LEARNING MODULE

IN
G11-HUMSS│Q1│Weeks 7-8

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN

THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
(Part 2)
LEARNER’S INFORMATION

Student’s Name: ___________________________________________________________

Grade & Section: ______________________________________ School Year: 2021-2022

Teacher: Mrs. Queen Kris Antonnette Q. Rebosquillo, RL

Teacher’s Contact Details: 09303850219/queenkrisantonnette.quilaton@gmail.com

 DISS 11-HUMSS (Q1 Weeks 7 & 8)

LESSONS AND COVERAGE

In this module, you will be able to take journey on the different disciplines of the social
sciences. Through these topics, it is hoped that you will understand and appreciate the
contribution of Social Sciences and the different dominant approaches and ideas, as well as
have the motivation and seriousness in doing some activities.

UNIT IV: Dominant Approaches and Ideas in the Social Sciences: Critical Social Sciences

Subtopics:

 Feminist Theory
 Marxism
 Psychoanalysis
 Human Environment Systems

UNIT V: Dominant Approaches and Ideas in the Social Sciences: Interpretive Social Science

Subtopics:

 Symbolic Interactionism
 Hermeneutic Phenomenology

In this module, you will do the following:

 determine the relationship between gender ideology and gender inequality;

 analyze social inequalities in terms of class conflict;
 analyze the psychodynamics of the person’s personality in terms of Id, Ego, and
Superego;
 distinguish the ways by which human-environment interactions
 appraise the meanings that people attach to everyday forms of interaction in
order to explain social behavior;
 analyze significance of data;
 Determine manifest and latent functions and dysfunctions of socio-cultural;
 predict the social consequences of decision making based on scarcity;
 examine the constitutive nature of informal and formal institutions and their actors and
how it constrains social behavior;


CONNECTING TO THE NEXT LESSON

We have learned in the previous lesson the first three dominant approaches in social
sciences under positivist social science namely structural-functionalism, rational choice
theory and institutionalism.

Now that you already have the idea of the reasons why those three mentioned above
belongs to positivist social sciences, still, the next lesson will be taking you a look at the
dominant approaches and ideas offer various ways of looking at society and also offer
various ways of explaining the things that are happening in it.

The dominant approaches that will be discussed in this unit will be classified into three,
namely positivist social science, interpretative social science and critical social science.
In this module, Critical social science and Interpretative social science will be tackled.
Under Critical social sciences are Feminist Theory, Marxism, Psychoanalysis and
Human-Environment Systems then under of Interpretive social sciences are symbolic
Interactionism and Hermeneutical Phenomenology

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 DISS 11-HUMSS (Q1 Weeks 7 & 8)

Chapter 4: Dominant Approaches and

Ideas in the Social Sciences: Critical
Social Science
At the end of this lesson, it is expected that you will be able to:
 determine the relationship between gender ideology and gender inequality;
 analyze social inequalities in terms of class conflict;
 analyze the psychodynamics of the person’s personality in terms of Id, Ego, and
Superego; and
 distinguish the ways by which human-environment interactions

LECTURE NOTES
What is Critical Social Science?

It is an analytical method of investigation that attempts to expose surface illusions to

uncover the real structures in the material world in order to help people understand their
situation and then transform the world for the better.

In other words, it aims to uncover surface reality in order to expose underlying structures
so that people may improve the society to which they belong. Therefore, the goal of critical
social science is not only to discover laws that explain human behavior and social phenomena
but to help people understand why social inequalities exist so that they can do something to
address these inequalities.

Moreover, Critical Social Science rejects the idea of alienation, or giving the creations of
your own activity a detached existence. It advocates the idea that people should not remove
themselves from their creations so that they will recognize them as something they helped bring
about, giving them a sense of achievement and a sense of control over their own destiny.
FEMINIST THEORY

It aims to eliminate gender inequality by analyzing the

status of men and women in society.

CRITICAL SOCIAL SCIENCE MARXISM

Critical process of inquiry that attempts It aims to eliminate class conflict through class
to uncover surface illusions to reveal struggle.
real structures in the material world for
social transformation

PSYCHOANALYSIS

It aims to understand human behaviour by making the

unconscious conscious.

HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS

It aims to promote sustainability by understanding how

3 human and environmental systems interact.
 DISS 11-HUMSS (Q1 Weeks 7 & 8)
1. FEMINIST THEORY

According to a popular saying, feminism is the radical that women are people. Just
what exactly does it mean? It means that in society, women have traditionally been treated as
subordinate to men, and that feminism can help in granting women their rightful status in
society. There are various feminist theories that try to explain the nature of women’s
subordination and strategies that can be used to elevate women’s in society. Basically,
feminism promotes the belief that women and men should be treated equally and the steps
have to be taken to realize the goal of gender equality.

It is an outgrowth of the general movement to empower women worldwide. It is the

extension of feminism into theoretical or philosophical discourse. It aims to understand the
nature of gender inequality. Thus, feminists fight for the equality of women and argue that
women should share equally in society’s opportunities and scare resources.

Three Waves in Describing

the History of Feminism

The first wave of feminism
talks about women suffrage or
having the right to vote.
The second wave of feminism
broadened the debate to a wide
range of issues: sexuality,
family, the workplace,
reproductive rights, de facto
inequalities, and official legal
inequalities.
Third-wave feminism refers to
several diverse strains of
feminist activity and study,
whose exact boundaries in
activity and study, whose exact
boundaries in activity and
study, whose exact boundaries
in the history of feminism are a
subject of debate, but are
generally marked as beginning
in the early 1990s and
continuing to the present.

KINDS OF FEMINIST THEORY

Feminist Theories Description

Liberal Feminism This is the variety of feminism that works within the structure
of mainstream society to integrate women into that structure.

Marxist Feminism Inequality on gender is based from social relation and

interaction

Radical Feminism Male power is always based from social relation and
interaction

Socialist Feminism Women are inferior because of class based capitalism

Postmodern Feminism Women attempt to change and to criticize the dominant order
or the modern thought.

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 DISS 11-HUMSS (Q1 Weeks 7 & 8)
KEY CONCEPTS OF FEMINIST THEORY

 Sex – refers to the biological differences between Important Thinkers of

males and females.
 Gender – refers to the sociocultural attributes Feminist Theory
associated with being a man and a woman and
the different roles that society assigns to men and 1. Mary Wollstonecraft
women.
2. Betty Friedan
 Gender Ideology – refers to attitudes regarding
the suitable roles, rights, and responsibilities of 3. Simone de Beauvoir
men and women in society.
 Gender Inequality – the unequal treatment or
perceptions of individuals based on their gender.
 Gender Oppression – the manner in which certain groups are privileged or
disadvantaged because of gender.

VALUES TO LIVE BY: BEING RESPECTFUL AND SELF-DISCIPLINE

God created us with immeasurable value and worth Never forget you are a son or daughter of our
Almighty Father. In all things: everything you say, everything you do, every choice you make, honor
your Heavenly Father by respecting yourself and others.

2. MARXISM

It refers to the political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in which
the concept of class struggle plays an important role in abolishing class oppression. Central to
Marxism is the idea of historical materialism, for Marx believed that consciousness is shaped by
the material or economic environment; hence history is a product of material circumstances. It
spouses a dialectal view of social changes and serves as a critique of capitalism.

Marxism is one of the theoretical approaches in social science that is associated with
conflict theory or the view that society is divided into social classes which are always in conflict
with one another. It analyzes how society functions to serve the powerful class and
disadvantage the others, thereby causing conflict. Hence, it views social order as being a
product of coercion and power being exercised by the more powerful group (bourgeoisie) to the
disadvantaged group (proletariat).

Three Emerged Types of

Marxism

CLASSICAL MARXISM ORTHODOX MARXISM MODERN MARXISM

It refers to a philosophy of This brand of communism It rejects determinism and

history that explains why
socialism is meant to take the
place of capitalism.
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became known as Marxism- emphasizes the importance of
Leninism and differed in some economics and the privileged
ways from the ideas of Marx status of proletariat.
and Engels in terms of giving
greater attention to issues such
as political and economic
management as well as
organization.
 DISS 11-HUMSS (Q1 Weeks 7 & 8)
KEY CONCEPTS IN MARXISM

 Alienation – means separation from one’s true or

necessary nature, and the idea was used by Important Thinkers of
Marxists to describe the process by which labor is
reduced to being a mere commodity under Marxism:
capitalism.
 Surplus Value – the value extracted from the labor in
1. Karl Marx
order to produce profit. 2. Friedrich Engels
 False Consciousness – cause workers to disregard
the true nature of their oppression because of the 3. Vladimir Ilich
belief in the possibility of upward mobility.
Ulyanov
 Praxis – the process by which a theory is enacted or
realized by critically assessing the world and change society based on the workers’ own
class interests, rather than accepting the ideology of the capitalist class.

3. PSYCHOANALYSIS

It refers both to a theory of how the mind works and a treatment modality. As a treatment
method, it helps people understand themselves, their relationships, and how they behave in the
world. Psychoanalytic treatment examines how the unconscious factors affect current
relationships and patterns of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

Psychoanalysis, which traces its roots to psychologist Sigmund Freud, means “analysis
of the mind.” It came from the word psychoanalyse, coined in Frencs by Freud in 1896 from
Latinized form of Greek psyche, which means mental, plus German analyse, from Greek
analysis.

Psychoanalysis has been used as a social science approach as early as the twentieth
century and it is sometimes considered as the only school of psychology that paints a complete
and dynamic picture of personality. Moreover, it liberates people by acquiring consciousness of
the unconscious. By making conscious of the unconscious, people will understand why they
behave in a certain way or why they hold certain values and beliefs.

Three Structures of
Personality by Sigmund
Freud

id ego superego

It is referred to as the self- It is referred to as the decision- It is referred to as the

gratifying branch of the making branch of the discriminating branch of the
personality in that it is driven by personality. It is rules by the personality in the sense that it is
the pleasure principle, which reality principle in that it concerned with moralistic
attempts to reduce tension by attempts to exert a sensible issues deciding what is right or
satisfaction of sexual and influence over the id and wrong.
aggressive impulses. superego.

The conscious-unconscious continuum is the key to understanding behavior and problems

within the personality which lies in the unconscious dimension of the human mind.

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 DISS 11-HUMSS (Q1 Weeks 7 & 8)
TECHNIQUES IN PSYCHOANALYSIS

TECHNIQUES PROCESS

Encourages the patient to discuss what comes to mind in order to

Association overcome the patient’s tendencies to suppress or censor
information

Dream Analysis Analyze elements of dreams which contained symbolic meaning

Confrontation and Feedback procedures to help the patient become aware of what
Clarification is concurring and in need of further analysis

Involves providing insight to the patient regarding inner conflicts

Interpretation reflected in resistance, transference, etc.

When used to analyze how people behave in society, psychoanalysis can be very
helpful and in fact, has the potential to become emancipator or liberating. Since the core or
essence of psychoanalysis is the analysis of hidden forces in the mind which dominate one’s
feelings and behavior, by making the unconscious conscious, we can understand and explain
social behavior and how people act in particular ways in society.

4. HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS

It is an integrated scientific framework for studying the interface and reciprocal

interactions that link human (e.g. economic, social) to natural (e.g. hydrologic, atmosphere,
biological) subsystems of the planet (National Science Foundation, n.d.).

This theory follows the idea that social and natural systems are inseparable. They are always
together and each one affects or influences each other.

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES (ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION AND EFFECTS)

Many of the environment issues of today relate to human’s over use of finite resources for
economic development. Healthy ecosystems and environments are necessary to the survival of
humans and other organisms. Ways of reducing negative human impact are environmental
resources management, environmental protection and environmentally-friendly chemical
engineering. Environmental awareness, consciousness and sensitivity needs to be promoted at
all times.

Examples of these environmental issues are as follows:

Human Actions Environmental Issues/Effects

Human Overpopulation  Water Scarcity
 Land reclamation
 Land degradation
 Waste Disposal Management
 Urbanization
 Industrialization
Intensive Farming  Intensive animal farming
 Intensive crop farming
 Pesticide drift
 Plasticulture

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 DISS 11-HUMSS (Q1 Weeks 7 & 8)

 Slash and burn

 Deforestation
 Environmental effects of meat production
Exhaustive Land Use  Habitat fragmentation
 Habitat destruction
 Land degradation
 Land pollution
 Built environment
 Desertification
Hydrology  Tile drainage
 Flooding
 Landslide

KEY CONCEPTS IN HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS

 Landscape – it is an important concept in the study of couples’s human-environment

systems. It refers not only to the beautiful spot that you view from a scenic perspective
but the mixture of environmental and human phenomena that coexist together in a
specific place on Earth.
 Feedback Mechanism – refers to the phenomenon of system components both affecting
each other and which creates a feedback loop.
2 types of Feedback:
1. Positive feedback – a condition in which carrying out an action causes more
performances of the action
2. Negative Feedback – a condition in which carrying out an action causes fewer
performances of the action.
 Sustainability – It refers to the ability for something to be maintained. It is the capacity of
a system to maintain its health and continue in existence over a period of time.

THREE CONCEPTS UNDER SUSTAINABILITY

CONCEPT MEANING SCENARIO

Carrying Capacity The largest size that the The number of people who
resources permit can survive in a lifeboat
after a shipwreck

Resilience Ability of the system to Ability of people to go back

return to its initial state after to their normal lives after a
disturbance disaster strikes

Stability Related to the disturbances Ability of a farm to produce

a system faces about the same amount of
rice every year.

IMPORTANT THINKERS IN HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS

1. Carl Sauer

2. Donald Meinig

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 DISS 11-HUMSS (Q1 Weeks 7 & 8)

VALUES TO LIVE BY: STEWARDSHIP

As stewards of God’s creation, we cannot protect the environment unless we empower people, we
inform them, and we help them understand that these resources and their own, that they must protect
our Mother Earth which is our number one home.

CONCLUSION

The four approaches discussed in this lesson all fall under critical social science
because they share the same emancipator goal of liberating people from oppression:
feminist theory to liberate individuals from gender inequality; Marxism to emancipate
workers from class oppression; psychoanalysis to liberate individuals from the
unconscious in order to understand human behavior; and human-environment systems
to make people realize how they can transform the environment and utilize if for
sustainability. In general, the said approaches are all action-oriented and encourage
people not only to explain and interpret society but to change it for the better.

LESSON SUMMARY

Critical social science aims to uncover surface reality in order to expose underlying structures
so that people may improve the society to which they belong.

Feminist theory as a social science theoretical approach encourages women to be aware of

their subordination in society and do something to promote gender equality.

Marxism as a social science approach aims to expose the conflict caused by the existence of
different social classes with different interests and encourages people to challenge the status
quo and abolish social inequality.

Psychoanalysis is concerned with making the unconscious conscious in order to understand

how people behave in society.

Human-environment systems focus on how humans and the environment are related and how
people can transform the environment for sustainability.

REFERENCES
BOOK

Arcinas, M. M. (2016). Disciplines and ideas in the social sciences. Quezon City: Phoenix
Publishing House.

Jison, J. R. & Ponsaran, J. N. (2018). Discipilines and ideas in the social sciences for senior
high school. Quezon City: C & E. Publishing Incorporated.

Ong, J. (2016). Disciplines and ideas in the social sciences. Quezon City: Vibal Group, Inc.

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 DISS 11-HUMSS (Q1 Weeks 7 & 8)

Chapter 5: Dominant Approaches and

Ideas in the Social Sciences: Interpretive
Social Science
At the end of this lesson, it is expected that you will be able to:
 appraise the meanings that people attach to everyday forms of interaction in order to
explain social behavior; and
 analyze significance of data

LECTURE NOTES
What is Interpretive Social Science?

It is one of the three broad paradigms in the Social Sciences which are sensitive
to context. This approach claims that people create and associate their own subjective
meaning as they interact with the world around them. Hence, it is the duty of interpretive
researchers to search for the meanings people assign to certain phenomena in order to
understand them.

Interpretive paradigm also claims that our knowledge of reality is only

constructed, thus there is no objective reality, as opposed to the claims of positivist
social science that there exists objective reality.

INTERPRETIVE SOCIAL SCIENCE

People create and associate their own subjective meanings as they

interact with the world around them

HERMENEUTIC PHENOMENOLOGY SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM

Historical phenomena are interpreted differently in Symbols help us understand how we view society and
proper context through one’s consciousness communicate with each other

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 DISS 11-HUMSS (Q1 Weeks 7 & 8)

1. HERMENEUTIC PHENOMENOLOGY

Hermeneutics refers to the art of understanding and the theory of interpretation while
phenomenology means the science of phenomena. Hermeneutics means “to interpret” and the
term came from the name of Hermes, the wing-footed messenger of gods in Greek mythology.

Hermeneutic phenomenology came up out to German philosophy and aims to reveal the
life world or human experience as it is lived. It advocates the idea that instead of simply one
truth as conceived by the scientists, there are in fact many truths. Hermeneutics, therefore,
means the process of making the incomprehensible understandable.

Meanwhile, phenomenology becomes hermeneutical when its method takes an

interpretive instead of solely descriptive nature. Every description is always ready interpretation;
to understand is already to interpret, and every mode of human knowledge is interpretive.

HERMENEUTIC PHENOMENOLOGY

Art of understanding and theory of interpretation The study of experience and how we experience

HERMENEUTIC PHENOMENOLOGY

Concerned with human experience as it is lived

KEY CONCEPTS IN HERMENEUTIC PHENOMENOLOGY

 Historicality – which is a person’s history or background that includes what one

receives from culture since birth and passed on from generation to generation, offering
ways of understanding the world.
 Pre-understanding – refers to a meaning or organization of a culture that are already
there before we understand.

IMPORTANT THINKERS IN HERMENEUTIC PHENOMENOLOGY

1. Martin Heidegger

2. Hans-Georg Gadamer

2. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM

It is also known as symbolic Interactionism perspective, refers to a key framework of

sociological theory which depends on the symbolic meaning developed by people in the process
of interaction.

Through the lens of symbolic Interactionism, society is examined by concentrating on the

subjective meanings that people impose on things, incidents, and actions. Subjective meanings
are prioritized because of the belief that people behave based on what they perceived to be true
and not on what are objectively true.

Hence, society is seen as socially constructed based on human interpretation. Because

it focuses on individuals and their interactions, it also espouses a micro-level type of analysis of
society.

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 DISS 11-HUMSS (Q1 Weeks 7 & 8)

Symbolic Interactionism is anchored on three (3) premises. These are as follows:

Premises Explanation
1. Human beings act The setting of the human motivation is the key as to how we make
toward things on meaning or make sense of things, such as a knock at a door or
the basis of the the color of the dress in one event. The things disengaged from
meanings that the setting may be gestures, sounds, material things, or what
things have for symbolic integrationists call symbols. That is, the individual
them. interprets these things as meaningful symbols and uses the
symbols in action according to the setting that they are in.

2. The meaning of Things to do not have inherent or innate meaning in and of

things arises out of themselves, but the meaning is socially or communally created,
the social through experience with these as one interacts with other
interaction one has individuals and groups in society. However, practices, symbols,
with one’s fellows. and gestures of the type commonly experienced normally have
meaning for the individual.

3. The meanings of The symbolic interaction perspective considers meaning to be

things are handled much more elastic or flexible than in the structural or Weberian
in and modified approaches. The same symbol may have different meanings in
through an different settings, for different individuals, and depending on how
interpretive process the individual interprets the setting.
used by the person
in dealing with
things he
encounters.

That is, when responding in a particular way to a symbol, the individual notes the
Symbol and however, quickly or unconsciously, develops a particular response.

KEY CONCEPTS IN SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM

 Symbols – refers to the means by which people extensively and creatively

communicate. It is culturally derived social objects having shared meanings that are
created and maintained in social interaction.
 Self – refers to the conscious, contemplative personality of the individual. It is the being
or nature of a person one imagines when he/she thinks about who he or she is.
 Mind – materializes from human communication. It becomes evident when significant
symbols are being used in communication.

IMPORTANT THINKERS IN SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM

1. George Herbert Mead

2. Herbert Blumer

CONCLUSION

Hermeneutic phenomenology gives importance to the meanings we ascribe to

phenomena. It concerns itself with understanding and interpreting human experience as it is
lived, thus interpretation is seen as critical to the process of understanding while symbolic
Interactionism asserts that society can be analyzed by addressing the subjective meanings that
people impose on objects, events and behaviors. Through the lens of symbolic Interactionism,
society is examined by concentrating on the subjective meanings that people impose on things,

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 DISS 11-HUMSS (Q1 Weeks 7 & 8)
incidents, and actions. These interpretive approaches try to understand human behavior and
actions by focusing on the individuals and their interactions.

LESSON SUMMARY

Interpretive social science claims that people create and associate their own subjective
meanings as they interact with the world around them.

Interpretive social science claims that our knowledge of reality is only socially constructed, thus
there is no objective reality.

Hermeneutic Phenomenology asserts that historical phenomena are interpreted differently in

proper context through one’s consciousness.

Symbolic Interactionism is a social science approach which depends on the symbolic meaning
developed by people in the process of interaction.

REFERENCES
BOOK

Arcinas, M. M. (2016). Disciplines and ideas in the social sciences. Quezon City: Phoenix
Publishing House.

Jison, J. R. & Ponsaran, J. N. (2018). Discipilines and ideas in the social sciences for senior
high school. Quezon City: C & E. Publishing Incorporated.

Ong, J. (2016). Disciplines and ideas in the social sciences. Quezon City: Vibal Group, Inc.

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 DISS 11-HUMSS (Q1 Weeks 7 & 8)

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT

Name: ____________________________________________ Grade & Section: __________

A. DRAWING. Draw and color the symbols, logos, and items that characterize the following
ideas, places, settings and events. (3 pts each)

1. Town Fiesta 2. Social networking sites

3. Protest Action 4. Christmas

5. University of the Philippines 6. Environmentalism

7. Hospital Setting 8. Indigenous culture

9. Thailand 10. Nationalism

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B. LYRIC ANALYSIS. Analyze the lyrics of the song “Tatsulok” by Bamboo then underline the
lines that you think it shows social inequalities in terms of class conflict and explain its message.
(20 pts)

(Criteria: Content – 10; Analysis – 6; Organization – 4)

Tatsulok by Bamboo

Totoy, bilisan mo, bilisan mo ang takbo

Ilagan mga bombang nakatutok sa ulo mo
Totoy, tumalon ka, dumapa kung kailangan
At baka tamaan pa ng mga balang ligaw

Totoy, makinig ka, 'wag kang magpa-gabi

Baka pagkamalan ka't humandusay d'yan sa tabi
Totoy, alam mo ba kung ano ang puno't dulo
Ng di matapos-tapos na kaguluhang ito?

Hindi pula't dilaw tunay na magkalaban

Ang kulay at tatak ay 'di s'yang dahilan
Hangga't marami ang lugmok sa kahirapan
At ang hustisya ay para lang sa mayaman

Habang may tatsulok at sila ang nasa tuktok

Hindi matatapos itong gulo

Ililigtas ang hininga ng kay raming mga tao

At ang dating munting bukid, ngayo'y sementeryo
Totoy, kumilos ka, baliktarin ang tatsulok
Tulad ng dukha, nailagay mo sa tuktok

Hindi pula't dilaw tunay na magkalaban

Ang kulay at tatak ay di syang dahilan
Hangga't marami ang lugmok sa kahirapan
At ang hustisya ay para lang sa mayaman

Habang may tatsulok at sila ang nasa tuktok

Hindi matatapos itong gulo

Hindi pula't dilaw tunay na magkalaban

Ang kulay at tatak ay 'di s'yang dahilan
Hangga't marami ang lugmok sa kahirapan
At ang hustisya ay para lang sa mayaman

Habang may tatsulok at sila ang nasa tuktok

Hindi matatapos itong gulo
Habang may tatsulok at sila ang nasa tuktok
Hindi matatapos itong gulo
Hindi matatapos itong gulo

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 DISS 11-HUMSS (Q1 Weeks 7 & 8)
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

C. VENN DIAGRAM. (10 pts)

Compare and contrast the two concepts based on (a) meaning, (b) purpose, and (c)
example.

(Content= 7 points; Organization= 2 points; Neatness= 1 point)

Gender Ideology Gender Inequalities

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