UEE605: Power System Analysis &

Stability (Unit 4)
Lecture 09
Ms. Manbir Kaur
Associate Professor, EIED
TIET, Patiala
mkaur@thapar.edu
 Single Machine Infinite Bus System
• A single machine system with double circuit line
can be reduced to equivalent circuit as shown for
calculations:

Infinite
Machine Bus

13-10-2020 EIED Ms. Manbir KAur Lecture 09(4) 2

 Effect of Fault on Mid-Point of TL-II on Transient
Stability
1. Let us now understand the transient behavior of the system, with both circuits in
service. considering a disturbance as line TL-II as three phase fault on mid point of
line.
2. Before this disturbance system is operating in steady state condition and delivering
power pe0 at rotor angle δ0. The mechanical power is assumed to be constant.
Before disturbance ; From circuit model
𝑋𝑇𝑅 = 𝑥𝑔 + 𝑥𝑇 + (𝑥𝑇𝐿𝐼 × 𝑥𝑇𝐿𝐼𝐼 )/(𝑥𝑇𝐿𝐼 +𝑥𝑇𝐿𝐼𝐼 )
𝐸′𝑉
Limit of power-angle curve 1 will be 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑋𝑇𝑅
Under steady state conditions before fault 𝑃𝑚𝑜 = 𝑃𝑒0 = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿0
𝑃𝑚𝑜
Such that 𝛿0 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
3. Three phase fault at mid point of line . Power angle curve is re-modelled for new transfer
reactance.
During Fault : From circuit model 𝑋𝑇𝑅 𝐼 is calculated using delta-star conversion,
followed by star-delta conversion.
𝐸′𝑉
Limit of power-angle curve 2 will be 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼 = 𝑋
𝑇𝑅𝐼
13-10-2020 EIED Ms. Manbir KAur Lecture 09(4) 3
 Cont…
As 𝑋𝑇𝑅1 > 𝑋𝑇𝑅 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼 < 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
During fault, operating point will shift at point B (𝛿 = 𝛿0 ) 𝑜𝑛 power angle
curve 2 with maximum limit as 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼 .
4. As mech. Power > elec. Power output (Pm0>Pe1), It results into accelerating
power, it causes the rotor to accelerate from the initial operating point B
toward the new position C as less power is transferred to load. The difference
between Pm0 and Pe1 at any instant represents the accelerating power
5. At point C , the fault on TL-II line is cleared by opening CBs on either side
simultaneously.
Post –Fault Operation
6. As line TL-II is open, 𝑋𝑇𝑅 is re-calculated as 𝑋𝑇𝑅𝐼𝐼 = 𝑥𝑔 + 𝑥𝑇 + 𝑥𝑇𝐿𝐼
𝐸′𝑉
Limit of power-angle curve 3 will be 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼𝐼 =
𝑋𝑇𝑅𝐼𝐼

As 𝑋𝑇𝑅𝐼𝐼 < 𝑋𝑇𝑅𝐼 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼𝐼 > 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼

6. The operating point will shift from point C to D and will follow power angle
curve 3 till stability is achieved with limiting value of𝛿2 = 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 on curve 3.
In case line TL-II is reclosed after some time assume at point E, the operating
point will shift from E to point F on power angle curve 1. (as the complete
circuit is restored)
Due to oscillations rotor will swing. The maximum swing can be up to point J.
13-10-2020 EIED Ms. Manbir KAur Lecture 09(4) 4
 Three phase Fault at Mid point of line
• Fault takes place on Line TL-II at around mid
point. But Line TL-II is not reclosed after
clearance of fault.

13-10-2020 EIED Ms. Manbir KAur Lecture 09(4) 5

 Point-by-Point method
Point-by point method is based on Euler’s
theorem and it gives numerical solution to swing
equation. Neglecting damping Swing equation is
𝐻 𝑑2𝛿
given by: 2 = (𝑃𝑚 −𝑃𝑒 ) = 𝑃𝑎
𝜋𝑓 𝑑𝑡
Or
𝑑2𝛿 𝐻
= 𝑃𝑎 /M where M=
𝑑𝑡 2 𝜋𝑓
This method gives the solution 𝛿(t) which is
obtained at discrete time intervals distributed
over the time under observation to assess
transient stability of system.
13-10-2020 EIED Ms. Manbir KAur Lecture 09(4) 6
 cont…
For the solution the accelerating power and change in speed are
continuous functions are time are assumed to be discretised over the
subinterval ∆𝑡 as:
1. The accelerating power 𝑃𝑎 computed at the beginning of an
interval is assumed to be constant from the middle of previous
interval to the middle of the next interval.
𝑑𝛿
2. The angular rotor speed 𝜔 = is assumed constant throughout
𝑑𝑡
the interval under consideration to the value computed at the
middle of interval.
At the end of (n-1) th interval ,the accelerating power is given by
𝑃𝑎(𝑛−1) = 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑛−1
𝛿𝑛−1 is calculated in the previous interval
Rotor speed due to acceleration power 𝑃𝑎(𝑛−1) is taken constant over
sub-interval ∆𝑡 from (n-3/2) to (n-1/2) interval.
𝜔𝑛−1/2 − 𝜔 3 = ∆𝑡 𝑀 𝑃𝑎(𝑛−1)
𝑛−2

13-10-2020 EIED Ms. Manbir KAur Lecture 09(4) 7

 Cont…

13-10-2020 EIED Ms. Manbir KAur Lecture 09(4) 8

 cont…
The change in 𝛿 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑛 − 1 𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑠
∆𝛿𝑛−1 = 𝛿𝑛−1 -𝛿𝑛−2 = ∆𝑡𝜔𝑛−3/2
The change in 𝛿 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑛 𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑠
∆𝛿𝑛 = 𝛿𝑛 -𝛿𝑛−1 = ∆𝑡𝜔𝑛−1/2
∆𝑡 2
∆𝛿𝑛 =∆𝛿𝑛−1 + 𝑃𝑎(𝑛−1)
𝑀
Hence 𝛿𝑛 =𝛿𝑛−1 + ∆𝛿𝑛
This process of calculation 𝛿𝑛 is continued from
the certain time of observation of t seconds.

13-10-2020 EIED Ms. Manbir KAur Lecture 09(4) 9

TS 13 / Q3: A 20MVA, 50 Hz generator delivers 15MW over double circuit line to an infinite
bus. The generator has kinetic energy of 2.5MJ/MVA at rated speed. The generator transient
reactance is 0.35pu.,each transmission circuit has reactance of 0.2pu on a 20MVA base. The
excitation voltage is 1.1pu and infinite bus voltage is 1.0pu. a three phase short circuit occurs
at the mid point of one of the transmission lines. Plot swing curve with fault cleared by
opening breaker simultaneously at both ends of line at 2.5 cycles after the occurrence of
fault.

Soln.: The given circuit consists of double circuit line . Fault occurs at the mid point of the
line and line is cleared by CBs in 2.5 cycle (50msec)
This means before fault, the complete network is operating to supply power of 15MW (On
base of 20MVA, 15/20=0.75 per unit) to infinite bus held at 1.0 per unit voltage.
𝐻 2.5 20 10−4 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
M=𝜋𝑓 = 180×50
× 20
= 2.777 × 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐−𝑑𝑒𝑔
For excitation voltage of 1.1per unit
𝐸. 𝑉 1.1×1.0
Maximum power limit of network under healthy conditions = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑥 = 0.2 =
𝑔+𝑥𝑇𝐿 0.35+( 2 )
2.444 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
Equation of Power angle curve 1= 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 = 2.444 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿
under steady state conditions at point A
𝑃𝑚0 = 𝑃𝑒0 = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿0 = 0.75 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑃𝑚0 0.75
𝛿0 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 = 17.870 𝑜𝑟 0.3117𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 2.444
13-10-2020 EIED Ms. Manbir KAur Lecture 09(4) 10
 Cont…
During Fault, 𝑃𝑚0 =0.75 per unit,
𝐸. 𝑉 1.1 × 1.0
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼 = = = 0.88 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑋𝑇𝑅𝐼 1.25
0.35×0.1+0.1×0.2+0.2×0.35
Where 𝑋𝑇𝑅𝐼 = = 1.25 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
0.1
(Converting star into delta between gen and infinite bus)
Equation of power angle curve 2 will be 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 = 0.88 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿

Post Fault Conditions: Line TL-II is opened by CBs

𝐸. 𝑉 1.1 × 1.0
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼𝐼 = = = 2.0 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑋𝑇𝑅𝐼𝐼 0.35 + 0.2

Equation of power angle curve 3 will be 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 = 2.0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿

𝑃𝑚0 −1 0.75
From curve 3, 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜋 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 = π − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 157.970 or 2.756
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼𝐼 2.0
rad

13-10-2020 EIED Ms. Manbir KAur Lecture 09(4) 11

 cont…
The recursive procedure for step-by-step swing curve
calculations are
𝑃𝑎(𝑛−1) = 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑛−1
∆𝑡 2
∆𝛿𝑛 =∆𝛿𝑛−1 + 𝑃𝑎(𝑛−1)
𝑀
Hence 𝛿𝑛 =𝛿𝑛−1 + ∆𝛿𝑛
Due to discontinuity in 𝑃𝑒 , the average value of
𝑃𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠:
𝑃𝑎 𝐴𝑣𝑔. = (𝑃𝑎 0− +𝑃𝑎 0+ )/2
(𝑃𝑎 0− )=0 and (𝑃𝑎 0+ )=0.75-0.88sin17.87=0.2499
For time step ∆𝑡 =0.05 sec. ,
∆𝑡 2 0.05 2
K= = = 9.0025 elec-deg
𝑀 2.777×10−4

13-10-2020 EIED Ms. Manbir KAur Lecture 09(4) 12

Calculation table is as: (all values are in per unit)
t 𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 sinδ 𝑷𝒆 𝑷𝒂 K* ∆𝜹 𝜹𝑛−1 Expressions used for
sec 𝑃𝑎(𝑛−1) deg Deg calculations
0- 2.44 0.307 0.75 0 - - 17.87 𝑃𝑎(𝑛−1) = 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑛−1

0+ 0.88 0.307 0.27 0.478 -- -- 17.87 ∆𝑡 2

∆𝛿𝑛 =∆𝛿𝑛−1 + 𝑃
𝑀 𝑎(𝑛−1)
0avg - 0.307 -- 0.249 2.241 2.241 17.87

0.05 0.88 0.344 0.303 0.447 4.027 6.267 20.11 𝛿𝑛 =𝛿𝑛−1 + ∆𝛿𝑛

0.1 0.88 0.444 0.391 0.359 3.231 9.498 26.38 Calculations are carried out for
sustained fault. This means CBs do not
0.15 0.88 0.586 0.516 0.234 2.11 11.61 35.88 operate to clear the fault.
It is observed that as time progresses,
0.20 0.88 0.737 0.649 0.101 0.912 12.52 47.49
change in load angle reduces as
0.25 0.88 0.866 0.762 -0.012 -0.109 12.41 60.01 accelerating power goes negative at
t=0.25 sec.
0.30 0.88 0.953 0.838 -0.088 -0.8 11.60 72.42 Calculations are done till t=0.60 sec.
If damping is poor it will take more
0.35 0.88 0.995 0.875 -0.125 -1.127 10.47 84.03 time to stablise
0.4 0.88 0.997 0.877 -0.127 -1.146 9.32 94.50
You can continue calculations till t=1.0
0.45 0.88 0.971 0.855 -0.104 -0.941 8.38 103.82 sec and observe the variation of rotor
angle with time.
0.50 0.88 0.925 0.814 -0.065 -0.583 7.79 112.2

0.55
13-10-2020
0.88 0.86 0.762 -0.012 -0.109 7.68 120
EIED Ms. Manbir KAur Lecture 09(4) 13
Calculation table in case CB operates at 2.5/50=0.05 sec
t 𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 sinδ 𝑷𝒆 𝑷𝒂 K* ∆𝜹 𝜹𝑛−1 Expressions used for
sec 𝑃𝑎(𝑛−1) deg Deg calculations
0- 2.44 0.307 0.75 0 - - 17.87 𝑃𝑎(𝑛−1) = 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑛−1

0+ 0.88 0.307 0.27 0.478 -- -- 17.87 ∆𝑡 2

∆𝛿𝑛 =∆𝛿𝑛−1 + 𝑃
𝑀 𝑎(𝑛−1)
0avg - 0.307 -- 0.249 2.241 2.241 17.87

0.05 0.88 0.344 0.303 0.447 4.027 6.267 20.11 𝛿𝑛 =𝛿𝑛−1 + ∆𝛿𝑛

0.1 2.0 0.444 0.889 -0.138 -1.247 5.02 26.38 Calculations are carried out for CB to
operte at 0.05 sec. Then 𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙
0.15 2.0 0.521 1.042 -0.292 -2.628 2.39 31.4 suddenly changes from 0.88 at t=0.05
sec to 2.0 at t=0.05+
0.20 2.0 0.556 1.112 -0.362 -3.261 -0.87 33.79
It is observed that as time progresses,
0.25 2.0 0.543 1.086 -0.336 -3.024 -3.894 32.92 change in load angle reduces as
accelerating power goes negative at
0.30 2.0 0.485 0.97 -0.22 -1.984 -5.877 29.03 t=0.1 sec.
Calculations are done till t=0.60 sec.It
0.35 2.0 0.393 0.786 -0.036 -0.327 -6.204 23.15 is observed that rotor swing decresaes
with time and again start increasing at
0.4 2.0 0.291 0.583 0.167 1.503 -4.7 16.94
t-0.55 sec.
0.45 2.0 0.212 0.424 0.326 2.934 -1.766 12.24 You can continue calculations till t=1.0
sec and observe the variation of rotor
0.50 2.0 0.182 0.364 0.386 3.477 1.711 10.47 angle with time.
0.55
13-10-2020
2.0 0.211 0.422 0.327 2.952 4.663 12.18
EIED Ms. Manbir KAur Lecture 09(4) 14
 Swing Curve

13-10-2020 EIED Ms. Manbir KAur Lecture 09(4) 15

 References
1. I.J. Nagrath & D.P. Kothari, Power System
Engineering, 2nd Ed., TMHE pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi, Ch. 12, pp. 608-612
2. J.J. Grainger, & W.D. Stevenson, Power
System Analysis, TMHE Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,
Ch. 16.

13-10-2020 EIED Ms. Manbir KAur Lecture 09(4) 16