Sanitation MOOC Slides Week 4

Nala (Nepal) Case Study
Planning and Design of Sanitation Systems and Technologies, Module 4.1

Dr. Christoph Lüthi
Learning Goals
An example of Community-Led Urban

Environmental Sanitation Planning
(CLUES)
● Planning & implementation 2009-2012
● Project outcomes
● Costs involved & lessons learned
Planning & Design for Sanitation

Case study: Nala, Nepal
● A small town near Kathmandu

● Pop: ~2300
● 390 households, avg. household size: 5,8
● Why Nala?
● Strong demand from community to improve
sanitation conditions
● High settlement density allowed to test urban
service provision
Ugrachandi Nala Bhagawati Temple Planning & Design for Sanitation

Case study: Nala, Nepal

Nala baseline status (socio-economic)
Urban poverty
● Minority Dalit population (10%)
Health & Hygiene

● 66 households without toilets
● Open defecation on the outskirts
Economic activities
● Highly productive agricultural surroundings
● Commuters to nearby town, less than 1 hour by road to Kathmandu

Nala baseline status (infrastructure)
Sanitation
● Majority have pour-flush with cess-pits with high
emptying frequency
● Storm water and grey water into temporary
drains
Water supply
● Public tap stands and some private taps
● Microbial contamination in all sources
Solid waste
● Traditional composting practices (kitchen waste
and animal waste)

CLUES Planning – Step 1
Step 1: Process Ignition and Demand Creation

CLUES Planning
User Empowerment – Sanitation Bazaar


Step 2: Launch of the Planning Process

● Household mapping
● Socio-economic survey
● Technical assessment
● Stakeholder assessment

Step 3: Detailed Assessment of the Current Situation

● Expert workshop
● User empowerment
● Assessment of user preferences

Exposure visits by Nala Committee

● Learning from others
● Exposure to management options & technology choice

Prioritisation of Community Problems

and Validation
●Factors considered:
● Physical/geographical conditions
● Technical feasibility
● Financial – land & capital costs
● Socio-cultural acceptance

Step 5: Identification of Service Options

● Action plan for:
- off-site (sewered) sanitation
- on-site sanitation (VIP latrines)

Option 1: Double VIP Latrine
Inputs User Collection/ Transport Treatment Use &

Interface Storage Disposal
Urine
Pit Humus
Faces
Flush
Water
Anal
cleansing
Water
Kitchen,
Grey
Shower, Tap
water Stands
Storm
Water

Option 1: Double VIP Latrine

Urine Pit Humus
Faces
Flush
Water
Anal
cleansing
Water
Kitchen,
Grey
Shower, Tap
water Stands
Storm
Water

Option 2: UDD Toilet

Faces
Urine Urine &
Urine tank compost
Anal application in
cleansing Faeces storage/ agriculture
Water Treatment vaults
Kitchen,
Grey
Shower, Tap
water Stands
Storm
Water

Option 2: UDD Toilet

Urine
Faces
Flush
Water
Anal
cleansing
Water
Kitchen,
Grey
Shower, Tap
water Stands
Storm
Water

Option 3: Simplified sewerage + DEWATS

Urine Faecal Sludge
Faces
Flush
Water
Anal
cleansing
Water
Kitchen,
Grey ABR + CW
Shower, Tap
water Stands
Storm
Water

Option 3: Simplified sewerage + DEWATS

Interface Storage/ Pre- Disposal
Treatment
Urine Faecal Sludge
Faces
Flush
Water
Anal
cleansing
Water
Grey Kitchen,
Shower, Tap
water Stands
Storm
Water

Step 6: Development of the Nala Action Plan

author: CIUD (NGO)
● Black water
● Grey water
● Storm water
● Solid waste management
● Health and hygiene promotion
● Capacity building

CLUES outcomes
● New off-site infrastructure
First sewered small town in Nepal

352 households connected
$1300.- user fees collected annually
1 caretaker ensures daily maintenance
Cost sharing between local authority,

UN-Habitat, WaterAid and Eawag.

CLUES outcomes
● Cost Recovery
● A micro-financing scheme developed to support
sewer connections and toilet construction
● Connection cost: US$ 80.-
● Interest rate on loan: 6% per annum
● 100% repayment in instalments of 8-12 months

CLUES outcomes
● Operation & Maintenance

● Participatory O&M plan developed
● Institutional anchoring – users committee
responsible for water & sanitation
● User tariff Rs 500 (USD 6)/hh collected annually
● Revolving fund to be used as O&M reserve fund

Nala caretaker (r)
CLUES outcomes
● DEWATs Treatment Plant

● Settling tanks (36 m3)
● ABReactor (105 m3)
● 2 horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands
with surface area of 210 m2
● Total spatial footprint: 350m2
● Treatment capacity: 32 m3 /day

Management arrangements
WatSan Users Committee

Ressource allocation, long term
operation & management
Village Devpt. Committee
Local authority, land acquisition
CIUD (assisting NGO)
Facilitator/coordinator, backstopping
CAPEX & OPEX
● Cost of planning US$ 24’000

● Capital cost for Dewats plant US$ 25’000
● Capital cost simplified sewerage US$ 86’000
● Land acquisition US$ 31’000
Per capita CAPEX
● Per capita cost of planning USD 11 US$ 75.-
● Per capita cost of sanitation system USD 64
● Cost contribution by users 37% US$ 1000.-
OPEX costs/a
Planning: 14 months (2009/2010)
Implementation: 12 months (2011/2012)

Conclusion and lessons learned
● Strong community-based leadership ● Labour & cash contributions by the community
● Incremental improvements ● Informed choice by key stakeholders

Erdos, China – an eco-town pilot project (1)
Overview
© SEI
● Chinese - Swedish Eco-Town project

● 832 apartments in 42 buildings
serving 3000 inhabitants
● Situation in 2003:
● Urban area:
- 1/3 private flush toilets;
- 2/3 public toilets: pit latrines
● Peri-urban area:
- Private shallow-pit latrines
- Open defecation

Location
© SEI
Erdos project area

● Inner Mongolia in Northern China
● Fast growing (gas & oil fields)
● Dongsheng District
Beijing ● Dongsheng District - pop. 250’000 (2003)
CHINA
● 1400-1600m high; T°: -30 to + 30 °C

Project rationale (i)
© SEI
● Rapidly urbanizing China

● 43% of the Chinese population is now urban
but only 58% of urban residents have access to
improved sanitation
● 75% of Dongsheng’s urban area was sewered
in 2007
● Water-stressed region (< 400mm/a)
● History of using waste as fertilizer
● use of chemical fertilizers led to abandoning the
practice

Project rationale (ii)
© SEI
● Modern apartment buildings with eco-

features (energy, sanitation, water)
● “Recycling economy” national policy of China
● Increasingly competitive housing market
● Private-public partnership with a private
developer – Daxing Estate Co.

Project timeline
© SEI
Year Milestone
2003 Initiated by Dongsheng District Govt. & SEI
2004/5 Construction of housing estate
2006 832 apartments completed - households move in
2008 2 buildings retrofitted
2009 All households decide to change sanitation system
2011 Project evaluation and book published (2012)

Design considerations
© SEI
● Separated waste streams

● Faeces
● Urine
● Greywater
● Solid waste
● Recycle human waste for fertilizer

Sanitation system overview
© SEI
INPUTS USER STORAGE TRANSPORT TREATMENT USE &

INTERFACE DISPOSAL
Kitchen
organics
Faeces Plastic bins
Sawdust
Urine Thermal Demonstration

composting garden
Dry toilet
Urine tank

System design (i)
© SEI
Vent pipe ● Urine-Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT)

● Dry ecological sanitation solutions in modern 4-
and 5-story apartment buildings
● First attempt at UDDT in multi-story buildings
Toilet
Chute
Faeces Bin

System design (ii)
© SEI
● Eco-sanitation
● Dry urine-diverting toilets & urinals
● 22 underground urine tanks
● Faecal collection in 120 litre bins
● Ventilation system to the roof.
Faecal collection bins (blue)

System design (iii)
© SEI
● Eco-sanitation
● Dry urine-diverting toilets & urinals
● 22 underground urine tanks
● Faecal collection in 120 litre bins
● Ventilation system to the roof.
● On-site treatment station

Faecal collection bins (blue)
● Greywater treatment (250cbm/day)

● Thermal composting of feaces (1,5T/day)
● Demonstration garden for compost & urine
reuse
Thermal composting chambers

User interface
© SEI
● Eco-sanitation
● Turning bowl separates the user from the
waste
● Use of sawdust instead of water

Urine separation
© SEI
Urine collection trucks
● Urine initially to be used in agriculture

● Later on, dumped at municipal landfill or
at clandestine locations

User sensitization
© SEI
● User sensitization
● Training events
● Flyers and reminders
● Telephone hot-line

User satisfaction
© SEI
User surveys 2007/8

Next: reasons for system failure
© SEI
User perspectives

Erdos, China – an eco-town pilot project (2)
Introduction
© SEI

Reasons for dissatisfaction
© SEI
Technical
aspects
Socio-
Institutional
cultural
aspects
aspects
$$$
Financial
aspects Planning & Design for Sanitation
Reasons for system failure (i)
© SEI
Vent
● Technical aspects
pipe
● Immature technology
Toilet ● Failure of mechanical parts
● Incorrectly installed vent systems
Chute
● Odour from vent system (urine)
● Crystallization of urine in odor locks
Faeces
Bin

Reasons for system failure (ii)
© SEI
● Socio-cultural aspects
● Aspirational apartment owners (living standards)
● Poor sensitization of users
● Misuse of system – water use/solid waste
● Failure to convince users of the benefits

Reasons for system failure (ii)
© SEI
● Socio-cultural aspects
● Aspirational apartment owners (living standards)
● Poor sensitization of users
● Misuse of system – water use/solid waste
● Failure to convince users of the benefits
lowered
ashamed the value Planning & Design for Sanitation
Reasons for system failure (iii)
© SEI
● Financial aspects
● CAPEX and OPEX costs 2x greater than
conventional flush system
● Maintenance costs (mechanical emptying)
● Ecological benefits (e.g. water saving) not
perceived as great benefit

Reasons for system failure (iv)
© SEI
● Institutional aspects
● Unclear responsibilities between government and
1 2 private developer
● Diverse interests of 3 main stakeholders
● Single management entity was lacking

Final results
© SEI
● Conventional retrofit
● Removal of all dry toilets and urinals
● Today all 832 apartments use low-flush toilets
● Connected to on-site treatment plant

Lessons learned
© SEI
Publication by A.
Rosemarin, J.
McConville et al : (2012)
The Challenges of
Urban Ecological
Sanitation: Lessons
from the Erdos Eco-
Town Project, China
> Practical Action

Publishing

How Sanitation in Indonesia was Transformed (1)
Isabel Blackett WSP
Learning Goals
● Case study of starting up national

urban sanitation program at scale
● How it happened
● Purpose and Outputs
● Program design
● Inputs and resources
Planning & Design for Sanitation | 2

2005 – Sanitation the forgotten child
No, you take

You take her, she is her. She is No, no! You take
your responsibility. yours. her!
© WSP
2009 – appreciated at last
If she cleans up – it’ll OK she’ll

improve health I’ll take her – if
reduce my water
treatment costs… you will help too
But why did

they change
their minds?
© WSP
Sanitation in Indonesia
• Population 240 million, 45% urban, diverse cultures

• Sanitation is a private matter – little prior
Government engagement
• Under 2% of urban areas have sewerage access
• Rivers and channels ‘wash waste away’
• Households use pour flush pans connected to
soakpits, drains or rivers
• 18% urban open defecation
© WSP Planning & Design for Sanitation | 5

Sanitation in Indonesia
Indonesia Sanitation Purpose:

Sector Development To establish a sanitation services sector
Program (ISSDP) through
2006 - 2010 • operationalizing policies;
• institutional and regulatory reform;
• strategic planning,
• advocacy and awareness building
© UNDP
ISSDP 2006 - 2010
Outputs:
1. An enabling environment for sanitation 
2. A coordination and investment framework developed by government,
supported by donors ? 
3. Sanitation awareness and hygiene campaigns designed, tested,
implemented focus on urban poor ? 
4. Local level capacity built and city-wide strategies, action plans
completed in 12 cities and fed back to national policy and guidelines. 

Comprehensive Program Design
National
Strategic: Operationalize policy, develop strategy, guidelines, finance mechanisms, coordination
Sanitation advocacy, awareness raising & hygiene promotion

National
scope
Operational: Situation assessment s& sanitation mapping
City-wide
Focus City-wide sanitation strategies in 12 cities
Capacity building strategy & implementation

Wastewater +
drainage + Pilots in wastewater disposal and treatment
SWM
Clients: Community sanitation poor areas
Poor
urban Sanitation & hygiene campaigns
dwellers
Local
What did it take? Inputs & resources
• Government of Indonesia partnership, commitment,

budget and staffing
• Multi-disciplinary technical assistance package
US$10million over 4 years
• Government working group alongside TA inputs - in a
shared office
• Complementary activities by WSP and other
development partners
• Flexibility - design modified after two years based
on lessons learned
© WSP

Next: Part 2
How did it happen?
and what was achieved?
www.wsp.org |
www.worldbank.org

How Sanitation in Indonesia was Transformed (2)
Isabel Blackett, WSP
Learning Goals
● Case study of starting a successful

national urban sanitation program at
scale
● The city sanitation cycle approach
● City impact at the national level
● Ensuring high level support
● Mainstreaming sanitation budgets
Isabel Blackett

The city sanitation cycle
Institutional White Book:

Preparation: Sanitation assessment
working groups and mapping
3
2
Advocacy
and
City Sanitation Strategy
1
Program
Implementation 4
Memorandum
5
Monitoring and
© WSP evaluation
National impact of city action
● City focus, commitment and ownership

• Multi-departmental working groups lead by the city planning department
• Situation assessments and city sanitation strategies
• City sanitation summits – friendly peer review and competition
● Resulted in…
• “Wake up call” from cities to national government
• National government response: increased attention and national budget for
sanitation where local government increase their funding too
• City sanitation cycle used as basis for developing and funding five year National
Acceleration of Sanitation Development (PPSP) program: 2010-2014

High level support for the unmentionable
● National motivation ‘triggered’ through vocal

mayors and city sanitation planning
● Peer pressure and competition among cities >
increased motivation and mayors commitment
● City strategies: a tangible outcome for LG
planning, investment and building capacity
● Use of media and high quality communication
© WSP

Sanitation Development Targets
SANITATION DEVELOPMENT TARGETS 2010-2014
Open-defecation free by
80 % urban household
2014, thru 10% off-site Reduced flooding in
have access to solid
(5% DEWATS, 5% 22`500 ha in 100
Improved waste management
sewerage) and strategic urban areas
access for services
90% on-site systems
communities
to sanitation
DRAINAGE
services WASTEWATER SOLID WASTE
(wastewater,
solid waste
and •Stop open defecation
drainage) •Develop wastewater •National 3R practice
services: •Improved final •Reduced flooding in
•sewerage systems in disposal landfills as 100 strategic urban
16 cities Sanitary Landfills to areas (22`500 ha)
•Communal/DEWATS serve 240 cities
in 226 cities
PPSP TARGETS 2010-2014

5 year sanitation acceleration program
Total cities per year ROLES &
Phase RESPONSIBILITIES
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Central and
1 Campaigns and advocacy 41 49 62 72 82 100 province
2 Institutional development Central and

41 49 62 72 82 100 province
and regulation
3 City Sanitation Strategy 24 41 57 150 30? 30? Districts, city
Central and
4 Program Memorandum 3 21 35 45 56 65 province,
Districts, city
Central and
5 Implementation
3 24 59 104 160 province,
(cumulative) District, city
Monitoring, coaching, Central and

27 65 108 166 232 307 Province
evaluation, and development

Increased national & local investment
● Sanitation spending from 0.08% (2005) to 0.35%

(2013) of national budget
● 10 fold+ increase from USD 50 million to USD 540
million per annum in 7 years
● Including 1300% increase in Local Government
sanitation spending
● PPSP (USD 60 billion over 5 years) not fully
funded with shortfall in 2013 and 2014
© WSP

900% increase in sanitation budgets
$600
$500 Total Sanitation Budget
(millions US$)
$400
$300
$200
$100
$-
2006 2007
2008 2009
2010 2011 2012 © WSP
2013

What did we learn?
● High level political prioritization is essential to sanitation at scale

– but not enough
● Money talks to decision makers - economic impact of sanitation
was the most effective advocacy
● Local Government capacity varies - some cities needed more
technical support and capacity building
● Technical facilitation without compromising ownership, local
decision making is essential
● Provincial government capacity needs to be strengthened to
support national and local government
© WSP
End of week 4
With thanks
The Royal Embassy of

the Netherlands and
SIDA for co-funding
www.wsp.org |
www.worldbank.org
and DHV BV project
consultants

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Nala (Nepal) Case Study

Planning and Design of Sanitation Systems and Technologies, Module 4.1

An example of Community-Led Urban

Planning & Design for Sanitation

● A small town near Kathmandu

Ugrachandi Nala Bhagawati Temple Planning & Design for Sanitation

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Health & Hygiene

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Step 1: Process Ignition and Demand Creation

Planning & Design for Sanitation

User Empowerment – Sanitation Bazaar

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Step 2: Launch of the Planning Process

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Step 3: Detailed Assessment of the Current Situation

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Exposure visits by Nala Committee

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Prioritisation of Community Problems

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Step 5: Identification of Service Options

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Inputs User Collection/ Transport Treatment Use &

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Inputs User Collection/ Transport Treatment Use &

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Inputs User Collection/ Transport Treatment Use &

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Inputs User Collection/ Transport Treatment Use &

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Inputs User Collection/ Transport Treatment Use &

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Inputs User Collection/ Transport Treatment Use &

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Step 6: Development of the Nala Action Plan

Planning & Design for Sanitation

● New off-site infrastructure

First sewered small town in Nepal

Cost sharing between local authority,

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Planning & Design for Sanitation

● Operation & Maintenance

Planning & Design for Sanitation

● DEWATs Treatment Plant

● Treatment capacity: 32 m3 /day

Planning & Design for Sanitation

WatSan Users Committee

Village Devpt. Committee

Local authority, land acquisition

CIUD (assisting NGO)

● Cost of planning US$ 24’000

● Cost contribution by users 37% US$ 1000.-

Planning & Design for Sanitation

● Strong community-based leadership ● Labour & cash contributions by the community

● Incremental improvements ● Informed choice by key stakeholders

Planning & Design for Sanitation

● Chinese - Swedish Eco-Town project

Planning & Design for Sanitation

Erdos project area

Planning & Design for Sanitation

● Rapidly urbanizing China