Bautista, BJ G.
BS Crim 3-B
FORENSIC5: Lie Detection Techniques
(continuation…)
Use of Word Association Test
-A list of stimulus and non-stimulus word is read to the
subject who is instructed to answer as quickly as
possible
-The answer to the question may be a “YES” OR “NO”
-Unlike the lie detector the time of interval between the
words uttered by the examiner and the answer of the
subject is recorded.
-Techniques not machine
-Speed of the answer specially the interval of answers
or responses in questions
-When the subject is asked questions with reference to
his name address, civil status, nationality, etc, which has
no relation to the subject matter of the investigation,
the tendency is to answer quickly.
How are polygraph and psychological stress evaluator
similar?
-The PSE and the polygraph operate similarly. Both rely
on the fact that deception causes stress and that stress
causes psycho- physiological changes. 2 The polygraph
measures changes in the subject's heartbeat,
respiration and perspiration. The PSE mea- sures
changes in the subject's voice.
-It was developed to detect levels of significant
emotional stress from vocal utterances and was
expected to be useful in psychological and psychiatric
evaluations and in lie detection.
-Another mechanical instrument currently used to
detect deception is the Psychological Stress Evaluation
(introduced in the 1970's), which measures human
stress by analyzing the voice.
Use of Drugs that inhibit the inhibitor
A. administration of truth serum
-The term “truth serum” is a misnomer the procedure
does not make someone tell the truth and the thing
administered is not a serum but it’s actually a drug.
-In the test hyoscine hydrobromide is given
hypodermically in repeated doses until a state of
delirium is induced
-When the proper point is reached, the questioning
begins and the subject feels the compulsion to answer
the questions truthfully. He forgets his alibi that he may
have built up to cover his guilt.
-He may give details about his acts or may even
implicate others
Narcoanalysis or Narcosynthesis
-The term Narco analysis is derived from the Greek
word narko (meaning anaesthesia or Torpor) and is
used to describe a diagnostic and psychotherapeutic
technique that uses psychotropic drugs, particularly
barbiturates.
-in a treatment technique that involves the
administration of narcotic drugs to stimulate recall of
emotional traumas, followed by “synthesis” of these
experiences with the patient's emotional life through
therapeutic discussions in the waking state.
-A method of treating acute traumatic neurosis by
working with a patient while he or she is under the
influence of a hypnotic drug. Narcoanalysis is directed
toward making the patient recall repressed memories
and emotional traumas.
Intoxication
What is an example of intoxication?
-Involuntary intoxication occurs when someone is
tricked into consuming a substance like drugs or
alcohol, or when someone is forced to do so. For
instance, a woman who has a date rape drug placed in
her drink without her knowledge is involuntarily
intoxicated.

What are the signs of intoxication?
Signs of Intoxication
-Difficulty with fine motor skills (difficulty picking up
small things like toothpicks, napkins, tying their shoes
etc.)
-Speaking too loud or too softly.
-Talking fast, then slow, then fast.
-Slurred speech.
-Bloodshot eyes.
-Sweating when no one else is.
-Dopey, not alert (responds slowly to questions)
Hypnotism
-It is the alteration of consciousness and concentration
in which the subject manifest a heightened
suggestibility while awareness is maintained.
-The subject is instructed to sit quietly and gaze at a
flashing light or shiny object dangled before his eyes
and cooperate with whatever the hypnotizer would like
him to do.
-In this case, consciousness and cooperation of the
subject is a must
-Franz Anton Mesmer – was the first to introduce
hypnotism as a method of detecting deception
Scientific Interrogation
-Interrogation is a questioning of a person suspected of
having committed an offense or of persons who are
reluctant or unwilling to make a full disclosure of
information in his possession that is pertinent to the
investigation
-It may be done on a suspect or sometimes a witness
Passive Role
-In using this approach, the investigator allows the
interviewee to control many aspects of the interview
subject matter, formality, and pace.
-The passive approach is commonly called as “non-
directive interview”
Aggressive Role
-The aggressive role requires the investigator to
establish the goals and purpose of the interview at the
outset of the interview.
-He controls the pace, formality, and subject matter of
the interview
-An aggressive approach is commonly called a directive
interview
-To employ this approach the investigator uses primary
closed or narrow questions most of which require only
short or direct answer
Confession
-Confession is an expressed acknowledgment by the
accused in a criminal case of the truth of his guilt as to
the crime charged or of some essential thereof
-Confession is different from admission, although
admission includes as one of its species confession.
-Confession is a statement of guilt while admission is
usually a statement of facts by the accused that does
not directly involve an acknowledgment of the accused.
Observation
-Express emotion without saying a word, the primary
reason for the existence of any investigator, whether in
the criminal, loss prevention personnel, intelligence,
and private investigation field is to gather information
concerning the case being investigated
CONTINUATION…
-A good criminal investigator must be a keen observer
and a good psychologist. A subject under stress on
account of the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous
system may exhibit changes that may be used as a
potential clue of deception
-In recent years the study of “kinesics” interrogation
and interview has gained acceptance as a method of
detecting deception and truthfulness on the part of the
subject
-These outward physical behaviors of the body
exhibited during communication are known as “Non-
Verbal Communication”. Nonverbal communication is
defined as any part of communicative expression
outside of the words used to verbalized a response or
question
-By understanding the “ vocabulary ” of body language
along with the diagnosis of a person’s verbal output an
interviewer could easily asses a person’s truthfulness or
deception regarding the current issue under discussion
Types of Lies
DIRECT DENIAL
-This lie is manifested by the response I DIT NOT DO IT
to evade inner conflict while seeming to answer
questions
LIE OF OMISSION
-the type of lie commonly used because it is easy to tell.
The act of telling what transpired but omitting details
that are incrimination
LIE OF EXAGGERATION
-the type of lies used by a person who overplays what
actually happens. These could be in the form on a
testimony where details are added to intensify the
impact of the story
LIE OF MINIMIZATION
-involved the acceptance of a person that something
happened but downplays the implication or seriousness
of the offense
FABRICATED LIE
-also called “lie of fabrication”
- the type of lie that is most difficult to use
-this involves the act of creating a story or series of
events that never transpired
Other Types of Lies
WHITE LIE
-If you refer to an untrue statement as a white lie, you
mean that it is made to avoid hurting someone's
feelings or to avoid trouble, and not for an evil purpose.
RED LIE
-(black propaganda/political lies) sometimes called
misinformation this is a line of information that is
seemingly valuable but is intended to destroy political
belief or ideology
MALICIOUS LIES
- it is usually in the form of a pure dishonest statement
for the purpose of obstructing justice.
TYPES OF LIARS
PANIC LIAR
-A person who lies in order to avoid the consequence of
confession.
-A type of liar is afraid of embarrassment to loved ones
and is a serious blow to his ego.
OCCUPATIONAL LIAR
- A type of liar that this person is a practiced liar and lies
when it has a higher payoff than telling the truth.
TOURNAMENT LIAR
- A person who loves to lie and is excited by the
challenge of not being detected. Tournament Liar.
ETHNOLOGICAL LIAR
- a person trained to lie
PSYCHOPATHIC LIAR
- an individual who has no conscience thus capable of
lying to the point of causing death to other people.
PATHOLOGICAL LIAR
-creating a false history, such as saying they've achieved
or experienced something they haven't.
• claiming to have a life-threatening illness that
they don't have.
• telling lies to impress others, such as saying
they're related to a famous person.
BLACK LIAR
-one who enjoys pretending and better known as
HYPOCRITE (mapagpanggap)
KINESICS INTERROGATION AND INTERVIEW
-Kinesics interview and interrogation is viewed as a
multi-phase behavioral analysis system used to conduct
more effective and efficient interpersonal
communication.
-KINESICS is the study of observable outward physical
behaviors of the body
Five Stress Response Techniques
1. ANGER
-anger response is a mood of dominance in which the
subject will be trying to gain or maintain control
through some form of aggression.
-the use of anger is a mental form of fight known as
“flight or fight” response
2. FOCUSED ANGER
-this is the most easily recognizable of the two forms
“FOCUSED ANGER” is an open frontal attack on the
interviewer, victim or witness
3. COVERT ANGER
- this is a subtle use of aggression by the subject
-this clandestine attack is conducted on an intellectual
level and is very often overlooked by the interviewer
4. DEPRESSION
-Depression is of opposite ends of the behavior or
conflict response continuum although the two have a
strong common bond the common bond between
anger and depression is the presence of aggression (do
not misinterpret depression as acceptance. Listen for
the verbal output and proceed with caution)
5. DENIAL
-the stress-response state of denial is the subject effort
to reject reality
-more than 90% of the subject’s deceptive behavior will
present itself to the investigative interviewer in the
form of a denial
BARGAINING
-The weakest of all moods of rejection thereby leaving
the subject open for some manipulation by the
interviewer.
-When responding with bargaining the subject is making
an attempt to get the listener to agree with their
perception of themselves an/or the conditions
surrounding the issue at hand
 A- complaining for sympathy- paawa effect
 B- subtitute words –pagpapababa ng kasalanan
 C- Gray statement-madaming paligoy ligoy
 D- Religious Statement-ginagamit ang salita ng
Diyos
 E- Personal moral statement- pinapabango ang
pangalan
 F- Overly courteous – sobrang bait
 G- Name dropping- pag gamit ng mga
maipluwensyang tao
Acknowledgment (acceptance)
-When the subject has reached the point of acceptance
he will no longer deny the reality of the event.
-However, this window of opportunity may not remain
open for very long
-It may also be a very tentative situation in that the
wrong stimulus overstimulation or even an overly
energetic response from the interviewer could cause
the window to close
-At this point, there are three general types of
statements from a subject that will indicate that they
may be ready or open to the suggestion of confession
these are;
A. buy out statement- bayaran nalang para matapos
B. fantasy reality statement- childish behavior / moody
or bipolar
C. Punishment Statement- kinakabahan ka sa mga
posibleng mangyari sayu
 - one conducting the polygraph examination

Polygraph test/polygraph examination

- is the whole process of questioning or taking one chart

from a series of questions or all of the charts and
TASKS OF THE FORENSIC PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIST
questions sheet used in the test
(EXAMINER)
Polygraph chart /polygram
1. Interview
- refers to the recorded tracing of all the emotional
– gathers all facts about the case by asking
patterns permanently on the charts or graphs from
questions
series of questions
2. Formulate
Detection
- polygraph questions
-is the act of discovering the existence or pressure of
3. Prepare and set up the polygraph instrument something hidden obscured

4. Conduct pre-test questioning Deception

5. Profile the subject -is an act of deceiving or misleading usually

accompanied by lying
6. Prepare/condition the subject as so to be
tested Polygram

7. Collect Polygrams -refers to the composite records of the pneumograph,

galvanograph, and cardiograph tracing recorded from
8. Analyze and interpret polygraph tracings series of questions
9. Conduct post-test Questioning

Definitions of Terms

Stimulus

- is the force or motion reaching the organism from the

environment and excites the preceptors

Reaction

- any activity aroused in an organism by a stimulus

which is of mental process

Response

- any reaction usually of the muscular or glandular

process that depends upon stimulation

Specific response

- one that is exhibited by a subject to a particular

question which is a deviation from his norm

Subject

-refers to any person undergoing a polygraph

examination

Polygraph examiner/polygraphist

CHAPTER 2
THE HUMAN BODY SYSTEM AND THE
POLYGRAPH INSTRUMENT
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM(CNS)
-the central nervous system is the body's processing
center
-the brain controls most of the functions of the body,
including awareness, movement, thinking, speech, and
the 5 senses of seeing, hearing, feeling, tasting and
smelling
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
-the circulatory system is made up of blood vessels that
carry blood away from and towards the heart.
-Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins
carry blood back to the heart. T
-the circulatory system carries oxygen, nutrients, and
hormones to cells, and removes waste products, like
carbon dioxide.
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
-the respiratory system includes the nose, mouth,
throat, voice box, windpipe, and lungs.
-Air enters the respiratory system through the nose or
the mouth. If it goes in the nostrils (also called nares),
the air is warmed and humidified
RESPIRATORY TRACK
-(RES-pih-ruh-TOR-ee trakt)  FOUR MAJOR UNITS / SECTION OF POLYGRAPH
-the organs that are involved in breathing
-these include the nose, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
and lungs. Also called the respiratory system. Enlarge.
THE BONY CAGE
-the Bone Cage means “the body.” I could have even
called the novel The Body, but that's a bit heavy-handed
and doesn't have the same ring. I like the cage imagery,
the suggestion that we're trapped by our own body's
limitations.
THE EXCRETORY
-Human excretory system includes organs that facilitate
the removal of nitrogenous wastes from the body. The
main excretory organs include the kidney, ureter,
urinary bladder, and urethra. Kidneys filter the blood
and urine is the filtrate obtained.
GENERAL RESPONSES RECORDED BY A POLYGRPH
PULSE RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE-Does
blood pressure and pulse change at the same rate?
-Your heart rate and your blood pressure do not
automatically increase at the same rate. It's possible for
your heart rate to safely increase twice as much as the
normal heart rate while your blood pressure only
increases a minimal amount
GALVANIC SKIN REFLEX
-the galvanic skin response (GSR, which falls under the
umbrella term of electrodermal activity, or EDA) refers
to changes in sweat gland activity that are reflective of
the intensity of our emotional state, otherwise known
as emotional arousal
RESPIRATION VOLUME RATE
-the normal respiratory rate for healthy adults is
between  12–20 breaths per minute. At this breathing
rate, the carbon dioxide exits the lungs at the same rate
that the body produces it. Breathing rates of below 12
or above 20 can mean a disruption in the normal
breathing processes
INSTRUMENT
1. CARDIOSPHYGMOGRAPH
- Is considered as the most important use to record
Blood pressure
2. PNEUMOGRAPH
- Use to record respiration
 3. GALVANOGRAPH -?

- Use to record perspiration FINGER ELECTRODES

– is attached on the index finger

Metal plates- ?

CARDIOSPHYGMOGRAPH COMPONENTS PNEUMOGRAPH

CUFFBAND- -A pneumography was used for recording respiratory

movements of the chest wall is described.
- is attached on the upper arm to measure the changes
on blood pressure -It has been used as a timer for electrokymographic
recordings of the respiratory movements of the
PUMP BULB
diaphragm, and chest wall, and the variations of the
-it is use to pump air going to the cuff band transmission of roentgen rays through the lungs during
respiration
NEEDLE BULB
Pneumograph Section
- use to adjust the pressure in releasing air
Corrugated rubber tubes
SPRING CLAMP
-The pneumograph is designed on a vacuum or
- it controls the amount of air pneumatic principle for recording of normal and
SPHYGMOMANOMETER GAUGE variation from subject respiratory norm. when the
subject inhales the volume of air within the tube
-used to measure the amount of air decrease when he exhales the tube expands
SPHYGHAND Vent valve
- a part of Sphygmomanometer gauge use to identify - this vent operates on the same principles as does the
the amount and pressure of the air inside the cuff band cardio vent. Its purpose is to open or close the
COVERED BLADDER pneumograph system

- Use to locate Pulse Main Centering Knob

PNEUMOGRAPH - manually operated the knob is used to adjust and keep

the pneumo recording pen in its proper place on the
-is placed on the Upper part of chest chart
CORROGATED RUBBER TUBES Ink well and Pen Fork
- is placed on the abdomen and thoracic - same basic function as in the cardio and galvo units.
BEADED CHAIN Pneumograph
- holder of the corrugated rubber tube when placing - most sensitive same length and size as the cardio pen
and identically construction so as to be interchangeable
GALVANOGRAPH
proper balance is obtained through use of its crew in
- Galvanic skin reflex (GSR Electricity) changes in our weight.
Perspiration (pawis or sweat)
Obtaining proper tracing or pattern
ELECTRIC CORD
– center the oscillating pen with the idea of obtaining a
-Release OHMS one inch amplitude where possible

Manual/ automatic switches Technical production of the pneumograph tracing

-normal adults produce a repiratory pattern of from - this part of the galvo is self-explanatory this knob is
fifteen to twenty breaths per minute simply used to position the pen on the chart and to
make adjustments

Inkwell and pen fork

PNEUMOGRAPH
– consist of two 10 inches convoluted tubes fastened
around the subject’s chest and abdomen. During a test,
as the circumference of the subject's chest and
abdomen increases with each inspiration of air, the
pneumograph tubes stretch: as the subject exhales, the
contraction it moves
-an instrument that records the movements or volume
change of the lungs. The record is produced either by
electric monitoring of the rate and extent of respiratory
movements or by X-ray imaging of the lungs after they
have been injected with gas to improve the visual
contrast between tissue areas.
GALVANOGRAPH
- the ink well here is the same as that of the cardio and
pneumo
Galvo pen
- this pen on both stoelting and keeler instruments as
far as production of tracing in a chart is concerned is
from about four to seven seconds behind the
pneumograph cardio colliding with the other two pens
and to allow a greater range of execution of the chart
KYMOGRAPH
-Writing levers are used to trace the recording from
muscle contractions
-some of the commonly used writing levers are the
simple lever, the frontal writing level, and the starling
heart lever

-the galvanograph component is used to record the skin -these writing levers are connected to a fulcrum which
resistance of the subject to a very small amount of is found on a secondary apparatus.
electricity.

- It is composed of the finger or palm electrode

assembly, and amplifier. unit and the galvanometer
recorded unit.

-The finger electrode connects the subject

Hand Electrodes --end--

- Depending on the instrument used keeler or stoelting
with or without conducting jelly palm or finger clip
method the hand electrodes system of the galvo unit
must first be appropriately attached to the subject.

Master Control Switch

-this switch activates the entire galvo section

Sensitivity (Reactivity)Control Dial

- a very important unit that must be used properly for

effective galvo operation the sensitivity control through
adjustment is intended to balance the electrical current
of the instrument with resistance within the subject’s
body

Balancing Control knob