POINTERS TO REVIEW IN GENBIO MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN

TIMELINE OF MICROSCOPE - German botanist

- Discovered that all plants are
th
14 CENTURY - Various uses of spectacles. compound cells.
1595 - Invention of compound microscope; THEODOR SCHWANN
A tube with lenses on both end.
- German zoologist
LATE 1600 - Invention of mounted - Discovered that all animals are
microscope. composed of cells
1665 - Robert Hooke’s micrographia is RUDOLF VIRCHOW
published.
- Study cell production
1675 - Anton Van Leeuwenhoek was first to - Discovered that cells come from pre-
observe bacteria, a living organism. existing cells
1930 - Electron microscope was invented. CONTRIBUTIONS OF RUDOLF VIRCHOW TO
CELL THEORY
1981 - Invention of scanning tunneling
microscope (atomic level of zooming). - His observation that a whole
organism does not get sick—only
ZACHARIAS & HANS JANSSEN
certain cells or groups of cells.
- Lensmen - His now famous aphorism “omnis
- They found out two lenses can cellula e cellula” (every cell stems
magnify from another cell”). 
- First compound microscope
CELL THEORY
ROBERT HOOKE
- All living things are composed of cells.
- Father of Cellular Biology - Cells are the basic units of structure
- First used of light and function in living.
- First used of word “cellulae” “celae” - New cells are produced from existing
in biology, named after Monk’s room cells.
that is almost empty, and it’s like
CELLS
looking at a dead cell.
- Smallest unit of life
ANTHONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK
- Living things
- Father of Microbiology
VIRUS
- He uses microscopes for fine linens,
his occupation is taylor - Not unit of life
- First to discover bacteria (animalcule) - No cell membrane
Protozoa (beasties), red blood cell, - No chance of surviving with no host
and spermcell
 - There are 100 trillion cells in human
body
- 50 cells are needed just to cover the
dot on “;”
CELL TYPE THAT CAN’T REGENERATE ONCE
DAMAGED OR USED UP:
- Neuron cells
- Liver cells (not sure yet)
- Heart cells
- Skeletal muscle cells
SMALLEST CELL IN NATURE - SAR11
Bacteria (1 micron)
BIGGEST CELL IN NATURE - Eggs (Ostrich
eggs)
DESCRIBE AND GIVE THE FUNCTIONS
NUCLEUS - is the membrane-enclosed
organelle within a cell that contains the
chromosomes.
LYSOSOMES - are membrane-enclosed
organelles that contain an array of enzymes
capable of breaking down all types of
biological polymers—proteins, nucleic
acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.
VACUOLES - is a membrane-bound
organelle which is present in plant and
fungal cells and some protist, animal, and
bacterial cells.
CELL WALL - is a structural layer
surrounding some types of cells, just
outside the cell membrane.
TISSUES - is a group of cells that have
similar structure and that function together
as a unit.
DESCRIPTION OF PROKARYOTES
- Independent, single-celled organisms
- “pro”= before “karyo”= nucleus
- Lack membrane bound organelles
- DNA is suspended freely in the
cytoplasm
WHERE YOU CAN FIND PILUS
- Bacteria
FUNCTIONS OF ORGANELLES AS A WHOLE
- An organelle is a subcellular structure
that has one or more specific jobs to
perform in the cell, much like an
organ does in the body. Among the
more important cell organelles are
the nuclei, which store genetic
information; mitochondria, which
produce chemical energy; and
ribosomes, which assemble proteins.
- Membrane bound structures with a
specific fnction inside the cell.
FUNCTIONS OF THE FOLLOWING TISSUES:
CONNECTIVE – Maintains the form of the
body and its organs. Provides cohesion and
internal support. Attaches Epithelium to
another tissues. Protects and cushions
organs. Provide flexible and firm support.
NERVOUS – Detects stimuli. Conveys
information thoughout the body.
MUSCLES – Contracts when electrically
stimulated. Moves other tissues and organs.
EPITHELIAL – Coats body’s internal and
external surfaces. Covers organs and lines
the inside of hollow organs and cavities.
Protection, nutrient, absorption, gas
diffusion.
PLASTIC SURGERY FOR SEVERE BURNS
(SKIN BURNS)
- Skin Graft
LOCATION FOR ADIPOSE TISSUES
- It's found under your skin
(subcutaneous fat), between your
internal organs (visceral fat) and even
in the inner cavities of bones (bone
marrow adipose tissue).
NUMBER 16-17
PICTURE A – Nervous Tissue
PICTURE B – Adipose Tissue
PICTURE C – Epithelial Tissue
PICTURE D – Muscular Tissue
DESCRIPTION OF PHOSPOLIPID BILAYER
- a two-layered arrangement of
phosphate and lipid molecules that
form a cell membrane, the
hydrophobic lipid ends facing inward
and the hydrophilic phosphate ends
facing outward. Also called: lipid
bilayer.
DESCRIPTION OF GLOBULAR PROTEIN
MODEL
- Globular proteins are spherical in
shape and are soluble in water.
FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
- The plasma membrane protects the
cell from its external environment,
mediates cellular transport, and
transmits cellular signals.  to the hypertonic environment. Their
COMPONENTS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
THAT ACTS AS CELL COMMUNICATOR AND
RECEPTOR
- The plasma membrane allows cells to
communicates to each other through
direct contact or via secreted
molecules that interact with
receptors on the cell surface. These
interactions allow cells to share
information and coordinate their
activities.
DESCRIBE THE FOLLOWING:
HYPOTONIC - has a lower concentration of
fluid, sugars and salt than blood.
HYPERTONIC - has a higher concentration
of fluid, sugars and salt than blood.
DIFFUSION - is defined as the movement of
individual molecules of a substance through
a semipermeable barrier from an area of
higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration.
ENDOCYTOSIS - is a process in which a cell
internalizes non-particulate materials such
as proteins by engulfing them in an energy-
dependent manner.
PHAGOCYTOSIS - Phagocytosis is a cellular
process for ingesting and eliminating
particles larger than 0.5 μm in diameter,
including microorganisms, foreign
substances, and apoptotic cells.
FRESHWATER FISH PLACED IN SALT
WATER, WHAT WILL HAPPEN?
- they lose water from their bodies due
cells shrivel and die.
CYTOKINESIS
- is the step of the cell cycle in which
the cell must faithfully separate the
chromosomes and cytoplasm,
yielding two daughter cells.
REQUIREMENTS FOR CLEARANCE AT G1
CHECKPOINT
- Cells decide whether or not to
proceed with division based on
factors such as: Cell size. Nutrients.
Growth factors.
Here are some of the factors a cell
might assess:
- Size. Is the cell large enough to
divide?
- Nutrients
- Molecular signals
- DNA integrity
ALLIGNMENT OF SISTER CHROMATIDS
- aligned at along the equator of the
cell on the equatorial plane. The
sister chromatids are pairs of
identical copies of DNA joined at a
point called the centromere.
CELLS SPLITS A CYTOPLASM IN HALF AFTER
FORMING CLEAVAGE FURROW
- the cell will pinch itself completely in
two, forming two daughter cells.
SISTER CHROMOTIDS ARE SEEN IN WHAT
STAGE OF MITOSIS
- Metaphase
HOMOLOGUS CHROMOSOMES IS SEEN
- During meiosis
HOW MANY DAUGHTER CELLS ARE
THERE IN MEISOSIS
- four haploid daughter cells
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING OCCUR IN
HUMANS IF MEIOSIS PRODUCED
DEPLOID GAMETES?
- If meiosis were to produce diploid
gametes, then the diploid gametes
would combine to form an organism
that contains twice as many
chromosomes as the parent.
MEIOSIS PROPHASE 1
- During prophase I, the complex of
DNA and protein known as chromatin
condenses to form chromosomes.
IMPORTANCE OF MITOSIS/MEIOSIS
- Meiosis makes the cells needed for
sexual reproduction to occur, and
mitosis replicates non-sex cells
needed for growth and development.
Together, they provide the cellular
basis for healthy growth and sexual
reproduction.
SOURCE OF VARIATION IN ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
- asexual reproduction only introduces
genetic variation into the population
if a random mutation in the
organism's DNA is passed on to the
offspring.
ADVANTAGE OF MORE ENERGY AND
RESOURCES IN SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
- it results in genetic diversity in offspring,
and it eliminates harmful mutations.
PURPOSE OF CELLS THAT UNDERGO in cells outside of the germ line,
CROSSING OVER which are called somatic mutations.

- to increase genetic diversity.

DESCRIBE WHAT HAPPENS TO THE CELLS

WHEN IDENTICAL TWINS ARE CONCEIVED

- zygote splits into two very early in

development, leading to the
formation of two separate embryos.
TRISOMY 21 (DESCRIBE THE PROCESS)

- In this case, an error during the

formation of the egg or the sperm
results in either one having an extra
chromosome. So after the egg and
sperm unite, the resulting cells will
also have three copies of
chromosome 21. The complete extra
copy of chromosome 21 is in all of
the person's cells—or a complete
trisomy.
WHAT IS INHERITED MUTATED GENES

- If a parent carries a gene mutation in

their egg or sperm, it can pass to
their child. These hereditary (or
inherited) mutations are in almost
every cell of the person's body
throughout their life. Hereditary
mutations include cystic fibrosis,
hemophilia, and sickle cell disease.
- Some mutations are hereditary
because they are passed down to an
offspring from a parent carrying a
mutation through the germ line,
meaning through an egg or sperm cell
carrying the mutation. There are also
nonhereditary mutations that occur