Republic of the Philippines

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY

LUBAO CAMPUS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ANG ARCHITECTURE

Department of Civil Engineering

PLATE #1

Familiarization of the Various Materials used in Construction

NAME:
Cristian H. Yumul

SECTION:
BSCE – 2B

INSTRUCTOR:
Eng. Rosemarie Luciano
BINDING MATERIALS FUNCTION / DESCRIPTION
CEMENT It is a substance used to form materials into a cohesive whole, as a
means of providing structural stability. Used to make concrete.
Cement can be mixed with a fine aggregate and water to
produce mortar, It can be also be mixed with water, aggregates (such
as gravel, sand or rock), and sometimes admixtures, to form concrete,

CONCRETE Made of cement, sand, and gravel. Used for building foundations,
slabs, patios, and masonry. Commonly used to create building
foundations and other support structures

SUBSTRATE Refers to any solid substance to which another substance is applied

so that the second substance adheres to the substrate. Used as a
‘filler’ product, applied to bricks, ceramics, concrete, plaster, and so
on.

MORTAR Made of cement and sand. Mortar is applied as a thick paste which
sets hard as it cures. It creates a tight seal
between bricks and blocks to prevent air and moisture entering into
the construction. Typically used to bind blocks or bricks

WATER Water is a key and vital ingredient, which when mixed with cement,
forms a paste that binds the aggregate together. The water causes
the hardening of concrete through a process called hydration.

NAILS A slender metal shaft that is pointed at one end and flattened at the
other end that is used for fastening one or more objects to each
other. Has different configuration and types depending on its purpose

CAULK Typically made from acrylics, vinyl or silicone. These materials dry
quickly and remain relatively flexible. Used to seal air leaks through
cracks, gaps, or joints. Commonly used for sealing the edges of
windows and panels.

GYPSUM MORTAR Is a mixture of plaster and sand and was quite soft. Has low durability
in damp conditions. Used in Egyptian Ancient structures. Can be used
to bind blocks and bricks but most commonly used to form intricate
design in arches and decorations

SURKHI MORTAR The powdered form of over burnt bricks or clay balls. Surkhi mortar
is prepared by mixing surkhi, fat lime, and water. Surkhi is used
for making waterproof cement mortars and concrete. They also make
the concrete more resistant to alkalis and salt solutions compared to
normal concrete.
ROOFING MATERIALS FUNCTION / DESCRIPTION
IRON SHEETS Iron sheets are very durable and can last for many years. Additionally
they are lightweight and easy to handle, quicker to install, and require
fewer building components.

ASPHALT SHINGLES Asphalt shingles are die-cut from heavy sheets of asphalt-impregnated
felt faced with mineral granules that act as a wearing layer and a
decorative finish. Asphalt saturated felt paper is used underneath the
shingles used in regions with cold winters. While very inexpensive, it is
mostly used in storage and agricultural buildings due to its appearance.

WOOD SHINGLES Made from decay resistant wood species. Wood shingles are thin,
tapered pieces of wood primarily used to cover roofs and walls of
buildings to protect them from the weather. Historically shingles, also
known as shakes, were split from straight grained, knot free bolts of
wood.

CLAY TILES Clay roof has low heat retention properties and excellent insulating
capabilities making clay tiles useful in managing the ambient
temperature of your home. It is also an ideal choice for long term
application due to its longevity.

SLATE TILES Slate roofs are extremely durable, able to last as long as 75 to 100
years. Cost can be quite expensive but is offset be their long lifespan. Its
resistance and water proof properties made them the perfect solution
for the hardest weather conditions.

STEEL / WOOD Most common building materials used for trusses. Bears the load of the
roof. Forms a structural frame that relies on a triangular arrangement
of shorter lengths of beams transferring the loads to reaction points.

GLASS / PLASTIC Glass and translucent plastic sheets are used in skylights and
clearstories or in industrial structures or greenhouses. Can be either
fixed or operational which can provide venting. Both have poor
resistance to fire and therefore wire-reinforced glass and fiberglass
reinforced acrylic sheets are commonly used.

PVC ROOFING (polyvinyl chloride) A low-cost solution for lightweight sheet roofing. As well as their
affordable price, PVC roof sheets are waterproof, rigid, provide strong
light transmission and, like polycarbonate sheets, are an example of a
lightweight roofing sheet with low installation costs.

EPDM ROOFING Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer, which is a type of synthetic rubber
commonly used outdoors for roofing, window and door seals. EPDM
Membrane creates an airtight and weathertight seal and can be used
for a wide variety of applications such as glass protection.

CONCRETE TILES Concrete tile is the least expensive type of roofing tile and the lightest,
but it's also the least weather-resistant. Unlike clay, that can, in very
cold temperatures, crack or shatter, concrete tends to hold up better in
extreme weather conditions.
ELECTRICAL MATERIALS FUNCTION / DESCRIPTION
ELECTRICAL CONDUIT Electrical Conduit is a tube that carries electrical wire for power or
communications. Used to protect and route electrical wiring in a
building or structure. Electrical conduit may be made of
metal, plastic, fiber, or fired clay. Most conduit is rigid, but flexible
conduit is used for some purposes
ELECTRICAL WIRE AND CABLE Electrical Wire is drawn metal, copper or aluminum that carries
electricity through an electrical circuit. Wire may be run overhead,
under ground, through conduit or flex or open. Wire is protected by
design with a jacket depending on usage. It can also be flexible as in
the use of extension cords.
RUBBER Features excellent electrical insulation capabilities, making them
useful for preventing the dangerous effects caused by electricity
transferring to other objects. Rubber slows down electrons, making
it the most natural and efficient insulator in the world.

ELECTRICAL BOX Electrical Box is an enclosure used for many purposes such as
pulling, connecting or terminated an electrical circuit. Electrical box
can be set screw or indoor; it can be rain tight, or outdoor. They can
be made of steel, aluminum, plastic, stainless steel, or cast iron.

LUGS A cable lug is a component of an electrical device that connects the

cable to the device terminals that simplifies the assembly of
personnel, maintenance, and repair processes. A cable lug or
connector is used when a permanent connection is required, but a
direct one is inconvenient or impossible to achieve.
ELECTRICAL ENCLOSURES Electrical enclosures are boxes or cabinets which are used to contain
electrical components like knobs, switches, controls and the like, to
protect them from the environments, as well as safeguard property
and life.

CIRCUIT BREAKERS A circuit breaker is an electrical safety device designed to protect

an electrical circuit from damage caused by overcurrent. Its basic
function is to interrupt current flow to protect equipment and to
prevent the risk of fire.

FUSE BOX A fuse box serves as the central switchboard for the electrical
system in your entire home. It receives power from the utility firm
and distributes it to various circuits that supply the fixtures and
appliances within the home.

AC CONDUITS Vertical PVC conduits of 50 mm diameter are embedded in the walls

these days to run the copper piping connecting indoor and outdoor
units of split ACs. These conduits need not necessarily be of heavy
duty. The top ends of these conduits emerging at the roof or the
walls are provided with end caps to prevent entry of moisture,
insects and lizards.
SWITCHES AND PLATES Typically made from non-conducting materials to prevent electrical
hazards. Cover your home's outlets and light switches, keeping wires
out of sight and away from fingers. Switch plate covers are usually
attached to the gang box with the help of small screws
PLUMBING MATERIALS
CAST IRON
PVC (Poly-Vinyl Chloride)
FUNCTION / DESCRIPTION
High-quality sanitary waste drain pipe that is heavy and deadens
the sound of flowing wastewater very well. This pipe is strong and
long-lasting but hard to cut-often requiring a special cutting tool
with sharp chain cutting wheels. Cast iron is rarely used in new
construction; instead many use plastic PVC or ABS
PVC is now the de-facto standard in-home waste line materials. It
is a strong, chemical-resistant rigid pipe that is somewhat heat
resistant and easily cut and fit. Use for sanitary waste lines, vent
pipes, and drain traps.

CPVC (Chlorinated Poly Vinyl
Chloride)
CPVC is an inexpensive rigid plastic that is designed to withstand
high pressure and temperature. CPVC is used for hot and cold
water supply piping. The pipe is easily cut with a tubing cutter or
hacksaw. CPVC is joined permanently together using plastic
fittings and solvent glue, or with grip fittings where the pipes may
need to be disassembled in the future.

PLASTIC FITTINGS Pipe Fittings are made from a variety of thermoplastic resins. Are
easier and less expensive to install than metal systems. Feature
superior flow due to smooth interior finish. Do not rot, rust,
corrode or collect waste. Resist mechanical damage. Are easy to
handle Take less time to rough in than metal materials.

SOLVENT CEMENT Solvent cement is a fast, easy installation process that uses
solvents and CPVC resin to chemically fuse the pipe and fitting
together at the molecular level. In the end, using solvent cement
doesn't just adhere two pieces together–it creates one continuous
piece of thermoplastic.

COPPER PIPES Copper is very durable, and it has been the traditional plumbing
material since the 1960s. Other materials have been introduced
since then, but copper is still one of the best options. The main
drawback of copper piping is its high price, and it requires
soldering and additional fittings.
Cross-Linked Polyethylene Piping PEX is an extremely flexible pipe similar to a hose, which can bend
(PEX) around edges and obstructions. In addition, it uses compression
fittings and does not require glue. PEX can easily be used with
existing piping, including copper, making it great for reparations
and retrofits

BRASS PIPING Brass has been used in plumbing installations for a long time, even
before copper. When using this material, a critical requirement is
ensuring that the alloy does not contain lead. Red brass pipe is
considered the best option, since it contains a high amount of
copper. Brass piping is commonly used in water supply lines,
water removal drains, pump fittings, water tanks and wells.
STAINLESS STEEL PIPING Stainless steel pipes are durable but very expensive, even more
than copper pipes. They are used in areas prone to corrosion, such
as coastal environments.

WASHERS Washers are tools that are employed to manage the flow of water
through showerheads and faucets. These are round, flat disks that
contain a hole at the center.
MASONRY MATERIALS FUNCTION / DESCRIPTION
BRICKS A brick is a type of block used to build walls, pavements and
other elements in masonry construction. Properly, the term brick
denotes a block composed of dried clay, but is now also used
informally to denote other chemically cured construction blocks.
Commonly used for fireplaces and chimneys.

CONCRETE BLOCKS A concrete block is primarily used as a building material in the

construction of walls. It is sometimes called a concrete masonry
unit (CMU). A concrete block is one of several precast concrete
products used in construction.

GRANITE A very hard natural igneous rock formation of visibly crystalline

texture formed essentially of quartz and orthoclase or microcline.
Granite is a popular countertop material. It can also withstand
spills and scratches better than many materials. Granite tiles are
also a popular choice for bathrooms.

NATURAL STONES Organic rock that is quarried from the earth and used for building
or decorative purposes. Natural stones, such as limestone and
sandstone, make perfect edging and retaining walls. They add
character, break up large sections of a single color.

MARBLE Granular limestone or dolomite that has been recrystallized

under the influence of heat, pressure, and aqueous solutions.
Used for flooring, bathroom tiles, and kitchen backsplashes.

GLASS BLOCKS Glass blocks are typically used as accents in shower walls as a
complement to the rest of the tile. They may also be frosted and
used as windows in the bathroom so you can enjoy both natural
light and privacy.

STUCCO A fine plaster used in decoration and ornamentation. Material

usually made of Portland cement, sand, and a small percentage
of lime and applied in a plastic state to form a hard covering for
exterior walls.This cement-based product is a thin layer that goes
over the existing woodwork and masonry of your home. It can be
easily painted. And unlike wood or brick, stucco can be molded
and texturized.
MORTAR Mortar is a workable paste which hardens to bind building blocks
such as stones, bricks, and concrete masonry units, to fill and seal
the irregular gaps between them, spread the weight of them
evenly, and sometimes to add decorative colors or patterns to
masonry walls.
GROUT Grout is the final touch to patios, stone flooring, and bathroom
tiles. Unlike mortar, grout tends to have a smoother finish and
looks more like it flows naturally with the stones rather than
holding them together.

REBAR Rebar, or reinforcing bar, is a common feature of many concrete

applications. Its primary purpose is to increase the tensile
strength of the concrete, helping it resist cracking and breaking.
With greater tensile strength, concrete is better able to resist
breaking under tension.
FINISHING MATERIALS FUNCTION / DESCRIPTION
PAINTS Paint can be used as a coating to decorate a surface or substrate. It
has a wide variety of colour, texture, finishes and gross level. Paint
can be designed to protect the surface or substrate against ultra-
violet rays, humidity, chemicals, corrosion, algae, abrasion etc.

VARNISHES Varnishes provide protective coatings for wooden surfaces,

paintings, and various decorative objects. Varnish protects and
enhances the appearance of wooden floors, interior wood paneling
and trim, and furniture. The early varnishes were solutions of
natural resins that are the secretions of plants.

DISTEMPERS Distemper is a water based paint in which the binding medium

consists essentially of either glue or casein, or similar sizing material.
The major constituents of distemper are chalk, lime, water and
some coloring agents if necessary. They are also known as cement
paint.

WHITE COLOUR WASHING White wash is prepared from fat lime. Whitewash is an inexpensive
coating that historically has been used to decorate, protect and
sanitize a wide range of materials. Whitewash typically has a bright
white color. However, lime-fast pigments, can be added to provide a
broad range of colors.

SEALERS Sealants are generally used as a barrier or a means of protection. In

this way, sealants are used to exclude dust, dirt, moisture and
chemicals, or to contain a liquid or gas. They are also often used as a
coating to protect a surface.

PLASTER Plaster is a protective coating that is applied to masonry in order to

protect it from external agents and damage. It consists of a mixture
between a mortar and a binder (hardener) that allows the plaster to
adhere to the wall.

CERAMIC TILES Ceramic tiles are used for the interior floors, swimming pools,
exterior floors, walls and for special installation both in interior and
exterior cases. Most types of tiles come under the category of
ceramic tiles. They are made from a mixture of clay and other
materials. They are fired in a kiln.

CAULK Caulking is a material used to seal joints or seams against leakage in

various structures and piping. Caulk is a flexible material used to
seal air leaks through cracks, gaps, or joints less than 1-quarter-inch
wide between stationary building components and materials.

GROUT Grout is a composite material generally consisting of water, cement,

and sand. It is typically used for filling voids under machines or other
structural elements, sealing joints and openings in surfaces and
reinforcing existing structures
WALLPAPER Wallpaper is a material used in interior decoration to decorate the
interior walls of domestic and public buildings. It is usually sold in
rolls and is applied onto a wall using wallpaper paste. It is primarily
associated with commercial or industrial applications. All
wallpapers add depth and style to spaces. In general, patterns,
colors and even fabrics create an effect of increasing space or at
least a clear point of attention
CEILING MATERIALS FUNCTION / DESCRIPTION
WOOD CEILING Wooden ceiling boards usually look classic and natural. They can be
used for both interior and exterior purposes. However, they are not
resistant to termites and weather conditions which may cause them
to bend or swell. That is why when installing wooden ceiling boards,
you should leave some gaps between them for when they swell or
bend, especially the exterior ones that are often exposed to sunlight
and rain.
GYPSUM Gypsum ceiling boards come in many different patterns. They are
light and easy to install without revealing the seams. They are
suitable for interior purposes such as in the living room or bedroom.
But since they are made from compressed gypsum powder covered
with paper, they are not resistant to water or moisture, which
makes them unsuitable for exterior purposes, or they will easily
become soft.
PVC or Vinyl PVC or Vinyl ceilings are light, resistant to water and moisture. They
also do not swell or bend easily, and you do not need to paint before
using it. Although they can be used for both interior and exterior
purposes, PVC and vinyl ceiling are rather expensive, so they are not
suitable for those with a limited budget.

FIBER CEMENT Fiber cement ceilings are durable against weather conditions and
resistant to fire. Without bending and swelling, fibre-cement ceiling
boards can be used for both interior and exterior purposes. Fiber
cement products come in a variety of patterns.

METAL SPANDREL They are easy to clean and they are very robust.
Metal panels are stronger and less prone to cracks and breaks that
traditional dropped ceiling materials while still offering easy access
to the ceiling void. Metal ceilings are also moisture resistant which
mitigates staining and crumbling from leaks. Metal ceilings are
effective and best used in exterior buildings finishes but the most
costly to use compare to other ceiling materials.
CEILING LIGHT Produce artificial light in industrial areas or workspaces. They are
electrical devices that hold one or more lamps and provide
illumination. Ceiling lights are a great solution for rooms where
there is not much space or where there are low ceilings. Ceiling
lights mounted on the wall can create an elegant visual effect.

WOOD BEAMS The wood beams were traditionally added for structural support.
Wood beams are probably the trendiest architectural design
features for ceilings right now. The warmth of wood complements
almost any home style, whether it’s ultra-modern or super
traditional. Wood beams add charm and character to a room,
GLASS AND PLASTIC Glass and translucent plastic sheets are used in skylights. Can be
either fixed or operational which can provide venting. Both have
poor resistance to fire and therefore wire-reinforced glass and
fiberglass reinforced acrylic sheets are commonly used.

FOAM A type of polystyrene foam. One of the biggest advantages of

Styrofoam ceiling tiles is their ability to insulate a room. They are
often much more effective at insulating than other types of ceiling
tiles, like metal and pressed paper. Not only do they provide noise
insulation, but they provide thermal insulation.

FIBERGLASS Fiberglass Ceiling Tiles are a made with the core of non woven
Fiberglass or Glass wool mesh that are completely encapsulated
either with Square edge or Tegular edge. The Fiberglass or glass
wool are manufactured using the Silica Sand, which is recyclable and
Environmental friendly green material. Used for excellent noise
reduction coefficients and light reflectance values.
FLOORING MATERIALS FUNCTION / DESCRIPTION
HARDWOOD Comes from a solid piece of milled wood and contains solid wood all
throughout. Its versatility and quality make it a desirable flooring
option for many home buyers. However, it’s one of the more
expensive flooring materials on the market and does take regular
maintenance
TILE Tile flooring is a popular choice for moisture-prone areas like
bathrooms and kitchens. The most common tile materials are
ceramic or porcelain. Tile is water-resistant, durable and comes in a
variety of styles and colors.

STONE FLOORING Natural stone, such as granite, marble, travertine and sandstone, are
popular flooring choices for both indoor and outdoor spaces. Like
ceramic and porcelain, stone is extremely durable and waterproof.

LINOLEUM Linoleum is a durable, eco-friendly flooring option made from

linseed oil and cork. Linoleum flooring is affordable and easy to
install. It is resilient (made with elastic materials) and can last for
decades if cared for properly. It is also inexpensive.

CARPET Carpet is a favorite flooring option for homeowners, especially in

bedrooms. Soft and warm on feet. Visually warms up the space
It is also great for soundproofing

CORK A natural material made from a cork oak tree’s bark that features
excellent fire resistance and sound-blocking ability. A cork
floor provides a comfortable cushion underfoot because it gives
when compressed.

RUBBER A natural material with good resilience and a non-slip surface.

Popular in gyms, healthcare facilities, ice rink arenas, schools, and
other commercial settings for its incredibly resilient surface. This
flooring type has become increasingly popular in residential
applications for home gyms, kids' playrooms, laundry rooms, and
garages.
BAMBOO Bamboo flooring is becoming a popular alternative to traditional
hardwood flooring as it has physical similarities to hardwood but is
more durable, eco-friendly and sustainable. Bamboo is not wood, it
is a grass native to China that is cut down into strips or strands, dried
and machined into flooring planks.

TERRAZO Terrazzo is a composite material, poured in place or precast, which is

used for floor and wall treatments. It consists of chips
of marble, quartz, granite, glass, or other suitable material, poured
with a cementitious binder, polymeric or a combination of both.
Mostly used as a mosaic artform.

VINYL Vinyl flooring is extremely water-resistant and won’t sustain damage

even if water sits on the surface for an extended amount of time.
Composed of plastic, it’s available in plank, tile and sheet form.
WALLING MATERIALS FUNCTION / DESCRIPTION
WOOD PANELING Wood provides thermal and acoustic insulation to the home. It also
conceals dents and cracks in the house. The material is easy to
fix, eco-friendly, and requires proper maintenance. It is not
waterproof and is liable to rot.

PAINT A colored substance which is spread over a surface and dries to

leave a thin decorative or protective coating. Paint is a perfect wall
finish and easy to apply.

TILES Tiles are mainly used for kitchen and bathroom. They can easily be
cleaned with just a piece of cloth and water. This will make them
shine and gleam. They are manufactured in different colors,
patterns, and textures. Tiles can also be stunning in other parts of
the room if installed with creativity.
BRICK Brick helps in cooling the house during hot weather, and this makes
it a great choice for building in a tropical location. It is a durable
material that can last the lifetime of a house.

GLASS Glass can replace walls in your home to make it brighter and look
larger. You can use a glass partition to separate your living room into
different partitions. Master bedrooms can have glass walls to make
them luxurious and spacious. The material can also be used to
demarcate playing areas, reading nook, or sitting areas in your
house. Glass walls speak luxury. You may also have stained glass
installed on the ceiling of your room.

METAL Metal provides an excellent modern industrial look. It can be used

for the whole façade or used alongside another material to create a
unique design on the exterior walls of the house. Metals are used for
incorporating bold colors into the design. They’re durable and easy
to install.

VINYL Vinyl is cheap, and most vinyl material used recently are insect-
proof, fade-resistant, and durable under normal circumstances. This
material requires frequent maintenance because mold can build
upon it. It is lightweight so you can easily transport it to your site.
Vinyl is also popularly accepted because it is recyclable. This material
is not suitable for areas that are prone to storm.
STONE Use real stone or stone veneer to give your building a natural
look. Stone provides insulation and is proper in extreme weather
conditions. It is easy to clean because it doesn't stain permanently.
So, just water and detergent will clean perfectly. It is sturdy like brick
and metal but doesn’t come cheap.

CONCRETE This is the most commonly used wall material. It is strong, durable,
and has excellent resistance to wind and fire. Concrete is suitable for
building exterior walls in places prone to hurricanes. It helps the
house to fully recover faster as the exterior walls will remain intact,
and only a new roof will be needed.

PLASTIC Plastic can be recycled, easy to find, and is becoming more common
for exterior buildings. It is easy to install and requires little
maintenance. Plastic is a durable wall material that can be used for
the entire façade or some part of it. It comes in different panels and
designs including vinyl, wood grain pattern, and rough firewood.
STEEL MATERIALS FUNCTION / DESCRIPTION
STEEL REBAR A product that appears in rods and is usually installed as part of a
building’s foundation. Steel rebars are used to reinforce concrete. Aside
from building foundations, they may also be applied in columns, wall
paneling, or concrete bridge decks. The steel rebars improve the flexibility
of the concrete and also lessen the need for larger quantities of concrete.
ALLOY STEEL Alloy steel is steel that has been metallurgically combined with other
metals like manganese, nickel, molybdenum, chromium, or silicon. This is
usually done in order to improve the properties of non-alloy steel by
increasing hardiness, tensile strength, malleability, machinability, or
corrosion-resistance. Used to reduce the level of wear and tear Alloy steels
are used for both functional and decorative purposes, alongside other
steel materials. They are found in bridges, high-rise buildings, vehicle
chassis, and even reinforcing materials for concrete.
STAINLESS STEEL Stainless steel can be classified as a subcategory of alloy steel, but with the
distinct presence of chromium which is a metal that occurs naturally in the
environment. The chromium content is what gives the steel its non-
corrosive and non-oxidative properties which make it suitable for a wide
range of uses. Stainless steel is applied in building cladding, railing,
agricultural enclosures, roofing materials, trusses, and building framing.
TOOL STEEL Tool steel refers to a type of steel product that is specifically used to
fashion different metals and alloys into shape. Tool steel usually has a
better strength rating compared to your average steel pipe, in order to
make the tool better for any cutting, fabricating, bending, or machining
purposes. Tool steel can also be seen as part of machine components for
metal stamping, punching, and pipe-bending. They are not intended to
break and are much sturdier and less flexible compared to the metal
specimen that’s being modified.
CARBON STEEL Carbon steel is a type of steel with a higher concentration of carbon than
other steel types. This carbon content in this type of steel can reach up to
2.5%, which significantly increases the steels strength, therefore making it
ideal for heavy construction. Carbon steel is a great material for
constructing homes resistant to earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes or
fires
WEATHERING STEEL A unique type of steel that contains small amount of phosphorus, copper,
nickel, silicon, and chromium. This allows the weathered steel to form a
protective rust layer once exposed to weather, consequently eliminating
the need for paint. The rust layer acts as a shield protecting the weathered
steel from elements that caused rust.

LIGHT GAUGE STEEL Light-gauge steel (also known as cold-formed steel and cold-rolled steel)
is a cold-formed material that is used to make construction processes
smoother and products stronger. It does not deteriorate, like wood. It is
not bulky, like structural steel. It is not heavy, like concrete. Mostly used in
framing.

MILD STEEL Mild steel is a type of carbon steel with a low amount of carbon. Less
carbon means that mild steel is typically more ductile, machinable, and
weldable than high carbon and other steels, however, it also means it is
nearly impossible to harden and strengthen through heating and
quenching. Has in less tensile strength than high carbon and alloy steels.
Mild steel also has a high amount iron and ferrite, making it magnetic.
WELDING MACHINE A welding machine is a powerful tool used to fuse two pieces of metal
together. This machine holds the metal pieces in place, melts them, and
uses pressure to join them. It is an essential tool for any construction-
related job which requires metalwork

NUTS AND BOLTS They are designed to work so that they strengthen whatever they are
holding together. The nuts are the ones with the threaded holes and they
are matched with bolts that are designed to fit particular nuts. Nuts and
bolts go together and without both of them you cannot produce strong
equipment.