Power System Analysis

(UEE509)
Module
Power System Control
Dr. Manbir Kaur
Course Coordinator
(Associate Professor)
and
Dr. Amit Kumar
Course Instructor
(Assistant professor(C-II))
Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology Patiala
(Deemed to be University)
Punjab India
 Reasons for Limiting Frequency Deviations

• The three-phase AC motors running speed is directly proportional to the

frequency. So, the variation of system frequency will directly affect the motor
performance.
• The blades of the steam turbine and the water turbines are designed to operate
at a particular speed and the frequency variations will cause change in the
speed. This will lead to excessive vibration and cause damage to the turbine
blades.
• The frequency error may produce havoc in the digital storage and retrieval
process.
 Brief Idea of Frequency Issue
• In the interconnected electrical power system it is necessary to maintain the
continuity of power supply and reliability. This constitutes of entities like
generation, transmission and distribution. The interconnection of several
control areas causes the problem of frequency and tie-line power deviations.
• The major cause of the frequency and tie-line power deviation is the
mismatch between power generation and load demand.
• In order to overcome the frequency and tie-line power deviations, Automatic
Generation Control (AGC) is playing a vital role. AGC consists of Automatic
Load Frequency Control (LFC) and Economic Load Dispatch (ELD).
• ALFC which is sub-system of AGC is very useful in controlling the electrical
energy at nominal system frequency and terminal voltage with variations
within tolerance band to maintain the power quality standards. The aim of
AGC is to reduce or minimise the steady state error of the system frequency
deviations following a step load changes or perturbations.
 Brief Idea of Frequency Issue
• The load variations in the power system are uncertain in nature. Therefore,
the demand and generation mismatch is frequently happening throughout the
day. This influences the frequency of the interconnected power system and
hence the stability of the power system.
• The conventional system of control is using flyball type governor
mechanism for speed control to fill-up the gap of generation and demand
mismatch. This control is mechanical system which is slow.
• Therefore a fast control mechanism is required for better control, AGC is
providing the faster, economical operation and stabilization of the frequency.
• Further, AGC performance can be much more enhanced if the controller
utilized in that will be designed in the proper way.
 Automatic Load Frequency Control(ALFC)
The basic duty of ALFC is
• To maintain desired megawatt output of a generator unit matching
with the changing load
• To assist in controlling the frequency of larger interconnection.
• To keep the net interchange power between pool members at the
predetermined value.
• The ALFC loop will maintain control only during normal (small
and slow) changes in load and frequency. It is typically unable to
provide adequate control during emergency situations, when large
megawatt imbalance occur. Then more drastic emergency control
must be applied.
ALFC and AVR System Block Diagram
Automatic Load Frequency Control loop Automatic Voltage Control loop
Detailed Schematic of ALFC and AVR System
 Cross-Coupling Between Control Loops
• The AVR and ALFC Loops are not in truest sense non-Interacting; Cross-Coupling
is present between these two loops.
• However, AVR loop is much faster than ALFC loops. Therefore the dynamics of
AVR loop is considered to be independent of ALFC loop.
Brushless AVR Loop
Modelling of Exciter and Generator
Linearized Automatic Voltage Regulator System Block Diagram
Speed Governing System
The important parts of the speed
governing system are
1. Fly ball speed governor
2. Hydraulic amplifier
3. Speed changer
4. Linkage mechanism
 Speed Governing System
I. Fly ball speed governor: This is the heart of the system which senses the change in
speed. As the speed increases the fly balls move outwards and the point B on linkage
mechanism moves downwards. The reverse happens when the speed decreases.
II. Hydraulic amplifier: It comprises a pilot valve and main piston arrangement. Low
power level pilot valve movement is converted into high power level piston valve
movement. This is necessary in order to open or close the steam valve against high
pressure steam.
III. Linkage mechanism: ABC is a rigid link pivoted at B and CDE is another rigid link
pivoted at D. This link mechanism provides a movement to the control valve in
proportion to change in speed. It also provides a feedback from the steam valve
movement
IV. Speed changer: It provides a steady state power output setting for the turbine. Its
downward movement opens the upper pilot valve so that more steam is admitted to the
turbine under steady conditions. The reverse happens for upward movement of speed
changer.
 Modelling of ALFC Components
Speed Governing System

R is known as regulation constant or droop.

Its dimension is Hz/MW.

Hydraulic Valve Actuator Turbine-Generator Response Static Performance of Speed Governor

Closure of ALFC loop
Closure of ALFC loop
Basic Two-Area Interconnected Power System Block Diagram