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பசித்திரு (Be hungry) தனித்திரு (Be individual) விழித்திரு (Be conscious)

HIGHER SECONDARY FIRST YEAR-PHYSICS

NAME :
STANDARD : 11 SECTION :
SCHOOL :
EXAM NO :

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed.,

PG ASST (PHYSICS)
GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
 11 PHYSICS www.nammakalvi.com UNIT – 6 GRAVITATION COMPLETE GUIDE

PART – I 1 MARK MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

5. If the distance between the Earth and Sun were to be doubled from its present
1. The linear momentum and position vector of the planet is perpendicular to value, the number of days in a year would be
each other at (a) 64.5 (b) 1032 (c) 182.5 (d) 730
(a) perihelion and aphelion (b) at all points .Solution :-
(c) only at perihelion (d) no point 𝑇2
.Solution :-  By Kepler’s law of periods, 𝑇 2 ∝ 𝑟 3 (𝑜𝑟) = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑟3
3
𝑇12 𝑇22 𝑇12 𝑟13 2
𝑟3
2 2
𝑟2 2
= (𝑜𝑟) = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑇2 = 𝑇1 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑇2 = 𝑇1 [ ]
𝑟13 𝑟23 𝑇22 𝑟23 𝑟13 𝑟1
 Here, 𝑇1 = 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 and if 𝑟2 = 2 𝑟1 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
3
2 𝑟1 2 3 1
𝑇2 = 365 [ ] = 365[2]2 = 365 [8]2 = 365 × 2 √2 = 365 × 2 × 1.414 = 1032
𝑟1
Answer (a) perihelion and aphelion Answer (b) 1032
2. If the masses of the Earth and Sun suddenly double, the gravitational force 6. According to Kepler’s second law, the radial vector to a planet from the Sun
between them will sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time. This law is a consequence of
(a) remain the same (b) increase 2 times (a) conservation of linear momentum
(b) conservation of angular momentum
(c) increase 4 times (d) decrease 2 times
(c) conservation of energy
.Solution :-
𝑀𝑚 (d) conservation of kinetic energy
 By Newton’s law of gravitation ; 𝐹 = 𝐺 2 .Solution :-
𝑟
2𝑀 2𝑚 𝑀𝑚 𝑑𝐴
 If 𝑀 → 2𝑀 ; 𝑚 → 2𝑚, then 𝐹1 = 𝐺 = 4 [𝐺 ] = 4𝐹  By Kepler’s second law, = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑟2 𝑟2 𝑑𝑡
1 1 1
Answer (c) increase 4 times  But, 𝑑𝐴 = × 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = (𝑟𝑑𝜃) 𝑟 = 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃
2 2 2
3. A planet moving along an elliptical orbit is closest to the Sun at distance r1 and 𝑑𝐴 1 2 𝑑𝜃 1 2
farthest away at a distance of r2. If v1 and v2 are linear speeds at these points ∴ = 𝑟 = 𝑟 𝜔 [∵ 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 ; 𝐿 = 𝑚𝑣𝑟 = 𝑚𝑟 2 𝜔]
𝒗 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2
respectively. Then the ratio 𝟏 = 𝑑𝐴 1 𝐿
𝒗𝟐 = = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑟2 𝑟2 2 𝑟 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑚
(a) 𝑟 (b) (𝑟 ) (c) 𝑟1 (d) (𝑟1 )
1 1 2 2 Answer (b) conservation of angular momentum
.Solution :- 7. The gravitational potential energy of the Moon with respect to Earth is
 In planetary motion, angular momentum (L) always constant. (i.e.) (a) always positive (b) always negative
𝐿1 = 𝐿2 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑟1 𝑝1 = 𝑟2 𝑝2 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑟1 𝑚 𝑣1 = 𝑟2 𝑚 𝑣2 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑟1 𝑣1 = 𝑟2 𝑣2 (c) can be positive or negative (d) always zero
𝑣1 𝑟2
∴ = .Solution :-
𝑣2 𝑟1  Gravitational potential energy of a system of two masses m 1 and m2 separated by
𝒓𝟐
Answer (a) a distance r as the amount of work done to take the mass m 2 from a distance r to
𝒓𝟏 infinity assuming m1 to be fixed in its position and is written as
4. The time period of a satellite orbiting Earth in a circular orbit is independent of 𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑈(𝑟) = −𝐺
(a) Radius of the orbit (b) The mass of the satellite 𝑟
 The gravitational potential energy is always negative because when two masses
(c) Both the mass and radius of the orbit (d) Neither the mass nor the radius of its orbit
come together slowly from infinity, work is done by the system.
.Solution :-
𝑇2 Answer (b) always negative
 By Kepler’s law of periods, 𝑇 2 ∝ 𝑟 3 (𝑜𝑟) = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑟3
 Thus time period (T) depends on radius , but it is independent of mass (m)
Answer (b) The mass of the satellite

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
 11 PHYSICS www.nammakalvi.com UNIT – 6 GRAVITATION COMPLETE GUIDE
8. The kinetic energies of a planet in an elliptical  In January, the Earth is at perihelion and experience maximum gravitational field
orbit about the Sun, at positions A, B and C are and in July, the Earth is at aphelion and experience minimum gravitational field.
KA, KB and KC respectively. AC is the major axis decreases in the month of July and increases in
and SB is perpendicular to AC at the position of Answer (c) the month of January
the Sun S as shown in the figure. Then
12. If a person moves from Chennai to Trichy, his weight
(a) 𝐾𝐴 > 𝐾𝐵 > 𝐾𝐶 (b) 𝐾𝐵 < 𝐾𝐴 < 𝐾𝐶
(a) increases (b) decreases
(c) 𝐾𝐴 < 𝐾𝐵 < 𝐾𝐶 (d) 𝐾𝐵 > 𝐾𝑎 > 𝐾𝐶
(c) remains same (d) increases and then decreases
.Solution :-
.Solution :-
 From Kepler’s law of areas, the planets travel faster when they are nearer to the
 Variation of ‘g’ with latitude; g' = g – r ω²cos², where  is the latitude of the place
Sun and slower when they are farther from it, to cover equal area in equal
intervals of time. Hence 𝑣𝐴 > 𝑣𝐵 > 𝑣𝐶  The latitude of the Chennai is more than the latitude of the Trichy.
1  Thus for Trichy,  is small, cos  is large and hence g' < g . So weight at
 We have kinetic energy as 𝐾 = 𝑚 𝑣 2
2 Trichy decreases. And for Chennai,  is large, cos  is small and hence g' > g.
Answer (a) 𝑲𝑨 > 𝑲𝑩 > 𝑲 𝑪 So weight at Chennai increses. This means in Chennai, weight of the person will
9. The work done by the Sun’s gravitational force on the Earth is be little more than the weight on Trichy
(a) always zero (b) always positive decreases
Answer (b)
(c) can be positive or negative (d) always negative
13. An object of mass 10 kg is hanging on a spring scale which is attached to the
.Solution :-
roof of a lift. If the lift is in free fall, the reading in the spring scale is
 The force exerting on the planet due to the gravity is always toward to sun.
(a) 98 N (b) zero (c) 49 N (d) 9.8 N
 Since the planet moves around the Sun in an .Solution :-
elliptical orbit, the angle between the force and the
 Freely falling objects experience only gravitational force. As they fall freely, they
displacement is either acute (<90) or obtuse angle are not in contact with any surface and hence, a = g
(>90). So workdone [𝑊 = (𝐹 cos 𝜃) 𝑆] can be  Hence the normal force acting on the mass is 𝑁 = 𝑚 (g − g) = 0
either positive or negative
 When the lift falls with downward acceleration a = g, any mass inside the
Answer (c) can be positive or negative elevator is in the state of weightlessness or free fall.
10. If the mass and radius of the Earth are both doubled, then the acceleration due Answer (b) zero
to gravity g'
g 14. If the acceleration due to gravity becomes 4 times its original value, then
(a) remains same (b) (c) 2 g (d) 4 g escape speed
2
.Solution :- (a) remains same (b) 2 times of original value
𝐺 𝑀𝑒 (c) becomes halved
 The acceleration due to gravity is ; 𝑔 = (d) 4 times of original value
𝑅𝑒2 .Solution :-
1 𝐺 2 𝑀𝑒 𝐺 𝑀𝑒 g
 If 𝑀𝑒 → 2 𝑀𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑒 → 2 𝑅𝑒 , then 𝑔 = = =  Escape speed 𝑣𝑒 = √2 g 𝑅
4 𝑅𝑒2 2 𝑅𝑒2 2
𝐠  If g → 4 g, then new escape speed ; 𝑣𝑒1 = √2 (4 g) 𝑅 = 2 √2 g 𝑅 = 2 𝑣𝑒
Answer (b)
𝟐 Answer (b) 2 times of original value
11. The magnitude of the Sun’s gravitational field as experienced by Earth is 15. The kinetic energy of the satellite orbiting around the Earth is
(a) same over the year (a) equal to potential energy (b) less than potential energy
(b) decreases in the month of January and increases in the month of July (c) greater than kinetic energy (d) zero
(c) decreases in the month of July and increases in the month of January .Solution :-
1 𝐺 𝑀𝑒 𝑀𝑠
(d) increases during day time and decreases  Kinetic energy of the satellite ; 𝐸𝐾 =
2 𝑅𝑒 +ℎ
during night time. 𝐺 𝑀𝑒 𝑀𝑠
.Solution :-  Potential energy of the satellite ; |𝑈| =
𝑅𝑒 +ℎ
𝐺𝑀 𝐸𝐾 1 |𝑈|
 Magnitude of gravitational field, 𝐸 =  Hence, = (𝑜𝑟) 𝐸𝐾 = = ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝑟2 |𝑈| 2 2
 Hence the gravitational field decreases as less than potential energy
Answer (b)
distance increases
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
 11 PHYSICS www.nammakalvi.com UNIT – 6 GRAVITATION COMPLETE GUIDE
5. Discuss the important features of gravitational force.
PART – II & III 2 and 3 MARK SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS & ANSWERS Features of gravitational force :
1. State geocentric model of Solar system.  As gravitational attraction is inversely proportional to 𝑟 2 , if the distance
 Ptolemy proposed geocentric model of Solar system. between two masses increases, the strength of the force tends to decreased. it
 According to the geocentric model, the Earth is at the center of the universe and implies that the planet Uranus experiences less gravitational force from the Sun
all celestial objects including the Sun, the Moon, and other planets orbit the than the Earth.
Earth.  The gravitational forces between two particles always constitute an action-
2. State heliocentric model of Solar system. reaction pair. It implies that these two forces acts on two different particles.
 Nicholas Copernicus proposed a new model called the ‘Heliocentric model’  The torque experienced by the Earth due to the gravitational force of the Sun is
 According to the heliocentric model, the Sun was considered to be at the center zero. So the angular momentum of the Earth about the Sun is constant
of the solar system and all planets including the Earth orbited the Sun in circular throughout the motion. It is true for all the planets.
orbits.  When Earth orbits around the Sun due to Sun’s gravitational force, we assumed
3. State and explain Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. Earth and Sun to be point masses. This assumption is a good approximation
Law 1 - Law of orbits: because the distance between the two bodies is very much larger than their
 Each planet moves around the Sun in diameters.
an elliptical orbit with the Sun one of  The force of attraction between the hollow sphere of mass M and point mass m
the foci can be calculated by treating the hollow sphere also as another point mass.
 The closest point of approach of the Essentially the entire mass of the hollow sphere appears to be concentrated at
planet to sun is called “perihelion” and the center of the hollow sphere.
the farthest point is called “aphelion”  If we place an object of mass ‘m’ inside the hollow sphere of mass M, then the
Law 2 - Law of areas : force experienced by this mass ‘m’ will be zero.
 The radial vector (i.e.) the line joining the Sun to a planet sweeps equal areas in 6. What is the basic concept of force. Give its types.
equal intervals of time.  Force is basically due to the interaction between two particles. Depending upon
 If the time period is equal (1 month), the type of interaction we can have two kinds of forces: Contact forces and Non-
then, area A1 = area A2 contact forces
 Thus the planets travel faster when 1) Contact force : It is the force applied where one object is in physical
they are nearer to the Sun and slower contact with the other (e.g.) tensile force, frictional force, viscous force
when they are farther from it to cover 2) Non – contact force : It is the force acting between two objects where the
equal area in equal intervals of time. two objects are not s in physical contact with each other (e.g.) gravitational
Law 3 - Law of periods : force, electrostatic force, magnetic force
 The square of the time period of revolution of a planet around the Sun in its 7. Define gravitational field (gravitational field intensity).
elliptical orbit is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of the  Gravitational field at a point is defined as the gravitational force experienced by
ellipse. unit mass placed at that point.
 Let “T” be the time period and “a” be the semi major axis, then ⃗⃗⃗
𝑭 𝑮𝑴
⃗⃗⃗ =
𝑬 = − 𝟐 𝒓̂
𝑻𝟐 𝒎 𝒓
𝑇 2 ∝ 𝑎3 (𝑜𝑟) = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕  Its unit is 𝑁 𝐶 −1 (or) 𝑚 𝑠 −1
𝒂𝟑
4. State Newton’s universal law of gravitation. 8. State superposition principle of gravitational fields.
 Newton’s law of gravitation states that a particle of mass M 1 attracts any other  The total gravitational field at a point P due to all the masses is given by the
particle of mass M2 in the universe with an attractive force. The strength of this vector sum of the gravitational field due to the individual masses. This principle
force of attraction was found to be directly proportional to the product of their is known as superposition of gravitational fields.
masses and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. ⃗⃗⃗
𝑬 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = ⃗𝑬𝟏 + ⃗𝑬𝟐 + … … + ⃗⃗⃗𝑬𝒏
𝐺 𝑀1 𝑀2
⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 = −
𝑟2
 Here,, 𝐺 − 6.67 𝑋 10−11 𝑁 𝑚2 𝐶 −2 −→ universal gravitational constant

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
 11 PHYSICS www.nammakalvi.com UNIT – 6 GRAVITATION COMPLETE GUIDE
9. Explain how Newton derived universal gravitational law from Kepler’s law of 12. Is potential energy the property of a single object? Justify.
planetary motion.  No. Potential energy is the property of a system not the property of a single
Derivation of Newton’s law of gravitation from Kepler’s law : object.
 Newton considered the orbits of the planets as circular. For circular orbit of  Because potential energy of an object in the Earth – object system depends on
radius r, the centripetal acceleration towards the center is the distance of the object from the Earth
𝑣2 13. Define Gravitational potential.
𝑎=− − − − − − − − (1)
𝑟  The gravitational potential at a distance “r” due to a mass is defined as the
 If T is the time period of revolution of the planet, then its velocity is amount of work required to bring unit mass from infinity to the distance “r” and
2𝜋𝑟 it is denoted as V(r) . It is a scalar and its unit is J kg-1
𝑣= − − − − − − − (2) 𝑮𝒎
𝑇
 Put equation (2) in (1), 𝑽 (𝒓) = −
𝒓
2𝜋𝑟 2 14. Distinguish between gravitational field and gravitational potential.
( ) 4 𝜋 2 𝑟2 4 𝜋2 𝑟
𝑎=− 𝑇 = − = − − − − − (3) Gravitational potential energy Gravitational potential
𝑟 𝑟 𝑇2 𝑇2 It is defined as the work done
 If 𝑚 is the mass of the planet, then from Newton’s second law force is given by It is the work done to move a mass
required to bring unit mass from
4 𝜋2 𝑟 4 𝜋2 𝑚 𝑟 from a point near another mass to
infinity to the point near another
𝐹 = 𝑚 𝑎 = 𝑚 (− ) = − − − − (4) infinity
𝑇2 𝑇2 𝑮 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 mass
 By Kepler’s III law, 𝑼(𝒓) = − 𝑮𝒎
𝒓 𝑽 (𝒓) = −
𝑟3 𝑟 𝑘 𝒓
= 𝑘 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡) (𝑜𝑟) = 2 Its unit is joule (J) its unit is J kg-1
𝑇2 𝑇2 𝑟
 Put this in equation (4), 15. Define acceleration due to gravity.
4 𝜋2 𝑚 𝑘  The acceleration experienced by the object near the surface of the Earth due to
𝐹 = − its gravity is called acceleration due to gravity. It is denoted by “g”
𝑟2 𝑮𝑴
 But Newton strongly felt that according to his third law, if Earth is attracted by 𝒈 = = 𝟗. 𝟖 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐
the Sun, then the Sun must also be attracted by the Earth with the same 𝑹𝟐
16. Define escape speed.
magnitude of force.
 The escape speed is defined as the minimum speed required by an object to
 So to include Sun’s mass M in the above equation, he equated the constant
4 𝜋 2 𝑘 = 𝐺 𝑀 which turned out to be the law of gravitation. (i.e.,) escape Earth’s gravitational field. (𝑣𝑒 = √2 𝑔 𝑅𝑒)
𝑮𝑴𝒎  For Earth, 𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚 𝑠 −2 and 𝑅𝑒 = 6400 𝑘𝑚. So 𝒗𝒆 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐 𝒌𝒎 𝒔−𝟏
𝑭 = − − − − − − − (𝟓) 17. Define orbital velocity of a satellite.
𝒓𝟐
 Here the negative sign in the above equation implies that the gravitational force  The minimum velocity required to place or maintain a satellite in a given orbit is
is attractive. called orbital velocity.
10. Define universal gravitational constant. 18. Why is the energy of a satellite (or other planet) is negative?
 It is the gravitational force of attraction exerted between two objects of unit  The negative sign in the total energy implies that the satellite is bound to the
masses (1 kg) which are separated by unit distance (1 m) Earth and it cannot escape from the Earth
 The value of gravitational constant is 𝑮 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 𝑵 𝒎𝟐 𝑪−𝟐 19. What are geostationary satellites?
11. Define gravitational potential energy.  The telecommunication satellites which placed at a height of 36000 km above
 Gravitational potential energy of a system of two masses m 1 and m2 separated by the equatorial region of earth surface and appear to be stationary when seen
a distance r is defined as the amount of work done to take the mass m2 from a from earth are called geostationary satellite.
distance r to infinity assuming m1 to be fixed in its position 20. What are polar satellites?
𝑮 𝒎𝟏 𝒎 𝟐  The satellite which placed at a distance of 500 km to 800 km from the surface of
𝑼=−
𝒓 the Earth orbits the Earth from north pole to south pole is called polar satellite.
 Its unit is joule (J)

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
 11 PHYSICS www.nammakalvi.com UNIT – 6 GRAVITATION COMPLETE GUIDE
21. Explain geo stationary satellite and polar satellite.  When the lift wire cuts, it freely falls with downward acceleration 𝑎 = 𝑔
Geo - Stationary Satellite :  From the above equation, 𝑵 = 𝒎 (𝒈−𝒈)=𝟎
 The satellite orbiting the Earth have different time periods corresponding to  Thus the apparent weight becomes zero and the person in the lift is in the state
different orbital radii. of weightlessness or free fall
 Using Kepler’s third law, we can calculate the orbital radius of the satellite, whose 24. Explain the weightlessness in satellites.
time period is equal to spinning time period of Earth (i.e.) T = 24 hours = 86400 s. Weightlessness in satellites:
𝟐
𝟒 𝝅𝟐 (𝑹𝒆 + 𝒉)𝟑  There is a wrong notion that the astronauts in satellites experience no
𝑻 =
𝑮 𝑴𝒆 gravitational force because they are far away from the Earth.
 Here, 𝑅𝑒 = 6.4 𝑋 106 𝑚 --> Radius of the Earth  Actually the Earth satellites that orbit very close to Earth experience only
𝑀𝑒 = 6.02 𝑋 1024 𝑘𝑔 --> Mass of the Earth gravitational force. The astronauts inside the satellite also experience the same
𝐺 = 6.67 𝑋 10 −11 2 −2
𝑁𝑚 𝑘𝑔 --> Universal gravitational constant gravitational force.
 Because of this, they cannot exert any force on the floor of the satellite. Thus,
𝑇 = 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 = 86400 𝑠 --> Time period of satellite
the floor of the satellite also cannot exert any normal force on the astronaut.
 By substituting the known values, we get height of the satellite from the surface
 Therefore, the astronauts inside a satellite are in the state of weightlessness.
of the Earth, 𝒉=𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒎.
Not only the astronauts, but all the objects in the satellite will be in the state of
 The satellites revolving around the Earth at the height of 36000 km above the weightlessness which is similar to that of a free fall.
equator are called Geo - stationary satellites, since they appear to be stationary 25. What is called “retrograde motion” of planets.
when seen from Earth.
 When the motion of the planets are observed in the night sky by naked eyes
 India uses the INSAT group of satellites that are basically geo-stationary over a period of a few months, it can be seen that the planets move eastwards
satellites for the purpose of telecommunication. and reverse their motion for a while and return to eastward motion again. This
Polar Satellites : is called “retrograde motion” of planets.
 The satellites which orbiting Earth from north to south at the height of 26. Explain how geocentric theory is replaced by heliocentric theory using the
500 to 800 km from the surface of Earth are called Polar satellites. idea of retrograde motion of planets
 The time period of a polar satellite is nearly 100 minutes. So they completes Heliocentric system over geocentric system :
many revolutions in a day.  When the motion of the planets are observed in the night sky, it can be seen that
 A Polar satellite cover a small strip of area from pole to pole during one the planets move eastwards and reversed their motion for a while and return to
revolution. In the next revolution it covers a different strip of area, since the eastward motion again. This is called “retrograde motion”.
Earth would have moved by a small angle.  To explain this retrograde motion, Ptolemy retained the Earth centric idea of
 In this way polar satellites cover the entire surface area of the Earth Aristotle and introduced the concept of “epicycle” on it
22. Define weight.  According to Ptolemy, while the planet orbited the Earth, it also underwent
 The weight (W) of an object is defined as the downward force whose magnitude another circular motion termed as epicycle.
is equal to that of upward force that must be applied to the object to hold it at  A combination of epicycle and circular motion around the Earth gave rise to
rest or at constant velocity relative to the earth. (𝑾 = 𝑵 = 𝒎 𝒈) retrograde motion of the planets with respect to Earth.
23. Explain in detail the idea of weightlessness using lift as an example.  But Ptolemy’s model became more and more complex as every planet was
Weightlessness: found to undergo retrograde motion.
 When the object is fall freely, they are not in contact with any surface and hence  In 15th century, Copernicus proposed the heliocentric theory to explain
the normal force acting on the object is zero. Hence the downward acceleration is retrograde motion in simple manner.
equal to the acceleration due to gravity of Earth (i.e) a = g and the object is in state
 According to this model, the Sun is at the centre of the solar system and all
of weightlessness. planets orbited the sun.
Explanation : For example consider a man inside the elevator (or) lift.
 The retrograde motion of planets with respect to Earth is because of the relative
 If ⃗⃗⃗𝑎 = − 𝑎 𝑗̂ is its downward acceleration, then
motion of the planet with respect to Earth.
⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝑔 + 𝑁
⃗ = − 𝑚 ⃗⃗⃗𝑎
 The Earth orbits around the Sun faster than Mars. Because of the relative
(𝑜𝑟) − 𝑚 𝑔 𝑗̂ + 𝑁𝑗̂ = − 𝑚 𝑎 𝑗̂ motion between Mars and Earth, Mars appears to move backwards from July to
(𝑜𝑟) − 𝑚𝑔 +𝑁 = −𝑚𝑎 October. In the same way the retrograde motion of all other planets was
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑵 = 𝒎 (𝒈 − 𝒂) successfully by the Copernicus mod
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27. Explain how the distance of Mercury and Venus from the Sun were measured 29. Describe the measurement of Earth’s shadow (umbra) radius during total
using geometry and trigonometry. lunar eclipse
Distance of Mercury and Venus from the Sun : Measurement of Earth’s shadow radius during
 The Venus and Mercury, being inner planets with respect to Earth, the maximum total lunar eclipse :
angular distance they can subtend at a point on Earth with respect to the Sun is  It is possible to measure the radius of shadow of
46 degree for Venus and 22.5 degree for Mercury. the Earth at the point where the Moon crosses.
 When the Moon is inside the umbra shadow, it
appears red in color. As soon as the Moon exits
from the umbra shadow, it appears in crescent
shape.
 By finding the apparent radii of the Earth’s
umbra shadow and the Moon, the ratio of the
these radii can be calculated.
 When the Venus and Mercury is at maximum elongation with respect to Earth, The apparent radius of Earth’s umbra shadow ; 𝑅𝑆 = 13.2 𝑐𝑚
the planet makes 90 degree to Sun. The distance between Earth and Sun is taken The apparent radius of the Moon ; 𝑅𝑚 = 5.15 𝑐𝑚
as one Astronomical unit (1 AU). The trigonometric relation satisfied by this The ratio of the radii,
right angled triangle 𝑅𝑆 13.2
𝒓 = ≈ 2.56
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = (𝒐𝒓) 𝒓 = 𝑹 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝑅𝑚 5.15
𝑹
 For Venus, 𝜃 = 46 and 𝑅 = 1 𝐴 𝑈 , then The radius of the Earth’s umbra shadow is ; 𝑅𝑆 = 2.56 𝑅𝑚
The radius of Moon ; 𝑅𝑚 = 1737 𝑘𝑚
𝑟 = 𝑅 sin 𝜃 = (1 𝐴 𝑈) sin 46 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕 𝑨 𝑼
The radius of the Earth’s umbra shadow is
 Similarly for Mercury, 𝜃 = 22.5 and 𝑅 = 1 𝐴 𝑈 then, 𝑅𝑆 = 2.56 𝑅𝑚 = 2.56 𝑋 1737 ≅ 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟔 𝒌 The correct radius is 4610 km.
𝑟 = 𝑅 sin 𝜃 = (1 𝐴 𝑈) sin 22.5 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖 𝑨 𝑼
30. Why is there no lunar eclipse and solar eclipse every month?
 If the orbits of the Moon and Earth lie on the same plane during full Moon of
every month, we observe lunar eclipse and during new Moon, we observe solar
28. Explain in detail the Eratosthenes method of finding the radius of Earth. eclipse.
Radius of the Earth by Eratosthenes :  But Moon’s orbit is tilted 5° with respect to Earth’s orbit. Due to this 5° tilt,
 Eratosthenes observed that during noon only during certain periods of the year, the Sun, Earth and Moon align in
time of summer solstice the Sun’s rays straight line leading to either lunar eclipse or solar eclipse depending on the
cast no shadow in the city Syne which alignment.
was located 500 miles away from 31. Why do we have seasons on Earth?
Alexandria.  The season’s in the Earth arise due to the rotation of Earth around the Sun with
 At the same day and same time he found 23.5° tilt.
that in Alexandria the Sun’s rays made  Due to this 23.5° tilt, when the northern part of Earth is farther to Sun, the
7.2 with local vertical. He realized that southern part is nearer to the Sun. So when it is summer in the northern
this was due to the curvature of the Earth. hemisphere, the southern hemisphere experience winter.
1
 The equivalent is, : 𝜃 = 7.2° = 𝑟𝑎𝑑 32. How will you prove that Earth itself is spinning?
8
 If S is the length of the arc between the cities of Syne and Alexandria, and if R is  The Earth spinning motion can be proved by observing star’s position over a
radius of Earth, then night. Due to this Earth’s spinning motion, the stars in sky appear to move in
𝑆 = 𝑅𝜃 circular motion about the pole star.
𝑺 𝟓𝟎𝟎
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑹 = = = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒆 33. Why the Pole stars are appears to be stationary?
𝜽 𝟏
( )  Pole star is a star located exactly above the Earth’s axis of rotation, hence it
𝟖
 1 mile = 1.609 km. So, he measured the radius of the Earth to be equal to appears to be stationary.
𝑹 = 𝟔𝟒𝟑𝟔 𝒌𝒎 , which is amazingly close to the correct value of 6378 km.  The star Polaris is our pole star.
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34. Can angular momentum of planet change? Justify your answer? 40. If the Earth has no tilt, what happens to the seasons of the Earth?
 The torque acting on the planet due to attractive force of Sun is zero.  If the Earth has no tilt, there is no seasons.
 Since torque is the rate of change of angular momentum, we have  Also the duration of day and night will be equal throughout the year.
𝑑 ⃗⃗𝐿 41. A student was asked a question why are there are summer and winter for us?
⃗⃗𝜏 = =0 (𝑜𝑟) ⃗⃗𝐿 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 He replied as since Earth is orbiting in an elliptical orbit, when the Earth is
𝑑𝑡
 Hence angular momentum of planet about Sun will not change. very far away from the Sun (aphelion) there will be winter, when the Earth is
𝒓𝟑 nearer to the Sun (perihelion) there will be summer. Is this answer is correct?
35. If Kepler’s third law was 𝒓𝟑 𝑻𝟑 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏sta𝒏𝒕 instead of 𝟑 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 (i) what If not, what is the correct explanation for the occurrence of summer and
𝑻
would be the new law of gravitation? (ii) Would it still be an inverse square winter?
law? (iii) How would the gravitational force change with distance? (iv) In this  The answer is not correct.
new law of gravitation, will Neptune experience greater gravitational force or  Because the occurrence of summer and winter is due to Earth’s 23.5 tilt.
lesser gravitational force when compared to the Earth?  Due to this tilt, one hemisphere nearer to the Sun gets summer and another one
(i) The new law of gravitation, has winter.
𝐺𝑀𝑚 1
𝐹 = ; 𝐺 = 4 𝜋2 𝑘3 42. The photographs are taken from the recent lunar eclipse, which occurred on
8
𝑇3 January 31, 2018. Is it possible to prove that Earth is a sphere from these
(ii) No. It will not be a inverse square law photographs?
(iii) Gravitational force does not depends on distance  We observe lunar eclipse, when Sun, Earth and Moon aligns in straight line.
(iv) Due to this new inverse square law, both Neptune and Earth experience same  During lunar eclipse, we observe the shadow of Earth on the Moon.
gravitational force  It seems outline of the shadow is curved one and hence we prove Earth surface is
36. In the following, what are the quantities which that are conserved? (a) Linear curved and it would be a sphere.
momentum of planet (b) Angular momentum of planet (c) Total energy of
planet (d) Potential energy of a planet
a) In an elliptical orbit, since linear velocity changes, then linear momentum of a
planet is not conserved.
b) But angular velocity will not changed. (i.e) constant in its orbital motion So
angular momentum of planet is conserved.
c) The sum of potential and kinetic energy of a planet is constant. So total energy of
the planet is conserved.
d) In elliptical orbit, the distance of the planet from the sum continuously varied. So
the potential energy of the planet also changed (not conserved)
37. The work done by Sun on Earth in one year will be zero, non-zero, positive or
negative?
 The centripetal force due to Sun on Earth and the direction of displacement of
Earth is always perpendicular throughout the orbital motion.
 Hence the work done by the Sun on Earth in one year or at any interval of time
will always be Zero.
38. If a comet suddenly hit the Moon and imparts energy, which is more than the
total energy of the Moon, what will happen?
 If it is happens, Moon could replaced by comet in orbiting Earth, by the principle
of elastic collision in Space.
39. If the Earth’s Pull on the Moon suddenly disappears. what will happens to the
Moon?
 If the Earth gravitational pull on the Moon suddenly disappears, the Moon will
travel along the tangent of the orbit.

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2. Prove that at points near the surface of the Earth, the gravitational potential
PART – IV 5 MARK LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS & ANSWERS energy of the object is 𝑼 = 𝒎 𝒈 𝒉
1. Derive an expression for gravitational potential energy. Gravitational potential energy near Earth :
Gravitational potential energy :  Mass of Earth =M
 Two masses m1 and m2 are Radius of Earth =R
initially separated by a distance Mass of the object =m
𝒓 Height above the surface =h
 Assuming m1 to be fixed in its Height from the centre of Earth = r
position, work must be done on  Then gravitational potential energy of this system,
m2 to move the distance from 𝒓 𝐺𝑀𝑚 𝐺𝑀𝑚
𝑈 =− = −
to r 𝑟 𝑅+ℎ
 The work done to move “𝑚2 ” through a small distance “𝑑𝑟” against gravitational 𝐺𝑀𝑚 𝐺𝑀𝑚 ℎ −1
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑈 = − = − (1 + )
force is ℎ 𝑅 𝑅
𝐺 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑅 (1 + )
𝑅
𝑑𝑊 = ⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑟 = 𝑟̂ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑟
𝑟2  Since ℎ ≪ 𝑅, using binomial theorem, we have,
𝐺 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝐺𝑀𝑚 ℎ
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑑𝑊 = 𝑟̂ . 𝑑𝑟 𝑟̂ [∵ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑟 𝑟̂ ] 𝑈 = − (1 − ) − − − − − − − (1)
𝑟2 𝑅 𝑅
𝐺 𝑚1 𝑚2
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑑𝑊 = 𝑑𝑟 [∵ 𝑟̂ . 𝑟̂ = 1]  But acceleration due to gravity is,
𝑟2 𝐺𝑀 𝐺𝑀

 Then the total work done to move from distance “𝒓 ” to “𝑟” is 𝑔= (𝑜𝑟) =𝑔𝑅
𝑟 𝑟 𝑅2 𝑅
𝐺 𝑚1 𝑚2 1𝑟  Using this in equation (1),
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑑𝑊 = ∫ 𝑑𝑟 = 𝐺 𝑚 𝑚
1 2 [− ]
𝑟2 𝑟 𝒓 ℎ
𝒓 𝒓 𝑈 = − 𝑚 𝑔 𝑅 (1 − )
1 1 𝑅
𝑊 = − 𝐺 𝑚1 𝑚2 [ −  ] 𝑈 = − 𝑚𝑔𝑅+𝑚𝑔ℎ − − − − − − − (2)
𝑟 𝒓
𝑮 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 𝑮 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐  It is clear that the first term in the above expression is independent of the height
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑾= − + − − − − − − (1) “h” and it plays no role in the result. Hence the first term can be omitted.
𝒓 𝒓
Case 1: If 𝒓 < 𝒓  Thus the gravitational potential energy of the object placed at a height “h” from
 Since gravitational force is attractive, the surface of the Earth is,
work is done by the system spending its 𝑼 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉 − − − − − − − − − − − (𝟑)
internal energy and hence the work done 3. Explain the variation of acceleration due to gravity “g” with altitude
is said to be negative. Variation of “g” with altitude :
Case 2: If 𝒓 > 𝒓  Mass of Earth = 𝑀𝑒
Radius of Earth = 𝑅𝑒
 Here work has to be done against gravity
Mass of the object =𝑚
and therefore work is done on the body by
Height above the surface =ℎ
external force and hence work done is
Height from the centre of Earth = 𝑟
positive.
 When 𝒓 = ∞ , then equation (1) becomes,  Acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Earth,
𝐺 𝑀𝑒
𝐺 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝐺 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑔 = − − − − − (1)
𝑊= − + 0 = − 𝑅𝑒 2
𝑟 𝑟
 This work done is the gravitational potential energy and it is denoted by U(r)  At height “h” above the earth surface,
𝑮 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
𝑼(𝒓) = − − − − − − − − − − (𝟐) 𝐺 𝑀𝑒 𝐺 𝑀𝑒 𝐺 𝑀𝑒 ℎ −2
𝒓 𝒈 = = = (1 + )
 The gravitational potential energy is always negative, because when two masses (𝑅𝑒 + ℎ)2 ℎ 2 𝑅𝑒 2 𝑅𝑒
𝑅𝑒 (1 + )
come together slowly from infinity, work is done by the system 𝑅𝑒
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 If ℎ ≪ 𝑅𝑒 , and using Binomial expansion, we get 5. Explain the variation of acceleration due to gravity “g” with latitude
𝐺 𝑀𝑒 2ℎ Variation of “g” with latitude :
𝒈 = 2 (1 − )
𝑅𝑒 𝑅𝑒  As the Earth spins about its own axis, it is
 Put equation (1), we get considered to be non - inertial frame.
2ℎ  So we must take in to account the
𝒈 = 𝑔 (1 − ) centrifugal force.
𝑅𝑒
 Thus, we find that 𝒈 < 𝑔 . This means that as altitude “h” increases the  If the Earth were not spinning, the force on
acceleration due to gravity (g) decreases. the object would have been “mg”
4. Explain the variation of acceleration due to gravity “g” with depth.  However the object experiences an
Variation of “g” with depth : additional centrifugal force due to spinning
 Mass of Earth = 𝑀𝑒 of the Earth
Radius of Earth = 𝑅𝑒  Consider the Earth spin with an angular
Mass of the object =𝑚 velocity “𝜔” about N-S axis.
Depth below the surface =𝑑  Then the centrifugal force = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝑅
 Acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Earth,  If “𝜆” be the latitude, then 𝑅 = 𝑅 cos 𝜆
𝐺 𝑀𝑒  Then the component of centrifugal force against gravitational force is,
𝑔 = − − − − − (1) 𝐹𝑐𝑓 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝑅 cos 𝜆 = 𝑚 𝜔2 (𝑅 cos 𝜆 ) cos 𝜆 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝑅 cos 2 𝜆
𝑅𝑒 2
 At depth “d” below the surface, Therefore resultant force is given by,
𝐺 𝑴 𝑚 𝒈 = 𝑚 𝑔 − 𝑚 𝜔2 𝑅 cos 2 𝜆
𝒈 = − − − (2) 𝒈 = 𝒈 − 𝝎𝟐 𝑹 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝝀 − − − − − − (𝟏)
(𝑅𝑒 − 𝑑)2
1) At equator, 𝜆 = 0. Then, 𝒈 = 𝒈 − 𝝎𝟐 𝑹
Here , 𝑴 −→ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 (𝑅𝑒 − 𝑑) (i.e) acceleration due to gravity is minimum at equator
 Let “𝜌” be the uniform density of Earth, then 2) At poles, 𝜆 = 90, Then, 𝒈 = 𝒈
𝑀𝑒 𝑴 (i.e.) acceleration due to gravity is maximum at poles
𝜌= & 𝜌= 
𝑉𝑒 𝑽 6. Derive an expression for escape speed
 Then, Escape speed :
𝑀𝑒 𝑴  The minimum speed of an object thrown vertically up such that it escapes from
=  the Earth’s gravity is called escape speed.
𝑉𝑒 𝑽
𝑀𝑒 𝑴 Expression for Escape speed :
(𝒐𝒓) =  Mass of Earth = 𝑀𝑒
𝟒 𝟒
𝝅 𝑅𝑒 𝟑 𝝅 (𝑅𝑒 − 𝑑)𝟑 Radius of Earth = 𝑅𝑒
𝟑 𝟑
𝑀𝑒 (𝑅𝑒 − 𝑑)𝟑 Mass of the object =𝑚
∴ 𝑴 = − − − − − − − (𝟑)  Let the object is thrown vertically up with an initial speed 𝑣𝑖 , then the initial
𝑅𝑒 𝟑
total energy of the object is
 Put equation (3) in (2)
𝐸𝑖 = 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 + 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝐺 𝑀𝑒 (𝑅𝑒 − 𝑑)𝟑 1 𝐺 𝑀𝑒 𝑚
𝒈 = 𝐸𝑖 = 𝑚 𝑣𝑖 2 − − − − − − (1)
(𝑅𝑒 − 𝑑)2 𝑅𝑒 𝟑 2 𝑅𝑒
𝐺 𝑀𝑒 (𝑅𝑒 − 𝑑) 𝐺 𝑀𝑒 𝑑  At an infinite height, the total energy becomes, 𝐸𝑓 = 0 + 0 = 0
𝒈 = 𝟐
= 𝟐
(1 − )
𝑅𝑒 𝑅𝑒 𝑅𝑒 𝑅𝑒  By law of conservation of energy,
 Put equation (1),, 𝐸𝑖 = 𝐸𝑓
𝒅 1 𝐺 𝑀 𝑒 𝑚
𝒈 = 𝒈 (𝟏 − ) 𝑚 𝑣𝑖 2 − =0
𝑹𝒆 2 𝑅𝑒
 Thus, we find that 𝒈 < 𝑔 . This means that as depth “d” increases the 1 𝐺 𝑀𝑒 𝑚
𝑚 𝑣𝑖 2 =
acceleration due to gravity (g) decreases. 2 𝑅𝑒
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 Let “𝑣𝑒 ” be the escape speed, (i.e.) the minimum speed required by an object to  By definition, the orbital speed (𝑣𝑂) is
escape Earth’s gravitational field, then 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 2 𝜋 (𝑅𝑒 + ℎ)
1 𝐺 𝑀𝑒 𝑚 𝑣𝑜 = = − − − − − (1)
𝑚 𝑣𝑒 2 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑇
2 𝑅𝑒  But expression for orbital speed is,
2 𝐺 𝑀𝑒 𝐺 𝑀𝑒
𝑣𝑒 2 = − − − − − − − (2) 𝑣𝑂 = √ − − − − − (𝟐)
𝑅𝑒 (𝑅𝑒 + ℎ)
 But acceleration due to gravity
𝐺 𝑀𝑒  Thus from equation (1) and (2)
𝑔 = − − − − − − − − (3)
𝑅𝑒 2 𝐺 𝑀𝑒 2 𝜋 (𝑅𝑒 + ℎ)
√ =
 Put equation (3) in (2) (𝑅𝑒 + ℎ) 𝑇
𝑣𝑒 2 = 2 𝑔 𝑅𝑒
𝒗𝒆 = √𝟐 𝒈 𝑹𝒆 − − − − − − − (𝟒) (𝑅𝑒 + ℎ)
𝑇 = 2 𝜋 (𝑅𝑒 + ℎ)√
 Thus escape speed depends on, 𝐺 𝑀𝑒
1) Acceleration due to gravity  Squaring on both sides, we get
2) Radius of the Earth (𝑅𝑒 + ℎ)
 But escape speed is independent of, 𝑇 2 = 4 𝜋 2 (𝑅𝑒 + ℎ)2
𝐺 𝑀𝑒
1) Mass of the object 𝟒 𝝅𝟐 (𝑹𝒆 + 𝒉)𝟑
2) Direction of projection of the object 𝑻𝟐 = − − − − − (3)
 For Earth, 𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚 𝑠 −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑒=6400 𝑘𝑚 then, 𝒗𝒆 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐 𝒌𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 𝑮 𝑴𝒆
4 𝜋2
7. Derive an expression for orbital speed  If, = 𝑐 (𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡), 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑻𝟐 = 𝒄 (𝑹𝒆 + 𝒉)𝟑
𝐺 𝑀𝑒
Orbital speed :  It implies that a satellite orbiting the Earth has the same relation between time
 The horizontal speed given to the satellite launched at calculated height from the and distance as that of Kepler’s third law of planetary motion.
earth surface, in order to orbiting around the Earth is called orbital speed.  If « 𝒉 ≪ 𝑹𝒆 , then equation (3) becomes
Expression for Orbital speed :
4 𝜋 2 𝑅𝑒 3 4 𝜋 2 𝑅𝑒 4 𝜋 2 𝑅𝑒 𝐺 𝑀𝑒
 Mass of Earth = 𝑀𝑒 𝑇2 = = = [∵ 𝑔 = ]
= 𝑅𝑒 𝐺 𝑀𝑒 𝐺 𝑀𝑒 𝑔 𝑅𝑒 2
Radius of Earth ( 2)
Mass of the satellite =𝑀 𝑅𝑒
Height of the satellite above the Earth surface = ℎ 𝑹𝒆
 For a satellite to move in a circular orbit, centripetal force must be acting on the 𝑻=𝟐𝝅√ − − − − − − − − − − (𝟓)
𝒈
satellite.
 This centripetal force is provided by the Earth’s gravitational force. Hence  For Earth, 𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚 𝑠 −2 and 𝑅𝑒 = 6.4𝑋 106 𝑚 . ∴ 𝑻 ≅ 𝟖𝟓 𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑀 𝑣𝑂 2 𝐺 𝑀𝑒 𝑀 9. Derive an expression for Energy of the satellite
= Energy of the satellite :
(𝑅𝑒 + ℎ) (𝑅𝑒 + ℎ)2
𝐺 𝑀𝑒  Mass of the Earth = 𝑀𝑒
𝑣𝑂 2 = Radius of the Earth = 𝑅𝑒
(𝑅𝑒 + ℎ)
Mass of the satellite =𝑀
𝑮 𝑴𝒆 Height of the satellite above the Earth surface = ℎ
𝒗𝑶 = √ = 𝑣𝑂
(𝑹𝒆 + 𝒉) Orbital speed
 From the derivation, orbital speed is,
 As “h” increases, the speed of the satellite decreases.
8. Derive the time period of satellite orbiting the Earth. 𝐺 𝑀𝑒
𝑣𝑂 = √ − − − − − − − (1)
Time period of Satellite orbiting Earth: (𝑅𝑒 + ℎ)
 The time taken by the satellite for one complete rotation around the Earth is
called its time period (T).
 During this time, the distance covered by the satellite is equal to 2 𝜋 (𝑅𝑒+ ℎ)
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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 Potential Energy of the satellite, Case (4) - Elevator is accelerating in the downward direction :
𝐺 𝑀𝑒 𝑀  Let downward acceleration be, ⃗⃗⃗𝑎 = − 𝑎 𝑗̂ with respect to ground, then
𝑈 = − − − − − − − − (2)
(𝑅𝑒 + ℎ) ⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝑔 + 𝑁
⃗ = − 𝑚 ⃗⃗⃗𝑎
 Kinetic Energy of the satellite, (𝑜𝑟) − 𝑚 𝑔 𝑗̂ + 𝑁𝑗̂ = − 𝑚 𝑎 𝑗̂
1 1 𝐺 𝑀𝑒  By comparing the components,
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑀 𝑣𝑂2 = 𝑀 − − − − − (3)
2 2 (𝑅𝑒 + ℎ) −𝑚𝑔 +𝑁 = −𝑚𝑎
 Therefore, total Energy of the satellite, 𝐸=𝑈 +𝐾𝐸 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑵 = 𝒎 𝒈 − 𝒎 𝒂 = 𝒎 (𝒈 − 𝒂)
𝐺 𝑀𝑒 𝑀 1 𝐺 𝑀𝑒  Hence apparent weight is lesser than his actual weight (𝑁 < 𝑊)
𝐸= − + 𝑀
(𝑅𝑒 + ℎ) 2 (𝑅𝑒 + ℎ)
𝑮 𝑴𝒆 𝑴
𝑬= − − − − − − − (𝟒)
𝟐 (𝑹𝒆 + 𝒉)
 The negative sign in the total energy implies that “the satellite is bound to the
Earth and it cannot escape from the Earth”.
10. Discuss the apparent weight of man standing inside the elevators.
Apparent weight in Elevators :
 There are two forces acting on a man standing on the elevator,
1) Gravitational force (weight) acting downwards (⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝑔 = − 𝑚 𝑔 𝑗̂ )
2) Normal force exerted by the floor on the man acts vertically upwards (𝑁 ⃗ = 𝑁𝑗̂ )
Case (1) - Elevator is at rest :
 In this case, the acceleration of the man is zero, therefore
⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝑔 + 𝑁
⃗ =0
(𝑜𝑟) − 𝑚 𝑔 𝑗̂ + 𝑁𝑗̂ = 0
 By comparing the components,
−𝑚𝑔 +𝑁 =0
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑵 = 𝒎𝒈 =𝑾
Hence the apparent weight of the man is equal to his actual weight (N = W)
Case (2) - Elevator moving uniformly in the upward or downward direction
 In uniform motion (constant velocity) the net force on the man is still zero.
 Hence the apparent weight of the man is equal to his actual weight (N = W)

Case (3) - Elevator is accelerating in the upward direction :

 Let upward acceleration be, ⃗⃗⃗𝑎 = 𝑎 𝑗̂ with respect to ground, then
⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝑔 + 𝑁
⃗ = 𝑚 ⃗⃗⃗𝑎
(𝑜𝑟) − 𝑚 𝑔 𝑗̂ + 𝑁𝑗̂ = 𝑚 𝑎 𝑗̂
 By comparing the components,
−𝑚𝑔 +𝑁 =𝑚𝑎
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑵 = 𝒎 𝒈 + 𝒎 𝒂 = 𝒎 (𝒈 + 𝒂)
 Hence, apparent weight is greater than his actual weight (𝑁 > 𝑊)

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 Divide equation (1) by equation (2)
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS
𝒂𝑨 𝑹𝒎 𝟐
1. Consider two point masses m1 and m2 which are =
𝒂𝒎 𝑅𝐸 2
separated by a distance of 10 meter as shown in the
 From the Hipparchrus measurement, the distance to the Moon is 60 times that
following figure. Calculate the force of attraction
of Earth radius. (i.e.), 𝑅𝑚 = 60 𝑅𝐸 Hence
between them and draw the directions of forces on
each of them. Take m1= 1 kg and m2 = 2 kg 𝑎𝐴 (60 𝑅𝐸 ) 2 3600 𝑅𝐸 2
= = = 3600
Solution :- 𝑎𝑚 𝑅𝐸 2 𝑅𝐸 2
 By Newton’s law of gravitation, the force of 𝒂𝑨 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒂𝒎
attraction  The apple’s acceleration is 3600 times the acceleration of the Moon.
𝐺 𝑚1 𝑚2 6.67 𝑋 10−11 𝑋 1 𝑋 2 3. Two particles of masses 𝒎𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝟐 𝒂𝒓𝒆 place along the
𝐹= = x and y axes respectively at a distance ‘a’ from the origin.
𝑟2 10 𝑋 10
𝑭 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟑 𝑵 Calculate the gravitational field at a point P shown in
figure below.
 Force on 𝑚2 due to𝑚1 is along negative y - direction
Solution :-
∴ ⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝟐𝟏 = − (𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟑 𝑵 ) 𝒋̂
 Let 𝑖̂ and 𝑗̂ be unit vectors along the 𝑥 and 𝑦 directions
 Force on 𝑚1 due to𝑚2 is along positive y - direction respectively
∴ ⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝟏𝟐 = (𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟑 𝑵 ) 𝒋̂  Gravitational field at P due to 𝑚1 ,
 Hence ⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝟏𝟐 = ⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝟐𝟏 which confirms Newton’s III law 𝐺 𝑚1
2. Moon and an apple are accelerated by the same gravitational force due to ⃗⃗⃗𝐸1 = (−𝑗̂ )
𝑎2
Earth. Compare the acceleration of the two.  Gravitational field at P due to 𝑚2 ,
Solution :- 𝐺 𝑚2
 Mass of Earth = 𝑀𝐸 ⃗⃗⃗𝐸2 = (−𝑖̂ )
𝑎2
Radius of Earth = 𝑅𝐸  By the principle of super position, the total
 Mass of Moon = 𝑀𝑚 gravitational field at P
Distance between Earth and Moon = 𝑅𝑚 ⃗⃗⃗𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ⃗⃗⃗𝐸1 + ⃗⃗⃗𝐸2
 Mass of the apple = 𝑀𝐴 𝐺 𝑚1 𝐺 𝑚2
Acceleration of the apple = 𝑎𝐴 = 𝑔 ⃗⃗⃗𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (−𝑗̂ ) + (−𝑖̂ )
𝑎 2 𝑎2
Acceleration of the Moon = 𝑎𝑚
𝐺 𝑀𝐸 𝑀𝐴 𝑮
 Force experienced by apple due to Earth ; 𝐹=− ⃗⃗⃗𝑬𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = − (𝒎𝟏 𝒋̂ + 𝒎𝟐 𝒊̂ )
𝑅𝐸 2 𝒂𝟐
 By Newton’s second law, force on the apple  If 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 = 𝑚 then,
𝐺 𝑀𝐸 𝑀𝐴 𝑮𝒎
𝑀𝐴 𝑎𝐴 = − ⃗⃗⃗𝑬𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = − ( 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ )
𝑅𝐸 2 𝒂𝟐
𝑮 𝑴𝑬 4. Qualitatively indicate the gravitational field of Sun on Mercury, Earth, and
𝒂𝑨 = − − − − − − − − − (𝟏) Jupiter shown in figure.
𝑹𝑬 𝟐 Solution :-
𝐺 𝑀𝐸 𝑀𝑚
 Similarly force experienced by Moon due to Earth ; 𝐹 = −  According to Newton’s law of
𝑅𝑚 2
gravitation, gravitational field
 By Newton’s second law, force on the apple
𝐺 𝑀𝐸 𝑀𝑚 decreases as distance increases.
𝑀𝑚 𝑎𝑚 = −  Since, Mercury is nearest to the
𝑅𝑚 2 Sun, it experiences strongest
𝑮 𝑴𝑬 gravitational field.
𝒂𝒎 = − − − − − − − − − (𝟐)
𝑹𝒎 𝟐  Jupiter experiences a weak
gravitational field due to the Sun.

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5. Water falls from the top of a hill to the ground. Why? 7. Calculate the value of g in the following two cases: (a) If a mango of mass ½ kg
Solution :- falls from a tree from a height of 15 meters, what is the acceleration due to
 This is because the top of the hill is a point of higher gravitational gravity when it begins to fall? (b) Consider a satellite orbiting the Earth in a
potential than the surface of the Earth i.e.V hill> Vground circular orbit of radius 1600 km above the surface of the Earth. What is the
acceleration experienced by the satellite due to Earth’s gravitational force?
6. Consider four masses m1, m2, m3, and m4 arranged on [𝒈 = 𝟗. 𝟖 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐 ; radius of Earth = 𝟔𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒎]
the circumference of a circle as shown in figure below Solution :-
Calculate (a) The accleration due to gravity of the mango
2ℎ
a) The gravitational potential energy of the system 𝒈 = 𝑔 [1 − ]
𝑅𝑒
of 4 masses shown in figure.
2 𝑋 15 30 𝑋 10−5
b) The gravitational potential at the point O due to 𝒈 = 9.8 [1 − ] = 9.8 [1 − ]
all the 4 masses. 6400 𝑋 103 64
Solution :- 𝒈 = 9.8 [1 − 4.681 𝑋 10−6 ] = 9.8 [1 − 0.000004681]
a) Consider the following pairs 𝒈 = 9.8 [0.999995319] = 9.799954 ≅ 9.8 𝑚 𝑠 −2
𝑚1 − 𝑚2, 𝑚2 − 𝑚3 , 𝑚3 − 𝑚4 , 𝒈 ≅ 𝟗. 𝟖 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐
𝑚4 − 𝑚1 , 𝑚1 − 𝑚3 , 𝑚2 − 𝑚4 (𝐛) The accleration due to gravity of the sattelite
 Thus the total gravitational potential energy is 2ℎ
𝒈 = 𝑔 [1 − ]
𝐺 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝐺 𝑚2 𝑚3 𝐺 𝑚3 𝑚4 𝐺 𝑚4 𝑚1 𝐺 𝑚1 𝑚3 𝐺 𝑚2 𝑚4 𝑅𝑒
𝑈=− − − − − 2 𝑋 1600 𝑋 103 1 9.8
𝑟12 𝑟23 𝑟34 𝑟41 𝑟13 𝑟24 𝒈 = 9.8 [1 − ] = 9.8 [1 − ] = = 4.9 𝑚 𝑠 −2
 From the figure 𝒓𝟏𝟑 = 𝒓𝟐𝟒 = 𝟐 𝑹 6400 𝑋 103 2 2
𝒓𝟏𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐𝟑 = 𝒓𝟑𝟒 = 𝒓𝟒𝟏 = √𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟐 = 𝑹√𝟐, 𝒈 = 𝟒. 𝟗 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐
𝐺 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝐺 𝑚2 𝑚3 𝐺 𝑚3 𝑚4 𝐺 𝑚4 𝑚1 𝐺 𝑚1 𝑚3 𝐺 𝑚2 𝑚4 8. Find out the value of ′ gin your school laboratory?
∴ 𝑈=− − − − − − Solution :-
𝑅√2 𝑅√2 𝑅√2 𝑅√2 2𝑅 2𝑅
𝑮 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟑 𝒎𝟑 𝒎 𝟒 𝒎𝟒 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟑 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟒  The latitude of our school location parangipettai is approximately 11.49
π
𝑼=− [ + + + + + ]  180 =  rad (or) 𝟏 = = 0.0174 rad
𝑹 √𝟐 √𝟐 √𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 180°

 𝐼𝑓 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 = 𝑚3 = 𝑚4 = 𝑀,  So 11.49 = 11.4𝟗 × 11 0.0174 = 0.2004 rad .

𝐺 𝑀2 1 1 1 1 1 1  Radius of Earth = 𝑅 = 6.4 𝑋 106 𝑚
𝑈=− [ + + + + + ] Latitude =  = 0.2004 rad
𝑅 √2 √2 √2 √2 2 2
2
Time period = 𝑇 = 1 day = 24 X 60 X 60 = 86400 s
𝐺𝑀 4  Acceleration due to gravity at the latitude 
𝑈= − [ + 1]
𝑅 √2 𝑔 = 𝑔 − 𝜔2 𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 
𝟐
𝑮𝑴 2𝜋 2
𝑼 = − [𝟐√𝟐 + 𝟏] (𝑜𝑟) 𝑔 = 𝑔 − ( ) 𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2  𝑔
𝑹 𝑇
b) The gravitational potential V(r) at a point O is equal to the sum of the 2 𝑋 3.14 2
gravitational potentials due to individual mass. = 9.8 − ( ) 6.4 𝑋 106 𝑋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 0.2004
𝐺 𝑚1 𝐺 𝑚2 𝐺 𝑚3 𝐺 𝑚4 86400
𝑉𝑂 = − − − − 6,28 2
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 = 9.8 − ( ) 𝑋 6.4 𝑋 106 𝑋 (0.9999)2
 𝐼𝑓 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 = 𝑚3 = 𝑚4 = 𝑀 86400
𝟒𝑮𝑴 6,28 𝑋 6.28
𝑽𝑶 = − = 9.8 − ( 𝑋 6.4 𝑋 106 𝑋 0.9999 𝑋 0.9999)
𝑹 86400 𝑋 86400
= 9.8 − (3.381 𝑋 10−8 𝑋 106 )
= 9.8 − (3.381 𝑋 10−2 )
= 9.8 − 0.03381

𝒈 = 𝟗. 𝟕𝟔𝟔𝟏𝟗 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐

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9. Moon is the natural satellite of Earth and it takes 27 days to go once around its (ii) Energy of the Earth orbiting the Sun :
orbit. Calculate the distance of the Moon from the surface of the Earth assuming 𝑅𝐸 = 1.5 𝑋 108 𝑘𝑚 --> Distance between Sun and Earth
the orbit of the Moon as circular. 𝑀𝑒 = 6.02 𝑋 1024 𝑘𝑔 --> Mass of the Earth
Solution :- 𝑀𝑆 = 2 𝑋1030 𝑘𝑔 --> Mass of the Sun
4 𝜋2 (𝑅𝑒 + ℎ)3
 Time period of satellite is 𝑇2 = 𝐺 = 6.67 𝑋 10−11 𝑁𝑚2 𝑘𝑔−2 --> Universal gravitational constant
𝐺 𝑀𝑒
𝐺 𝑀𝑒 𝑇 2 𝐺 𝑀𝑆 𝑀𝐸
(𝑜𝑟) (𝑅𝑒 + ℎ)3 = 𝐸𝑚 = −
4 𝜋2 2 𝑅𝐸
1 6.67 𝑋 10−11 𝑋 2 𝑋1030 𝑋 6.02 𝑋 1024
𝐺 𝑀𝑒 𝑇 2 3 = −
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑅𝑒 + ℎ = ( ) 2 𝑋 1.5 𝑋 108 𝑋 103
4 𝜋2 6.67 𝑋 2 𝑋 6.02 𝑋1043
1 = −
𝐺 𝑀𝑒 𝑇 2 3 2 𝑋 1.5 𝑋 1011
∴ ℎ = ( ) − 𝑅𝑒 6.67 𝑋 2 𝑋 6.02 𝑋 1032
4 𝜋2 = −
𝑅𝑒 = 6.4 𝑋 106 𝑚 --> Radius of Earth 3
𝑀𝑒 = 6.02 𝑋 1024 𝑘𝑔 --> Mass of Earth 𝐸𝑚 = − 2.2233 𝑋 2 𝑋 6.02 𝑋 1032
𝐺 = 6.67 𝑋 10−11 𝑁𝑚2 𝑘𝑔−2 --> Gravitational constant 𝑬𝒎 = − 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕𝟔 𝑿 101 𝑋 1032
𝑇 = 27 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 = 27 𝑋 86400 = 2332800 𝑠 --> Time period of Moon 𝑬𝒎 = − 𝟐𝟔. 𝟕𝟔 𝑿1032 𝒋𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒆
1
6.67 𝑋 10−11 𝑋 6.02 𝑋 1024 𝑋 2332800 𝑋 2332800 3
∴ ℎ = ( ) − 6.4 𝑋 106
4 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 3.14
1
6.67 𝑋 6.02 𝑋 2332800 𝑋 23328 3 1
= ( ) 𝑿 (1015 )3 − 6.4 𝑋 106
4 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 3.14
= 3.812 𝑋 103 𝑋 105 − 6.4 𝑋 106
= (3.812 𝑋 102 − 6.4 ) 𝑋 106 = (381.2 − 6.2 )𝑋 106
𝒉 = 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝑿 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒌𝒎
10. Calculate the energy of the (i) Moon orbiting the Earth and (ii) Earth orbiting the Sun.
Solution :-
(i) Energy of the Moon orbiting the Earth :
𝑅𝑚 = 3.84 𝑋 105 𝑘𝑚 --> Distance between Earth and Moon
𝑀𝑒 = 6.02 𝑋 1024 𝑘𝑔 --> Mass of Earth
𝑀𝑚 = 7.35 𝑋1022 𝑘𝑔 --> Mass of Moon
𝐺 = 6.67 𝑋 10−11 𝑁𝑚2 𝑘𝑔−2 --> Gravitational constant
𝐺 𝑀𝐸 𝑀𝑚
𝐸𝑚 = −
2 𝑅𝑚
6.67 𝑋 10−11 𝑋 6.02 𝑋 1024 𝑋 7.35 𝑋1022
= −
2 𝑋 3.84 𝑋 105 𝑋 103
6.67 𝑋 6.02 𝑋 7.35 𝑋1035
= −
2 𝑋 3.84 𝑋 108
6.67 𝑋 6.02 𝑋 7.35 𝑋1027
= −
7.68
𝐸𝑚 = − 3.842 𝑋 101 𝑋 1027
𝑬𝒎 = − 𝟑𝟖. 𝟒𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟕 𝒋𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒆
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4. Two bodies of masses m and 4m are placed at a distance r. Calculate the
EXERCISE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS gravitational potential at a point on the line joining them where the
1. An unknown planet orbits the Sun with distance twice the semi major axis gravitational field is zero.
distance of the Earth’s orbit. If the Earth’s time period is T1, what is the time Solution :-
period of this unknown planet?  Since the gravitational field at ‘P’ is zero,
Solution :- 𝐸1 = 𝐸2
 Given that, 𝑎2 = 2 𝑎1 . Then from Kepler’s third law, 𝐺𝑚 𝐺 (4 𝑚)
=
𝑇12 ∝ 𝑎13 𝑥 2 (𝑟 − 𝑥)2
𝑇22 ∝ 𝑎23 1 4
=
𝑇12 𝑎13 𝑥 2 (𝑟 − 𝑥)2
∴ 2 = 1 2
𝑇2 𝑎23 (𝑜𝑟) = ⟹ 2𝑥 = 𝑟 − 𝑥 ⟹ 3𝑥 = 𝑟
2
𝑇1 𝑎13 𝑎13 1 𝑥 𝑟−𝑥
2 = = 3 = 𝒓
𝑇2 (2 𝑎1 )3
8 𝑎1 8 ∴ 𝒙 =
𝟑
𝑇22 = 8 𝑇12
 Gravitational potential at ‘P’ due to mass ‘m’
𝐓𝟐 = √𝟖 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐√𝟐 𝐓𝟏 𝐺𝑚 𝐺𝑚 3𝐺𝑚
2. Assume that you are in another solar system and provided with the set of data 𝑉1 = − =− 𝑟 = −
𝑥 ( ⁄3) 𝑟
given below consisting of the planets’ semi major axes and time periods. Can
you infer the relation connecting semi major axis and time period?  Gravitational potential at ‘P’ due to mass ‘4m’
𝐺 (4𝑚) 4𝐺𝑚 4𝐺𝑚 6𝐺𝑚
Planet Time period Semi major axis ‘a’ 𝑉2 = − =− =− = −
(imaginary) ( in years) (in AU) 𝑟−𝑥 𝑟
(𝑟 − ⁄3) 2 𝑟
( ⁄3) 𝑟
Kurunji 2 8  Resultant gravitational potential at ‘P’
Mullai 3 18 3𝐺𝑚 6𝐺𝑚
Marutham 4 32 𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 = − −
𝑟 𝑟
Neithal 5 50 𝟗𝑮𝒎
𝑽 = −
Paalai 6 72 𝒓
𝒅
Solution :- 5. If the ratio of the orbital distance of two planets 𝟏 = 𝟐 , what is the ratio of
𝒅𝟐
1) For Kurunji ; 𝑇 = 2 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝑎 = 8 𝐴𝑈 = 2 𝑋 4 = 2 (2)2 = 2 𝑇 2 gravitational field experienced by these two planets?
2) For Mullai ; 𝑇 = 3 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝑎 = 18 𝐴𝑈 = 2 𝑋 9 = 2 (3)2 = 2 𝑇 2 Solution :-
3) For Marutham ; 𝑇 = 4 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝑎 = 32 𝐴𝑈 = 2 𝑋 16 = 2 (4)2 = 2 𝑇 2  The gravitational field experienced by the planets 1 and 2,
4) For Neithal ; 𝑇 = 5 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝑎 = 50 𝐴𝑈 = 2 𝑋 25 = 2 (5)2 = 2 𝑇 2 𝐺𝑀
5) For Paalai ; 𝑇 = 6 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝑎 = 72 𝐴𝑈 = 2 𝑋 36 = 2 (6)2 = 2 𝑇 2 𝐸1 =
𝑑1 2
 Hence the relation connecting semi major axis and time period ; 𝒂 = 𝟐 𝑻𝟐
𝐺𝑀
3. If the masses and mutual distance between the two objects are doubled, what is 𝐸2 =
the change in the gravitational force between them? 𝑑2 2
Solution :- 𝐸1 𝑑2 2 𝑑2 2 1 2 1
 By Newton’s law of gravitation, ∴ = 2 = ( ) = ( ) =
𝐸2 𝑑1 𝑑1 2 4
𝐺 𝑚1 𝑚2
𝐹= 𝑬𝟐 = 𝟒 𝑬𝟏
𝑟2
 𝐼𝑓 𝑚1 → 2 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 → 2 𝑚2 , & 𝑟 → 2 𝑟 then the new force,
𝐺 (2 𝑚1 )(2 𝑚2 ) 4 𝐺 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝐺 𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑭 = = = =𝑭
(2 𝑟) 2 4𝑟 2 𝑟2
 There is no change in the force.

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2 2
6. The Moon Io orbits Jupiter once in 1.769 days. The orbital radius of the Moon 𝐺𝑀 1 𝐺𝑀
𝐹 = 2 +
Io is 421700 km. Calculate the mass of Jupiter? 2 𝑅2 √2 4 𝑅2
2
Solution :- 𝐺𝑀 1 𝐺 𝑀2
4 𝜋2 𝑟 3 𝐹 = +
 Time period of Moon Io is : 𝑇2 = 𝑅2 √2 4 𝑅2
𝐺𝑀 2
4 𝜋2 𝑟 3
𝐺𝑀 1 1
 So its mass, 𝑀 = 𝐹 = [ + ]
𝐺 𝑇2 𝑅2 √2 4
𝑟 = 421700 𝑘𝑚 = 4.217 𝑋 108 𝑚  This effective force provides the centripetal force for circular motion, (i.e.),
𝐺 = 6.67 𝑋 10−11 𝑁𝑚2 𝑘𝑔−2 𝑀 𝑣2 𝐺 𝑀2 1 1
𝑇 = 1.769 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 = 1.769 𝑋 86400 𝑠 = [ + ]
𝑅 𝑅2 √2 4
4 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 4.217 𝑋 4.217 𝑋 4.217 𝑋 1024 𝐺𝑀 1 1
𝑀 = 𝑣2 = [ + ]
6.67 𝑋 10−11 𝑋 1.769 𝑋 86400 𝑋 1.769 𝑋 86400 𝑅 √2 4
4 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 4.217 𝑋 4.217 𝑋 4.217 𝑋 1035 𝐺𝑀 4 1
𝑀 = 𝑣2 = [ + ]
6.67 𝑋 1.769 𝑋 86400 𝑋 1.769 𝑋 86400 𝑅 4√2 4
𝑀 = 1. 898 𝑋 10−8 𝑋 1035 1 𝐺𝑀 4 1 𝐺𝑀
2
𝑴 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟗𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟕 𝒌𝒈 𝑣 = [ + 1] = [2√2 + 1]
4 𝑅 √2 4 𝑅
̂ . What
7. If the angular momentum of a planet is given by ⃗⃗⃗𝑳 = 𝟓 𝒕𝟐 𝒊̂ − 𝟔 𝒕 𝒋̂ + 𝟑 𝒌 𝟏 𝑮𝑴
is the torque experienced by the planet? Will the torque be in the same ∴ 𝒗= √ [𝟐√𝟐 + 𝟏]
𝟐 𝑹
direction as that of the angular momentum?
Solution :- 9. Suppose unknowingly you wrote the universal gravitational constant value as
 Torque is given by, 𝑮  = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 .instead of the correct value 𝑮 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 , what is the
𝑑 𝐿⃗ 𝑑 acceleration due to gravity g' for this incorrect G? According to this new
⃗⃗𝜏 = = (5 𝑡 2 𝑖̂ − 6 𝑡 𝑗̂ + 3 𝑘̂ ) acceleration due to gravity, what will be your weight W'?
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 Solution :-
⃗⃗𝝉 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒕 𝒊̂ − 𝟔 𝒋̂
 The acceleration due to gravity for the value 𝐺 = 6.67 𝑋 10− 11 is,
 Here the torque produced will be in the direction of angular momentum.
𝑮𝑀 6.67 𝑋 10−11 𝑀
8. Four particles, each of mass M and equidistant from each other, move along a 𝒈= 2 = − − − −(1)
circle of radius R under the action of their mutual gravitational attraction. 𝑅 𝑅2
Calculate the speed of each particle
Solution :-  The acceleration due to gravity for the value 𝑮  = 6.67 𝑋 1011 is,
 Let the four masses are at A, B, C, D 𝑮𝑀 6.67 𝑋 1011 𝑀
𝒈 = = − − − −(2)
 From the figure, 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑨𝑪 = 𝑩𝑫 = 𝑪𝑫 = √𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟐 = 𝑹√𝟐, 𝑅2 𝑅2
 Divide (2) by (1)
 Hence,
𝑮𝑀
𝐺𝑀𝑀 𝐺 𝑀2 𝒈 ( 2 ) 𝑮 6.67 𝑋 1011
𝐹𝐵𝐴 = = 𝑅
𝐴𝐵2 2 𝑅2 = = = = 1022
𝑔 𝑮𝑀 𝐺 6.67 𝑋 10 −11
𝐺𝑀𝑀 𝐺 𝑀2 ( 2)
𝑅
𝐹𝐶𝐴 = = 
𝒈 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟐 𝒈
𝐴𝐶 2 2 𝑅2
𝐺𝑀𝑀 𝐺 𝑀2  The equivalent weight is,
𝐹𝐷𝐴 = 2
= 𝑾 = 𝒎 𝒈 = 𝒎 𝒈 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟐 𝑾
𝐴𝐷 4 𝑅2
 Here ∠ 𝐵𝐴𝑂 = ∠ 𝐶𝐴𝑂 = 45° then the effective force,
𝐹 = 𝐹𝐵𝐴 cos 45° + 𝐹𝐷𝐴 cos 45° + 𝐹𝐷𝐴
𝐺 𝑀2 1 𝐺 𝑀2 1 𝐺 𝑀2
𝐹 = + +
2 𝑅2 √2 2 𝑅2 √2 4 𝑅2

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10. Calculate the gravitational field at point O due to three 12. Earth revolves around the Sun at 30 km s−1. Calculate the kinetic energy of the
masses m1,m2 and m3 whose positions are given by the Earth. If the calculated the potential energy of the Earth is
following figure. If the masses m1 and m2 are equal what is − 𝟒𝟗. 𝟖𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟐 𝒋𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒆. then what is the total energy of the Earth in that case?
the change in gravitational field at the point O? Is the total energy positive? Give reasons.
Solution :- Solution :- 𝑣 = 30 𝑘𝑚 𝑠 −1 = 30 𝑋 103 𝑚 𝑠 −1
 Gravitational field at ′𝑂′ due to 𝑚1  The kinetic energy of the Earth
𝐺 𝑚1 1
⃗⃗⃗𝐸1 = 𝑖̂
𝑎2 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑀𝑒 𝑣 2
2
 Gravitational field at ′𝑂′ due to 𝑚2 1
𝐺 𝑚2 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑋 5.9 𝑋 1024 𝑋 30 𝑋 103 𝑋 30 𝑋 103
⃗⃗⃗𝐸2 = (−𝑖̂) 2
𝑎2 𝐾𝐸 = 2.95 𝑋 1024 𝑋 30 𝑋 103 𝑋 30 𝑋 103
 Gravitational field at ′𝑂′ due to 𝑚3 𝐾𝐸 = 2.95 𝑋 1024 𝑋 9 𝑋 108
𝐺 𝑚3 𝑲𝑬 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟓𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟐 𝒋𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒆
⃗⃗⃗𝐸3 = 𝑗̂
𝑎2  Hence the total energy,
 Total Gravitational field at ′𝑂′ due to all masses, 𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸 + 𝑈
 ⃗⃗⃗𝐸 = ⃗⃗⃗𝐸1 + ⃗⃗⃗𝐸2 + ⃗⃗⃗𝐸3 𝐸 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟓𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟐 + (− 𝟒𝟗. 𝟖𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟐 )
𝐺 𝑚1 𝐺 𝑚2 𝐺 𝑚3 𝐸 = (𝟐𝟔. 𝟓𝟓 − 𝟒𝟗. 𝟖𝟓) 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟐
⃗⃗⃗𝐸 = 𝑖̂ + 2 (−𝑖̂) + 𝑗̂
𝑎 2 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑬 = −𝟐𝟑. 𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟐 𝒋𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒆
𝑮 
⃗⃗⃗𝑬 = [(𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐 ) 𝒊̂ + 𝒎𝟑 𝒋̂ ] The negative sign implies that Earth is bounded with Sun .
𝒂𝟐 13. An object is thrown from Earth in such a way that it reaches a point at infinity
 If 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 then, 𝟏
with non-zero kinetic energy [𝑲𝑬 (𝒓 = ∞) = 𝒎 𝒗∞𝟐 ] with what velocity
𝑮 𝒎𝟑 𝟐
⃗⃗⃗𝑬 = 𝒋̂ should the object be thrown from Earth?
𝒂𝟐
11. What is the gravitational potential energy of the Earth and Sun? The Earth to Solution :-
Sun distance is around 150 million km. The mass of the Earth is 5.9 × 10 24 kg  Let 𝑣𝑒 be the velocity of the object to be thrown,
and mass of the Sun is 1.9 × 1030 kg.  The total energy at the surface of Earth, 𝐸𝑟 = 𝐾𝐸(𝑟) + 𝑈(𝑟)
Solution :- 1 𝐺 𝑀𝐸 𝑚
𝐸𝑟 = 𝑚 𝑣𝑒2 − − − − − − − (1)
𝑅𝐸 = 150 𝑋 106 𝑘𝑚 --> Distance between Sun and Earth 2 𝑅𝐸
𝑀𝑒 = 5.9 𝑋 1024 𝑘𝑔 --> Mass of the Earth  The total energy at infinity 𝐸∞ = 𝐾𝐸(∞) + 𝑈(∞)
1
𝑀𝑆 = 1.9𝑋1030 𝑘𝑔 --> Mass of the Sun 𝐸∞ = 𝑚 𝑣∞2 + 0
𝐺 = 6.67 𝑋 10−11 𝑁𝑚2 𝑘𝑔−2 --> Gravitational constant 2
1
𝐺 𝑀𝑆 𝑀𝐸 𝐸∞ = 𝑚 𝑣∞2 − − − − − − − − (2)
𝑈(𝑟) = − 2
𝑅𝐸  By Law of conservation of energy, we have, 𝐸𝑟 = 𝐸∞
6.67 𝑋 10−11 𝑋 1.9 𝑋1030 𝑋 5.9 𝑋 1024 1 𝐺 𝑀𝐸 𝑚 1
= − 𝑚 𝑣𝑒2 − = 𝑚 𝑣∞2
150 𝑋 106 𝑋 103 2 𝑅𝐸 2
6.67 𝑋 1.9 𝑋 5.9 𝑋1043 1 1 𝐺 𝑀𝐸 𝑚
= − 𝑚 𝑣𝑒 = 𝑚 𝑣∞2 +
2
150 𝑋 109 2 2 𝑅𝐸
6.67 𝑋 1.9 𝑋 5.9 𝑋1034 2 2
2 𝐺 𝑀𝐸
= − − 𝑣𝑒 = 𝑣∞ + [∵ 𝑔 𝑅𝐸2 = 𝐺 𝑀𝐸 ]
150 𝑅𝐸
𝑈(𝑟) = − 4.985 𝑋 10−1 𝑋 1034 = − 49.85 𝑋 10−2 𝑋 1034 2 𝑔 𝑅𝐸2
𝑣𝑒2 = 𝑣∞2 +
𝑼(𝒓) = − 𝟒𝟗. 𝟖𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟐 𝒋𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒆 𝑅𝐸
𝑣𝑒2 = 𝑣∞2 + 2 𝑔 𝑅𝐸
𝒗𝒆 = √𝒗∞𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒈 𝑹𝑬

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6
14. Suppose we go 200 km above and below the surface of the Earth, what are the  Radius of the Earth = 𝑅 = 6.4 𝑋 10 𝑚
g values at these two points? In which case, is the value of g small? Time period = 𝑇 = 1 day = 24 X 60 X 60 = 86400 s
Solution :-  Then acceleration due to gravity at chennai of latitude  = 0.2268 rad is,
1) Acceleration due to gravity at height ‘h = 200 km’ above the surface of the Earth 𝑔 = 𝑔 − 𝜔2 𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 
2ℎ 2𝜋 2
𝑔ℎ = 𝑔 [1 − ] (𝑜𝑟) 𝑔 = 𝑔 − ( ) 𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 
𝑅𝐸 𝑇
2 𝑋 200 𝑋 103 2 𝑋 3.14 2
𝑔ℎ = 𝑔 [1 − ] 𝑔 = 9.8 − ( ) 6.4 𝑋 106 𝑋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 0.2268
6400 𝑋 103 86400
1 6.28 2
𝑔ℎ = 𝑔 [1 − ] = 9.8 − ( ) 𝑋 6.4 𝑋 106 𝑋 (0.9744)2
16 86400
16 − 1 6,28 𝑋 6.28
𝑔ℎ = 𝑔 [ ] = 9.8 − ( 𝑋 6.4 𝑋 106 𝑋 0.9744 𝑋 0.9744)
16 86400 𝑋 86400
𝟏𝟓
𝒈𝒉 = 𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒈 = 9.8 − (3.381 𝑋 10−8 𝑋 106 )
𝟏𝟔 = 9.8 − (3.23 𝑋 10−2 )
2) Acceleration due to gravity at depth ‘d = 200 km’ below the surface of the Earth
= 9.8 − 0.0323
𝑑
𝑔𝑑 = 𝑔 [1 − ] 𝒈 = 𝟗. 𝟕𝟔𝟕𝟕 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐
𝑅𝐸  Then acceleration due to gravity at kanyakumari of latitude  = 0.1407 rad is,
200 𝑋 103
𝑔𝑑 = 𝑔 [1 − ] 𝑔 = 𝑔 − 𝜔2 𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 
6400 𝑋 103 2𝜋 2
1 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑔 = 𝑔 − ( ) 𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 
𝑔𝑑 = 𝑔 [1 − ] 𝑇
32 2 𝑋 3.14 2
32 − 1 𝑔 = 9.8 − ( ) 6.4 𝑋 106 𝑋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 0.1407
𝑔𝑑 = 𝑔 [ ] 86400
32
𝟑𝟏 6.28 2
𝒈𝒅 = 𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔𝟖𝟖 𝒈 = 9.8 − ( ) 𝑋 6.4 𝑋 106 𝑋 (0.9900)2
𝟑𝟐 86400
 Hence, 𝒈𝒉 < 𝒈𝒅 6,28 𝑋 6.28
= 9.8 − ( 𝑋 6.4 𝑋 106 𝑋 0.9900 𝑋 0.9900)
15. Calculate the g value in your district of Tamil nadu. (Hint: Get the latitude of 86400 𝑋 86400
your district of Tamil nadu from the Google). What is the difference in g values = 9.8 − (3.33 𝑋 10−8 𝑋 106 )
at Chennai and Kanyakumari? = 9.8 − (3.33 𝑋 10−2 )
Solution :- = 9.8 − 0.0333
 Latitude of our Cuddalore district be 11.74 𝒈 = 𝟗. 𝟕𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐
 Latitude of Chennai 13 °  The difference of values in Chennai and Kanyakumari is
 Latitude of Kanyakumari 8.0883° ∆𝑔 = 𝑔𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑖 − 𝑔𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑎𝑘𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑖
π
 Since, 180 =  rad (or) 1 = = 0.0174 rad , ∆𝑔 = 𝟗. 𝟕𝟔𝟕𝟕 − 𝟗. 𝟕𝟔𝟔𝟕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐
180°
Hence, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒 ;  = 11.74 = 0.2043 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑖 ;  = 13 = 0.2268 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐾𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑎𝑘𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑖 ;  = 8.088 = 0.1407 𝑟𝑎𝑑

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
 11 PHYSICS www.nammakalvi.com UNIT – 6 GRAVITATION COMPLETE GUIDE
EXAM NO 8. The kinetic energies of a planet in an elliptical
NAME : orbit about the Sun, at positions A, B and C are
UNIT – 6 GRAVITATION KA, KB and KC respectively. AC is the major axis
and SB is perpendicular to AC at the position of
Time - 2 : 30 hours Total - 60 marks the Sun S as shown in the figure. Then
PART - I 15 X 1 = 15 (a) 𝐾𝐴 > 𝐾𝐵 > 𝐾𝐶 (b) 𝐾𝐵 < 𝐾𝐴 < 𝐾𝐶
Note : (i) Answer all the questions (c) 𝐾𝐴 < 𝐾𝐵 < 𝐾𝐶 (d) 𝐾𝐵 > 𝐾𝑎 > 𝐾𝐶
(ii) Choose the best answer and write the option code and 9. The work done by the Sun’s gravitational force on the Earth is
corresponding answer (a) always zero (b) always positive
1. The linear momentum and position vector of the planet is perpendicular to (c) can be positive or negative (d) always negative
each other at 10. If the mass and radius of the Earth are both doubled, then the acceleration due
(a) perihelion and aphelion (b) at all points to gravity g'
g
(c) only at perihelion (d) no point (a) remains same (b) (c) 2 g (d) 4 g
2
2. If the masses of the Earth and Sun suddenly double, the gravitational force 11. The magnitude of the Sun’s gravitational field as experienced by Earth is
between them will (a) same over the year
(a) remain the same (b) increase 2 times (b) decreases in the month of January and increases in the month of July
(c) increase 4 times (d) decrease 2 times (c) decreases in the month of July and increases in the month of January
3. A planet moving along an elliptical orbit is closest to the Sun at distance r1 and (d) increases during day time and decreases during night time.
farthest away at a distance of r2. If v1 and v2 are linear speeds at these points 12. If a person moves from Chennai to Trichy, his weight
𝒗 (a) increases (b) decreases
respectively. Then the ratio 𝟏 =
𝒗𝟐 (c) remains same (d) increases and then decreases
𝑟2 𝑟 2
13. An object of mass 10 kg is hanging on a spring scale which is attached to the
(a) (b) ( 2 )
𝑟1 𝑟1 roof of a lift. If the lift is in free fall, the reading in the spring scale is
𝑟1 𝑟1 2 (a) 98 N (b) zero (c) 49 N (d) 9.8 N
(c) 𝑟 (d) (𝑟 )
2 2 14. If the acceleration due to gravity becomes 4 times its original value, then
4. The time period of a satellite orbiting Earth in a circular orbit is independent of escape speed
(a) Radius of the orbit (a) remains same (b) 2 times of original value
(b) The mass of the satellite (c) becomes halved (d) 4 times of original value
(c) Both the mass and radius of the orbit 15. The kinetic energy of the satellite orbiting around the Earth is
(d) Neither the mass nor the radius of its orbit (a) equal to potential energy (b) less than potential energy
5. If the distance between the Earth and Sun were to be doubled from its present (c) greater than kinetic energy (d) zero
value, the number of days in a year would be PART - II 6 X 2 = 12
(a) 64.5 (b) 1032 (c) 182.5 (d) 730 Note : (i) Answer any 6 of the following questions .
6. According to Kepler’s second law, the radial vector to a planet from the Sun (ii) Question No. 23 is compulsory
sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time. This law is a consequence of 16. State Geo – centric model of Solar system.
(a) conservation of linear momentum 17. State Newton’s universal law of gravitation.
(b) conservation of angular momentum 18. Distinguish between gravitational field and gravitational potential.
(c) conservation of energy 19. Define escape speed.
(d) conservation of kinetic energy 20. Why is the energy of a satellite (or other planet) is negative?
7. The gravitational potential energy of the Moon with respect to Earth is 21. What is called “retrograde motion” of planets.
(a) always positive (b) always negative 22. Why do we have seasons on Earth?
(c) can be positive or negative (d) always zero 23. An unknown planet orbits the Sun with distance twice the semi major axis distance of
the Earth’s orbit. If the Earth’s time period is T1, what is the time period of this
unknown planet?

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
 11 PHYSICS www.nammakalvi.com UNIT – 6 GRAVITATION COMPLETE GUIDE
PART - III 6 X 3 = 18
Note : (i) Answer any 6 of the following questions .
(ii) Question No. 30 is compulsory
State and explain Kepler’s laws of planetary motion.
அன்னையும் பிதாவும் முன்ைறி ததய்வம்
24.
25. Explain geo stationary satellite and polar satellite.
26. Explain in detail the idea of weightlessness using lift as an example. தாய், தந்னத கண்கண்ட ததய்வம்
27. Explain the weightlessness in satellites. ஈயார் ததட்னட தீயார் தகாள்வர்
28. Derive an expression for Energy of the satellite பிறருக்கு உதவி தெய்யாததார் தபாருனைத் தீயவர் பறித்துக்
29. Explain in detail the Eratosthenes method of finding the radius of Earth. தகாள்வார்
30. Two particles of masses 𝑚1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 place along the ஏவா மக்கள் மூவா மருந்து
x and y axes respectively at a distance ‘a’ from the origin. குறிப்பறிந்து தெய்யும் பிள்னைகள் அமிர்தம் தபான்றவர்கள்
Calculate the gravitational field at a point P shown in குற்றம் பார்க்கின் சுற்றம் இல்னை
figure
பிறர் குற்றங்கனை ஆராய்ந்து தகாண்டிருந்தால், சுற்றத்தார்
எவரும் இருக்க மாட்டார்கள்
னகப்தபாருள் தன்னில் தமய்ப்தபாருள் கல்வி
னகயில் உள்ை தபாருனைவிட, உண்னமயாை தெல்வம்
கல்விதய ஆகும்
PART - IV 3 X 5 = 15 சீனரத்ததடின் ஏனரத் ததடு
Note : (i) Answer all the questions புகத ாடு வா விரும்பிைால், பயிர்ததாழிலில் ஈடுபட
31. Prove that at points near the surface of the Earth, the gravitational potential energy தவண்டும்
of the object is 𝑈 = 𝑚 𝑔 ℎ ததாழுது ஊண் சுனவயின் உழுது ஊண் இனிது
(OR) பிறரிடம் வணங்கி வரும் ஊதியத்தில் உண்பனத விட பயிர்
Explain the variation of acceleration due to gravity “g” with altitude தெய்து உண்பது இனிது
32. Explain the variation of acceleration due to gravity “g” with depth.
(OR)
முற்பகல் தெய்யின் பிற்பகல் வினையும்
பிறருக்கு தெய்யும் நன்னம, தீனமகள் பின்பு நமக்தக வந்து
Explain the variation of acceleration due to gravity “g” with latitude தெரும்
33. Derive an expression for escape speed
(OR)
தமழிச்தெல்வம் தகான ப் படாது
கைப்னபயால் உன த்து தெர்த்த தெல்வம், ஒருதபாதும்
Discuss the apparent weight of man standing inside the elevators.
வீண்தபாகாது
தமாழிவது மறுக்கின், அழிவது கருமம்
தபரிதயார் தொல் தகைாமல் மறுத்தால், அந்த காரியம் தகடும்
ஐயம் புகினும் தெய்வை தெய்
பிச்னெ எடுத்தாவது தெய்யதவண்டிய நல்ை காரியங்கனை
தெய்
ஊக்கம் உனடனம, ஆக்கத்திற்கு அ கு
உற்ொகமாை முயற்சியுடன் இருப்பதத முன்தைற்றத்திற்கு
அ கு
- தகான்னற தவந்தன் - ஔனவயார்

தமிழ் மகாகவி சுப்பிரமண்ய பாரதியார்

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502