STS Final Period

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Cabarroguis, 3400 Quirino www.qsu.edu.ph

DEPARTMENT OF MIDWIFERY qsu.cabarroguis@gmail.com
What Is This Module About?
In this module, discussions are focus on the 6 most popular and pressing
issues discussed in STS. It will not only present these interconnecting issues but
it will also discuss in detail some aspects of these issues.
This module contains six lessons. These are:
Lesson 1 - The Information Age

Lesson 2 - Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Lesson 3 - Genetically Modified Organisms: Science, Health, and Politics
Lesson 4 - The Nano World
Lesson 5 - The Aspects of Gene Therapy
Lesson 6 - Climate Change
What Will You Learn From This Module?

After studying this module, you should be able to:
 define Information Age;

 discuss the history of Information Age;
 understand the factors that need to be considered in checking website
sources;
 determine the interrelatedness of society, environment, and health;
 create a diagram that would show the relatedness of species in forming up a
diverse and healthy society without compromising one another;
 identify everyday tasks and evaluate whether they contribute to the wellness
and health of biodiversity and society or not.
 identify issues on genetically modified organisms (GMOs);
 discuss different implications and impact of GMOs;
 create a research paper on the impact of GMOs in the Philippine context;
 define nanotechnology;
 characterize nanoscale;
 describe the various uses of nanotechnology;
 discuss concerns on the use of nanotechnology;
 explain the status of the use of nanotechnology in the Philippines;
 describe gene therapy and its various forms; and
 assess the issues, potential benefits and detriments to global health.
MODULE IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY_JFV 2020

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LESSON 1
The Information Age
Highly modernized, automated, data-driven, and technologically advanced

- these best describe our society nowadays, as evidenced by how information
could be transferred or shared quickly. The different areas of society have been
influenced tremendously such as communication, economics, industry, health,
and the environment. Despite our gains due to the growing development of
information technology, the rapid upgrade of information also has disadvantages.
This lesson will discuss the history and impact of technological advancements to
society.
Life is accompanied by endless transmission of information that takes

place within and outside the human body. According to Webster’s Encyclopedic
Unabridged Dictionary, information is “knowledge communicated or obtained
concerning a specific fact or circumstances.” Hence, information is a very
important tool for survival.
The Information Age is defined as a “period starting in the last quarter of

the 20th century when information became effortlessly accessible through
publications and through the management of information by computers and
computer networks” (Vocabulary.com, n.d.). The means of conveying symbolic
information (e.g., writing, math, other codes) among humans has evolved with
increasing speed. The Information Age is also called the Digital Age and the New
Media Age because it was associated with the development of computers.
According to James R. Messenger who proposed the Theory of Information

Age in 1982, “the Information Age is a true new age based upon the
interconnection of computers via telecommunications, with these information
systems operating on both a real-time and as-needed basis. Furthermore, the
primary factors driving this new age forward are convenience and
user-friendliness which, in turn, will create user dependence.”
At the end of this topic, students will be able to:
 discuss the history of Information Age; and
 determine the human and social impacts of developments in the

Information Age

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Let’s Learn
The table below traces the history and emergence of the Information Age
(United States American History, n.d.).
Table 5.1. Timeline of the Information Age

Year Event
3000 BC Sumerian writing system used pictograph to represent words
2900 BC Beginnings of Egyptian hieroglyphic writing
1300 BC Tortoise shell and oracle bone writing were used
500 BC Papyrus roll was used
220 BC Chinese small seal writing was developed
100 AD Book (parchment codex)
105 AD Woodblock printing and paper was invented by the Chinese
1455 Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press using movable metal type
1755 Samuel Johnson’s dictionary standardized English spelling
1802  The Library of Congress was established
 Invention of the carbon arc lamp
1824 Research on persistence of vision published
1830s  First viable design for a digital computer
 Augusta Lady Byron writes the world’s first computer
1837 Invention of the telegraph in Great Britain and the United States
1861 Motion pictures were projected onto a screen
1876 Dewey Decimal system was introduced
1877 Eadweard Muybridge demonstrated high-speed photography
1899 First magnetic recordings were released
1902 Motion picture special effects were used
1906 Lee DeForest invented the electronic amplifying tube (triode)
1923 Television camera tube was invented by Zvorkyn
1926 First practical sound movie
1939 Regularly scheduled television broadcasting began in the US
1940s Beginnings of information science as a discipline
1945 Vannevar Bush foresaw the invention of hypertext
1946 ENIAC computer was developed
1948 Birth of field-of-information theory proposed by Claude E. Shannon
1957 Planar transistor was developed by Jean Hoerni
1958 First integrated circuit
1960s Library of Congress developed LC MARC (machine-readable code)
1969 UNIX operating system was developed, which could handle multitasking
1971 Intel introduced the first microprocessor chip
1972 Optical laserdisc was developed by Philips and MCA
1974 MCA and Philips agreed on a standard videodisc encoding format
1975 Altair Microcomputer Kit was released: first personal computer for the
public
1977 RadioShack introduced the first complete personal computer
1984 Apple Macintosh computer was introduced

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Mid Artificial intelligence was separated from information science

1980s
1987 Hypercard was developed by Bill Atkinson recipe box metaphor
1991 Four hundred fifty complete works of literature on one CD-ROM was
released
January RSA (encryption and network security software) Internet security code
1997 cracked for a 48-bit number
As man evolved and so with information and how these are disseminated.
Eventually, we no longer kept them to ourselves, instead we share and manage
them in different ways. Information got ahead of us. It grows at a rate we were
unprepared to handle.
Activating Prior Learning
Imagine that you are at lost in the wilderness and there is a

substitution cypher (a method of encrypting message in which the letters of
the original text are systematically replaced by different alphabet) that you
need to answer to solve your dilemma.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R
Hint: This is the first thing that you will be doing when you are at lost.
Encrypted word: AFXGJESLAGF KWSJUZAFY
Answer: __________________________________
Let’s Learn
Information plays an important role in understanding the truth and

reality. If there are information available, our lives might be enigmatic and
chaotic. The development of our system of acquiring, storing and retrieving
information had spurt with the advent of science and technology and now we
are in the century which is considered by many as the Information Age.
Information Age is the period starting in the last quarter of the 20th
century when information became effortlessly accessible through publication
and through the management of information by computers and computer
networks. It is a true new age based upon the interconnection of computers via

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telecommunications, with these systems operating on both real-time and as

needed basis- Theory of Information Age (Messenger, 1982).
Before it has reached its current state, constant change has taken place
in the form of information revolution. By 1960’s to 1970’s, rapid growth of
information resulted to difficulty in collecting and managing them1980’s there
was Information Anxiety (Richard Wurman). In 1990’s, information became the
currency of the business world. At present, information turned out to be a
commodity, an over developed product, mass produced and unspecialized.
Robert Harris has outlined the truths about Information Age. He

described it as follows:
1. Information must complete

2. Newer is equated to truer
3. Selection is a viewpoint
4. The media sells what the culture buys
5. The early word gets the perm
6. You are what you eat and so is your brain
7. Anything in great demand will be counterfeited
8. Ideas are seen as controversial
9. Undead information walks ever on
10. Media presence creates the story
11. The medium selects the message
12. The whole truth is a pursuit
Accessibility of information was made faster and easier with the aid of
computer. One of the significant applications of computers for science and
research is evident in the field of bioinformatics. Bioinformatics is the
application of information technology to store, organize and analyze vast
amount of biological data which is available in the form sequences and
structures of proteins – the building blocks of organisms and nucleic acids- the
information carrier (Madan, n.d.) Such was established because of the need to
create databases of biological sequences. Application includes the Human
Genome Project, Pharmacogenomics Drug Discovery, Gene Finder and
Annotator.
Let’s Try This
Activity 1
Arrange the photos chronologically by writing numbers 1-12 below each

photo and explain the manner by which information is being acquired, stored,
retrieve and utilize.

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_______________________ _____________________
________________________ ______________________
___________________________ __________________
_____________________ ______________________

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______________________ ____________________
________________________ __________________________
Activity 2
Problems on fake news have surfaced different multimedia platform,

with these, users must be knowledgeable on how to verify the authenticity of a
source. Create a checklist on how to check on the reliability and authenticity of
information found in websites and journals.
 _____________________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________________

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 _____________________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________________
Feedback
Create a poster on the advantages and disadvantages of Technology.

Use 1/4 illustration board for your poster. Write your name at the back of the
illustration board.
Let’s Think About This
1. Who are the contributors of the technological advances of the Information

Age?
2. Aside from communication, what other aspects of society is/are being
influenced in the Information Age?
3. What other technological advancements can possibly be developed in the
future?
References
Harris, R. (n.d.). “Truths of the Information Age.” Accessed from

http://www.virtualsalt.com/infotrue.htm.
Illinois Valley Community College. (n.d.). “List of useful and reliable web
sources.” Accessed from https://www.ivcc.edu/library.aspx?id=4038.
Lee College Library (n.d.). “How Can I Tell if a Wedsite is Reliable?” Accessed from
https://www.edb.utexas.edu/petrosino/Legacy_Cycle/mf_jm/Challeng
e%201/website%20reliable.pdf.
Madan, M. (n.d.). “Bioinformatics-an aid for biological research.” Accessed from

http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/genomesmadanm/articles/bioinfo.ht
m.
Messenger, J.R. (1982). “The Theory of the Information Age.” Accessed from
http://www.informationage.org/briefhistory.html.
Rouse, M. (2014). “Information Age.” Accessed from

http://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/Information-Age.

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United States American History. (n.d.). “The Information Age timeline.” Accessed
from http://u-s-history.com/pages/h3974.htm.
USHistory.org. (n.d.). “Living in the Information Age.” Accessed from

http://www.ushistory.org/us/60d.asp.
Vocabulary.com. (n.d.). “Information Age.” Accessed from

https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/information%20age.
LESSON 2
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

After successfully completing this topic, you should be able to:
 define biodiversity;
 determine the inter-relatedness of biodiversity,
environment, and health;
 discuss the ethics, implications, and potential
future impacts of GMOs; and
 propose a plan or make a stand that would show
the relatedness of species in forming up a diverse
and healthy society without compromising each
other.
Activating Prior Knowledge

All living things exist in balance with other living
things and physical factor.
----- Unknown
Biodiversity
Look at the word “biodiversity”. It’s actually two words combined

together.
Breakdown the meaning of the two words in biodiversity.
Bio means_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Diversity means__________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Now, combine the two words and try to come up with your own
definition of biodiversity:
Biodiversity means
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__________________________________________________________________________
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Let us compare your definition with the following definitions provided:
Biodiversity is defined as the vast variety of life forms in the entire earth
which includes the simplest unicellular organism to the most complex
multicellular organism. (Serafico, 2018).
Another definition of biodiversity is the variability of organisms

including species thriving in different ecosystems like marine, freshwater or any
aquatic and terrestrial and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this
includes diversity between, within and of ecosystems. (Villago Globale, 2009).
Biodiversity comprises abiotic and biotic factors. Several biomes have

diverse characteristics in terms of their abiotic factors that dictate the biotic
factors that thrives on it. The aquatic biome can be divided into two, the
freshwater biome and the marine biome. The freshwater biome includes ponds
and lakes, streams and rivers, and wetlands. It is usually less than one (1 % ) of
the earth’s resources. Marine regions include oceans, coral reefs and estuaries.
It comprises about three fourths of the earth’s surface. Terrestrial biomes
include deserts, forest, grasslands, and tundra.
After you are done defining biodiversity, ask your sibling to take a walk
around your community and note of the different organisms present as well as
the characteristics of their habitat. Write your answers on Table 5.2.1. Don’t
forget to enumerate the organisms and their corresponding density. Synthesize
data into any graphical presentation that you can illustrate in Figure 5.2.1.
Now that you have shared your knowledge of local biodiversity, it’s time
to think about biodiversity on a bigger scale. Research on the biodiversity of the
country as well as the global scale and illustrate them using the same
graphical representation that you have used in your local biodiversity on
Figures 5.2.2 and 5.2.3.
Here are some questions to think about.
1. What do you think scientist expect to discover more species?
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2. Why do you think these organisms would thrive more as the time pass by?
_________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________
3. What patterns have you observed from the graphs that you have drawn?
_________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Table 5.2.1 Local Biodiversity of ____________________________________
Representative Population Type of

Species Taxon
Species Count Environment

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Figure 5.2.1 _____________________ showing the biodiversity

of______________________
Figure 5.2.2 _____________________ showing the biodiversity of the Philippines

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Figure 5.2.3 _____________________ showing the biodiversity of the World
Presentation of Contents
Symbol Your comment or reason for marking this passage

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Your answer in the above questions actually explains that biotic factors
(living things) are related to the abiotic factors (non-living things). For example,
your answer is an increase in the population of rats in a rice field or decrease in
the number of dragonflies in the area; therefore, there must be changes in the
environment. Thus, a change in the environment can cause a change in the
biodiversity. And a change in the biodiversity could have erratic effects in not
only in wildlife and marine but also in human beings.
Download the following articles and proceed to Activity 1.
1. “The Politics of Golden Rice” (Dubock, Adrian GM Crops & Food. Jul-
Sep2014, Vol5 Issue 3 p 210-222 13p.)
2. “Ethics in Research with Vulnerable Populations and Emerging
Countries: The Golden Rice Case.” (Duguet, Anne Marie et. al., Journal of
International Law and Commercial Regulations. Summer 2013, Vol. Issue 4,
p979-1013, 35p)
3. Agro-ecology: What it is and what it has to offer? Is this the future of
farming?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Activity 1:
Directions: You were tasked to read the different articles above. The first time
you read your hand-out, you placed your pencil down and just read to
understand. Today, it’s time to mark your hand-outs by using the symbol
asterisk (*) to mark key ideas, exclamation point (!) symbol to mark surprising
ideas and check mark (√) symbol to mark things you connect with. Write a quick
comment about why you picked that sentence, word or idea. Be sure to identify
the quote or passage you selected. Then, share your comment using a “Sample
Language Support” to get your discussion flowing.
Symbol Comment Sample Language and Support

- Key ideas expressed - “One significant idea in the lecture is....”
* - Main points - The article is trying to convey
- Surprising - “ I was surprised to know that...”
!
details/claims - “How can anyone claim that...”
- Ideas/ sections you - “This section reminded me of...”
connect with - “This connects with my experience in that...”
 - What this reminds
you of

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Use this part as your answer sheet.
Here is a gist of what you have read…
Life here on earth is affected by changes in the environment. Life

represented by the various species face threats every day that leads to evolution
and gene modification. There are major threats to biodiversity that were
identified by the United Nations’ Environment Programme (WHO,n.d.). These
threats include habitat loss and destruction, alterations in ecosystem
composition, over-exploitation, pollution and contamination and global climate
change. Given those threats to biodiversity, different aspects in the society,
health, biology and environment are at risk. Researchers have been discovering
new ways to improve crop production, address health illness and decrease
biodiversity loss.

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Application
Activity 2: Biodiversity Saver in the Making
BIG IDEA:
“We should preserve every scrap of biodiversity as priceless while we

learn to use it and come to understand what it means to humanity.”
- E.O. Wilson
Complete the table below:
Place a check mark on your opinion whether you agree or disagree then
look for evidences that may support and not support the statements.
My Opinion Evidences/ Findings

Statements
Agree Disagree Support No support
1. Environmental
changes
caused by
humans can
always be
reversed.

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Statements
2. We can learn
from previous
environmental
disasters so
that we will not
repeat the
same mistake.
3. All scientific
experiments
do not affect
biodiversity

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Statements
4. One organism
becoming
extinct does
not hurt nature
because there
are millions of
organisms on
earth.
BIG IDEA:
Based on evolutionary theory, organisms’ innate characteristic in its

genome dictates its ability to survive. Breakthroughs in modern technology lead
to what we call genetically modified organisms or GMOs which has changed the
concept of survival.
Feedback
BIG IDEA:
We should preserve every scrap of biodiversity as priceless while we learn

to use it and come to understand what it means to humanity.
- E.O. Wilson

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Activity 4: Think about these questions
1. How would you reconcile the emerging needs of human beings regarding
their health and the need to protect the biodiversity?
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_________________________________________________________________________ .
2. Do you think that Earth can exist without human beings taking care of it? Or
biodiversity also needs human beings for it to be in a continuous growing
process?
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_________________________________________________________________________ .
3. What are small ways that you think would promote safekeeping our
biodiversity? What do you think are the common human activities that can
harm biodiversity? What would be the consequences if these human
activities might be stopped and prohibited?
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__________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________ .
References
Convention on Biodiversity Diversity (n.d.). “United Nations Decade on

Biodiversity.” Accessed from https://www.cbd.int/2011-2020/.
Convention on Biological Diversity. (2010). “United Nations COHAB Initiative:

Biodiversity and Global Health.”
Accessed from
http://www.cbd.int/doc/health/cohab-policy-brief1-en.pdf.
Inquirer.net. (2006). “Living Planet report: WWF paints dire picture for survival of
the species.” Accessed from
http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/841255/living-planet-report-wwrf-paints-di
re-picture-for-survival-of-the-species.
Rainforest Conservation Fund. (2017). “Consequences of biodiversity loss.”

Accessed from
http://www.rainforestconservation.org/rainforest-primer/2-biodiversity/
g-recent-losses-in-biodiversity/4-consequences-of-biodiversity-loss/.
Rainforest Conservation Fund. (2017). “Value of biodiversity.” Accessed from

http://www.rainforestconservation.org/rainforest-primer/2-biodiversity/
g-recent-losses-in-biodiversity/4-consequences-of-biodiversity-loss/.
Rensik, D.B. & Portier, C.J. (2017). “Environment, Ethics, and Human Health.”
In The Hasting Center. Accessed from
http://www.thehastingscenter.org/briefingbook/environmental-health/.
Villaggio Globale. (2009). (n.d.). “Biodiversity is the Life Insurance of Life Itself.”
Accessed from
http://vglobale.it/complementari/8913-biodiversity-is-the-life-insurance-
of-life-itself.html.
World Health Organization. (n.d.). “Biodiversity.” Accessed from

http://www.who.int/globalchange/ecosystems/biodiversity/en/.

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World Health Organization. (2007). “Safer Future: Global and Public Health
Security in the 21st Century.” In World Health Report. Accessed from
http://www.who.int/whr/2007/en/.
WWF Global. (n.d.). “How does Biodiversity loss affect me and everyone.”
Accessed from
https://wwf.panda,org/about_our_earth/biodiversity/biodiversity_and_y
ou/.

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LESSON 3
Genetically Modified Organisms: Science,

Health, and Politics
Many successful stories of

genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
were documented since its discovery.
One of the stories on GMOs’ success
was that of Bt Corn. In 2001, Rosalie
Ellasus, a former overseas Filipino
worker in Singapore who turned a
farmer attended the Integrated Pest
Management-Farmers Field School, was
introduced to Bt Corn, a genetically
modified corn that is resistant to the destructive Asian corn borer. She
volunteered for demo-testing in her field. The genetically modified corn yielded
almost twice than the regular corn without insecticide spraying needed. Indeed a
success on the field of genetic engineering (Ongkiko, 2016).
Genetic engineering was present to human society since selective

breeding was introduced to humankind and when animals were domesticated.
Yet, the process of genetic alterations is all but natural.
It was in 1951 that the term genetic engineering was coined by Jack
Williamson, author of the science fiction novel Dragon’s Island (Stableford, 2004).
This was years before actual research findings on the DNA’s role in heredity and
its structure (by Watson and Crick) were published. Rigorous and continuous
search for development made it possible for genetic engineering not to stay in
science fiction novel and became a reality in science laboratories. The general
process of genetic engineering is the intentional manipulation of the organism’s
genes, where it may involve transfer of genes from other organism.
In 1973, an antibiotic-resistant E. coli bacteria was created. To date,

there are ongoing researches on GMOs such as using genetically modified male
mosquitoes as pest control over female mosquito carriers of Zika virus.
Despite the many possibilities of creating solutions for problems and

opening doors for innovations, genetic engineering faces much opposition.
Antagonists raise ethical, social, and environmental issues related to genetic
engineering and its GMOs.
This lesson will present the concept of genetic engineering particularly

GMOs in the different fields, its impact to humanity, and the controversies
surrounding them.

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Let’s Learn
Genetically Modified Organism. It is a term used for an organism
created through genetic engineering. The World Health Organization (WHO,
2014) defines GMO as an “organism, either plant, animal, or microorganism, in
which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur
naturally by mating or natural recombination.” Below is a diagram of how
bacterial gene is introduced through genetic engineering to plant cells and
tissues to develop and breed a genetically modified plant (Figure 5.1).
The development of GMOs was

perceived to help in the advancement of
technology for the benefit of humans in
different industries like agriculture and
medicine.
https://sites.google.com/site/genetics4dummies/
genetic-engineering
GMOs in Food and Agricultural Industries. The following are roles of

GMOs in the food and agricultural industries as identified by the Center for
Ecogenetics and Environmental Health (CEEH, 2013):
1. Pest resistance - GM plants that are

resistant to certain pests.
An example of a pest resistant

plant is Bt corn (Figure 5.2). The DNA
(genome) of the Bt corn has been
modified with the gene of Bacillus
thuringiensis, a soil bacterium that
produces proteins which is toxic to corn
borers (worms).
2. Virus resistance - GM plants that are resistant to certain viruses.
An example of a virus resistant plant is GM papaya or rainbow papaya

(Figure 5.3). The papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is known to be detrimental to
papaya plants. The protein of PRSV was introduced to the papaya plant
through plant tissue which turned out to be resistant to the virus itself. The
effect was like the vaccines humans have against measles or influenza virus.

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3. Herbicide tolerance - GM plants that can

tolerate herbicide.
An example of a herbicide tolerant

plant is Roundup Ready soybean (Figure
5.3). Glyphosate, an herbicide for weeds,
was introduced to soybeans making it
tolerant to the herbicide itself. Farmers
then can spray the herbicide killing the
weeds but not the soybeans.
PhD in
Agriculture (farming.org.ua)
4. Fortification - GM plants fortified

with certain minerals.
An example of a plant fortified

with certain minerals is Golden Rice
(Figure 5.4). Beta-carotene which is a
precursor of a Vitamin A was
introduced through biosynthesis
genes to the rice, making the rice
grains fortified with vitamin A.
5. Cosmetic preservation -
GM plants that is resistant
to natural discoloration.
An example of a
plant resistant to natural
discoloration (Figure 5.5).
The apple variety was
genetically modified to
suppress the browning of
https://bitemywords.com/2015/04/01/the-arctic-apple-should-go-
apple due to superficial rot-with-extra-rants/
damage.

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6. Increase growth rate - a GMO that

has higher yield in growth than
normal species.
An example is
AquAdvantage salmon (Figure 5.6).
A gene from an ocean pout, an
eel-like fish was introduced to
Pacific Chinook salmon, making
the salmon grow faster than its
normal rate. https://www.businessinsider.com/fda-approves-gmo-
salmon-2015-11
Let’s Study
GMOs in Non-Food Crops and Microorganisms. GMOs in non-food
crops and some microorganisms involve the following:
1. Flower Production - GMOs in flower

production are seen in modified color
and extended vase life of flowers.
Examples are Blue roses

(Figure 5.7). The so called “blue” roses,
which are, in reality, liliac or purple,
contained cyanidin 3.5-diglucoside,
together with large amounts of
flavonols. The introduction of the
flavonoid 31, 51-hydroxylase gene into
pelargonidin- or cyanidin- producing
rose cultivars diverts the anthocyanin
biosynthetic pathway toward the
prodution of delphinidin glucosides
and the flower color to blue (Elomaa &
Holton, 1994).
2. Paper Production - modified characteristics of trees for higher yield of paper

production
Examples are poplar trees (Figure 5.8). Lignin is a complex polymer

in trees that is removed from wood to make paper through kraft process,
through inserting genes that code for ferulic acid in young poplar trees, the
lignin structure is modified, making lignin easier to breakdown (Veniza,
2014).

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https://sciencebusiness.technewslit.com/?p=17342
3. Pharmaceutical Productions - modified plants to produce pharmaceutical

products.
Examples are periwinkle plants (Figure 5.9). Bacterial genes were

added to the periwinkle plant to enhance the production of vinblastine, an
alkaloid usually added to drugs for cancer treatments like Hodgkin’s
lymphoma (Runguphan, 2010).
Catharanthus roseus, produces

several compounds with
medicinal properties, including
the anticancer drug vinblastine.
https://news.mit.edu/2010/periwinkl
e-drugs-1104
4. Bioremediation - use of modified plants that can assist in the

bioremediation of polluted sites. Bioremediation is the use of either naturally
occurring or deliberately introduced GMOs (could be plants, or
microorganisms) to consume and break down environmental pollutants, in
order to clean up a polluted site.
An example is
shrub tobacco (Figure
5.10). Nicotiana glauca
or shrub tobacco
genetically modifies .
with phytochelatin
https://www.isaaa.org/res
TaPCSI1, is used for ources/publications/pock
bioremediation. It etk/25/default.asp
shows high level
accumulation of zinc,
lead, cadmium, nickel, and boron and produces high biomass.

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5. Enzyme and Drug Production - use of modified microorganisms that can

produce enzymes for food processing and medicines.
An example of this is CGTase. Cyclomaltodextrin glycosyltransferase

(CGTase), an enzyme used for food flavor enhancer, is produced in higher
quantity by bacterium Bacillus which was genetically modified with the gene
of a thermophilic anaerobe, Thermoanaerobacter (Figure 5.11), carrying
CGTase (Pedersen & Jorgensen, 1995).
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Thermoanaerob
acter-uzonensis-sp.-nov.%2C-an-anaerobic-Wagner-Zh
ao/0d6aef0bce534359a532b2839b1b8134acb22a3f
6. GMOs in the Medical Field - genetic engineering is playing a significant role

from diagnosis to treatment of human-dreaded diseases. It helps in the
production of drugs, gene therapy, and laboratory
researches.
One of the classic example is Humulin (Figure

5.12), the genetically engineered insulin used by Type 1
diabetes patients who are insulin-dependent. In the past,
insulin is extracted from the pancreases of pigs and cows
that have caused allergic reactions to some diabetics
using it. In 1978, researchers from the City of Hope
National Medical Center and Genentech Biotechnology
Company were able to produce
human insulin. The
.
gene for insulin was https://www.humulin.com/insulin-options/humulin-u100
inserted to bacterial
DNA that was able to produce almost exactly the same human insulin. This
was a breakthrough in the mass production of human insulin. In 1996,
modified human insulin was approved, called the Humalog.
Let’s Know More

Based from the discussions above and as shown by studies conducted
these are some of the potential benefits of GMOs:
 Higher efficiency in farming - with the use of

pesticide-resistant/herbicide-tolerant GMO crops, there will be less use for
herbicides/pesticides, and lower cost for labor and cultivation.

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 Increase in harvest - GMO crops resistant to pests and diseases means

increase in potential growth and harvest.
 Control in fertility - controlling the purity of the hybrid seeds (GMO seeds)
ensures higher yields.
 Increase in food processing - altered characteristics of GMO crops help ease

food processing.
 Improvement of desirable characteristics - GMOs offer longer shelf life,

enhanced color and taste, enhanced production or reduction of enzymes, and
other modified characteristics of plants, animals, and microorganisms.
 Nutritional and pharmaceutical enhancement - GMO crops like maize

fortified with lysine and Golden Rice fortified with vitamin A and iron. There
are now edible vaccines for viral and diarrheal diseases.
 Reduce the use of fertilizer and pesticides
Did You Know?
Despite the promising claims of GMOs, the opponents of GMOs claim

otherwise. For example, there are studies that show a link in the adaptation of
pesticide-resistant GMO crops to the significant growth of super weeds that
became pesticide-resistant, too. This caused additional problem to more than 12
million acres of farms in the United States.
Opponents of GMOs have the following major concerns:
1. Since genetic engineering is still a young branch of science, there are

inadequate studies on the effects of GMOs to humans and the environment.
2. Genetic engineering promotes mutation in organisms which the long term

effect is still unknown.
3. Human consumption of GMOs might have the following effects:
 More allergic reactions - GMO food may trigger more allergic reactions,
more so create new ones, as side effect of the gene alteration.
 Gene mutation - GMO food may develop abnormalities and mutation,

more than the desired product of the gene alteration.
 Antibiotic resistance - GMO food contains antibiotic-resistant genes; this

may cause disease-causing bacteria likely to be more antibiotic-resistant
too, increasing the possibility of widespread of the disease.
 Nutritional value - GMO food may have change in their nutritional value.

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Potential Environmental Risks Caused by GMOs. Karki (2006)

summarized the perceived potential environmental risks caused by GMOs. The
identified major risks are the following:
1. Risk in gene flow - there is a potential risk of the modified gene to be

transferred from the GMO crop to its wild relative or organisms in the soil
and human intestine (when ingested). For example, a decaying GMO
plant could possibly transfer the modified genes to the bacteria and fungi
in the soil. Bacteria and fungi are capable of using a genetic material
from their surroundings. There are no studies yet on the effects of the
absorbed modified gene to the other organisms.
2. Emergence of new forms of resistance and secondary pests and weed

problems - GMO crops resistant to certain pesticides may trigger new
form of pest resistance while GMO herbicide - tolerant crops may lead to
the over use of the herbicides which may trigger new form of weed
resistance.
3. Recombination of Virus and Bacteria to Produce New Pathogens - the

modified gene can be transferred and integrated in the viral or bacterial
genes which may lead to viral or bacterial gene modification or mutation.
This living modified virus and bacteria may then cause new disease that
may affect
Other direct and indirect environmental risks caused by GMOs (Molfino &
Zucco, 2008):
1. Direct environmental risks are:
 introduction of the GMOs in the natural environment may cause

disruption of the natural communities through competition or
interference;
 the possibility of unexpected behavior of the GMOs in the

environment it it escapes its intended use and may post threats or
become pest;
 may cause harmful effects to ecosystem processes if GMOs interfere

with the natural biochemical cycles; and
 the persistence of GMO genes after its harvest which may cause
negative impacts to the consumer of GMO products.
2. Indirect environmental risks are:
 alteration of agricultural practices like managing negative impacts of

GMOs to the environment such as evolution of insects, pests, and
weeds that became resistant to GMO crops;
 may have impacts to biodiversity caused by the alteration in

agricultural practices; and
 may have varied environmental impacts due to GMOs interaction and

release in the natural environment.

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Potential Human Health Risks Caused by GMOs. A major concern in the

use and consumption of GMOs is its effect on human beings, primarily on
human health. Some potential human health risks are identified (Akhter, 2001),
such as:
 consumption of GMOs may have adverse effects since it is not naturally

or organically produced;
 consumption of GMOs may alter the balance of existing

microorganisms in the human digestive system;
 production of toxins may be detrimental to human health; and
 production of allergens may have adverse effects on humans.
Worldwide, there are many groups that campaign against GMO food
consumption. They encourage people to boycott GMO products and be vigilant in
checking if the food they buy has GMO ingredients. In the Philippines, the
Supreme Court has ruled against the use of Bt eggplant, another genetically
modified crop (Ongkiko, 2016).
Other potential risks that raise major concerns are:
 Human Genome Project (HGP) - Mapping of human genes to provide

framework for research and studies in the field of medicine. It was
feared that the ability to produce human genetic information would
create biases and give much power to people holding the information
and to the disadvantage of those who do not have the genetic
information.
 Mutation of genetically engineered microorganisms - genetically

modified bacteria and viruses may mutate to become more resistant or
virulent that may cause more dreadful diseases for human beings.
 Cloning - the asexual reproduction of an organism using parent cell

through genetic engineering. In February 24, 1997, the first mammal,
Dolly, a sheep from Scotland, was born through cloning. With its
celebrated success came the fear of human cloning. It emerged the
ethical issue of man “playing God.”
Scientists and medical practitioners would definitely continue to search

for ways to preserve lives. Genetic engineering is perceived to be one of the keys
to this venture. Gene therapy and gene alteration are promising ways to improve
human health conditions.
On the other hand, great fears loom in the process of this quest. There are
many things to be considered before a certain medical process using genetic
engineering be accepted.
These concerns were affirmed by the reports, of the World Health

Organization. WHO reported three major issues on GMOs that are in
international public debates. These are the potential risks of allergic reactions,
gene transfer/flow, and outcrossing (WHO, 2014).

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The primary issue on GMOs presented in public debate is its unnatural

production or what is termed to be a violation of nature. The creation of new
organisms, like GMOs, posts moral issues on defiance to natural laws. Another
concern is the potential risks to the environment and human health, to which so
much is unknown yet.
Moreover!
Biosafety on GMOs. There are initiatives for the protection of the general
human population regarding the issues and concerns about GMOs.
International organizations developed principles and treaties that somehow
ensure biosafety on GMOs. Some of these initiatives are as follows:
 The Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex). The Food and

Agricultural Organization (FAO) together with the World Health
Organization (WHO) created The Codex Alimentarius Commission
(Codex). Codex is an intergovernmental body that development of
standards, codes of practices, guidelines, and recommendations on
food safety. With the pressing issues and concerns on GMOs, in 2003,
Codex has developed principles for the human health risk analysis of
genetically modified (GM) food products. The principles include
pre-market assessments of GM food products and its evaluation of
direct and indirect effects. However, the Codex principles has no
binding effect on national legislation but through the sanitary and
phytosanitary measures of the World Trade Organization, national
legislators are encouraged to complement their national standards
with the Codex Principles (WHO, 2014).
 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. Established in 2003, Cartagena

Protocol is an international environmental treaty that regulates the
transboundary movements of Living Modified Organisms (LMOs). The
Cartagena Protocol requires exporters to seek consent from the
importers before its first shipment of LMOs (WHO, 2014).
 International Trade Agreement on labeling of GM food and food

products. The agreement requires exporters of GM food and food
products to label their products and give rights to importing parties
to reject or accept the GM products. The premise of this policy is that
consumers have the right to know and the freedom to choose GM or
non-GM products (Whitman, 2000).
The World Health Organization (WHO, 2014) claims that all GM products
that are available in the international market have passed safety assessment by
national authorities. The safety assessments basically look at the environmental
and health risk factors and food safety usually follows the Codex Food Code.

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Putting in Context…
GMOs in Philippine Context. Introduction of the GMOs in our country
created issues and controversies similar to other countries with GMOs. There are,
of course, proponents and opponents of these issues.
The GMO concern started in the 1990s with the creation of the National
Committee on Biosafety of the Philippines (NCBP) through Executive Order No.
430 of 1990. The NCBP developed the guidelines on the planned release of
genetically manipulated organisms (GMOs) and potentially harmful exotic
species in 1998. In 2002, the Department of Agriculture released Administrative
Order No. 8, the guideline for the importation and release into the environment of
GM plants and plant products. On that same year, the entry of GMO importation
started (Baumuller, 2003). The Philippines was marked to be the first country in
Asia to approved commercial cultivation of GMOs when GM corn planting was
approved in 2002 (Serapio & Dela Cruz, 2016).
From December 2002 to present, there are 70 GMO applications

approved by the Department of Agriculture for the release to the environment, 62
GMOs of which are approved for food feed and processing and the remaining 8
were approved for propagation (Aruelo, 2016).
In 2004, the Philippines was classified by International Service for

acquisition of agri-biotech applications as one of the 14 biotech-mega countries
which grow 50, 000 hectares or more of GMO crops annually (James, 2004). In
that same year, Senator Juan Flavier authored a bill on the mandatory labeling
of food and food products with GMOs. The Senate did not pass the bill.
In 2006, the Philippines became part of the Cartagena Protocol on

Biosafety. In the same year, Executive Order No. 514 was issued to address the
biosafety requirements of the Cartagena Protocol and the establishment of the
National Biosafety Framework (NBF).
In 2010, the Organic Agriculture Act was issued, encouraging organic

agriculture than GMO-related agriculture. Prior to this act, there are several
provinces like Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental which agreed to support
organic agriculture. There was the establishment of the Negros Organic Island
through a memorandum of agreement (MOA) between the two provinces in 2005.
With this MOA, the two provinces were able to ban the entry of GMOs and living
GMOs to their provinces through provincial ordinance. Similar to this case,
Davao City passed the Organic Agriculture Ordinance in 2010. This city
ordinance helps the prevention of field testing of GM Bt eggplant in the UP
Mindanao Campus (Aruelo, 2016).
In 2012, Representative Teddy Casiño, together with other congressmen,

filed a bill pushing for the mandatory labeling of GM food and food products. To
date, there is no Philippine biosafety law, only biosafety regulations formed
under NBF.
A study on the biosafety regulations of the Philippines concluded that the

existing regulation is weak, which can be fixed through legislation such as a
republic act (Richmond, 2006).

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In December 2015, the Supreme Court ordered to put an end to the field
testing of GMO Bt eggplant and declared Administrative Order No. 8, series of
2002 of the Department of Agriculture as null and void. This means that any
actions or procedures related to GMO importations and propagation is
temporarily put to stop until a new administrative order is issued in accordance
with the law.
In March 7, 2016, five government agencies namely, the Department of

Science and Technology, Department of Agriculture, Department of Environment
and Natural Resources, Department of Health, and Department of the Interior
and Local Government, passed a Joint Department Circular No. 1, series of 2016
on rules and regulations for the research and development, handling and use,
transboundary movement, release in the environment, and management of the
genetically modified plant and plant products derived from the use of modern
biotechnology. This joint department circular paves way to issuance of new
permits for planting and importing GM crops in the country.
Let’s Think About These Questions
1. How would you reconcile the advantages and disadvantages that GMOs bring
to humans?
2. When do you think should the pursuit of GMOs research stop?
3. Is genetic engineering a pure scientific process or it is indeed an act of
humans playing like God?
Activity
1. Agree or Disagree. Discuss the topics below according to your opinions.

Present your arguments on both sides (agree or disagree) and at the last part
of your discussion state your stand on the issue or on the topic being
discussed. Topics:
a. Use of genetically modified milk from animals for human baby

consumption.
b. Economic concerns over moral issues on GM food and food products.
References
Akhter, J. (2001). “Genetically Modified Foods: Health and Safety Issues.”

Research Gate. Accessed from
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/6539067/Genetically_Modified
_Foods_Health_and_Safety_Issues.

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Aruelo, L. (2016). :Philippines GMO-Free Zones: Successful Roots in Organic

Policy and Law.” In GMO-Free Regions. Accessed from
http://www.gmo-free-regions.org/fileadmin/files/gmo-free-regions/Phili
ppines/The_Philippines_GMO-Free_Zones.pdf
Baumuller, H. (2003). “Domestic Import Regulations for Genetically Modified

Organisms and their Compatibility with WTO Rules.”In International
Institute for Sustainable Development. Accessed from
https://www.ictsd.org/downloads/2008/08/tkn_baumuller.pdf
Brar, D. “The History of Insulin.” In International Islet Transplant Registry.

Accessed from http://www.med.uni-giessen.de/itr/history/inshist.html.
Elomaa, P. & Holton, T. (1994). Modification of Flower Colour using Genetic

Engineering, Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews. 12:1, 63-88,
doi:10.1080/02648725.1994.10647909.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Paula_Elomaa/publication/28470
2780_Modification_of_Flower_Colour_using_Genetic_Engineering/links/5
6b213dd08ae5ec4ed4b22a8/Modification-of-Flower-Colour-using-Geneti
c-Engineering,pdf.
Encyclopedia.com. (n.d.). “Genetic Engineering.” Accessed from

http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/genetic_engineering.aspx.
Grace Communication Foundation. (n.d.). “Genetic Engineering.” Accessed from

http://www.sustainabletable.org/264/genetic-engineering.
Herman, J. (2016). “Gene therapy and genome editing strategies for HIV
resistance.” Accessed from
https://www.fredhutch.org/en/news/spotlight/imports/gene-therapy-a
nd-genome-editing-strategies-for-hiv-resistance.html.
International Service for Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (2006). “Biotech

Plants for Bioremediation.” Accessed from
http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/pocketk/25/default.asp.
Iowa Public Television. (n.d.). “Genetic Engineering.” (n.d.). “Genetically

Engineering Insulin.” Accessed from
http://www.iptv.org/exploremore/ge/uses/use2_medical.cfm.
James, C. (2004). “Executive Summary: Preview Global Status of

Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops.” International Service for Acquisition
of Agri-Biotech Application. Accessed from
http://english.biosefty.gov.com/forum_9641/2016021W0201602024887
38705940.pdf
Molfino, F. & Zucco, F. (Eds.). (2008). “Women in Biotechnology: Creating

Interferences.” Springer Science and Business Media. Accessed from
http://www.springer.com/book/9781402086106
Ongkiko, R. M. (2016). “Rise of the BT Superwoman.” RDE Digest. Vol. 8. No.1.

UPLB.

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Pedersen, S., Jensen, B. F., & Jorgensen, S.T. (1995). Genetically Modified
Foods.” In American Chemical Society Symposium Series. Vol. 605. doi:
10.1021/bk-1995-0605.ch017. Accessed from
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bk-1995-0605.cho17.
Philippine Senate. (2004). “GMO.” Accessed from

http://www.senate.gov.ph/lisdata/1181634!.pdf.
Richmond, C. (2006). “Genetically Modified Crops In The Philippines: Can

Existing Biosafety Regulations Adequately Protect The Environment?” In
Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal Association. Vol. 15. No. 2. Accessed from
https://digital.lib.washington.edu/dspacelaw/bitstream/handle/1773.1
/631/15PacRimLPolyJ569.pdf?sequence=1
Runguphan, W., Qu, X., & O’Connor, S. (2010). “Integrating Carbon-Halogen

Bond Formation into Medicinal Plan Metabolism.” In Nature.
Doi:10.1038/nature09524. Accessed from
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101103141533.htm.
Science Daily. (n.d.). “Plants engineered to produce new drugs.” Accessed from
Science Daily. (2016). “Residents concerned about use of genetically modified

mosquitoes to curb insect population.” Accessed from
Serapio, M., Jr. & Dela Cruz, A. (2016). “Philippines Signs New GMO Rules, Food
Industry Relieved.” Accessed from
http://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-gmo-idUSKCN0W90MK.
Stableford, B. M. (n.d.). “Historical dictionary of science fiction literature.” p. 133.

ISBN 9780810849389. Accessed from
http://dictionnaire.sensagent.leparisien.fr/genetic%engineering/en-en/.
Terrascope. “Genetically Modified Crops.” (n.d.). Accessed from

http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2017/genetically-modified-crops/.
Veniza, K. (2014). Greener paper through genetically engineered trees.

https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2014/04/09/greener-paper-through-g
enetically-engineered-trees/.
Whitman, D. (2000). “Genetically Modified Food: Helpful or Harmful?” CSA

Discovery Guide. Accessed from
http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/gmfood/review.pdf.
World Health Organization. (2014). “Frequently Asked Questions on Genetically

Modified Foods.” Accessed from
http://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/food-technology/faq-genetic
ally-modefied-food/en.
Your Genome. (n.d.). “Genetic Engineering.” Accessed from

https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-genetic-engineering.

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Zimmer, Carl. (n.d.). “Scientist of the Year: Jay Keasling.” Dicoverer Magazine
December 2006 Issue. Accessed from
http://discovermagazine.com/2006/dec/cover.

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LESSON 4
The Nano World
Nanotechnology refers to the science, engineering, and technology

conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers (NNI, 2017).
Nanoscience and nanotechnology employs the study and application of
exceptionally small things in other areas of science including materials science,
engineering, physics, biology, and chemistry (NNI, 2017).
The concepts of nanotechnology and nanoscience started in December

29, 1959 when Physicist Richard Feynman discussed a method in which
scientists can direct and control individual atoms and molecules in his talk
“There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” during the American Physical Society
meeting at the California Institute of Technology. The term “nanotechnology” was
coined by Professor Norio Taniguchi a decade after the dawn of the use of
ultraprecision machining (NNI, 2017).
After successfully
completing this topic, you should be
able to:
 Define nanotechnology;
 Characterize nanoscale;
 Describe the various use of
nanotechnology;
 Discuss concerns on the uses
of nanotechnology; and
 Explain the status on the use
of nanotechnology in the
Philippines.
Activating Prior
Knowledge
Before we begin your journey
to the smallest possible scale in the
realm of science, try answering these
question:
Can you think of fields where

.
size or weight of materials or
products is important? https://www.pinterest.com.mx/jortegavalencia/nanotech
nology/
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________ .

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Can you build a statue from a pile of dust?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Can you think of situations were scientist have to make assumptions

because they couldn’t see what they were studying?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
Do you think we are capable in unlocking the key to how natural

elements are designed and created?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________ .
“Nanotechnology is the sixth truly revolutionary technology

introduced in the modern world…”
-D. Allan Bromley
Figure 5.4.2 Timeline of Technological Advancements

Photo credits to Dr. Iwona Turlik
Nanotechnology is defined as the study and use of structures between 1

nanometer and 100 nanometers in size. These include the design,
characterization, production and application of structures, devices and
controlling shape and size on a nanometer scale. (Royal Society, 2004). It is just
like studying eight hundred 100 nanometer particles side by side to match the
width of a human hair. Nanoscience is the study of phenomena and
manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales.
This includes the study of materials 100nm own to the size of atoms which is
approximately 0.2nm. For comparison, a red blood cell is approximately 7,
000nm wide and a water molecule is almost 0.3 nm across. (K. Ban et.al, 2011.)

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Studying nanoparticles has been an interest of scientist for centuries

and the field flourished with the development of microscopes capable of
displaying particles called nanomaterial. A nanomaterial is an object that has at
least one dimension on the nanometer scale (app. 1-100nm); material can be in
one dimension (very thin surface coatings, films, layers), in two dimensions
(nanowires, nanotubes and fibers) or in all three dimensions (nanoparticles,
quantum dots, nanoshells, nanorings, micro). (Nanoyou, 2011). Nanomaterials
are of two types. Inorganic nanomaterial which includes gold nano clusters,
fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. Organic nanomaterials on the other hand are
made up of carbon compounds. To build such, nanotechnologists employ self
organization using the molecules that can be assembled house in an
environment suitable for physical and chemical assembly. This type of
nanomaterial results in the growth of artificial layers of skin, liver tissues and
other organs. (Lohith, 2014).
As shown on Figure 10.5, the term “nano” is equivalent to one billionth

of a meter (10-9 ) hence it expresses a very tiny amount or size. In
nanotechnology, you will be able to manipulate matter in atomic or subatomic
scale. Some of the uses of nanotechnology include the production of
microprocessors and strain-resistant fabrics.
Figure 5.4.3: The Scale of Things- Nanometers and More

Photo credits to https://www.understandingnano.com/introduction.html
The study of nanomaterial becomes interesting with the use of different

equipment like electron microscope, atomic force microscope, and scanning
tunneling microscope. Electron microscope was built by Ernst Ruska and Max
Knoll during 1930s. There are two general types of electron microscopes namely
scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The
former directs a high voltage electron beam towards the

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specimen to illuminate it and create a magnified image of the sample while the
latter directs a focused electron beam across the rectangular area of the
specimen, which loses energy as it passes through. The resolution of scanning
electron microscopes tends to be poorer than that achieved from the
transmission electron microscope. Atomic force microscope was developed BY
Gerd Binig, Calvin Quate and Chrisoph Gerber in 1986. It makes use of
mechanical probe that gathers information from the surface of a material.
Scanning Tunneling microscope enables scientists to view and manipulate
nanoscale particles, atoms, and small molecules. This invention gave a Nobel
Prize Awards in Physics to their inventors, Gerd Binigand Rohrer. (Javier.et.al,
2018).
Numerous innovations in development as well as those under

investigations are now the focus of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology impacts
many industries like transportation, environment, energy, electronics,
manufacturing, agriculture and pharmaceuticals. In the field of health care,
nanotechnologists work on chemical and biological sensors, drugs and delivery
devices, prosthetics and biosensors. They have created the quantum dots that
glow in UV light to locate as few as 10 to 100 cancer cells. They are also trying to
grow laboratory tissues to repair heart tissue or even replace them. In
technology, they are looking for solutions for a better data storage and
computation (e.g. a DVD that could hold a million movies) while in environment,
nanotechnology plays a big role in the quest for clean energy and clean air
(Nano Solar Cells). (Bennewitz, 2000).
In the Philippines, PCAS TRD-DOST ha funded most of the nanotech

projects which includes ICT and semiconductors, Health and biomedical,
energy, environment, agriculture and food, health and environmental risk
nanometrology and education and public awareness. (Serafica, 2018).
Nanotechnologist faced a lot of issues since nanoscale-sized objects are

very delicate. Radiation particles can cause fatal defects during manufacturing
thus development requires very clean environments making only a few, out of
many produced, are perfect. Aside from manufacturing issues, there are also
potential risks of nanotechnology in health and environment. Nanoparticles can
be swallowed, inhaled, absorbed through the skin, or deliberately injected. If
this happens, inflammation can be triggered and weaken the immune system.
Nanoparticles can also accumulate in soil, water and plants (www.trnmage,
2004).
Application
Be Informed!
Watch the video on YouTube entitled “The Next Step in Nanotechnology”

by George Tule ski, TED Talks.

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Here’s the link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ds_rzoyyfF0https://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=Ds_rzoyyfF0.
Then answer the following questions:
1. What are the possible innovations can nanotechnology offer?

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____________________________________________________________________________.
2. Why do you think few scientists works on nanotechnology?

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____________________________________________________________________________.
3. Do you think nanotechnology be applicable to solve environmental problems?

Specify and expound your answer.
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_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________.
4. In the world of medicine, nanotechnology can play a big role in the repair of
cells, cure diseases and even delay aging, if this happens, what would this
mean to our society?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

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_____________________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________________.
Feedback
Think of a product or output that is made up of nanomaterial that has

an impact in various aspects (health, environment, economy etc.) that you want
to create. Write your response here.
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_____________________________________________________________________________
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References
Dayrit, F.M. (2005). “Nanotechnology: Business and Practical Applications:

Where the Philippines Is and Where It Should Be.” Ateneo de Manila
University.

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National Nanotechnology Initiative. (2017). “Manufacturing at the Nanoscale.”

Accessed from
https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/manufacturing.
National Nanotechnology Initiative. (2017). “Nanotechnology 101.” Accessed

from https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101.
National Nanotechnology Initiative. (2017). “What is Nanotechnolgy?” Accessed

from https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition.
National Nanotechnology Initiative. (2017). “What’s so special about the

Nanoscale?” Accessed from
https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/special.
Roco, M. “National Nanotechnology Initiative: The Long-Term View.” In

Proceedings Nanotechnology and the Environment: Applications and
Implications. Progress Review Workshop III, EPA, Oct 26-28, 2005,
Arlington, VA.
Salamanca-Buentello et al. (2005). “Nanotechnology and the Developing World,”

PLoS Medicine. Accessed from http://www.plosmedicine.org
University of Washington. “Societal and Ethical Implications of Nanotechnology.”

Accessed from https://depts.washington.edu/ntethics/.

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LESSON 5
The Aspects of Gene Therapy
After successful completion of this topic, you should be able to:
 describe gene therapy and its related processes;

 compare and contrast vectors of gene delivery; and
 enumerate the pros and cons of gene therapy in the society.
Learning Activity: W-O-R-D-U-P
Directions: Using the grid below, find words related to gene therapy. You may
use the statements that follow as your clues to identify the words.
Write your answer on the space provided after each statement.
E Q Z X L E L L Q S T Y C W M
C G V C H T S I P K I K I U E
G O E B K H U N T I N G T O N
V L C R H O R U F H R A A N I
V W T Y M P I H C E T U M R O
J Q O K A L V F L I T E O R T
B L R L U L I R D W E T S E A
O E S M T T A N Q N T Y U O I
L S I C K L E C E L L A N E M
P S V E O U Q G A A E I O Z P
1. A disorder of the nervous system that usually occurs after the age of 45.
________________________________
2. A disorder in the blood caused by an inherited abnormal hemoglobin (the
oxygen-carrying protein within the red blood cells)______________________
3. Are plasmid or viruses that are used to move recombinant DNA from one cell
to another. __________________________
4. Is the alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism,
virus or extrachromosomal DNA. _______________________________

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5. A unit of DNA that is usually located on a chromosome and that controls the
development of one or more traits. __________________________
6. Gene therapy that targets the reproductive cells meaning any changes made
to the DNA will be passed on to the next generation. ______________________
7. It is when the DNA is transferred into body tissues. It specifically targets
cells in the body which are not passed on to the person’s children.
______________________________.
Gene therapy has become an increasingly important topic in

science-related news. The aim of gene therapy is the successful integration of
corrected, therapeutic DNA into the genomes of cells to alter gene expression
and, in turn, protein synthesis to correct genetic diseases.
Two Types of Gene Therapy
1. Somatic gene therapy, which involves introducing a "good" gene into

targeted cells to treat the patient — but not the patient's future children
because these genes do not get passed along to offspring.
2. Germline gene therapy, involves the introduction of corrective genes into

reproductive cells (sperm and eggs) or zygotes, with the objective of creating
a beneficial genetic change that is transmitted to the offspring.
Vectors for Gene Delivery
Appropriate methods to deliver DNA used in gene therapy are vital, as

the targeted tissues must properly receive the appropriate genes. Gene therapy
can be carried out using naked DNA delivered directly Vectors for Gene
Delivery.
Fig: 5.5.1 Structure of Adenovirus

(Source: www.biologydiscussion.com)
Adenoviruses - are a group of common viruses that infect the lining of

your eyes, airways and lungs, intestines, urinary tract, and nervous system.
They're common causes of fever, coughs, sore throats, diarrhea, and pink eye.

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Fig: 5.5.2 Structure of Retrovirus
Retrovirus is a type of RNA virus that inserts a copy of its genome into
the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell. i
89Source: http://m.wikipedia.org
Fig. 5.5.3 Structure of Adeno-associated virus
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) - is a non-enveloped virus that can be

engineered to deliver DNA to target cells, and has attracted a significant amount
of attention in the field, especially in clinical-stage experimental therapeutic
strategies.
(Source: https:// study.com)

Fig. 11.4 Structure of Herpes Simplex
Herpes simplex type 1 causes sores around the mouth and lips
(sometimes called fever blisters or cold sores). HSV-1 can cause genital herpes,
but most cases of genital herpes are caused by herpes type 2. In HSV-2, the
infected person may have sores around the genitals or rectum.

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Naked DNA refers to DNA that is not associated with proteins, lipids, or
any other molecule to help protect it. Naked DNA is the result of release of
genetic information into the surrounding environment, such as from bursting
cells.
Bioethical Issues of Gene Therapy

The first death associated with gene therapy occurred on September 18,
1999, at the University of Pennsylvania. Jesse Gelsinger was participating in a
clinical trial, a biomedical experiment for evaluation of safety and efficiency of a
therapy for a disease. Gelsinger, who was 18 years old at the time of the
treatment, had a deficiency of ornithine transcarboamylase, an important
enzyme in the metabolism of ammonia. Patients with this rare metabolic
disorder must maintain a low-protein diet and take a series of medicines to
avoid ammonia poisoning in the blood stream. The gene therapy Gelsinger took
triggered a chain reaction in his immune system, resulting in hepatic and
respiratory failure, and consequently, his death four days after being treated.
Effects on the Environment
Although the positive impacts of gene therapy could be enormous, there

are many questions raised that needs to be answered. New organisms created
by genetic engineering could present an ecological problem. One cannot predict
the changes that a genetically engineered species would make on the
environment. The release of a new genetically engineered species would also
have the possibility of causing an imbalance in the ecology of a region just exotic
species would do. An accident or an unknown result could cause several
problems. An accident in engineering the genetics of a virus or bacteria for
example could result in a stronger type, which could cause a serious epidemic
when released. This could be fatal in human genetic engineering creating
problems ranging from minor medical problems, to death.
Effects on Human
Looking at the fact that genetic engineering employs viral vector that
carries functional gene inside the human body; the repercussion are still
unknown. There are no clues as to where functional genes are being placed.

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They may even replace the important genes, instead of mutated genes. Thus,
this may lead to another health condition or disease to human. Also, as
defective genes are replaced with functional gene, then it is expected that there
will be a reduction in genetic diversity and if human beings will have identical
genomes, the population as a whole will be susceptible to virus or any form of
diseases.
Antibiotic Resistance
Genetic engineering often uses genes for antibiotic resistance as

"selectable markers." Early in the engineering process, these markers help
identify cells that have taken up foreign genes. Although they have no further
use, the genes continue to be expressed in plant tissues. Most genetically
engineered plant foods carry fully functioning antibiotic-resistance genes. The
presence of antibiotic-resistance genes in foods could have lethal effects.
Therefore, eating these foods could reduce the effectiveness of antibiotics to
fight disease when these antibiotics are taken with meals. More so, the
resistance genes could be transferred to human or animal pathogens, making
them impervious to antibiotics. If transfer were to occur, it could aggravate the
already serious health problem of antibiotic resistant disease organisms.
Ethical and Social Issues
"Playing God" has become a strong argument against genetic

engineering. Several issues have also been raised as regards the acceptance of
this technology. These concerns range from ethical issues to lack of knowledge
on the effects genetic engineering may have. One major concern is that once an
altered gene is placed in an organism, the process cannot be reversed. The
production of medicines through the use of genetically altered organisms might
develop extremely infectious forms that could cause worldwide epidemics.
Application
Activity 1:
Answer the following questions:
1. Is gene therapy safe to cure genetic disorder?

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. If you are the patient suffering from a genetic disease are you willing to
undergo gene therapy? Why?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

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Activity 2: Vector Voyage
Direction: Using online resources, complete the table below.

Adeno Herpes Naked
Adeno -
Retrovirus associated Simplex DNA
virus
Virus Virus
How the
vector
carries
the
genetic
material
Maxi-
mum
length of
DNA
that can
be
inserted
in the
vector

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Adeno Herpes Naked

Adeno -
Retrovirus associated Simplex DNA
virus
Virus Virus
Advan-
tages
Disadva
ntages

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Activity 3: GENETIC DISORDERS
Direction: Complete the table below. List down ten common genetic disorders.
Genetic Disorder Gene/ Defect Clinical Features

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Genetic Disorder Gene/ Defect Clinical Features
10

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Activity 4: Pros and Cons
Direction: Write the Pros and Cons of the effects of gene therapy to health and
to the society. Read the guide questions first to answer this part.
Pros Cons
Human
Health
Society

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Guide Questions:
1. Do you think the Food and Drug Administration should or should not
approve gene therapy treatments for use in the Philippines? Why?
2. Do you think the government should or should not fund scientific

researches on changing the genes of unborn babies that aims to improve
their characteristics such as intelligence or physical traits such as athletic
ability or appearance?
Feedback
What does the picture show?
Source: www.tutorialspoint.com
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References
Crosta, P. (n.d.). “What Are Stem Cells?” Accessed from

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/stem_cell.
Fliesler, N. (2017). “Now Hear This.” Accessed from

https://hms.harvard.edu/news/now-hear
Genetics Home Reference. (2017). “What are the ethical issues surrounding gene
therapy?” Accessed from https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/therapy/ethics.
Medicine Net. (n.d.). “Stem Cell.” Accessed from

https://www.medicinenet.com/stem_cells/article.htm#.
Nimsergern, M. (1988). “Gene Therapy.” Accessed from

https://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc431/students98/nimsgr
en.htm
Science Daily. (n.d.). “Gene Therapy.” Accessed from

https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/gene_therapy.htm.
Your Genome. (n.d.). “Is Germline Gene Therapy Ethical?” Accessed from
https://www.yourgenome.org/debates/is-germline-gene-therapy-ethical.

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LESSON 6
Climate Change
At the end of this topic, students will be able to:
 identify the causes of climate change;
 discuss various impacts of climate change including economical,

geopolitical, biological and meteorological aspects; and
 create a simple climate change advocacy through poster, slogan, and

infomercial.

You might have already heard of “Climate Change” in some social
platforms as a hot issue and advocacy that calls for biological, economical,
sociological and political concerns. Below is a concept map, with the word
climate change at the center, write something out of what you know and
understand about this issue.
“There is no question that climate change is happening; the only arguable

point is what part humans are playing in it.”
- David Attenborough
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in the statistical properties of the climate

system that persists for several decades or longer. Climate change may be due
to natural processes, such as changes in the Sun’s radiation, volcanoes or
internal variability in the climate system, or due to human influences such as
changes in the composition of the atmosphere or land use.
Many lines of evidence demonstrate that human activities, especially

emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases from fossil fuel combustion,
deforestation, and land-use change, are primarily responsible for the climate
changes observed in the industrial era, especially over the last six decades. The
atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, the largest contributor to human
caused warming, has increased by about 40% over the industrial era. This
change has intensified the natural greenhouse effect, driving an increase in
global surface temperatures and other widespread changes in Earth’s climate
that are unprecedented in the history.

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Let’s take a look at how interrelated and interconnected the following

phenomena that ultimately leads to climate change.
Greenhouse Effect
The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth’s

surface. When the Sun’s energy reaches the Earth’s atmosphere, some of it is
reflected back to space and the rest is absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse
gases. This blanket of greenhouse gases serves as the Earth’s insulator, of
which without it, ours will be a called dead planet.
Figure 5.6.1. Trapping of heat by the Greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases include water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane,

nitrous oxide, ozone and some artificial chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs). Carbon dioxide and methane in particular, trap the heat radiated by the
sun.
The problem we now face is that human activities are increasing the
concentrations of greenhouse gases. From NASA’s observation, the increase
and too much concentration of these greenhouse gases can cause Earth's
atmosphere to trap more and more heat that warms up the planet leading to a
phenomenon called global warming.
Global Warming
Global warming is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the

average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is
believed to be permanently changing the Earth’s climate.
The increased volumes of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases

released by the burning of fossil fuels, land clearing, agriculture, and other
human activities, are believed to be the primary sources of the global warming
that has occurred over the past 50 years. Scientists from the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate carrying out global warming research have recently predicted
that average global temperatures could increase between 1.4 and 5.8 °C by the
year 2100. Changes resulting from global warming may include rising sea levels
due to the melting of the polar ice caps, as well as an increase in occurrence and
severity of storms and other severe weather events – all of which are signs of a
changing climactic patterns.

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Figure 5.6.2. The rise in global temperature

Credit:VladisChern/Shutterstock.com
Impacts of Climate Change on Society
Figure5.6.3. Catastrophic effects of Climate Change: (From left to right)

Forest Fire, Drought, Typhoon
Credit: Left - Mellimage/Shutterstock.com, center - Montree
Hanlue/Shutterstock.com.
According to the U.S. Global Change Research Program, the aspects of

climate change are having increasingly complex and important impacts on all
the nations’ economy and quality of life. Impacts related to climate change are
evident across regions and in many sectors important to society—such as
human health, agriculture and food security, water supply, transportation,
energy, ecosystems, and others—and are expected to become increasingly
disruptive throughout this century and beyond.
Climate change affects human health and wellbeing through more

extreme weather events and wildfires, decreased air quality, and diseases
transmitted by insects, food, and water. Climate disruptions to agriculture have
been increasing and are projected to become more severe over this century, a
trend that would diminish the security of the world’s food supply. Surface and
groundwater supplies in some regions are already stressed, and water quality is
diminishing in many areas, in part due to increasing sediment and
contaminant concentrations after heavy downpours. In some regions,
prolonged periods of high temperatures associated with droughts contribute to
conditions that lead to larger wildfires and longer fire seasons. For coastal
communities, sea level rise, combined with coastal storms, has increased the
risk of erosion, storm surge damage, and flooding. Extreme heat, sea level rise,
and heavy downpours are affecting infrastructure like roads, rail lines, airports,

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and all other infrastructures. The capacity of ecosystems like forests, barrier
beaches, and wetlands to buffer the impacts of extreme events like fires, floods,
and severe storms is being overwhelmed. The rising temperature and changing
chemistry of ocean water is combining with other stresses, such as overfishing
and pollution, alter marine-based food production and harm fishing
communities. Some climate changes currently have beneficial effects for
specific sectors or regions. For example, current benefits of warming include
longer growing seasons and longer ice – free period for agriculture.
Application
1. After learning about climate change, what natural processes and human
activities causes it and the possible consequences brought about this
phenomenon, the question that comes next is, as a concerned citizen and a
student, what can you do about it? What ways can you think of to mitigate
the hazards caused by climate change?
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2. Nature’s Advocates
Create an advocacy campaign by making a poster (1 whole white cartolina)

and a slogan (1/2 white cartolina) that tells how community will help
mitigate the effects of climate change. Take a photo of your output and
upload them in our GC, and try to elicit comments from your classmates. Do
not forget to write your name on your poster and slogan for proper credit.
Feedback
Congratulations for making this far. Now, let’s test your understanding
of our topic on climate change. Answer the following questions and follow the
procedure on each item.
1. It is an important heat – trapping greenhouse gas, which is released through

human activities such as deforestation and burning of fossil fuels, as well as
natural processes such as respiration and volcanic eruption.
_________________________________________________________________________
2. It is a change in global climate, and patterns, attributed largely to the

increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
_________________________________________________________________________
3. It is a critical solution to climate change, by renewing the forest cover that

will absorb and reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
_________________________________________________________________________
4. The burning of natural fuel by humans is the largest source of emission of

carbon dioxide. These natural fuels were formed from the remains of living
organisms million years ago. The name given to natural fuel is
_________________________________________________________________________
5. This is a process that occurs when gases in the Earth’s atmosphere trap the
Sun’s heat making the Earth much warmer.
________________________________________________________________________
6. This is a long – term rise in the overall temperature of the Earth’s climate
system, generally attributed to greenhouse effect.
________________________________________________________________________
7. It is a permanent destruction of forest in order to make the land available for

other uses, which consequently add more atmospheric carbon dioxide as a
result of large – scale removal of trees that will absorb this harmful gas.
________________________________________________________________________
8. It is the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of

drought or deforestation, and leading to shortage of food supply.
_________________________________________________________________________
9. It is the average weather in a given area over a longer period of time.

_________________________________________________________________________

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10. This is a disaster of below – average precipitation, resulting in prolonged

shortages in water supply that could cause reduced crop yield, and
potentially loss of harvest and or of livestock.
_________________________________________________________________________
You did a great job!
Sum It Up
The last module of Science, Technology and Society discussed the

special topics that would allow you to reflect on the role of science and
technology not only in the community where you are living but to the whole
world.
The advent of information age has played a big role in cascading vital
information to the society. With the advance technological devices like
computers, laptops, cellular phones, personal digital assistants, servers,
mainframes and internet that lets us access social media and online resources,
and even microchips and other high technologies, the life that we are living
today is easy. Information age has affected and transformed the lives we have.
From communicating through simple ways like papyrus, letter writing etc., we
have shifted to calling through mobile phones, sending files through email,
chatting with our love ones through video calls, etc. Highly modernized,
automated, data-driven and technologically advanced-these is how we describe
our society nowadays. This era of our life offers us a lot for the development of
noble researchers but it also entails responsible use. You must learn how to
check the reliability of the sources you are accessing before dissemination for
those information poses both positive and negative impacts. You must always
consider that the information you share could be of great help to our lives and
others.
Advances in science and technology have also affected our biodiversity.

Some efforts have been made by the government to conserve all species. Threats
like habitat loss and destruction, alterations in ecosystem composition,
overexploitation, pollution, contamination, and global climate change has
cause drastic decrease in the population of species all over the world. The
decrease has led to environment-related illnesses, nutritional, health and
biological problems. Together we must be all biodiversity savers to have a better
environment.
Scientist has made advances in technology through the field of

nanotechnology. Through this, products can be manufactures to help improve
health, environment, food, water, and agriculture. Though this field promises a
lot, you must take into account the social, ethical, and environmental concerns
of using such.
Another breakthrough in science is gene therapy. Gene therapy is a

method that may treat or cure genetic related human illness. As this science
flourish, many ethical issues were raised. Thus, as a future researcher, you

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must be able to distinguish what is vital if you wished to venture in the field of
nanotechnology.
Climate change is a worldwide issue that each of us must face. Several

factors like natural processes and persistent human activities have statistically
increased the percentage of climate change for a period of time. The continuous
climate change has affected the biotic and abiotic aspects of the earth.
Reflection
Now that you have reached this far, it is time to reflect and make a move
by answering the following questions:
1. Is information age a boon or a bane? Why?

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2. How does Information Age influence our society?

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3. As a part of the planet earth, what can you do in your own simple way to
help in the advancement of science and technology for the improvement of
the society?
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4. Reflect on this “Gene therapy is still in its infancy, but it is believed that as it
matures, it will become an effective treatment for the myriad of genetic
diseases that affect humanity”
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5. Imagine a product called multi-replicator was developed by a

nanotechnologist and made available to anyone. This replicator could allow
people to simply produce any item they need themselves without the help of
any manufacturer or a company. What would this do to our economy as we
know it today? Can ou think of some impacts of these breakthrough on
employment, science, politics, society and other sectors. What are some of
the social and ethical considerations scientist must consider in conducting
researches in nanotechnology?
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References
Academic Emporia. (n.d.). “Milankovitch Theory.” Accessed from

http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/student/
Britannica. (n.d.). “Montreal Protocol.” Accessed from

https://www.britannica.com/event/Montreal-Protocol.
Esribano, R. & Tanarro, I. (2010). Spectroscopy of the Atmosphere. Madrid:2010.

Accessed from https://books.google.com.ph/books.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2007). “Climate Change.”

Accessed from
https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-2-1.htm
l.
Pavico, J.M.F. (2015). Exploring Life Through Science. Quezon City: Phoenix
Publishing House.
Real Climate. (2010). “The Carbon Dioxide Theory of Gilbert Plass.” Accessed
from
http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2010/01/the-carbon-
dioxide-theory-of-gilbert-plass/.
Stern, N. (2007). “How Climate Change Affects People Around the world.” In The
Economics of Climate Change. P. 56-65.
https://books.google.com.ph/books.
The Encyclopedia of Earth. (2016). “Climate Change.” Accessed from
http://www.editors.eol.org/eaearth/wiki/climate_change_main.

CABARROGUIS CAMPUS
Basic Essay Writing Rubric
Description: This rubric will help you know exactly what I am expecting to find
in an essay.
5/ 4/ 3 /
2/ 1/
Needs
Excellent Very Good Average Unacceptable
Improvement
Ideas This paper This paper The writer is Topic is not As yet, the
is clear and is mostly beginning to well-defined paper has
focused. It focused, define the and/or no clear
holds the and has topic, even there are sense of
reader's some good though too many purpose or
attention. details and development topics. central
Relevant quotes. is still basic or theme. To
details and general. extract
quotes meaning
enrich the from the
central text, the
theme. reader must
make
inferences
based on
sketchy or
missing
details
Organiza- The Paper (and The Sentences The writing

tion organizatio paragraphs) organizational within lacks a clear
n enhances are mostly structure is paragraphs sense of
and organized, strong enough make sense, direction.
showcases in order, to move the but the Ideas,
the central and makes reader order of details, or
idea or sense to the through the paragraphs events seem
theme. The reader. text without does not. strung
order, too much together in
structure of confusion. a loose or
information random
is fashion;
compelling there is no
and moves identifiable
the reader internal
through the structure.
text.

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5/ 4/ 3 /
2/ 1/
Needs
Excellent Very Good Average Unacceptable
Improvement
Sentence The writing The writing The text hums The text The reader
Fluency has an easy mostly along with a seems has to
flow, flows, and steady beat, choppy and practice
rhythm, usually but tends to is not easy quite a bit
and invites oral be more to read in order to
cadence. reading. businesslike orally. give this
Sentences than musical, paper a fair
are well more interpretive
built, with mechanical reading.
strong and than fluid.
varied
structure
that invites
expressive
oral
reading.
Conven- The writer The write The writer The writer Errors in
tions demonstrat understand shows seems to spelling,
es a good s good reasonable have made punctuatio
grasp of writing control over a little effort n,
standard conventions limited range to use capitalizatio
writing and usually of standard conventions n, usage,
conventions uses them writing : spelling, and
(e.g., correctly. conventions. punctuatio grammar
spelling, Paper is Conventions n, and/or
punctuatio easily read are sometimes capitalizatio paragraphi
n, and errors handled well n, usage, ng
capitalizatio are rare; and enhance grammar repeatedly
n, minor readability; at and/or distract the
grammar, touch-ups other times, paragraphi reader and
usage, would get errors are ng have make the
paragraphi this piece distracting multiple text difficult
ng) and ready to and impair errors. to read.
uses publish. readability.
conventions
effectively to
enhance
readability.
Presen- The form The format The writer's The writer's The reader
tation and only has a message is message is receives a
presentatio few understandab only garbled
n of the text mistakes le in this understand message
enhances and is format. able due to
the ability generally occasionally problems
for the easy to read , and paper relating to
reader to and is messily the
understand pleasing to written presentatio
and connect the eye. n of the
with the text, and is
message. It not typed.
is pleasing
to the eye.

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What Is This Module About?

This module contains six lessons. These are:

Lesson 1 - The Information Age

What Will You Learn From This Module?

 define Information Age;

MODULE IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY_JFV 2020

The Information Age

Highly modernized, automated, data-driven, and technologically advanced

Life is accompanied by endless transmission of information that takes

The Information Age is defined as a “period starting in the last quarter of

According to James R. Messenger who proposed the Theory of Information

At the end of this topic, students will be able to:

 discuss the history of Information Age; and

 determine the human and social impacts of developments in the

MODULE IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY_JFV 2020

Table 5.1. Timeline of the Information Age

MODULE IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY_JFV 2020

Mid Artificial intelligence was separated from information science

Activating Prior Learning

Imagine that you are at lost in the wilderness and there is a

Encrypted word: AFXGJESLAGF KWSJUZAFY

Information plays an important role in understanding the truth and

MODULE IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY_JFV 2020

telecommunications, with these systems operating on both real-time and as

Robert Harris has outlined the truths about Information Age. He

1. Information must complete

Let’s Try This

Arrange the photos chronologically by writing numbers 1-12 below each

MODULE IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY_JFV 2020

MODULE IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY_JFV 2020

Problems on fake news have surfaced different multimedia platform,

MODULE IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY_JFV 2020

Create a poster on the advantages and disadvantages of Technology.

Let’s Think About This

1. Who are the contributors of the technological advances of the Information

Harris, R. (n.d.). “Truths of the Information Age.” Accessed from

Madan, M. (n.d.). “Bioinformatics-an aid for biological research.” Accessed from

Rouse, M. (2014). “Information Age.” Accessed from

MODULE IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY_JFV 2020

USHistory.org. (n.d.). “Living in the Information Age.” Accessed from

Vocabulary.com. (n.d.). “Information Age.” Accessed from

Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

Activating Prior Knowledge

Look at the word “biodiversity”. It’s actually two words combined

Breakdown the meaning of the two words in biodiversity.

MODULE IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY_JFV 2020

Let us compare your definition with the following definitions provided:

Another definition of biodiversity is the variability of organisms

Biodiversity comprises abiotic and biotic factors. Several biomes have

Here are some questions to think about.

1. What do you think scientist expect to discover more species?

MODULE IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY_JFV 2020

Table 5.2.1 Local Biodiversity of ____________________________________

Representative Population Type of

MODULE IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY_JFV 2020

Figure 5.2.1 _____________________ showing the biodiversity

Figure 5.2.2 _____________________ showing the biodiversity of the Philippines

MODULE IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY_JFV 2020

Figure 5.2.3 _____________________ showing the biodiversity of the World

MODULE IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY_JFV 2020

Symbol Your comment or reason for marking this passage