REVIEWER IN FLANG
The Spanish Alphabet
Letters Pronunciation Equivalent sound in English Example words
A A Father Agua (water)
B Be Bell(similar to english) Bacteria
C Ce S (Center) before e Ceja (eyebrows)Cara
and iK(corner) before (face)
a,o, u
Ch Che Ch (church) Cheque (check)
D De Dirt (similar in English) Dedo (finger)
E E Ace (cut off sharply) Espejo (mirror)
F Efe Friend(similar to English) Falda (skirt)
G Ge Hard g (Before a,o,u) Garaje (garage)
Hard h (he) Before e Gigante (giant)
and i
H Hache Always silent Hasta (until)
I I Fee Idea (idea)
J Jota Hard h (he) Jabón (soap)
K Ka Similar to English Kilómetro (kilometer)
L Ele Similar to English Lana (wool)
Ll Elle Yet (y) in Latin America Llave (key)
Million (lli) in Spain
M Eme Similar to English Maíz (corn)
N Ene Similar to English Naríz (nose)
Ñ Eñe Ny (canyon) Niño (boy)
O O Note Oficina (office)
P Pe Similar to English Playa (beach)
Q Cu K (kite) Quilómetro (kilometer)
R Ere (throw) in the middle of the Programa (program)Recibo
word;single trill
At the beginning of the word ; (receipt)
double trill
Rr Erre Double trill Perro (dog)
S Ese Similar to English Salud (health)
T Te Similar to English Tacón (heel) shoes
U U U (rule) Uvas (grapes)
V ve, uve V (vote, but softer, almost like Venta (sale)
b)
W Doble ve Watts
X Equis Cks (rocks) Taxi (taxi)
Y I griega Similar to english Y (and)
Z zeta S (sore) zona
In parts of Spain this is
pronounce as th like in THE (health)
Diphthongs
Spanish Sound Sound in English Spanish words
ai/ay Aisle Hay
au Vow Auto
Ei Day Peine
Ia Yard Viaje
Ie Yen Diez
Io Yodel Audio
Iu You Ciudad
oi/oy Oy Voy
Ua Wander Cuaderno
Ue Well Muerte
ui/uy Tweet distinguir/muy
Noun is a word that refers to the name of a person, place, thing, concept, entity or action. It
can serve as the subject of a sentence or the object of a verb or preposition in grammar. A
noun can also be described by adjectives or replaced by pronouns.
In Spanish, a noun has a distinct chracteristic called gender. It refers to masculine or
feminine.
a. Gender
1. Most nouns referring to men and boys are masculine and most nouns referring to
women and girls are feminine.
el padre the father la niña the girl
el hombre the man la reina the queen
2. It is very often in Spanish to change the ending of a noun to refer to a man or woman.
el camarero the waiter el empleado the employee (male)
la camarera the waitress la empleada the employee (female)
3. Nouns ending in –o are commonly masculine while nouns ending in –a are usually
feminine.
el periodico the newspaper la cara the face
el libro the book la mesa the table
4. Names of the days of the weeks, months of the year, names of languages, names of
rivers, mountains and seas are considered to be masculine.
el lunes Monday el Makiling Makiling
el Atlantico Atlantic Spanish el Ingles English
el Español
5. Nouns ending in -a, -z, -ción, -sión, -dad, -tad and -tud are usually feminine.
la cara the face la libertad freedom
la lección the lesson la multitud the crowd
la ciudad the city
6. There are masculine and feminine forms of words. Some have their proper words;
some are inflected and some shared the same spelling.
el hombre the man el amigo the (male) friend
la mujer the woman la amiga the (female) friend
el rey the king el viudo the widower
la reina the queen la viuda the widow
el dentista the male dentist la dentista the female dentist
7. Some masculine nouns ending in a consonant become feminine by adding an –a.
el Español the Spanish man el profesor the professor
la Española the Spanish woman la profesora the female teacher
8. Some nouns are considered neuter (or neutral) because the meaning of the term can
is neither masculine nor feminine. These are usually abstract nouns.
9. There are exceptions as regards the ending of the masculine and feminine nouns.
Some nouns ending in –o are considered feminine while some nouns ending in –a are
considered masculine. Some examples are given below.
Masculine Feminine
el mapa the map la mano the hand
el planeta the planet la foto the photo
el tranvia the tram la moto the motorbike
el seminarista the seminarian
el programa el the programme
sistema the system
el clima el dia the climate the
day
NOTE: ALL THE NOUNS MENTIONED ARE SINGULAR.
II. APPLY
Now, how do we transform a SINGULAR SPANISH NOUN INTO ITS PLURAL FORM? The answer to
this will be discussed here.
REMEMBER THE FOLLOWING:
1. Most nouns ending in vowels are usually pluralized by adding –s to their endings.
On the other hand, nouns ending in consonants (EXCEPT Z) are pluralized by adding -es
to their endings.
el libro the book el profesor the (male) tea
los libros the books los profesores the (male) teachers
el hombre the man la ciudad the town/city
los hombres the men las ciudades the towns/cities
2. Some nouns change in spelling in their plural form. If a noun ends in –z, drop the –z and
add –ces to form the plural.
la luz the light la vez the time
las luces the lights las veces the times
SER and ESTAR
Ser and estar are irregular verbs that have the same meaning but they differ in terms of
their functions. It is important to know the conjugations and uses of these verbs in order for
the studentsto construct simple sentences.
In Spanish, the conjugation determines the different forms of the verbs as to person
(1st, 2nd,3rd) and number (singular and plural).
Conjugation of SER – to be
SINGULAR
PERSON SUBJECT MEANING CONJUGATION MEANING
PRONOUN
1st person yo I soy am
2nd person tú, usted You eres are
3rd person él, ella, lo he,she,it es is
PLURAL
1st person nosotros, We somos are
nosotras
2nd person vosotros, you sois are
vosotras,
ustedes
3rd person ellos, ellas They son are
B. CONJUGATION OF ESTAR – to be
SINGULAR
PERSON SUBJECT PRONOUN MEANING CONJUGATION MEANING
1st person yo I estoy am
2nd person tú, usted you estás are
3rd person él, ella, lo he,she,it está is
PLURAL
1st person nosotros, nosotras we estamos are
2nd person vosotros, vosotras, you estáis are
ustedes
3rd person ellos, ellas they están are
USE OF SER USE OF ESTAR
1.Place of origin 1. Location of something
Yo soy de Manila. I am from Manila. Nosotros estamos en el cuarto. We are in the
2.Name, Nationality room.
Yo soy Señor Santiago. I am Mr.
Santiago. Mis herramientas están en el jardín.
Ѐl es un Filipino. He is a Filipino. My tools are in the garden.
Jobs/Professions, Places, 2. State of being (health, emotion etc.)
Ellos son maestros. They are teachers.
Esta es Manila. This is Manila. Estoy cansado porque no dormí ayer.
I am tired because I did not sleep yesterday.
Temporal Qualities (size, shape, height,
depth, color, measurement, etc.), Identity Lina está contenta con su trabajo.
Lina is happy with her job. 3.When used with a
Señorita Micaela es muy Hermosa. Gerund
Ms. Michelle is very beautiful. Nosotros estamos trabajando ocho horas
cada dia. (trabajando – gerund)
Tu zapato es blanco. Your shoe is white. We are working eight hours each day.
Su casa es mas grande que la nuestra. 4. When a Past Participle is used as an
His house is bigger than ours. 5.Time, Date Adjective
Es la una veinte por la mañana.
Los soldados están matados. (matados –
participle)
Vocabulary Improvement
Dias de Semana Days of the week
Lunes Monday
Martes Tuesday
Miércoles Wednesday
Jueves Thursday
Viernes Friday
Sábado Saturday
Domingo Sunday
fin de semana weekend
Mes Month
Enero January
Febrero February
Marso March
Abril April
Mayo May
Junio June
Julio July
Augusto August
Septiembre September
Octubre October
Noviembre November
Diciembre December
NUMBER NUMERO
1 uno (un, una)
2 dos
3 tres
4 cuatro
5 cinco
6 seis
7 siete
8 ocho
9 nueve
10 diez
11 once
12 doce
13 trece
14 catorce
15 quince
16 dieciseis
17 diecisiete
18 dieciocho
19 diecinueve
20 veinte
21 veintiuno (veintiun, veintiuna)
22 veintidos
23 veintitres
24 veinticuatro
25 veinticinco
26 veintiseis
27 veintisiete
28 veintiocho
29 veintinueve
30 reinta
31 treinta y uno (un, una)
40 cuarenta
41 cuarenta y uno (un, una)
50 cincuenta
52 cincuenta y dos
60 sesenta
65 sesenta y cinco
70 setenta
76 setenta y seis
80 ochenta
87 ochenta y siete
90 noventa
99 noventa y nueve
100 cien (ciento)
101 ciento uno (un,una)
200 doscientos/doscientas
212 doscientos/doscientas doce
300 trescientos/trescientas
400 cuatrocientos/cuatrocientas
500 quinientos/quinientas 600 seiscientos/seiscientas 700 setecientos/setecientas 800
ochocientos/ochocientas 900 novecientos/novecientas 1000 mil
1001 mil (y) uno (un, una) 2000 dos mil
2500 dos mil quinientos 1,000,000 un millon
