Stiffness

Matrix Method

Matrix Beam Analysis

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan

Faculty of Engineering
Port‐Said University
1
Fundamentals of the Stiffness Method
Y
1 3 5

2 4 6
X
Global axes c
a 1 2
& local axes b

Node and member identification

Global and member (local) coordinates

Degrees of freedom (each node has 2 degrees of freedom)

Δr : Restrained degrees of freedom Δ1, Δ3 and Δ6 (zeros)

Δf : Free degrees of freedom Δ2 , Δ4 and Δ5

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt. 2

Beam‐Member Stiffness Matrix 1 3
2 4
6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿
6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 i j
1
1 ∆ 2 𝜃 3 ∆ 4 𝜃

12𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 12𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 12𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 12𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 1 𝑄

6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 2 𝑀
𝐾
12𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 12𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 3 𝑄

6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 4 𝑀

6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿
1
𝐹 𝐾 ∆ 𝐹

12𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 12𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿
Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt. 3
 1 3
2 4

4𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 2𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿
i j
1

1 ∆ 2 𝜃 3 ∆ 4 𝜃

6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 1 𝑄

12𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 12𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿
6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 4𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 2𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 2 𝑀
𝐾
12𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 12𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 3 𝑄

2𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 2𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 4𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 4 𝑀

1
4𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 𝐹 𝐾 ∆ 𝐹

6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿
Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt. 4
Application of the Stiffness Method for Beam Analysis

Equilibrium Equation

Which can be subdivided to be;

unknown displacements
joint applied loads

reactions
boundary conditions
(usually equal zero)
𝐹 𝐾 Δ 𝐾 Δ 𝐹

𝐹 𝐾 Δ 𝐾 Δ 𝐹

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt. 5

Example (1)

For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine all reactions at supports.
(b)Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams.
Consider EI is the same for all members

10 kN
1 kN/m

a c
b
9m 1.5 1.5

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt.

6
Stiffness Matrices 1 3 5
2 6
4
a c
b
𝐾 1
2

For restrained vertical displacements

∆ 𝜃 ∆ 𝜃
12𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 12𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 𝑄
6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 4𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 2𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 𝑀 Consider rotations only.
12𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 12𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 𝑄

6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 2𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 4𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 𝑀 𝜃 𝜃

4𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 2𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 𝑀
𝐾
2𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 4𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 𝑀

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt. 7

 10 kN
1 3 5
1 kN/m
2 6
a c 4
b a c
9m 1.5 1.5 b
1
2

2 4 𝜃 𝜃
4⁄9 2⁄9 2
4𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 2𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 𝑀
𝐾 𝐸𝐼
2⁄9 𝐾
4⁄9 4
2𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 4𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 𝑀

4 6 4 6
4⁄3 2⁄3 4 4⁄9 4⁄3 2⁄3 4
𝐾 𝐸𝐼 𝐾 𝐸𝐼
2⁄3 4⁄3 6 2⁄3 6
4⁄3

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt. 8

 Global Equilibrium: 𝐹 𝐾 Δ 𝐾 Δ 𝐹
0
1
3 5 10 kN
1 kN/m
2
4 6
a c
a c
b b
6.75 kN.m 6.75 kN.m 3.75 kN.m

Fixed-end forces
4 6
4 0 9⁄3 4⁄3 2⁄3 4 ∆ 6.75 3.75 4
𝐸𝐼 +
6 0 2⁄3 4⁄3 6 ∆ 3.75 6

∆ 0.779⁄𝐸𝐼
=
∆ 2.423⁄𝐸𝐼

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt. 9

Member forces Member #1 (ab) 𝐹 𝐾 ∆ 𝐹
1
3 5
6.75 kN.m 6.75 kN.m 2
1 kN/m 4 6
a c
a b b

Fixed-end forces
2 4
2 𝑀 4⁄9 2⁄9 2 𝜃 0 6.75
𝐸𝐼
𝑀 +
4 2⁄9 4⁄9 4 𝜃 0.779/𝐸𝐼 6.75

6.92 kN.m 6.4 kN.m

1 kN/m
𝑀 6.92
a b
=
𝑀 6.4
4.56 kN 4.44 kN
Final-end forces
Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt. 10
Member forces Member #2 (bc) 𝐹 𝐾 ∆ 𝐹

1
3 5
10 kN 2
3.75 kN.m 3.75 kN.m 4 6

b c a c
b
Fixed-end forces
4 6
4 𝑀 4⁄3 2⁄3 4 𝜃 0.779/𝐸𝐼 3.75
𝐸𝐼
6 𝑀 +
2⁄3 4⁄3 6 𝜃 2.423/𝐸𝐼 3.75

𝑀 6.4 10 kN
6.4 kN.m 0
=
𝑀 0 b c
Final-end forces
7.13 kN 2.87 kN

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt. 11

 10 kN
6.92 kN.m 6.4 kN.m 0
1 kN/m 6.4 kN.m

a b b c

4.56 kN 4.44 kN 7.13 kN 2.87 kN

7.13
4.56

b c
a
S. F. D.
2.87
4.44

6.92 6.4

c
b B. M. D.
a

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt. 12

Example (2)

For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine all reactions at supports.
(b)Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams.
Take E = 200 Gpa, I = 200×106 mm4 and support c settlement 10 mm.

4 kN
0.6 kN/m 20 kN.m
a c
2EI b EI
8m 4m 4m

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt. 13

 𝐾
Stiffness Matrix:
12𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 12𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿
1 3 5
6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 4𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 2𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿
2 6
4
12𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 12𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿
a c
b
1 2 6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 2𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 6𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 4𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿

𝐾 𝐾
1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6
12 2 ⁄8 1.5 0.375 1.5 1 12⁄8 0.75 0.1875 0.75 3
1.5 8 1.5 4 2 0.75 4 0.75 2 4
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
8 0.375 1.5 0.375 1.5 3 8 0.1875 0.75 0.1875 0.75 5

1.5 4 1.5 8 4 0.75 2 0.75 4 6

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt. 14

 1 2 3 4
Stiffness Matrix: 𝐾
12 2 ⁄8 1.5 0.375 1.5 1
1 3 5 2
1.5 8 1.5 4
2 𝐸𝐼
4 6
8 0.375 1.5 0.375 1.5 3
a c
b
1 2
1.5 4 1.5 8 4

𝐾
3 4 5 6 𝐾
3 3 4 6
12⁄8 0.75 0.1875 0.75
0.5625 0.75 3
4 0.75
0.75 4 0.75 2
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 0.75 12 2 4
8 0.1875 0.75 0.1875 0.75 5 8
0.75 2 4 6
0.75 2 0.75 4 6

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt. 15

 1 2 3 4
Stiffness Matrix: 𝐾
12 2 ⁄8 1.5 0.375 1.5 1
1 3 5 2
1.5 8 1.5 4
2 𝐸𝐼
4 6
8 0.375 1.5 0.375 1.5 3
a c
b
1 2
1.5 4 1.5 8 4

𝐾
3 4 5 6
𝐾 5
12⁄8 0.75 0.1875 0.75 3
0.1875 3
0.75 4 0.75 2 4
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
0.75 4
8 0.1875 0.75 0.1875 0.75 5 8
0.75 6
0.75 2 0.75 4 6

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt. 16

 Global Equilibrium: 𝐹 𝐾 Δ 𝐾 Δ 𝐹
3.2 4.0 4.0
3.2 0.6 kN.m kN.m4 kN
1 3 5 kN.m
kN.m kN/m
2 6
4 a c
a c b
2.0
b 2.4 2.0
1 2 2.4 kN
kN kN kN
3 4 6
0.5625 0.75 3
𝐹 0 0.75 ∆
𝐸𝐼
𝐹 0 = 8
0.75 12 2 4 ∆ +
𝐹 20 0.75 2 4 6 ∆
5
1.875 3 2.4 2
200 200
8
0.75 4 ∆ 0.01 + 3.2 4

0.75 6 4

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt. 17

 3 4 6
0.5625 0.75 3
𝐹 0 0.75 ∆
𝐸𝐼
𝐹 0 = 8
0.75 12 2 4 ∆ +
𝐹 20 0.75 2 4 6 ∆

9.375 2.4 2

+ 37.5 + 3.2 4

37.5 4

m 9.433 10 m
∆ 377.3⁄𝐸𝐼

∆ = 61.53⁄𝐸𝐼
rad = 1.538 10 rad

∆ 74.5⁄𝐸𝐼 rad 1.863 10 rad

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt. 18

 Member forces Member (1) 𝐹 𝐾 ∆ 𝐹

1 3 5 3.2 kN.m 3.2 kN.m

0.6 kN/m
2 6
4 a b
a c
b
1 2 2.4 kN
2.4 kN
Fixed-end forces
1 2 3 4
𝐹 12 2 ⁄8 1.5 0.375 1.5 1 ∆ 0 2.4

𝐹 1.5 8 1.5 4 2 ∆ 0 3.2

= 𝐸𝐼8 0.375 1.5 0.375 ∆ = 377.3⁄𝐸𝐼 + 2.4
𝐹 1.5 3

𝐹 1.5 4 1.5 8 4 ∆ 61.53⁄𝐸𝐼 3.2

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt. 19

Member forces Member (1) 𝐹 𝐾 ∆ 𝐹

1 3 5
2 6
4
a c
b
1 2

0.6 kN/m 6.03 kN.m

43.19 kN.m

kN a b
𝐹 8.55

43.19 kN.m 3.75 kN

𝐹 8.55 kN
= 3.75 kN
𝐹
Final forces
𝐹 6.03 kN.m

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt. 20

 Member forces Member (2) 𝐹 𝐾 ∆ 𝐹

1 3 5
4 kN
2 4 kN.m 4 kN.m
4 6
a b c
c
b
1 2
2 kN
2 kN
Fixed-end forces
3 4 5 6
12⁄8 2
𝐹 0.75 0.1875 0.75 ∆ = 377.3⁄𝐸𝐼
0.75 4 0.75 2 ∆ 61.53⁄𝐸𝐼 4
𝐹
𝐸𝐼
= 8 0.1875 0.75 0.1875 0.75 ∆ 0.01 + 2
𝐹

𝐹 0.75 2 0.75 4 ∆ 74.5⁄𝐸𝐼 4

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt. 21

Member forces Member (2)

1 3 5
2 6
4
a c
b
1 2

4 kN
6.03 kN.m 20 kN.m
c
𝐹 3.75 kN b

𝐹 6.03 kN.m
= 3.75 kN 0.25 kN
𝐹 0.25 kN
Final forces
𝐹 20 kN.m

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt. 22

 4 kN
0.6 kN/m 6.03 kN.m 6.03 kN.m 20 kN.m
43.19 kN.m
a b b c

3.75 kN 3.75 kN 0.25 kN

8.55 kN

8.55
3.75
c
S. F. D.
a b -0.25
43.19

b c
a B. M. D.
6.03
21 20
Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt.
23
Example (3)

For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine all reactions at supports.
(b)Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams.
E = 200 Gpa, I = 50×10-6 m4

40
kN.m 20 kN
9 kN/m

a c
2EI b EI
4m 4m

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt. 24

 Stiffness Matrix: 𝐾
1 2 3 4
1 3 6 0.375 0.75 0.375 0.75 1

2 7 0.75 2 0.75 1 2
a c
𝐸𝐼 0.375 0.75 0.375 0.75 3
1 b 2
4 5
0.75 1 0.75 2 4
𝐾
3 5 6 7 𝐾
0.1875 0.375 0.1875 0.375 3 3 4 5
0.375 1 0.375 0.5 5 0.5625 0.75 0.375 3

𝐸𝐼 0.375 0.1875 𝐸𝐼 0.75 2 4

0.1875 0.375 6
0.375 1 5
0.375 0.5 0.375 1 7

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt. 25

 0
Global Equilibrium: 𝐹 𝐾 Δ 𝐾 Δ 𝐹
40
1 3 6 kN.m 20 kN
9 kN/m
2 7
a c
a c 2EI b EI
1 b 2 4m
4 5 4m

3 4 5
∆ 3
𝐹 20 0.5625 0.75 0.375 3 18

𝐹 40 = 𝐸𝐼 0.75 2 4 ∆ + 12 4

𝐹 0.0 0.375 1 5 ∆ 0.0 5

∆ 13.16 10 m 12 kN.m
12 kN.m 9 kN/m
∆
= 2.333 10 rad
a b

∆ 4.9333 10 rad 18 kN 18 kN

26
Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt.
Member forces Member (1) 𝐹 𝐾 ∆ 𝐹

1 3 6 12 kN.m 9 kN/m 12 kN.m

a b
2 7
a c
18 kN 18 kN
1 b 2
4 5
Fixed-end forces

1 2 3 4
𝐹 0.375 0.75 0.375 0.75 0 18

𝐹 0.75 2 0.75 1 0 12
= 𝐸𝐼 0.75 0.375 0.75 13.16 10
+ 18
𝐹 0.375

𝐹 0.75 1 0.75 2 2.333 10 12

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt. 27

Member forces Member (1)
40
1 3 6 kN.m 20 kN
9 kN/m
2 7
a c
a c 2EI b EI
1 b 2 4m
4 5 4m

𝐹 49.85 kN 87.37KN.m
40 kN.m

87.37 kN.m a b
𝐹
=
𝐹 13.85 kN
49.85 kN 13.85 kN
𝐹 40 kN.m

Final forces

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt. 28

Member forces Member (2) 𝐹 𝐾 ∆ 𝐹

1 3 6 12 kN.m 9 kN/m 12 kN.m

a b
2 7
a c
18 kN 18 kN
1 b 2
4 5
Fixed-end forces

3 5 6 7
13.16 10 0
𝐹 0.1875 0.375 0.1875 0.375
0
𝐹 0.375 1 0.375 0.5
= 𝐸𝐼
4.9333 10 + 0
𝐹 0.1875 0.375 0.1875 0.375 0
0
𝐹 0.375 0.5 0.375 1 0

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt. 29

Member forces Member (2)
40
1 3 6 kN.m 20 kN
9 kN/m
2 7 a c
2EI b EI
a c
b 2 4m 4m
1
4 5

𝐹 6.18 kN 24.69 kN.m

c
𝐹 b
0 kN.m
𝐹
=
6.18 kN 6.18 kN
6.18 kN
𝐹 24.69 kN.m Final-end forces

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt. 30

 40 kN.m 24.69 kN.m
87.37KN.m
c
a b b

13.85 kN 6.18 kN
49.85 kN 6.18 kN

87.3
24.7
S. F. D.

40
49.8
13.8
B. M. D.
-6.17 -6.17
Prof. Dr. Ahmed Zubydan, Port-Said University, Egypt. 31