Controller Tutor

Be in charge
R Give them instructions

o
Organiser l Observer
Organise a variety of
activities
e Provide them with useful
feedback.
s

o
Assessor Performer
Students are given feedback, Performance styles of
corrected, and graded.
f teachers

Prompter
a Mime & Gestures

Avoid spoon-feeding the

Demonstrate expression
students

T
Participant e Language Model

Participate in an activity a Be a performer

c
h Provider of
Resource
e Comprehensible Input
Teacher talking time (TTT)

r
Serve as a resource &
Student talking time (STT)
 3 ROLES OF A
LEARNER

BE AN ACTIVE PARTICIPANT
Engage more in classroom activities.

TAKE AID EACH OTHER IN

RESPONSIBILITY THE LEARNING
FOR LEARNING PROCESS
Assist peers who
Set higher academic
are having difficulty
goals. learning.
 PEDAGOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF
TEACHING YOUNG LEARNERS

Children are energetic Children are spontaneous Children are curious and
and physically active and not afraid to speak out receptive to new ideas
or participate

Children are imaginative Children are easily Children are egocentric

distracted and have short and relate new ideas to
and enjoy make-believe
attention spans themselves

Children are social and are Children learn by doing and Children need support
learning to relate to interacting with their and scaffolding
Keep children on task
others. environment
Model the task

Children need a learning Children learn language Children do not learn

environment similar to first through lots of meaningful through explicit grammatical
language exposure and practice explanations
 Theories of Language
Teaching and Learning

Behaviorism Social Construstivism

1 Students' interactions with 2 The collaborative nature of
their surroundings. learning is highlighted.

Humanism Mastery Learning

3 Emphasised the importance of 4 When students fail to meet expected
standards, they are given numerous
student development and teaching opportunities to improve their work.

Blended Learning Cognitivism

5 Bringing together two distinct 6 The mind of a child develops
through a series of predetermined
learning environments stages until they reach adulthood.

Gardner’s multiple intelligence theory

People have more than just intellectual
7 capacity; they also have musical, interpersonal,
spatial-visual, and linguistic intelligences.
 APPROACHES/METHODS
FOR TEACHING CHILDREN

1 TOPIC-BASED LEARNING
Involves combining many curriculum subjects (such as Science,
Art, Geography and History) to allow students to explore subject
matter at greater depth and to make better connections between
different areas of learning.

2 SKILL-BASED LEARNING
Helps students to achieve the correct answer in every
instance they see the same skill.

3 TASK-BASED LEARNING
Learners are given interactive tasks to complete.

4 CONTENT AND LANGUAGE INTERGRATED

LEARNING
An approach where students learn a subject and a
second language at the same time

5 PROJECT-BASED LEARNING
An instructional approach designed to give students the
opportunity to develop knowledge and skills through engaging
projects set around challenges and problems they may face in
the real world.
ELT APPROACHES, METHODS
AND TECHNIQUES
01
Communicative approach

Learning a language successfully

requires the ability to transmit true
meaning.

02
Lexical approach

Lexis is the unit of planning and teaching for

language acquisition and communication,
not grammar, functions, or concepts.

03
Eclectic approach

Tactics and strategies to teach language

depending on the aims of the lesson and
the capacities of the learners.

04 Grammar-translation
method

Learn grammatical rules, then apply them

by translating sentences between the
target and native languages.

05
Direct method

The natural method

- Avoids using the learners' native
language in favor of only the target
language.
 ELT Approaches,
Methods and Techniques
1 2
AUDIO-LINGUAL
METHOD
The focus is on developing grammatical
and phonological structure, particularly
for speaking and listening.
3
SUGGESTOPEDIA
Emphasizes a safe, comfortable
environment in which students
feel at ease and enjoy learning.
5 6
TOTAL PHYSICAL
INPUT
Responding to verbal input with
movement
Imitates how young children learn
their first language
SILENT WAY
The teacher should keep as much
silence as possible in the classroom,
but students should be encouraged to
use as much language as possible.
4
COMMUNITY
LANGUAGE LEARNING
Teacher acts as a counsellor and a
paraphraser, while the learner is
seen as a client and collaborator.
MULTILITERACY
The capacity to recognise,
comprehend, produce, and express
meaning in a variety of ways,
including visually, orally, physically,
musically, and alphabetically.