𝑐 𝛿1
𝐴1 = 𝑃𝑚0 − 𝑃𝑒 𝑑𝛿 and 𝐴2 =
𝛿0
𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑚0 𝑑𝛿
𝛿𝑐
For the system to be stable 𝛿1 can be found out when 𝐴1 = 𝐴2
, provided we know 𝛿𝑐

16-04-2020 EIED Ms. Manbir Kaur Lecture 08(4) 9

TS 13 / Q3: A 20MVA, 50 Hz generator delivers 15MW over double circuit line to an infinite
bus. The generator has kinetic energy of 2.5MJ/MVA at rated speed. The generator transient
reactance is 0.35pu.,each transmission circuit has reactance of 0.2pu on a 20MVA base. The
excitation voltage is 1.1pu and infinite bus voltage is 1.0pu. a three phase short circuit occurs
at the mid point of one of the transmission lines. Plot swing curve with fault cleared by
opening breaker simultaneously at both ends of line at 2.5 cycles after the occurrence of
fault.

Soln.: The given circuit consists of double circuit line . Fault occurs at the mid point
of the line and line is cleared by CBs in 2.5 cycle (50msec)
This means before fault, the complete network is operating to supply power of
15MW (On base of 20MVA, 15/20=0.75 per unit) to infinite bus held at 1.0 per
unit voltage.
For excitation voltage of 1.1per unit
𝐸. 𝑉
Maximum power limit of network under healthy conditions = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = =
𝑥𝑔+𝑥𝑇𝐿
1.1×1.0
0.2 = 2.444 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
0.35+( )
2
Equation of Power angle curve 1= 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 = 2.444 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿
under steady state conditions at point A
𝑃𝑚0 = 𝑃𝑒0 = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿0 = 0.75 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
−1
𝑃𝑚0 −1
0.75
𝛿0 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 17.870 𝑜𝑟 0.3117𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 2.444
16-04-2020 EIED Ms. Manbir Kaur Lecture 08(4) 10
 Cont…
During Fault, 𝑃𝑚0 =0.75 per unit,
𝐸. 𝑉 1.1 × 1.0
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼 = = = 0.88 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑋𝑇𝑅𝐼 1.25
0.35×0.1+0.1×0.2+0.2×0.35
Where 𝑋𝑇𝑅𝐼 = = 1.25 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
0.1
(Converting star into delta between gen and infinite bus)
Equation of power angle curve 2 will be 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 = 0.88 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿

Post Fault Conditions: Line TL-II is opened by CBs

𝐸. 𝑉 1.1 × 1.0
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼𝐼 = = = 2.0 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑋𝑇𝑅𝐼𝐼 0.35 + 0.2

Equation of power angle curve 3 will be 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 = 2.0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿

𝑃𝑚0 −1 0.75
From curve 3, 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜋 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 = π − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 157.970 or 2.756
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼𝐼 2.0
rad

16-04-2020 EIED Ms. Manbir Kaur Lecture 08(4) 11

 Cont…
−1
𝑃𝑚0 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝛿0 − 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿0 + 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝛿𝑐𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼𝐼 − 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼
−1
0.75(2.756 − 0.3117) − 0.88𝑐𝑜𝑠17.87 + 2.0𝑐𝑜𝑠157.97
𝑐𝑜𝑠
2.0 − 0.88
On solving; 𝛿𝑐𝑟 =134.370 or 2.344rad.
𝟏/𝟐
𝟐𝑯(𝜹𝒄𝒓 −𝜹𝟎 )
Critical clearing time 𝒕𝒄𝒓 =
𝝅𝒇𝑷𝒎𝒐

Inertia constant =2.5MJ/MVA =2.5*20/20=2.5 per unit

𝟐×𝟐.𝟓(𝟐.𝟑𝟒𝟒−𝟎.𝟑𝟏𝟏𝟕) 𝟏/𝟐
Critical Clearing time 𝒕𝒄𝒓 = =0.293 sec. =300msec.
𝝅×𝟓𝟎×𝟎.𝟕𝟓

As operating time of CB is less than critical clearing time. So the system will be
stable.

16-04-2020 EIED Ms. Manbir Kaur Lecture 08(4) 12

 TS13/ Q2: For a system feeding power through a double circuit line to an infinite bus 2,
the complex power delivered by the generator at bus 1 is 1.15+j0.75 p.u.. The
reactance values of all the components are as: generator xd’= j0.25, transformer xt =
j0.083, each line xl1=xl2= j0.5, voltage at infinite bus 2 is V2 = 100. (i) Find the voltage
behind transient reactance of the generator. (ii) Assuming H=3.0 sec., and D= 0.01 pu,
write the swing equation
Soln.: From equation of complex power = 𝑆𝑖 = 𝑃𝑖 + 𝑗𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 𝐼𝑖∗
𝑃𝑖 −𝑗𝑄𝑖 1.15−𝑗0.75
Current in the circuit = 𝐼𝑖 = = = 1.15 − 𝑗0.75 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑉𝑖∗ 1−𝑗0
Voltage behind transient reactance of generator =
𝑗0.5
𝐸 ′ = 𝑉𝑖 + 𝑗𝐼𝑖 𝑥𝑖𝑗 = 1 + 𝑗0 + 1.15 − 𝑗0.75 × 𝑗0.25 + 𝑗0.083 + 2 = 1.473 +
𝑗0.6705 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖𝟔∠25.090 per unit
Swing equation will be
𝐻 𝑑 2𝛿 𝑑𝛿
+ 𝐷 + (𝑃𝑚 −𝑃𝑒 ) = 0
𝜋𝑓 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
Substituting the values

3.0 𝑑 2𝛿 𝑑𝛿
+ 0.01 + (1.15 − 2.72 𝑃𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿) = 0
𝜋 × 50 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝒅𝟐𝜹 𝒅𝜹
0.0191𝒅𝒕𝟐 +𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝒅𝒕 + (𝟏. 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟐. 𝟕𝟐 𝑷𝑴𝒂𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜹)𝐝𝜹 = 𝟎

16-04-2020 EIED Ms. Manbir Kaur Lecture 08(4) 13

 References
1. I.J. Nagrath & D.P. Kothari, Power System
Engineering, 2nd Ed., TMHE pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi, Ch. 12, pp. 591-593
2. J.J. Grainger, & W.D. Stevenson, Power
System Analysis, TMHE Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,
Ch. 16.

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