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Procedia
Energy Procedia
Energy 00 (2011)12
Procedia 000–000
(2011) 844 – 848
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

ICSGCE 2011: 27–30 September 2011, Chengdu, China

Optimal Power Control Model of Direct Driven PMSG

Cun-Lu Dang, Lei Zhang*, Ming-Xing Zhou
College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology and Key Laboratory of Gansu Advanced
Control for Industrial Processes, Lanzhou, 730050, China

Abstract

In order to analyze the performances of direct driven PMSG, an optimal power control model which includes
maximum power extraction control model under low wind speed and pitch angle control model under high wind
speed is established. The concept of the model is analyzed in a 1.5 MW direct drive variable speed permanent magnet
synchronous generator (D-PMSG) WECS with back-to-back IGBT frequency converter. Vector control of the
generator side rectifier is realized in the grid voltage vector reference frame. Confirmation of models and control
schemes is demonstrated by using the EMTDC/PSCAD environment.
© 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
(UESTC)
Keywords: Wind energy conversion system (WECS); Perzmanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG); Maximum power point
tracking (MPPT)

1. Introduction

Due to the increasing number of wind turbines installed, the energy production by means of wind
power is increasing by approximate 30% annually [1]. Owing to high efficiency, low mechanical loss,
and low maintenance cost, the direct driven wind power system including the permanent magnet
synchronous generator (PMSG) is drawing people's attention more and more. Mastering the wind
generating set's operation character and then improving its operation efficiency are the important issue in
the research field of wind power generation.
In this paper, a simple wind speed sensorless MPPT controller for variable speed wind energy
conversion system (WECS) is proposed. The proposed method of tracking maximum power point does
not require the knowledge of turbine parameters or air density, besides it does not require the knowledge
of wind speed. The algorithm requires only the instantaneous turbine angular velocity as its input and
generates at its output the maximum power for the vector controlled machine side converter control

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-13919190725.

E-mail address: success198566@163.com.

1876-6102 © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of University of Electronic Science and Technology of
China (UESTC). Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2011.10.111
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/ EnergyProcedia
Procedia1200(2011)
(2011)844 – 848
000–000 845

system in order to enable the system to track maximum power point. Performance of the proposed
controller is proved by simulation.

2. Variable Speed Wind Turbine Characteristics

The wind turbine characteristics can be described as follows based on Betz theory [2].
Pm = 0.5 ρ Av 3CP ( λ , β ) (1)
Rω
λ= (2)
v
−12.5
⎛ 116 ⎞
CP ( λ , β ) = 0.22 ⎜ − 0.4 β − 5 ⎟ e λi (3)
⎝ λi ⎠
1 1 0.035
= − 3 (4)
λi λ + 0.08β β + 1
Pm -mechanical output power of the turbine (W); ρ -Air density (kg/m3);A-Turbine swept area (m2); v-
Wind peed (m/s); CP ( λ , β ) -performance coefficient of the turbine; β -Blade pitch angle (deg);R-turbine
radii(m); ω -turbine angular velocity (rad/s); λ -Tip speed ratio of the rotor blade tip speed to wind speed.
Equation of the wind turbine is shown as:
dω
Tm − Te − F ∗ ω = J (5)
dt
where Tm is shaft mechanical torque, Te is electromagnetic torque, F is combined viscous friction of rotor
and load, J is combined inertia of rotor and load.

3. Maximum Power Point Tracking Control

This paper shows that the 1.5 MW wind turbine is considered. Its power curve with MPPT is shown in
Fig.1, from which it can be seen that, for any particular wind speed, there is a maximum power. When the
wind speed changes, the maximum power is controlled to follow the maximum power point trajectory.
Note here that precise measurement of wind speed is difficult. Therefore, it is better to calculate the
maximum power without measuring wind speed. The manufacturer can change the optimal power curve
of the wind turbine by presetting the advanced control system. The purpose of the PMSG power control is
that the generator speed can track with the changes of the wind speed, and then the wind turbine generator
system can be motioned in the optimal power curve.

Main : Graphs
MPPT
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
power(p.u.)

0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
w(p.u.) 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00

Fig. 1 Optimal power curve of wind turbine

846 Cun-Lu
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Procedia 12 (2011)
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FORTRAN was the first language to be popularly used by the early researchers, meanwhile it is the
oldest language still widely used nowadays. It was designed to express scientific and mathematical
formulas and it is still used in those areas. The curve is written by FORTRAN in PSCAD [3].

4. The Control System

The control scheme shown in Fig. 2 (b) is used as the control methodology for the generator side
rectifier. Because this rectifier is directly connected to the PMSG, its q-axis current can control the active
power. At the same time, the d-axis stator current can control the reactive power. The id instruction is
usually set as zero.
The control block for the grid side inverter is shown in Fig.2(c).The q-axis current can control the
active power .The inside-loop control is the same as generator-side[4],[5].

(a) Electrical scheme of a WECS

ωLid
iqω Lq
ud
ud θr ids*
θr id * ia ids
ia id abc ed
abc ib
ib ic uq
ic uq iqs
iq Vdc ed
Pref ωψ f
ωLiq
id ω Ld Vdc*
P1

(b) Control block diagram of the generator-side rectifier (c) Control block diagram of the grid-side inverter

Fig. 2. The control strategy for D-PMSG.

5. Experiments and Analysis

The optimal model has been tested in simulation by EMTDC/PSCAD. The simulated system
parameters are listed in the Table 1. In the two typical wind conditions, we can observe the dynamic
response and efficiency of WECS with the model.
In the simulation, two wind conditions are involved:
1) Basic wind, a basic wind with 12 m/s which is the rated wind of the WECS lasts 10s.
2) Ramp wind, when t=3s, the wind speed varies from 6 m/s to 9 m/s rapidly;
The simulation results in the above conditions are illustrated from figures 3 to 4 while the pitch angle
of wind turbines maintains zero degree and the command value of id is set to be 0.
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Table 1: The Simulation Parameters

Turbine model 3-blade Horizontal Axis

Blade angle β =0
Air density ρ = 1.225kg / m3
Generator parameter 1.5MW D-PMSG
Number of poles 36
Rated frequency 10.38Hz
Inverter 3MW Double-PWM
Grid voltage 690 AC

Vw w
2.00
12.075 1.50
12.050 1.00

Turbine speed (pu)

w ind speed (m/s)

12.025 0.50
12.000 0.00
11.975 -0.50
11.950 -1.00
11.925 -1.50
11.900 -2.00
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

(a) Wind speed (m/s) (b) Turbine speed (rad/s)

P2 Pref Udc
2.0k 1.40

1.5k 1.20

1.0k 1.00

0.80
0.5k
(k w )

(k V )

0.60
0.0
0.40
-0.5k
0.20

-1.0k 0.00
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

(c) Power (MW) (d) DC-link Capacitor Voltage (V)

Fig. 3 Instant response of the novel algorithm (Basic wind).

Main : Graphs Main : Graphs

Vw w
9.00

8.50 0.900

0.850
turbine speed (pu)

8.00
wind speed (m/s)

0.800
7.50
0.750
7.00
0.700
6.50 0.650

6.00
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

(a) Wind Speed(m/s) (b) Turbine Speed (rad/s).

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P2 Pref Udc
1.0k 1.40
0.8k 1.20
0.6k
0.4k 1.00
0.2k 0.80
0.0

(kV)
(kw )

0.60
-0.2k
-0.4k 0.40
-0.6k
0.20
-0.8k
-1.0k 0.00
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

(c) Power (MW) (d) DC-link Capacitor Voltage (V)

Fig. 4. Instant response of the novel algorithm (Ramp wind).

In the basic condition, Fig. 3 shows that when the input wind speed is equal to the rated wind speed,
and the generator speed is approximate to the rated speed and it remains stable, the output active power is
1.5 times larger than that of the rated power, meanwhile, the voltage of direct current generatrix is
approximate to the reference value 1200V.
In the ramp condition, Fig. 4 shows that when T is 3 seconds, the wind speed of the original 6m/s
begins to add up to 9m/s, the generator system will circulate in the maximum wind power capture area,
the grid inverter adopts the unit power factor to be controlled, and then the system operation can be seen
in Fig4. It can be observed that the per-unit value 0.63 goes up to 0.96, the generator speed gradually rises,
the active power output of the system begins to rise inch by inch, and the grid inverter adopts the unit
power control . In the dynamic process, the voltage of direct current generatrix remains the reference
value 1200V.

6. Conclusion

In this paper, the simulation system which takes the dynamic of wind turbine into account is
established, characteristics of PMSG-WT connect to the grid are analyzed, and validity of the established
model and optimal power control strategies are demonstrated. Theory analysis and simulation results
prove that the model and the control strategy are so efficient that it can be used to practice production.
However, mechanical sensors such as position and speed sensors have some drawbacks, reducing
reliability, increasing complexity and cost of the drive system. Therefore, a sensorless control for PM
machine drives is of the essence for the WECS.

References

[1] T. Ackermann, Wind power in power systems. John Wiley, Ltd, 2005.
[2] Yan Gangui, Wei Zhicheng, Huang he, “Optimal power control of directly-driven permanent magnet synchronous
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[3] Manitoba HVDC Research Centre,PSCAD Users Guide V4.2.
[4] Shuhui Li, Timothy A.Haskew and Ling Xu, “Conventional and noel control designs for direct driven PMSG wind
turbines,” Electric Power Systems Research., pp.328–338, June. 2009.
[5] Thongam, J.S. Bouchard and P. Ezzaidi, “Wind Speed Sensorless Maximum Power Point Tracking Control of Variable
Speed Wind Energy Conversion Systems,” IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference.pp. 1832 – 1837, May
2009
[6] J. Morren, SW.de Hann, “Ride-through of wind turbines with doubly-fed induction generator during a voltage dip,” IEEE
Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2005, 20(2), pp. 435-441.
[7] Abbey C., Joos G., “Effect of low voltage ride through (LVRT) characteristic on voltage stability,” IEEE Power
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