Presentation On

Automatic load frequency

and voltage control

PRESENTED BY –
VARGOB LAHKAR (190910003033)
AADRITEE BHARADWAJ 190910003001)
DEEPJYOTI HANDIQUE (190910003011)
NILAKHYA SAHARIAH
JIRKO BRAHMA
KIRHONG BEY
 AUTOMATIC LOAD FREQUNECY CONTROL

 The ALFC loop has been bifurcated into two primary and secondary ALFC loop. The
purpose of both these loop is to achieve real power balance in the system.
 The chief objective of the ALFC is to maintain the desired real power output of
asynchronous generators unit and to assist the process of frequency control of the
interconnected network.
 ALFC loop is functionable only during small and slow changes in load and frequency.
 In a Typical thermal power plant the primary ALFC loop uses the Speed Governing system
to execute the desired control on the MW output of the generator.
Turbine Speed Governing mechanism
 The speed governor is the primary tool for the load frequency control (LFC)
 The figure shows a schematic arrangement of a speed governing system used on stream turbine
to control the output of the generator to maintain Constant frequency.
 The speed governor system consist of the following parts –
1. Speed governor
2. Linkage mechanism
3. Hydraulic amplifier
4. Speed change
 1. Flyball speed governor
This is the heart of
the system which
senses the change in
speed (frequency).
As the speed
increases the fly
balls move outwards
and the point B on
linkage mechanism
moves downwards.
The reverse happens
when the speed
decreases.
 2. Hydraulic Amplifier

• IT COMPRISES A PILOT VALVE AND MAIN PISTON LOW POWER LEVEL

PILOT VALVE MOVEMENT IS CONVERTED INTO HIGH POWER LEVEL
PISTON VALVE MOVEMENT
• THIS IS NECESSARY IN ORDER TO OPEN OR CLOSE THE STEAM VALVE
AGAINST HIGH PRESSURE STEAM
 3. Linkage mechanism

• ABC is a rigid link pivoted at B and CDE is another rigid link pivoted at This link
mechanism provides a movement to the control valve in proportion to change in
speed.
• It also provides a feedback from the steam valve movement
 4. Speed changer

• IT PROVIDES A STEADY STATE POWER OUTPUT SETTING FOR THE

TURBINE.
• ITS DOWNWARD MOVEMENT OPENS THE UPPER PILOT VALVE SO THAT
MORE STEAM IS ADMITTED TO THE TURBINE UNDER STEADY
CONDITIONS (HENCE MORE STEADY POWER OUTPUT).
• THE REVERSE HAPPENS FOR UPWARD MOVEMENT OF SPEED CHANGER.
 Logics of Operations of Turbine speed
governing mechanism

 To raise the steam entry, speed changer setting is raised, 'A' lowers, 'C' raises along with
movement of pilot valve upwards.
 High pressure oil enters through upper opening at main piston, which then moves
downwards. This opens main control valve.
 To reduce the steam entry, speed changer is lowered and reverse operation takes place.
 Once the turbine speed increases, balls of the speed governor B, and B₂ move outer, 'B'
lowers, 'C' raises causing pilot valve to move downwards.
 High pressure oil enters through lower opening raising the main piston, closing the steam
valve. This reduces the steam entry. Let the downward movement of linkage point 'E'
results an increment in the control valve power given by delta P which is then transferred
to increment of turbine power delta PT.

 This increase being caused by change in Delta P,ref (say) initiated by change in reference
power setting it is evident that an increase in generated output power AP results from an
increase in Delta Pref and a decrease in Delta f;
 LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL(LFC)

 Load Frequency Control (LFC) is the basic control mechanism in the power system operation.
 Whenever there is a variation in load demand on a generating unit, there is momentarily an
occurrence of unbalance between real-power input and output. This difference is being
supplied, by the stored energy of the rotating parts of the unit.
 The LFC also controls the real-power transfer through the interconnecting transmission lines
by sensing the change in power flow through the tie lines.
 The speed/frequency variation concept can be extended from a single turbine-generator system
to a power system comprising several turbine generators. The mismatch between the total
power generated and the total electrical load causes the frequency change as dictated by the
combined system inertia.
 The governors of all the machines sense the frequency and the mechanical power outputs will
be changed automatically to match the combined generation with the new combined load. This
action is primary regulation.
 But frequency remains at a new value and set points must be adjusted, just as in single
machine case for frequency restoration. This job is done by the automatic load frequency
controller (ALFC) shown in figure.
 This process of set point adjustment is called secondary regulation.
 When load change occurs, frequency varies and the regulation initially for the first few
seconds is due to the action of the governors of all generating units and subsequently the load
frequency control system.
 Reason of the Constant Frequency

 The speed of the alternating current motors depends on the frequency of the power supply.
There are situations where speed consistency is expected to be of high order.
 The accuracy of the electric clocks are dependent on the frequency of the supply.
 If the normal frequency is 50 Hertz and the system frequency falls below 47.5 Hertz or goes
up above 52.5 Hertz then the blades of the turbine in wind mills are likely to get damaged so
as to prevent the stalling of the generator.
 Due to the subnormal frequency operation the blast of the ID and FD fans in the power
stations get reduced and thereby reduce the generation power in the thermal plants.
 LFC model for single area systems

 A complete block diagram representation of an isolated power system comprising

turbine, generator, governor and load is easily obtained by combining the block
diagrams of individual components, i.e.
1..Mode of speed
governing system
2. Turbine Model 3. Generator Load model
• By combining all the previous model we get can get the whole block
diagram of the single area load frequency control
Steady state analysis of the speed governor of
single area system.
 VOLTAGE CONTROL
 A power system is said to be well designed if it gives a good quality of reliable power
supply. By good quality is meant the voltage levels within the reasonable limit.

 Practically all the equipment's on the power system are designed to operate satisfactorily
only when the voltage level in the system correspond to their rated voltages.

 The variation in voltage level is allowed within the limit say ±5% at the consumer
terminals.
 In the power system load on the supply system increases, the voltage at the consumer
terminals decrease due to increase in voltage drop in the power system components
and vice versa.
 If the voltage variation is more than a pre-specified value, the Performance the
equipment suffers and the life of most of the equipment is also sacrificed.
 That's why voltage control is important in the power system. The voltage control is
done by using various
 WHY VOLTAGE CONTROL IS IMPORTANT

 In case of incandesce lamp; it is very sensitive to voltage change, if the fluctuations in the
voltage beyond certain level, life of the lamp decreases.

 In case of Induction motor, the torque is directly propositional to square of the terminal
voltage. If the supply voltage is low, the starting torque of the motor will be very low.

 Most of the electronics equipment are very sensitive about voltage variation.

 The picture on a television set starts rolling if the voltage is low because the florescent tube
refuses to glow at low voltage. Hence voltage variation must regulate and kept to a minimum
level.
 Multimeter of a AGC system

 Now a days in most of the cases, a group of generators are closely coupled internally
and swing in unison.
 These generator turbines tend to have the same response characteristics and such a
group of generators are said to be coherent.
 The LFC loop represent the whole system and the group is called the control group.
Thank You