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Objectives
Write the terms of a sequence.
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Objectives
Use the nth-Term Test for Divergence of an
infinite series.
Sequences
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Sequences
A sequence is defined as a function whose domain is the
set of positive integers. Although a sequence is a function,
it is common to represent sequences by subscript notation
rather than by the standard function notation.
Sequences
a. The terms of the sequence {an} = {3 + (–1)n} are
3 + (–1)1, 3 + (–1)2, 3 + (–1)3, 3 + (–1)4, . . .
2, 4, 2, 4, ....
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Sequences
c. The terms of the sequence {cn} are
Limit of a Sequence
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Limit of a Sequence
The primary focus of this chapter concerns sequences
whose terms approach limiting values. Such sequences are
said to converge. For instance, the sequence {1/2n}
Limit of a Sequence
2𝑛 2𝑛 1
𝑎𝑛 converges Claim: lim
4𝑛 1 𝑛→∞ 4𝑛 1 2
2𝑛 1
∀𝜀 0, ∃𝑀 0 such that ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝑛 𝑀 ⇒ 𝜀
4𝑛 1 2
Let ∀𝜀 0, be arbitrary, Choose 𝑀 ______ 0
1 1
Suppose 𝑛 𝑀 ⇒
𝑛 𝑀
1 1
2𝑛 1 2𝑛 4𝑛 1 2𝑛 2𝑛 1
⇒ 2 2
4𝑛 1 2 4𝑛 1 4𝑛 1 |2 4𝑛 1 |
1 1
𝜀 2 2𝑀 𝑀 0⇒𝑀 1, 2, ⋯
|8𝑛 2| |8𝑀 2|
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Limit of a Sequence
1 1 1 1 1 1
∙
|8𝑛 2| |8𝑀 2| |8𝑀 2𝑀| 6𝑀 6 𝑀
1 1 1
∙ ∙ 6𝜀 𝜀
6 1 6
6𝜀
1
Then Choose 𝑀 0
6𝜀
2𝑛 1
⇒ 𝜀
4𝑛 1 2
2𝑛
Thus 𝑎𝑛 converges
4𝑛 1
2𝑛 1
lim
𝑛→∞ 4𝑛 1 2 11
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Factorial
The symbol n! (read “n factorial”) is used to simplify some
of these formulas. Let n be a positive integer; then
n factorial is defined as
n! = 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 . . . (n – 1) • n.
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Sequences (Convergent/Divergent)
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Sequences (Convergent/Divergent)
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Sequences (Convergent/Divergent)
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Sequences (Convergent/Divergent)
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Sequences (Convergent/Divergent)
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Sequences (Convergent/Divergent)
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Sequences (Convergent/Divergent)
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Sequences (Convergent/Divergent)
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Squeeze Theorem
Another useful limit theorem that can be rewritten for
sequences is the Squeeze Theorem.
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Squeeze Theorem
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Squeeze Theorem
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Infinite Series
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Infinite Series
An infinite series (or simply a series) is:
The numbers a1, a2, a3, and so on are the terms of the
series.
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Infinite Series
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a. The series
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Because
is
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c. The series
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Geometric Series
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Geometric Series
The series is a geometric
series. In general, the series
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has a ratio of
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Solution:
a. From Theorem 9.11, it follows that the harmonic series
diverges.
converges. 38
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Solution:
By comparison with
you have
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Alternating Series
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Alternating Series
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Solution:
Note that
for all n.
So, applying the Alternating Series Test, you can conclude 45
that the series converges.
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So, the limit of the nth term is not 0, and the series
diverges.
So, the limit of the nth term is not 0, and the series
diverges. 48
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Solution:
Because an = 2n/n!, you can write the following.
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Solution:
You can apply the Root Test as follows.
Because this limit is less than 1, you can conclude that the
series converges absolutely (and therefore converges). 55
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End of REVISION
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