MACHINE DESIGN II

TOPIC 3: FRICTION ELEMENTS

 SUBTOPIC 1
Clutches

At the end of the presentation, the students should be able to:

 Discuss the fundamental concepts of clutches
 Solve problems under clutches
 Clutch
 A machine member used to connect a driving shaft to a driven
shaft so that the driven shaft may be started or stopped at will,
without stopping the driving shaft.

 The use of a clutch is mostly found in automobiles.

 Engagement and disengagement of the shafts is obtained by

means of a clutch

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

 Types of Clutch
 Positive Clutches - are used when a positive drive is required. The
simplest type of a positive clutch is a jaw or claw clutch. The use
of jaw clutches are frequently applied to sprocket wheels, gears
and pulleys.
 Friction Clutches – have principal application in the transmission
of power of shafts and machines which must be started and
stopped frequently.
 Types of friction clutches are disc or plate Clutches, cone clutches
and centrifugal clutches

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

 Characteristics of Friction Surfaces
 The lining of friction surfaces of a clutch should have the
following characteristics:
• It should have a high and uniform coefficient of friction.
• It should not be affected by moisture and oil.
• It should have the ability to withstand high temperatures
caused by slippage.
• It should have high heat conductivity.
• It should have high resistance to wear and scoring

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

 Disc or Plate Clutch
𝑇 = 𝑛𝜇𝑊𝑅
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑇 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒
𝑅 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝜇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑊 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝑛 = 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐, 𝑛 = 2
 Average pressure on friction surface:
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑊
𝑃= =
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝜋 𝑟12 − 𝑟22

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

 Mean Radius of Friction Surface
• For uniform pressure: • For uniform wear:
2 𝑟13 − 𝑟23 𝑟1 + 𝑟2
𝑅= 𝑅=
3 𝑟12 − 𝑟22 2
𝑊
𝐶= = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑟2 = 𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑟1
2𝜋 𝑟1 − 𝑟2

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

 Multiple Discs
 Used when a large torque is to be transmitted
𝑛 = 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 1 𝑇 = 𝑛𝜇𝑊𝑅
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑛1 = 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡
𝑛2 = 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

 Cone Clutch
𝜇𝑊𝑅 𝑊
𝑇= 𝑊𝑛 = 𝑇 = 𝜇𝑊𝑛 R
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
For uniform pressure: For uniform wear:
2 𝑟13 − 𝑟23 𝑟1 + 𝑟2
𝑅= 𝑅=
3 𝑟12 − 𝑟22 2

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

 Cone Clutch
 Axial force to engage the cone clutch:
𝑊𝑒 = 𝑊𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 0.25𝜇𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝑊𝑛 = 2𝜋𝑅𝑏𝑃𝑛

 Axial force to disengage the cone clutch:

𝑊𝑑 = 𝑊𝑛 𝜇𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑊𝑛 = 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒

𝛼 = 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝑏 = 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑐ℎ
𝑃𝑛 = 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!
 Reference
 Khurmi, R.S. & J.K Gupta (2005). A Textbook of
Machine Design. Eurasia Publishing House (Pvt.) Ltd.