Key Concepts UNANG REPUBLIKA

• Si Aguinaldo at ang 27 na kasama ay umalis patungong Hong Kong mula Sual,

Pangasinan noong Disyembre 27, 1897, alinsunod sa probisyon ng Kasunduan sa Biak na
Bato.
• Para makaiwas sa demanda ni Isabelo Artacho, nagpasyang umalis si Aguinaldo at ilang
taga-sunod ng palihim patungo sa Singapore.
• Si Aguinaldo ay nagbalik sa Pilipinas noong Mayo 19, 1898 upang muling ilunsad ang
rebolusyong Pilipino.
• Noong Hunyo 1898, halos buong Luzon ay nabawi mula sa mga
Kastila.
• Sa mungkahi ng tagapayo niyang si Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, itinatag ni Aguinaldo
ang isang Pamahalaang Diktatoryal mula Mayo hanggang Hunyo 14, 1898.
• Sa payo ni Apolinario Mabini, pinalitan ang Pamahalaang Diktatoryal ng Pamahalaang
Rebolusyonaryo noong Hunyo 23, 1898. Ang titulong Diktador ni Aguinaldo ay pinalitan
ng Presidente.
• Idineklara ang ating kasarinlan noong Hunyo 12, 1898 sa Kawit,
Cavite.
• Sina Marcella Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo at Delfina Herbosa ang nagtahi ng
bandilang Pilipino sa Hong Kong.
• Noong Setyembre 15, 1898 bumuo ng isang Kongreso ang mga rebolusyonaryo.
Dinaluhan ito ng 60 delegado na pinamumunuan nina Pedro Paterno bilang Pangulo,
Benito Legarda – Pangalawang Pangulo, Gregorio Areneta – Unang Kalihim at Pablo
Ocampo – Pangalawang Kalihim.
• Ayon kay Apolinario Mabini, ang pagbuo ng konstitusyon ay isang maselan na gawain
na kailangan ng matapang na pag-iisip at pagpapasya. Samantalang ayon naman kay
Felipe Calderon, ang konstitusyon ay kailangan ng Pilipinas upang kilalanin ng ibang
bansa. Higit na marami ang pumanig kay Calderon kaya natuloy ang paggawa ng
Konstitusyon.
• MAHALAGANG PROBISYON NG KONSTITUSYON NG MALOLOS:
1. Ang pamahalaang Pilipinas ay isang republika na ang kapangyarihan ay hawak ng
pangulo, asembleya at hukuman.
2. Ang pagkakaroon ng seperasyon ng pamahalaan at simbahan.
3. Ang paggalang sa mga karapatang pantao.
• Pinasinayaan ang Unang Republika ng Pilipinas noong Enero 23, 1899.
• Ang tatlong uugit sa pamahalaan ay ang Ehekutibo, Asembleya, at Hukuman.
 AMERICAN PERIOD
• On April 25, 1898 Commodore George Dewey upon orders of President McKinley
proceeded immediately to the Philippines.
• The surrender of Manila to the Americans signaled the end of the Filipino-American
collaboration.
• November 1899, all Spanish forces in the Philippines were shipped to Spain.
• The United States compensated Spain for its losses with a payment of $20 million.
• On December 21, 1898, President McKinley announced his decision to keep the
Philippines as an American colonial possessions.
• On the night of February 4, 1899, an American sentry, Private William Grayson with
another soldier, encountered three armed Filipinos on a bridge in San Juan del Monte
near Manila.
• One very crucial factor led to numerous Filipino reverses during Filipino American
hostilities was the lack of unity among their military and political leaders.
• Among Aguinaldo’s top officials, there was a serious rivalry between Apolinario Mabini
and Pedro Paterno and Felipe Buencamino.
• The capture of Aguinaldo became the number one priority of the American during the
war of Philippine Independence.
• Aguinaldo was finally captured on March 23, 1901, in Palanan Isabela Province, by
means of a trick planned by brigadier general Frederick Funston.
• General Miguel Malvar take over the leadership of Aguinaldo.
• Malvar surrendered to General J. Franklin Bell in Lipa, Batangas.
• On July 4, 1902, President T heodore Roosevelt declared that the Philippine American
war, which Americans called the Philippine Insurrection, was over.

INSULAR AND COMMONWEALTH

• SCHURMAN COMMISSION (1st philippine commision)- proclaimed on january 20,

1899 by Pres. Mckinley. This commission stated that philippines is not ready for
independence.
• TAFT COMMISSION (2nd Philippine Commission)- proclaimed on march 12, 1900 still
under of pres. Mckinkey. This commission was used to establish civil government in thr
country to train self governance.
• MARCH 2, 1901- the military government in the phil. ceased to exist when the US
congress enacted the army appropriations act.
• JULY 4, 1901- A civil government was established by Gov. Gen william howard taft
• WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT- 1st Gov. Gen.
• COOPER ACT (philippine bill of 1902)- proclaimed on july 1, 1902 was the next step in
the institutionalization of the civil government of the Philippines under American rule.

• Cooper Act provisions:

 1. Bill of right for filipinos
2. Appointment of 2 filipinos commissioner to represent the US congress.
3. Establishment of Philippine Assembly ( House of representatives)

"POLITICAL PARTIES"

• FEDERAL PARTY- founded by Trinidad Pardo H. De Tavera in December 1900

making the Philippines a state of US
• PARTIDO NACIONALISTA- founded by Henry Ide. Lifted ban on political parties
advocating the seperation to US in 1906.
• "PHILLIPINE ASSEMBLY"
• MANUEL L. QUEZON- the majority floor leader
• SERGIO OSMEÑA- house speaker

"FILIPINIZATION OF GOVERNMENT"

• CAYETANO ARELLANO- appointed chief justice of supreme court

• JONES LAW ( Philippine Autonomy Act)- proclaimed by William Atkinson Jones. This
law was the key to the independence of Philippines to US.
• TYDINGS-MCDUFFIE ACT OF 1934- established the Philippine
Commonwealth. Philippine independence shall be granted for 10 yrs. A constitution
( basic laws) shall be drafter for the Philippines.
• THE SAKDALISTA- meaning to "to accused" movement was founded in 1930 by a
right wing leader, Benigno Ramos.

JAPANESE OCCUPATION
• Southeast Asia was a place of Expansion, source of raw materials and a market.
• Japan withdrew from the League of Nations and provoked an undeclared war with China.
“Rape of Nanking”  Japan allied itself to the Axis powers.
• The US imposed an embargo on oil and scrap metal exports to Kapan
• The Philippine Army was re-established while preparing for independence under
Tydings-Mcduffie Act
• Pres. Quezon summoned Gen. Douglas MacArthur to prepare the Philippines militarily.
He assumed the rank of Field Marshall
• Training was saddled with lack of adequate equipment and ammunition
• Pres. Quezon considered placing the country under British commonwealth
• MacArthur asked Pres. Roosevelt to recall him due to growing differences between him
and Quezon
 • The Americans allowed false rumors about Japan to circulate the country.
• Hong Kong, Guam, Wake Island, and Midway were also attacked.
• Air attacks took place at Baguio, Tarlac, Subic Zambales, Clark, Pampanga and Davao
• US Asiatic Fleet moved to the Dutch East Indies
• The US’ withdrawal left the Philippines Defenseless
• Gen. Homma’s timetables was delayed. The expected capture of the Philippines in 30
days lasted for 3 months.
• There was a resistance in Panay and Davao
• Filipino and Americans suffer from lack of food and rest.
• Americans gained more than Filipinos
• Pres. Quezon threatened to negotiate with the Japanese but was prevented by MacArthur
• Quezon died without coming back to the Philippines
• Of the 76,000 USAFFE prisoners, only 56,000 arrived at the Camp O’Donnell after the
Death March. And only 33,000 were left when the Filipinos were released
• Filipino Theater Resurfaced, more popular were the bodabil or stage shows
• Leyte Gulf is the largest sea battle in history
• Gen. MacArthur and Admiral Nimitz planned a joint operation which is the invasion of
the Philippines
• Admiral Chester Nimitz – lead the island offensive in the Central
Pacific
• Emperor Hirohito intervened and ordered the big six to accept the terms for ending the
war
• The surrender ceremony was held on September, aboard the USS
Missouri.

IKATLONG REPUBLIKA
• The Third Republic of the Philippines was inaugurated on July 4, 1946.
• It marked the culmination of the peaceful campaign for Philippine Independence.
• The two landmarks(Jones Law in 1916 and Philippine Ibdependence Act of 1934 put in
place a ten-year transition period dueing which the Philippines had commonwealth status.
• The Third Republic also marked the recognition by the global community of nation,of the
nationhood of the Philippines.
• On July 14,1942,the Philippines joined the Anti-Axis Alliance known as the United
Nations.

Roxas Administration(May 28,1946 - April 15,1948)

• The Administration pioneered the foreign policy of the Republic Vice President Elpidio
Quirino.
• Representative of the Philippines to the United Nations Carlos P. Romulo helped shape
the country's international identity in the newly established stage for international
diplomacy and relations.
• President Roxas died due to heart attack on April 15,1948 at Clark Field Air Base.  Vice
President Elpidio Quirino assumed the presidency on April 17,1948.

The Quirino Administration (April 17,1948 - December 30, 1953)

• President Quirino established the Action Committee on Social Amelioration in order to
efficiently promote the welfare of citizens in the rural districts.
• He also established the Social Securty Study Commission by virtue of Executie Order
No. 150 to investigate socio-economic problems.
• He was defeated by Ramon Magsaysay of Nationalista during the 1953 election.

Magsaysay Administration (December 30,1953 - March 17,1957)

• This administration were the Social Security Law of 1954 or Republic Act No. 1161.
• President Magsaysay sought to protect farmers through the creation of laws.
• Huk leader Luis Taruc surrendered to the administration with their victory on the
insurgents in 1954.
• President Magsaysay and 25 other passengers perished due to a plane crash on Mt.
Pinatubo.
• President Carlos P. Garcia succeeded to the presidency on March 18, 1957.

Garcia Administration(March 18, 1957 - December 30, 1961)

• Garcia Administration promoted the "Filipino First" policy to regain economic
independence.
• The administration campaigned for the citizens' support in patronizing Filipino products
and services.
• President Garcia lost to Vice President Diosdado Macapagal in the presidential race of
1961.

Macapagal Administration (December 30, 1961 - December 30, 1965)

• One of the laws that were passed by the Administration the Republic Act No. 3844 or the
Agricultural Land Reform Code.
• The administration was closed with the Presidential elections of 1965.

Marcos Administration (December 30, 1965 - February 25, 1986)

• The Administration devsed construction programs and irrigation projects with their goal
to strengthen the local economy.
• The Cultural Center of the Philippines was established at 1969.
• Opposition grew significantly due to corruption in the administration.
• The Liberal Party saw an opportunity in the midterm elections of 1971.
• The Miting de Avance of the Liberal Party held at Plaza Miranda on August 21,1971,two
bombs were hurled at the opposition candidates, killing nine people and inuring about a
hundred.
• President Marcos declared Martial Law on September 23,1972 by virtue of Proclamation
No. 1081 due to the increasing strength of the Communist Party of the Philippines and its
military wing, the New People's Army.
• The proclamation was dated September 21 but it was only put into effect on September
23.
 • The "ratification" of the 1973 Constitution marked the end of the Third Republic and the
new beginning of the Bagong Lipunan.
• In 1981, the Martial Law was lifted throughout the country and matked the beginning of
the "New," or Fourth Republic of the Philippines.

Communist Party of the Philippines

• The Communist Party of the Philippines is a revolutionary organization and communist

party in the Philippines, formed by Jose Maria Sison on December 26,1968.

Edsa Revolution
• On February 22, Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile dicovered a plot to implicate him
and officers involved in the Reform the Armed Forces Movement in a coup.
• On February 25, Corazon C. Aquino was sworn in as the elected President.
• Democracy was swept in through the swell of a united crowd.

Definition of Terms
Marcha National Filipina - itinugtog sa araw ng kasarinlan ng Pilipinas. Komposisyon ni Juan
Felipe.
Konstitusyon ng Malolos – isinulat ni Felipe Calderon noong Nobyembre 21, 1898.
Inaprubahan naman ito ni Aguinaldo noong Enero 21, 1899.
Ehekutibo – ang punong tagapagpaganap na pinamumunuan ng presidente, bise-presidente at
ng mga gabinete.
Asembleya – ang taga gawa ng batas.
Balangiga Massacre – described as the worst massacre of United States Army soldiers.
World War II – 1939-1945, opposing military alliances Allies and Axis
September 1, 1939 – Germans invaded Poland, the war began because of
it.
July 7, 1937 – Sino-Japanese War
1922 – Japan advocated a take over of the Philippines while it annexed
Formosa (Taiwan)
Saburo Kurusu – A career diplomat who negotiated peace and understanding with the US.
PMT – Professional Military Training
ROTC – Reserve Officer Training Corps
Guinit – Head gear made of coconut fiber
Ang Tibay – Shoe manufacturer
June 1938 – Pres. Quezon secretly went to Japan
December 7, 1941 – Japan’s naval bombers attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii with 2,897 dead
and 8 battleships sank or heavily damaged.
December 8 – Japanese captured the airstrip at Basco, Batanes.
December 24 – Pres. Quezon and VPres. Osmeña evacuated to Corregidor.
Jose B. Vargas – an executive secretary left in charge of manila. Mayor of Greater Manila
Jose P. Laurel – Justice secretary also left in charge after Pres. Quezon and VP Osmeña were
evacuated.
December 26 – MacArthur declared Manila as an open city
January 2, 1942 – The first Japanese contingent entered Manila. Lt. Gen. Homma declared the
end of American rule and imposed Martial Law.
January 26, 1942 – Philippine Executive Commission was formed
Philippine Executive Commission – Meant to demoralize the Filipino and American Forces.
November 19, 1942 – KALIBAPI was establish after PEC abolished all political parties by
Proclamation no. 109
KALIBAPI – Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas
March, 1942 – Quezon and his family were evacuated to Australia
August 1, 1944 – Pres. Quezon died of tuberculosis in Lake Saranac, New York without ever
coming to the Philippines again.
Death March – A grueling trek that lasted from April 10 – 15 after 76,000 Filipino troops
surrendered to only 56,000 Japanese
April 8, 1942 – Gen. Homma launched a fresh offensive on the birthday of Emperor Hirohito.
April 9, 1942 – Gen. Edward King surrendered to the Japanese
May 6 – Corregidor falls to the Japanese
October 14, 1943 – Japanese sponsored Republic is inagaurated with Jose P. Laurel as
President.
October 20, 1944 – MacArthur returned with the largest assemblage of naval vessels.
July, 1945 – Imperial Japanese Navy was incapable of conducting operations
August 6, 1945 – The US dropped an atomic bomb at Hiroshima August 8, 1945 – Soviet
Union declared war on Japan.
August 9, 1945 – Soviet Union invaded Imperial puppet state of Manchukuo. The US later
dropped an atomic bomb in Nagasaki.
April 28, 1952 – Treaty of San Francisco ended the state of war between
Japan and the Allies
1956 – Soviet-Japanese Joint Declaration
July 4, 1946 - Inauguration of the Third Republic

July 14, 1942 - Philippines joined the Anti-Axis Alliance

Anti-Axis Alliance - United Nations

June 12, 1898 - Proclamation of Philippine Independence at Kawit, Cavite

September 21, 1972 - Declaration of Martial Law

September 23, 1972 - Start of Martial Law

Jose Maria Sison -founder of Communist Party of the Philippines

February 25, 1986 - Edsa Revolution

Sample Quiz
1. Ayon sa kanya ang konstitusyon ay kailangan ng Pilipinas upang kilalanin ng ibang bansa

A. Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista

B. Felipe Calderon
C. Emilio Aguinaldo
D. Apolinario Mabini

2. Who take over the leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo?

A. Miguel Morayta
B. Miguel Malvar
C. Felipe Buencamino
D. Pedro Paterno
3. It is described as the worst massacre of United States Army soldiers.

4.It is the next step on the institutionalization of civil government of the phil under american
rule.

A. Taft commission
B. Tydings- mcduffie act
C. Cooper act
D. Jones law
5. When was the Inauguration of the Third Republic?

A. July 4, 1946
B. July 5, 1946
C. July 6, 1946
D. July 7, 1946

6. Who formed the Communist Party of the Philippines?

A. Jose Mari Chan
B. Jackie Chan
C. Lee Dong Wok
D. Jose Mari Sison

7. What alliance did the Philippines joined on July 14, 1942?

A. American Alliance
B. Alliance of the Alliance
C. Anti-World Alliance
D. Anti-Axis Alliance

8. The first place that suffered after the US dropped an atomic bomb.

9. Quezon came back to the Philippines after he went to the US. (True or False)
10. When did Pres. Quezon and VPres. Osmeña evacuated to Corregidor?

ANSWER KEY:

B
B
Balangiga Massacre
C
A
D
D
Nagasaki
False
December 24

Prepared by:
Dojello, Joshua
Peruelo, Hannah Jane
Gonzaga Lowell Diangzon,
Raymart