Sanitation Capacity Building Platform

Non Sewered Sanitation

PRESENTED BY
Integrated Wastewater and Septage Management

Sanitation Planning Sanitation System Approach

May 22nd, 2020 May 26th, 2020

Faecal Sludge & Septage

Liquid Waste Management
Management
May 29th, 2020
June 1st, 2020
 Why Sanitation Planning? Environmental Health & Sanitation Waste Products & their Flows

Session 1

Sanitation Planning
• Urban challenges in sanitation planning are related to professional capacity
and management gap.

• Sanitation planning plays an important role in maintaining the Environmental

Health.

• Environmental Sanitation promotes social development.

• Prioritize “quality of life” over developing infrastructure and achieving

numbers.

• Segregation of waste streams based on characteristics.

• Sanitation System is as important as the Management aspects of the System.

 Lecture Series I
Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management

Sanitation System Approach

May 26th, 2020

PRESENTER
Mr. Dhawal Patil | M.Sc. Hydro Science and Engineering | General Manager, ESF (Pune)
 Contents
Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

Definition & Objectives Sewered and Non sewered East Kolkata Wetlands
systems
Types of Sanitation Systems Sewage Treatment Plant
Functional Groups (Bhandewadi, Nagpur)
Examples of Dry Sanitation
Systems Technologies

Functional Groups

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 5

Objective

To understand the first step in sanitation planning –

sanitation system approach & technologies.
To be able to apply the approach for understanding
the current situations and gaps in the sanitation
systems across cities.

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 6

Sanitation Systems
Definition | Objectives Examples of Dry Sanitation Systems
Types of Sanitation Systems Functional Groups
 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

Definition & Objectives

It is a multi-step process in which human excreta and wastewater are
managed from the point of generation to the point of use or ultimate
disposal with minimal human intervention.

OBJECTIVES
Protect and promote health Be affordable

Protect the environment Be culturally acceptable

Be simple in technology Work for everyone

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 8

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

Types
Sanitation Systems

Wet System Dry System

(Requires water for flushing) (No water required for flushing)

Off-site Hybrid On-site Dry Toilets Drop & Store Cartage

(On-site
Disposal Systems Disposal treatment) (On-site) (Off-site)

Interceptor Leach Pit,

Twin Pit, UDDT, Pit Latrines, VIP
Sewerage Tanks & Solid Septic Tank, Bucket Latrines
Tiger Toilets Latrines
Free Sewers Soak-away

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 9

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

Dry sanitation
PIT LATRINE BUCKET LATRINE

Source: Cambridge Bay Weather

Source: Tilley et. al; (2014)

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 10

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

Urine diversion toilet

Source: Waffler (2010)

Source: Waffler (2010)

Source: Ulrish (2009)

Urine Diversion Dehydration Toilet Urine Diversion Dehydration Toilet Urine Diversion Flush Toilet
Squatting Three Hole Pan Western Two Hole Pan Western Two Hole Pan

• Segregates waste – faeces, urine and anal cleansing water at source.

• Can be used in onsite, hybrid and offsite sanitation systems.

• Recovers undiluted urine – nutrient concentrate.

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 11

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

Urine diversion dehydration toilet

• Does not require water for flushing

• Most appropriate for rural and farming

families

• End products

• Urine as liquid fertilizer after hygenization

Source:- susana/sani-tech-options-2010
• Humanure as soil conditioner

• Can be constructed with locally available

material – bricks, mortar etc.

• Relatively high capital cost

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 12

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

Tiger Toilet
• Suitable in areas with low
water table.

• Cost lies in between that of pit

latrine and UDDT.

• Water required only for anal

cleansing.

• Tiger worms are used to

biologically degrade the faecal
matter.

Source: Oxfam (2018)

• Timely emptying of the
compost is needed.

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 13

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

Functional groups
• Technologies which perform the same, or similar function are grouped
into “Functional Groups”

• A sanitation system is a combination of technologies through which the

products flow.

• Only selected combinations of technologies will lead to functional

systems.

• Domestic products mainly run through five different Functional Groups.

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 14

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

Functional Groups

User Collection / Conveyance Treatment

Interface Unit Unit

Containment Disposal or
Unit Reuse

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 15

Wet Sanitation Systems
Sewered and Non sewered systems
Functional Groups
Technologies
 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

Wet Sanitation Systems

SEWERED Wet System NON SEWERED
SANITATION (Flush or pour flush that SANITATION
requires water for flushing)

Hybrid systems
Off site On site
(Solids held on site,
disposal disposal
wastewater off site)

Septic tank,
Sewerage Septic tanks Soak pits,
Soak away

Sullage Septage
Wastewater Septage
treatment treatment

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 17

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

Functional groups and options

User Containment Conveyance Collection/

Interface Unit Unit Transport

Gravity Sewer
Flush Toilet Twin Pits Vacuum Truck
Solid free Sewer
Vacuum Toilet Septic Tank Vacutug
Simplified Sewer

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 18

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

User interface

Cistern flush toilet Urine diversion Urine diversion

Pour flush toilet
dehydration toilet flush toilet

Source: SSWM Tool Box

Low flush toilet Vacuum toilet Urinals

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 19

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

Pour Flush toilet

• Excreta of one user are flushed before the
next user arrives

• Prevents odour

• Suitable for most users (except for physically

challenged)

• Material – Ceramic, plastic, FRP.

Source: Rod Shaw, WEDC (2014)

• Variants available. (Rural pan, Squatease etc)

• Low capital costs

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 20

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

Cistern Flush toilet

• Flush toilet with a cistern

• Extra plumbing is required

• Western WC pan is used in

toilets for physically
challenged.

• Flush uses 8-12 liters of

water

Source: Tilley et al. 2014

• Low flush toilet uses 4-6
liters of water per flush

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 21

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

Collection & Storage/Treatment

Twin pit for Urine diversion Jerry cans for

flush toilet dehydration toilet urine storage

Source: SSWM Tool Box

Biogas reactor Septic tank Anaerobic baffled Anaerobic up-flow
reactor reactor

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 22

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

Twin (Leach) Pit Unit

Source: D. Friedman
Source: Tilley et al. 2014

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 23

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

Septic tank
• On site treatment unit

• Provides primary treatment

• Physical process –
sedimentation and floatation

• Biological process –
anaerobic treatment

• Digestion of sludge over a

period of time

Source: Tilley et al. 2014

• Designed SRT: 2 – 3 years

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 24

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

Conveyance

Conventional Separate Simplified Human powered Motorised

sewers sewers sewers Emptying & transport Emptying & transport

Source: SSWM Tool Box

Small bore Vacuum Pumping Transfer
sewers sewers stations stations

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 25

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

Gravity Sewers
Centralised Sanitation System
UI Collection Conveyance Treatment Disposal

Responsibility User User/ULB ULB/State ULB/State ULB

Commercial
Properties Cost Low Low High Moderate High in case
of failure
Organic load: less
Hydraulic load: high

Residential
Properties Sewage Pumping
Organic load: high Station
Hydraulic load: less CAPEX: high
OPEX: high

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 26

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

Solid Free Sewer

Decentralised Sanitation System
UI Collection Conveyance Treatment Disposal

Responsibility User User User/ULB/ ULB/State ULB

Commercial State
Properties
Cost Low Low Low High Less in case
Organic load: low of failure
Hydraulic load: high

Residential
Properties Solid Free Sewers
Organic load: low • Planning and execution is relatively easy.
Hydraulic load: less • More properties per unit distance
• Less water for cleansing pipes
• Less O&M

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 27

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

Cesspool Vehicle

Source: KAMAVIDA
Source: Tilley et al. 2014
Trailer mounted assembly

Trailer mounted 3,000 – 4,500 L

Source: KAMAVIDA
Truck mounted 3,000 – 11,000 L

Price range 5 Lakhs and above (for assembly only)

Trailer mounted assembly

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 28

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

Components of Cesspool Vehicle

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 29

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

Vacutug

Source: Bangladesh Practices and UN-HABITAT, 2006

Source: www.lboro.ac.uk
Non Motorized Option Motorized Option
Volume – 300 L Volume – 300 L – 700 L
Cost – up to INR 3.5 lakhs Cost – INR 4 lakhs & above

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 30

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

Semi-Centralised Treatment

Advanced SBR
UASB ASP integrated ponds MBR

Source: SSWM Tool Box

Anaerobic baffled Anaerobic up-flow Constructed
WSP reactor wetlands
reactor

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 31

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

Use and/or disposal

Agriculture Aquaculture

Energy Products Managed Aquifer Recharge

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 32

Sanitation Systems
Non Sewered Sanitation System – Twin Pit | Biogas linked Toilet | Septic Tank
Sewered Sanitation System – Septic Tank | Gravity Sewers
 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies
Non Sewered Sanitation System – Twin Pit

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 34

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies
Non Sewered Sanitation System – Septic Tank

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 36

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies
Sewered Sanitation System - Septic tank

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 37

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies
Sewered Sanitation System

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 38

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

Backward Planning
Requires
Ensures Focuses on
Prioritize reuse better System
quality output local resources
Design

Material
Effective and timely
implementation Human Resource

Monitoring & Finance

OUTCOME ACTIVITY
Evaluation Information

Short term & long Assessment

OUTPUT INPUTS
term outcome
Community-
Impact assessment engagement

Improve resilience Detailed Project

Report

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 39

Case Studies
Sewage Treatment Plant (Bhandewadi, Nagpur), East Kolkata Wetlands
 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

STP at Bhandewadi, Nagpur

• 130 MLD STP is spread on 12.5 acres area.

• Treatment Process used is Sequential Batch Reactor

• Treated wastewater is supplied to Thermal Power Plant 18 km away

from the STP.

• Treated water is used as process water for cooling and ash handling.

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 41

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

Fish Farms: East Kolkata Wetlands

• Almost 600 million liters of sewage is channelized into the EKW
everyday

• Wastewater treatment of East Kolkata through 125 square kilometers

of wetlands

• Wetlands 8.5 feet below city highest point

• Process is called RHIZOFILTRATION

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 42

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

East Kolkata Wetland System

Sewage KOLKATA CITY

Sedimentation
Screens Agriculture
Ponds

Nursery Rearing Stocking Harvesting

Egg Pond
Pond Pond Pond Pond

Natural Conditions Favorable for Process

• Hot and humid climate • Photosynthesis • Algae bacteria symbiosis
• Shallow ponds • BOD reduction • Phytoplankton growth is sustained
by wastewater
• Sequential flow of • Coliform reduction
sewage • Fishes consume phytoplankton
(ecological manipulators)

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 43

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

Videos
Ecosan Toilets - Urine Dehydration Dry Toilet (UDDT)

Bhandewadi STP Nagpur

East Kolkata Wetland

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 44

 Sanitation Systems Wet Sanitation Systems Case Studies

Summary
• Sanitation systems – Dry or Wet should protect environmental health

• Sanitation systems approach help to understand the complete water

cycle in the system.

• Affordability of complete sanitation systems needs to be accounted

• The user interface decides the succeeding functional groups

• Sanitation system approach is particularly important for wet sanitation

systems

• Prioritize end use or reuse of treated product

Integrated Wastewater & Septage Management: Sanitation System Approach 45
D iscussion!