MIDTERMS  Impressions – through
senses/receives information
I. PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECT OF
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
Philosophy – continuing search of truth
- love of wisdom
 Philo – love
 Sophia – wisdom
 Self – who you are as a person
- existence of human being
 Existence – body/tangible
- Soul/behavior
Philosophers:
1. Socrates – “Self is composed of body
and soul.”
 Body – imperfect
 Soul – perfect and the life-giving
aspect of the body
2. Plato – “Self is composed of body and
soul but has 3 parts.”
 Ratio – the mind, responsible for
thinking
 Appetitive – desire, soul that
dictates
- soul that preserves the body
 Spirited – emotion, feeling, moral
3. St. Augustine – “Man is bifurcated by
nature which is the body that is bound to
die and soul that lives eternally.”
 Bifurcated – has 2 branch; body and
soul.
 Dualistic – 2 opposite parts of idea
or belief
4. St. Thomas Aquinas – “Man is
composed of matter and form.”
 Matter – stuffs/the body itself
 Form – the essence/the soul that
animates the body
5. Rene Descartes – “Self is the
combination of mind or cogito and
extension of the mind which is the body
or extenza.”
 Mental Operations:
- affirms, understands, refuses, doubt,
reasoning, perceive, problem solving
6. Hume – “Self is a bundle of impressions
and expressions.”
 Expressions – perception
 Sensation – to receive senses
 Perception – interpretation of
senses
7. Ryle – “Behavior is the output of
sensation and perception.”
 Behavior – product of a stimulus
(maybe a person, object or
weather) and response
8. Kant – “There is a mind that organizes
the impressions. It is called the
apparatuses of mind.”
 Apparatuses of Mind – frame of reference
- beliefs
- habits
- values
- culture
- morality
9. Ponty – “Mind and body are intertwined.”
 Gestalt – the whole is more important than its
part.
II. SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECT OF UNDERSTANDING THE
SELF
Sociology – scientific state of human behavior
based in the influence of others
 Socius – companion/associate
Logos – study
Branches:
1. Macrosociology – study of human society
- Origin, structure, functions, and
directions
 Origin
a. Primitive Society – hunting and
gathering
b. Herding and Holticulture –
pasteural
c. Agricultural Society – planting
and harvesting
d. Industrial Revolution/Society –
the use of machines to reduce
human labor
e. Technological/Digital Society – in
terms of communications,
information, and transportation.
 Structure – hierarchy because of
socio-economic status
 Functions – to provide basic needs
- labor/manpower
  Direction – developing because of
scientific breakthrough in terms of
conditions
- to make people globally competitive
by K-12, participating in ASEAN summit
and import liberalization
2. Microsociology – behavior of people
 Factors Influencing Human Behavior
a. Family – respect, discipline
b. Spiritual Institution – different
practices
Social Institutions:
- dynamic; based on influence of others
- self expressions
- peace and order, policies
- to provide needs
- to gain knowledge
1. Family
- first and oldest
- basic unit
- foundation of society – acquisition of knowledge
- Functions:
a. Emotional Support – love, care and
affection
b. Financial Needs – in order to survive
c. Socio-economic Status -
2. Education/Educational Institution
- consciously controlled pattern because there
are factors affecting learning: teachers/admin,
materials/tools, subjects, assessments/evaluations
- active and effective social participation
- training ground
- Functions:
a. Liberating – free from poverty, ignorance,
free from being dependent from other people
b. Equalizing – fair to everyone
c. Socialization – enable students to interact
with other people
III. ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASPECT OF
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
Anthropology – study of human being
 Anthros – man, human being
 Logos – study
Branches:
1. Cultural Anthropology – norms
2. Social Anthropology – interaction of people
3. Linguistic Anthropology – study of language
as a tool for communication
Culture – provides established pattern of behavior
– complex whole – complex because it is
composed of broad and variety of elements and
whole because it represents the union
 Cultura – care or cultivation
ELEMENTS:
1. Knowledge – acquired information
- Body of information
2. Laws – acquired through knowledge and belief
- we can make laws that govern
individuals within a society
3. Arts – aesthetic, beauty
- Aesthetic ability of people by the
acquired knowledge and laws
4. Moral – ability to detect which is right or wrong
5. Practices – folkways, norms
- Acquired through morals, arts, laws and
knowledge
6. Habits – repetitive actions
- Fixed tendencies, traits
- Way of explaining self
Subculture – groups in within one culture
Culture Shock – conflict on your belief,
confusion, anxiety, doubt caused by being in a
foreign place that is very different on what you
used to do
Ethnocentrism – superiority of culture
- Judging other cultures based on your
culture
Xenocentrism – inferiority of culture
- Perspective from ideas or styles of other
cultures
Culture Relativism – no one is best in culture
- Respecting one another’s culture
Modes of Acquiring Culture
1. Imitation – observation
2. Formal Teaching – formal study of a
culture
3. Conditioning – mandatory to do
IV. PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT OF
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
Psychology – study of mind
 Psyche – soul/mind
 Logos – study
Soul – without the soul the body is considered to be dead
- Life-giving aspect of the body
Mind – it is the regulator or the central factor
Scientific – process, experiment and theories 4. A. Neurotic – mild
Human Behavior – depended upon reaction B. Psychotic – severe (masochist, maniac)

Background: Intelligence – an attempt to measure or evaluate actual

and potential abilities
1. Traditional –
 Primitive – superstitions, animism Intelligence Quotient (IQ) – is a single score that
 Greek Philosophers – non-religious indicates the individual’s general intellectual level
speculation/reasoning
 Aristotle – remember + think = learning Binet Test
- Learning because of the bonds of 1. Individual Test – one on one interview
connection in the nervous system. 2. Group Test – written

2. Scientific IQ Range
 Windt – psychological lab 1. Custodial (idiot) – below 25
- To conduct test 2. Trainable (imbecile) – 25-50
3. Educable (moron) – 50-70
 Watson – behavior
4. Border Line Defective – 70-80
 Freud – treatment of mental illness
5. Low Average – 80-90
 Psychological test – measurement 6. Average or Normal – 90-110
7. High Average – 110-120
8. Superior – 120-130
Schools of Psychology 9. Very Superior – 130-140
1. Structuralism – study of conscious experience 10. Genius – 140 and up
2. Functionalism – study of man’s adjustment to his
environment
3. Behaviorism – study of behavior not consciousness V. LEARNING
- Study of overt behavior
4. Associationism – learning is the formation of bonds Learning – a process of involving both the whole
and connections in the nervous system thing of the child and the total situation. It
5. Psychoanalytic School – study of unconscious continues throughout an individual’s life.
experience  Adaptation – acquire, accept from environment
 Id – amoral, animalistic (PUPCET, passed and comply the requirements and
 Ego – pride, reality, within the standards of society select course)
 Adjustment – the way we practice or adaptation
 Superego – conscience, moral
or cope with the situation (cope with college
6. Gestalt School – overall experience is more
environment, less social life more time to study)
important than the elements which made it up
 Change in behavior – result, when there are
7. Purposivism – objects have definite purpose
learned things, there are changes
Types of Behavior:
Types of Learning
1. A. Overt – observable behavior
a. Rational Learning – abstract/basic to concrete
- Facial expressions, actions
to concept to knowledge
B. Covert – unobservable behavior
- Involves the process of abstraction by which
- emotions, feelings, thinking, hidden desires
concepts are formed
2. A. Conscious – aware - Math, English, Science
- Through sensation - Outcome is knowledge
B. Unconscious – unaware b. Motor Learning - begins with mind
- mannerisms (normal condition) - Observation, imitation, repetitive actions,
- drunk, high (abnormal condition) then acquisition of movement
- Accuracy of movement that begins with
3. A. Normal – actions with consideration of laws, mind
folkways - Outcome is skill
B. Abnormal – can be mental, physical (paranoia, - PE, arts
phobia, birthmarks) c. Associational Learning – ideas and
experiences are retained, recalled, recognized
 - Outcome is the retention and acquisition of b. Verbal Thinking
facts and information - With words
- Dates, numbers - Most formal education is concerned with the
d. Appreciational Learning – process of acquiring dual process of learning concepts and at the
ideas, attitude, knowledge, satisfaction, values same time attaching names to them
and judgment - Thinking is verbal matter which involves
- involves aesthetic development
words and concepts which words stand.
- It depends on the attitudes, ideal,
- Communicate words to describe and
satisfaction, judgment, and knowledge
concerning values as well as recognition of interpret
worth c. Creative Thinking
- PUP Logo Star (star means highest form of - Product of right hemisphere
learning) - Must be novel, unusual, or original and must
be useful of meaningful
d. Convergent
Laws of Learning - Leads to one intended answer
a. The Law of Readiness – maturation in terms of - Identification
age, physiological and psychological e. Divergent
b. The Law of Exercise – law of use (retention) - We think in different directions; various
and law of disuse (forgetting) answer
c. The Law of Effect – pleasant (use), unpleasant - Multiple choice
(disuse) it supplements the law of exercise - Matching type
- States that connections which are pleasant
to be repeated and strengthened

Factors Affecting Learning f. Problem Solving

1. Maturation or readiness – through guidance or - Highest form of thinking because it has
training process or stages
2. Intelligence of Learner –native capacity of an - There are stages:
individual  Preparation – collect facts and
3. Opportunities for Learning – economic conditions material that seem to be relevant to
4. Environmental Conditions – school facilities the problem
5. Health of the Learner – physical defects  Incubation – after failure is solving
6. Emotional Factor – personal problem
the problem, the thinker temporarily
gives up
VI. THINKING - utilize the materials
 Illumination – production of novel
Thinking - is a process of symbolic mediation. solution
 Symbolic – thinking is done under symbols, - AHA moment
inner interpretation, and representation  Evaluation – determines that idea
 Mediation – thinking fills the gap between a will work
stimuli and response - trial of the ideas and adjustments
 Human Behavior – battle field - Factors Affecting:
 Memory is a term used to label the way facts and  Intelligence –
past experiences are impressed, retained and later  Motivation – directness to thought
recalled.  Set – the way people used to do
things
Classifications of Thinking  Functional Fixedness – tendency to
a. Conceptual Thinking think of objects in the way they usually
- Involves where in people engage in thinking function
which concepts are mediating process.
- Symbolic construction represents feature or g. Reasoning
attribute objects - Why and how
- Example: Ballpen, color or brand - Follows logical order
 h. Imagery
- Photographic memory
creating imaginary situations in mind
VII. MOTIVATION
Motivation – from the word motives which means
inner state that energizes, activates or moves behavior
towards goal.
 Motive – something that incites the organism to
function
 Need – lack of something that needed to satisfy
 Drive – physiological/psychological
- Impels the organism to become active
 Goal – something that satisfy a need
Classifications of Motives
a. Physiological/Survival Motives – normal body
functions
- Hunger – rhythmic construction of empty
stomach
- Thirst – when deprived from water for over
period of hours
- Recovery for Fatigue – desire to rest and get
some sleep
- Maintenance of Temperature Nomulcy – 98.6
degree Fahrenheit
- Avoidance of Pain – not wanting to be hurt
b. Psychological/Social Motives – arises from the
interaction of other people
- Affectional drive – love and affection
- Need for security and safety – strong desire to
be secured
- Sex urge – involves another person
- The need for affiliation – associate oneself with
others
- Gregariousness – wants to be in the presence
of others
- Dependency – depending for supports from
parents
- Social Approval – to be approved by the group
c. Personal Motives/Ego-Integrative Motives –
built around “self”
- Recognition – prestige and status drive
- Achievement drive – feeling of having done
something worthwhile or important
- Power drive – need to control or influence other
people
- Autonomy – drive for independence; the need to
resist influence of others
- Defensiveness drive – desire to depend oneself
from blame, criticism
VIII. EMOTIONS
Emotions – integrated reaction of total organism
 movare, emovare means to stir up, agitated,
upset or move
integrated; internal (increase of pulse rate) and
external (trembling, excessive sweating)
total organism – an experience of total organism
variations
 basic – innate (love, fear, anger)
 derived – interaction (manifestations of fear,
love and anger like happiness, sadness,
nervousness etc.)
 mild – puppy love, crush, infatuation
 intense – obsessions, possession, jealousy
 positive – pleasant
 negative – unpleasant
 constructive – love
 destructive – too much love will kill you
Aspects of Emotion
a. Physiological – internal bodily changes
- Circulatory system (change of heart beat),
respiratory system (gasping for breath)
b. Emotional behavior – observable reactions of
your behavior
- amygdala – part of brain that plays the role of
emotion
- Gestures, facial and vocal expressions
c. Emotional experience – experience of emotions
- Because of feelings
- Personal, subjective, varied
- Tension, relaxation, excitement
Emotional Responses
1. Fear – common response to environmental
stimuli
- Distress, grief
2. Anger – often express before we have thought
about it
- Annoyance, disgust, disappointment, wrath,
scorn, hatred, frustration
3. Love – pleasant experience has their roots in
emotional response of love
- Joy, laughter, excitement, thrill, affection,
happiness
Ways of Controlling Emotions
1. Outward manifestations – overt behaviors
(gritting our teeth, clenching)
2. Emotional situations – we try to avoid situation
that triggers our emotional responses
3. Temperament – hold your temper
4. Emotional suppressions – been beneficial and
negative effects
5. Teaching emotional control – learn to face
reality, emotional problem needs a solution
6. Expecting emotional situations – learns to
develop emotional responses that are
sanctioned by society
 FINALS
I. PHYSICAL SELF AND SEXUAL SELF
HEREDITY – transfer of traits from parents to
offspring possible because of genes from
fertilization
 TRAITS
o Physical – hair color
o Mental – mathematical/literary skills
- mental retardation
o Health – heart illnesses
- allergies, asthma
GENES – traits or characteristics to be inherited
by an offspring from the parents through the
union of sperm and egg cell
- “unit of DNA201D
CHROMOSOMES – 23 from mother, 23 from
father
 Autosome – 22 pairs
1. Physical Traits – hair color, nose shape
2. Mental Traits – mathematical ability,
mental defects
 Gonosome – 1 pair
- “gono” from “gonad” means “sex-linked
chromosomes”
o Estrogen – female hormone
o Progesterone – female hormone, active
during pregnancy up to giving birth
o Testosterone – male hormone
 X + X female, X + Y male
– 23 pairs
FERTILIZATION – union of sperm cell and egg
cell
- formation of zygote (a cell that is formed when
egg and sperm is combined)
 STAGES
1. Germinal Stage – zygote is an ordinary
cell division
- multiplication of cells and one multiplied
it becomes complete set of cells
2. Embryonic Stage – miniature critical
- first three months of pregnancy
- petal sac (inunan)
- umbilical cord (tube nutrients)
- amiutic fluid
3. Fetal Stage – fetus
Fetal Sac – for water
Umbilical Cord – for foods, nutrients, air
GERM CELLS
 Produces ovaries (egg cell, left and right,
internal)
o Egg Cell – one ripened egg, circle or
round and visible
 Produces testes (sperm cell, left and right,
external)
o Sperm Cell – millions of cell, tail and
head, microscopic
 begin to form until the eight week of
embryonic development
MULTIPLE BIRTHS
 Identical Twins – single zygote
- monozygonic twins
- same physical appearance
 Fraternal Twins – dizygotic twins
- two eggs at the fallopian tube
- different physical characteristics because
they come from 2 cells
 Quadruplets – 1 egg and 1 sperm split into 4
 Triplets - 1 egg and 1 sperm split into 3
 Siamese - conjoined twins
GENETIC DISORDER
 Turner’s Syndrome – problem in the 23rd part
of the chromosome
- absence of egg cell
- cannot carry a child
 Kunefeller’s Syndrome – problem in the 23rd
part of the chromosome
- small testicle
- supermale syndrome = super aggressive
individuals, easily to commit crime
 Down’s Syndrome – problem in the 21st pair
of chromosome
- physical or mental manifestation
- slow learner and same physical features
 PKU Syndrome – slow learner, boarder line
defective
- phenylketonuria (lack of phenylaline)
WHY 21ST PAIR OF CHROMOSOME FAIL?
 early pregnancy
 late pregnancy
 4th degree of consanguinity:
1st degree – mother to son
- father to daughter
2nd degree – siblings to siblings
3rd degree – uncles to nieces
4th degree – 1st cousins
DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 Sexually transmitted disease - infections that
are passed through sexual intercourse.
 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease - vaginal
infections that are left untreated that spreads
to female reproductive tract
 Orchiditis - inflammation of testes
 Tumors - common reproductive cancers such
as tumors in breast and cervix
 Menopause
 Epididymitis
EROGENOUS ZONE – refer to the parts of the
body that are primarily receptive and increase
sexual arousal when touched in sexual manner.
- mouth, breast, genitals and anus
TYPES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
 Solitary Behavior – involving one individual
- self-gratification
- begins at or before puberty
- common to unmarried
 Sociosexual – one or more
- motivated by curiosity
-“coitus”
1. Heterosexual – male with female
2. Homosexual – male with male or female with
female
HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR FACTORS
 Inherited sexual response – to ensure
human behavior
 Degree of Restraint or another type of
Influence
o Mahinhin/Maginoo
o Sanctity of marriage
o Adultery – babae nangaliwa
o Concubinage – lalaki nangaliwa
 Reflexes - nerves receive commands from
brain and send them to the muscles; spinal
cord serves as a great transmission cable.
Natural and Artificial Methods of
Contraception
 Natural Method
1. Abstinence – saying no to sex
2. Calendar Method – withholding from coitus
during the days that a woman is fertile
- 3 to 4 days before and 3 to 4 days after
ovulation for safe sex to prevent
contraception
3. Basal Body Temperature – woman’s
temperature at rest
 Artificial Method
1. Oral Contraceptives – pill that limits sperm’s
access to ovaries
2. Hormonal Injections – changes in the
endometrium and cervical mucus and can
help prevent ovulation
3. Male Condoms – a rubber sheath that is
placed on the erects male reproductive organ
to traps sperms
SEXUAL PROBLEMS
1. Physiological Problem
- least among them
- abnormal development of genitalia or the
ones that control sexual response
2. Psychological Problem
- largest category
- caused by socially induced inhibitors,
sexual myths by society
a. Premature emission of semen
b. Ejaculatory response – inability to
ejaculate in coitus
c. Vaginismus – strong spasm of the
pelvic; penetration is painful

PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN SEXUAL

RESPONSE
 Excitement Phase – increase of pulse and
blood pressure
 Plateau Phase – brief duration
- orgasm usually occurs
 Sexual Climax – intense pleasure
 Resolution Phase – return to normal and
physiological state

NERVOUS SYSTEM FACTORS

 Autonomic System – involved in controlling
the involuntary responses
 Hypothalamus and Limbic System – are parts
of the brain believed to be responsible for
regulating the sexual response
II. MATERIAL SELF
 Belk 1988 – we regard our possessions as
parts of ourselves. We are what we have and
what we possess.
 James 1890 – a man’s self is the sum of all
what he can call his. When the owner placed
a high value on things, it becomes their
symbol.
 William James – understanding the self can
be examined through its different
COMPONENTS OF MATERIAL SELF:
1. Its constituents
o Material Self -
o Spiritual Self – there will always be
one “unknown” that will help
o Social Self – because of dependency
- acceptance and approval
- to get love and affection to other
people
o Pure Ego
2. Feelings and emotions they arouse (Self-
feeling)
3. The actions to which they prompt (Self-
preservation)
MATERIAL SELF INVESTMENT DIAGRAM
1. Body - we are directly attached to this
commodity, investing in our body, that we
cannot live about
- we strive hard to make sure that this body
functions well and good.
2. Clothes - the fabric and style of the clothes
we wear affect our attitudes and behaviors
- clothing is a form of self-expression
3. Immediate Family
- what they do or become affects us
- we place huge investment on them when
we see them as the nearest replica of our
self.
4. Home
- it is where our heart is; earliest nest of our
selfhood
- our experiences inside the home were
recorded and marked on a parts and things
on our home
- it is an extension of self because in it, we
can directly connect our self
Having investment of self to things, made us
attached to those things. We tend to collect and
possess properties.
III. SPIRITUAL SELF – if everyone fails, there is
one “unknown” that will help
 RELIGION – “religare” or to bind
- set of cultural beliefs and practices that
includes some or all of the following
characteristics:
1. A belief in anthropomorphic supernatural –
human form
2. A focus on sacred supernatural – with
respect
3. Presence of supernatural power and energy
– bible, cross, church
4. Performance of ritual activities
5. Articulation of worldview and moral codes –
scriptures as the guide
6. Provides creation and maintenance of social
bonds within a community
RELIGIONS:
1. Buddhism
- there are suffering, pain, and frustration
- reactive cycle of wanting & hating, like and
dislike
 Samatha – practiced as mindfulness of
breathing and developing of loving-kindnes
 Vipassana – practices aim at developing
insight into reality
 Dharma – their reading where one can
acquire knowledge
Three Universal Truth
o Annica – Everything is impermanent and
changing. 
o Dukkha – Impermanence leads to suffering,
making life imperfect.
o Anatto – The self is not personal and
unchanging.
Four Noble Truth
o Dukkha - the truth of suffering
- all life involves suffering
o Samudaya - The truth of the origin of
suffering
- suffering is caused by desire and
attachment
o Nirodha - The truth of the cessation of
suffering
- desire and attachment can be overcome
o Magga - The truth of the path to the
cessation of suffering
- the way to overcome is the Eightfold Path
 Noble Eightfold Path
o Right View – know the truth
o Right Mindfulness – control thoughts
o Right Concentration - meditation
o Right Effort – resist evil
o Right Livelihood – respected life
o Right Action – work for other’s good
o Right Speech – avoid hurting people
o Right Intention – free your mind from
evil
2. Christianity
- believes in Trinitarian God
- God the Father (creator), God the Son, (savior)
and God the Holy Spirit (sustainer).
 Sacrament of Baptism and Communion
 Christmas and Resurrection (Easter)
celebrations
3. Symbolic in relation to its reference
3 MAJOR LOGOTHERAPHY ASSUMPTIONS
1. Life has meaning under all
circumstances.
2. Main motivation for living is our will to find
meaning in life.
3. We all have freedom to find meaning.
FRANKL’S SOURCES OF MEANING
1. Purposive Work
2. courage in the Face of difficulty
3. Love

3. Hinduism – existence is a cycle of birth, death

and rebirth governed by karma
- reincarnated life will depend on how the past life
was spent
 Navrati – festival of nine nights, celebrates the
triumph of good over evil
 Vedas – sacred scriptures
 Diwali – festival of lights

4. Islam – Allah is their “One God”

- believes in unity and universality
- islam means “willing submission to God”

FIVE PILLARS
 Salat – prayer that is done five times a day
 Shahadah – statement of faith
 Zakat – monetary offering; 2.5% of Muslim’s
assets
 Hajj – yearly pilgrimage to Mecca
 Sawm – fasting

5. Judaism
- believes in God of Abraham
- believes in the coming of Messiah
 Rosh Hashanah – New Year
 Yom Kippur – the day of atonement
 Pesach – pass over
 Shavuot – Pentecost
 Sukkot – tabernacles

 RITUAL - performance of ceremonial acts

prescribed by a tradition or a sacred law
CHARACTERISTICS OF RITUAL
1. A feeling of respect, awe, fascination, or
dread in relation to sacred
2. Dependence on belief system expressed in
myth language
IV. THE POLITICAL SELF AND BEING A Social Identity – is the level of self whereby the
FILIPINO individual is identified by his or her group
membership
VALUES AND TRAITS:
INFLUENCE OF INTERNET IN TERMS OF
1. Filipino Hospitality SEXUALITY AND GENDER
2. Respect for Elders  Sex – biological state
3. Close Family ties  Gender – social understanding of how
4. Cheerful personality sex should be experience and manifests
5. Self-sacrifice in behavior, personality, preferences,
6. Bayanihan capabilities, and so forth.
7. “Bahala Na” Attitude - how do you want to exercise your sex
8. Colonial Mentality - feminine or masculine
9. “Mañana” Habit  Sexuality – sexual preference
10. Ningas Kugon - is an individual expression and
11. Pride understanding of desire (homosexual or
12. Crab Mentality heterosexual)
13. Filipino Time - who you’re attracted to sexually and
romantically. 
FILIPINO MARKERS
1. Proverbs/Salawikain VI. LEARNING TO BE A BETTER LEARNER
2. Superstitions
3. Myths and Legends LEARNING
4. Heroes and Icons - the process of gaining knowledge and expertise
- results to permanent change (retention of
HOW TO BE A GOOD FILIPINO: knowledge)
1. Be an active Filipino Citizen
2. Study the Philippine History LEARNING CONDITIONS
3. Support local products  Awareness – students must recognize that
4. Speak the Filipino language there is something they need to learn
5. Do not spread fake news and be  Interest-Powered – teachers must help
democratic in engaging with dissent. students understand why the information
they’re sharing is meaningful to them
personally
V. DIGITAL SELF
 Motivation – involves professional standards
Tim Berners-Lee – made WWW available to the and expectations they need to meet someday
public  Relevance – students learn more effectively if
they understand the relevance of a topic in
“Anything posted online is considered public.” their lives
- through screenshots
 Engagement – students are immersing
themselves in the subject matter
Persona – is the partial identity we create that
represents ourselves in a specifics situation  Repetition
- depends upon the situation  Support – making sure the students have all
the tools they need to succeed in the course
Self-presentation – is the process of controlling  Food - that will supplement on their learning
how one is perceived by other people  Healthy lifestyle
- the key to relationship inception and
development

Online Identity – is the sum of all our

characteristics and our interactions online
Personal Identity – the self which differentiated
the individual unique from others
- emotional disposition, how we stand
LEARNING TECHNIQUES
 Self-explanation
 Summarization
 Highlighting
 Keywords Mnemonic
 Imagery for Text
 Practice Testing
METACOGNITION
- “Thinking about thinking.” – possible
interpretation of idea from past experiences,
possible connection of present to future.
- awareness of the scope and limitations of your
current knowledge and skills
- enables the person to adapt their existing
knowledge and skills to approach a learning
task, seeking for the optimum result of the
learning experience
- not limited to the thinking process, includes
keeping one’s motivations and emotions while
learning
2 ASPECTS OF METACOGNITION
 Self-Appraisal – personal reflection on your
knowledge and capabilities
 Self-Management – process of planning to
learn
ELEMENTS OF METACOGNITION
1. Metacognitive Knowledge – what you
know about how you think Variables
that affects how you assess yourself:
a. Personal Variable – your evaluation
of your strengths and weaknesses in
learning
b. Task Variable – what you think about
the nature of the tasks and the
strategies required
c. Strategy Variable – what
strategies/skills you already have in
dealing a task
2. Metacognition Regulation – how you
adjust your thinking processes to help
you learn better.
SKILLS THAT CAN HELP YOU IN
EXERCISING METACOGNITION
1. Knowing your limits
2. Modifying your approach
3. Skimming – reading or browsing
keywords to get the overview of the
whole material
4. Rehearsing – trying to make a personal
interpretation
5. Self-test
4 TYPES OF METACOGNITIVE LEARNERS
1. Tacit Learners – unaware of their
metacognitive processes although they know
the extent of their knowledge
2. Aware Learners – know some of their
metacognitive strategies but they do not plan
on how to use these techniques
3. Strategic Learners – strategize and plan their
course of action toward a learning
experience
4. Reflective Learners – reflect on their thinking
while they’re using the strategies and adapt
metacognitive skills depending on their
situation.
VII. SETTING GOALS FOR SUCCES
SUCCESS – accomplishment of aim or purpose
– fulfilment of your purpose
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY BY ALBERT
BANDURA
- viewed people as agents of experience
- people are more than reactive organisms;
shaped by the environment
- modeling is important part of learning
HUMAN AGENCY
– the human capability to influence over one’s
functioning and the course of event by one’s
actions
SELF EFFICACY
– they can successfully perform behaviors that
will produce desirable outcome
- confidence
COLLECTIVE EFFICACY
- group’s shared belief in its ability to organize
and carry out actions that will lead to the
fulfillment of group goals.
1. OUTCOME EXPECTANCY – a person’s
estimate that given behavior will lead to
certain outcomes
- behavior will lead to outcome
2. EFFICACY EXPECTATION – the conviction
that one can successfully execute the
behavior required to produce the outcomes
- outcome will lead to required behavior
High Assurance in their Capabilities
1. approach hard tasks as challenges
2. set strong commitment to challenging goals
3. sustain efforts in the face of failures
4. attribute failure to insufficient effort
 Who Doubt Their Capabilities
1. shy away from tasks they view as personal
threats
2. have weak commitment to their goals
3. dwells on personal deficiencies
4. gives up quickly
5. slow to recover
6. fall easy victim to stress and depression
Four Main Sources of Influence
1. performance accomplishments or mastery
experiences – most effective way
2. vicarious experiences – determines the
strength
3. verbal or social persuasion – make people
believe that they have what it takes
4. psychological states – how stress is
perceived and interpreted
FIXED AND GROWTH MINDSET THEORY BY
CAROL S. DWECK
 Fixed Mindset – people who believe that
success is based on their innate abilities
- dread failure because it is a negative
statement of their abilities
 Growth Mindset – people who believe that
success is based on hardwork, learning,
training and perseverance
- do not mind or fear failure because actions
can be improved and learning comes from
failure
- allow a person to live a less stressful and
more successful life
GOAL SETTING THEORY BY EDWIN LOCKE
 Final Causality
- action caused by a purpose
 Goal Attributes
- Internal: ideas or desired end
- guides action to attain the object
External: content, object, or condition
sought, a job
3 principles:
1. Specific goals increase performance
2. Difficult goals when accepted result to
higher performance
3. Feedback leads to higher performance
Task Support – seek help from people, tools
Psychological Support – knowledge
VIII. STRESS MANAGEMENT
 Stress – is any uncomfortable emotional
experience accompanied by predictable
biochemical, physiological, and behavioral
changes.
 Eustress – stress in daily life that has positive
connotations
 Distress – negative connotations
3 COMPONENTS OF STESS SYNDROME
1. Alarm Stage – mobilization of the body’s
defensive forces
- Preparing for fight or flight
2. Stage of Resistance – the body became
adaptive to the challenge
3. Exhaustion Stage – the body dies because it
has used up its resources of adaptation
energy
TECHNICS TO COUNTER CHRONIC STRESS
1. Relaxation response.
2. Physical activity
3. Social support
SELF CARE THERAPY
1. Stop, breathe and tell yourself that you
will get through this.
2. Acknowledge to yourself what you are
feeling.
3. Find someone who listens and is
accepting.
4. Maintain your normal routine if possible.
5. Allow plenty time for your task.
6. Take good care of yourself.
SELF-COMPASSION THERAPY
- entails being war, and understanding
towards ourself when we suffer
rather than self-criticism.
SELF-COMPASSION PHRASES
1. This is a moment of suffering.
2. Suffering is part of life.
3. May I be kind to myself.
4. May I give myself the compassion I
need.