MACHINE DESIGN II

TOPIC 1: BELT DRIVES

 SUBTOPIC 1
Flat Belts

At the end of the presentation, the students should be able to:

 Discuss the fundamental concepts of flat belts
 Solve problems under flat belts
 Belts
 Used to transmit power from one shaft to another by means
of pulleys
 The amount of power transmitted depends on the following:

• Velocity of Belt
• Tension
• Arc of Contact
• Conditions of Usage

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

 Selection of Belt Drives
 Selection of belt drives depends on the following:
• Speed of the driving and driven shafts
• Speed reduction ratio
• Power to be transmitted
• Center distance between shafts
• Positive drive requirements
• Shafts layouts
• Space available
• Service conditions

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

 Types of Belt Drives
 The types of belt drives in terms of speed are:
• Light Drives – for belt speeds up to 10 m/s
• Medium Drives – for belt speeds over 10 m/s up to 22 m/s
• Heavy Drives – for belt speeds above 22 m/s

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

 Types of Belt Drives
 The types of belt based on cross-sectional area are:
• Flat Belt – for moderate power and for two pulleys with no
more than 8 m apart
• V-Belt – for great amount of power and for two pulleys very
near to each other
• Circular Belt or Rope – for great amount of power and for two
pulleys with more than 8 m apart.

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

Open Belt Drive

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

Crossed or Twist Belt Drive

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

Quarter Turn and Drive with Idler Pulley

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

Compound Belt Drive

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

 Velocity Ratio of Belt Drive
𝑁2 𝑑1
=
𝑁1 𝑑2
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑑1 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟
𝑑2 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑁1 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟
𝑁2 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
 In case of a compound belt drive:
𝑁4 𝑑1 𝑑3
=
𝑁1 𝑑2 𝑑1
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠
=
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑠

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

 Slip of Belt
 If thickness of the belt is considered, then:
𝑁2 𝑑1 + 𝑡 𝑠
= 1−
𝑁1 𝑑2 + 𝑡 100

 In case of a compound belt drive:

𝑁2 𝑑1 𝑑3 𝑠1 𝑠2
= 1− 1−
𝑁1 𝑑2 𝑑4 100 100

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑠1 = 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡

𝑠2 = 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

 Length of Open Belt Drive

𝜋 𝑑1 − 𝑑2 2
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡: 𝐿= 𝑑1 + 𝑑2 + 2𝑥 +
2 4𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡: 𝜃 = 180 − 2𝛼
𝑟1 − 𝑟2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 =
𝑥

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

 Length of Crossed Belt Drive

𝜋 𝑑1 + 𝑑2 2
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡: 𝐿= 𝑑1 + 𝑑2 + 2𝑥 +
2 4𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡: 𝜃 = 180 + 2𝛼
𝑟1 + 𝑟2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 =
𝑥

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

 Power Transmitted by Belt
𝑃 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑣
𝑣 = 𝑟1 𝜔1 = 𝑟2 𝜔2
𝑇1
= 𝑒 𝑢𝜃
𝑇2
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑇1 = 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑇2 = 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡
𝜇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

 Stress in Belts
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜎= =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
 If centrifugal tension is considered:
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇𝐶
 If centrifugal tension is not considered:
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑇1
 Centrifugal tension:
𝑚 2 𝑚
𝑇𝐶 = 𝑣 = 𝜌𝑏𝑡
𝐿 𝐿
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝜌 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 𝑏 = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑡 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!
 Reference
 Khurmi, R.S. & J.K Gupta (2005). A Textbook of
Machine Design. Eurasia Publishing House (Pvt.) Ltd.
 SUBTOPIC 2
V-Belt and Rope Drives

At the end of the presentation, the students should be able to:

 Discuss the fundamental concepts of V-belt and rope drives
 Solve problems under V-belt and rope drives
 V-Belts
 For great amount of power and for two pulleys very near to
each other
 It is formed to a trapezoidal shape

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

 Power Transmitted by V-Belt
𝑃 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑣

𝑣 = 𝑟1 𝜔1 = 𝑟2 𝜔2
𝑇1
= 𝑒 𝜇𝜃𝑐𝑠𝑐𝛽
𝑇2
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑇1 = 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑇2 = 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡
𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝜇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2𝛽 = 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)
 Ropes
 Widely used where a large amount of power is to be transmitted
over a considerable distance
 Types of ropes:
• Fiber Rope – used when the pulleys are about 60 m apart.
• Wire Rope – used when the pulleys are up to 150 m apart.

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

Power Transmitted by Fiber Ropes
𝑃 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑣

𝑣 = 𝑟1 𝜔1 = 𝑟2 𝜔2
𝑇1
= 𝑒 𝜇𝜃𝑐𝑠𝑐𝛽
𝑇2
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑇1 = 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑇2 = 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡
𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝜇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2𝛽 = 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)
 Wire Ropes

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

 Classification of Wire Ropes
 Cross or regular lay ropes: the direction of twist of wires in the
strands is opposite to the direction of twist of the stands

 Parallel or lang lay ropes: the direction of twist of the wires in

the strands is same as that of strands in the rope

 Composite or reverse laid ropes: the wires in the two adjacent

strands are twisted in the opposite direction

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

 Wire Diameter

 Note: d is the diameter of the wire rope

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

Designation of Wire Ropes

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

 Stresses in Wire Ropes
 Direct Stress
𝑊+𝑤
𝜎𝑑 =
𝐴
𝜋 2
𝐴 = 𝑑𝑤 𝑛
4

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑊 = 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑑

𝑤 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒
𝐴 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒
𝑑𝑤 = 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

 Stresses in Wire Ropes
 Bending Stress
𝐸𝑟 𝑑𝑤
𝜎𝑏 =
𝐷

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐸𝑟 = 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝐷 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑚
𝐴 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒
𝑑𝑤 = 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

 Stresses in Wire Ropes
 Stress due to acceleration
𝑊+𝑤 𝑎
𝜎𝑎 =
𝐴𝑔

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑊 = 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑑

𝑤 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒
𝑔 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐴 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

 Stresses in Wire Ropes
 Impact Stress
2 𝑊+𝑤
𝜎𝑖 =
𝐴

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑊 = 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑑

𝑤 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒
𝐴 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒

(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)

 Effective Load on the Rope
 Effective Load during Normal Working
𝑊𝑛𝑤 = 𝑊 + 𝑤 + 𝑊𝑏
 Effective Load during Starting
𝑊𝑠𝑡 = 𝑊𝑖 + 𝑊𝑏
 Effective Load during Acceleration of Load
𝑊𝑎𝑙 = 𝑊 + 𝑤 + 𝑊𝑏 + 𝑊𝑎
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑊 = 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑤 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒
𝑊𝑏 = 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑊𝑖 = 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑊𝑎 = 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
(Source: Khurmi & Gupta, 2005)
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!
 Reference
 Khurmi, R.S. & J.K Gupta (2005). A Textbook of
Machine Design. Eurasia Publishing House (Pvt.) Ltd.