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0.0 Course Content

CIV3201: FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
By 1. Introduction [8CH]

Dr. Gilbert J. KASANGAKI 2. Review of bearing capacity [6CH]

Room 254, CEDAT Old Building
School of Engineering,
3. Design of shallow foundations [10CH]
College of Engineering, Design, Art and design,
Makerere University,
P.O Box 7062,
4. Design of pile foundations [9CH]
Kampala.
5. Earth retaining systems [12CH]
Mob.: 077 2 536 341
070 6 307 373
E-mail: gkas@tech.mak.ac.ug 6. Practicals [15CH]
© 2014

Definition of the problem

3.0 Design of Shallow Foundations

And compare it with

supporting material
capacity to carry such a
pressure

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3.1 Design Essentials

Definition of the problem Recall that the performance of any foundation is judged
by its ability to resist both the bearing capacity failure
and excessive settlement.
It therefore means .................

Bearing
Capacity Settlement
Analysis Analysis
Footing should not
collapse due to
shear failure or
excessively settle
owing to material Design of Shallow Foundations to meet both
compressibility bearing capacity and settlement requirements

3.2 Spread footing: Geotechnical design 3.3 Design for concentric loads

Design for Concentric Downward Loads Allowable Bearing Pressure Method

Design for Eccentric or Moment Loads
◦ (qa)bc to satisfy bearing capacity
Design for Shear Loads
requirements
Design for Wind or Seismic Loads
◦ (qa)s to satisfy settlement requirements
Lightly Loaded Footings

Footing on or Near Slopes

◦ (qa)design is the lower of (qa)bc and (qa)s

Footings on Frozen Soils Design Chart Method

Footings on Soils Prone to Scour

Footings on Rock

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3.4.1 Minimum depth: Square and rectangular

3.4 Foundation depth footings
The foundation depth is among the first things to be
decided on and this is based on geotechnical
investigation recommendation, which itself is based on
the nature of the subsurface conditions

3.4.3 Other considerations for minimum

3.4.1 Minimum depth: Continuous footings
depth

Depth to “competent” soil

Depth of frost penetration

Presence of expansive soils

Potential for scour

Possibility of a shallow landslide

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3.4.4 Other considerations for maximum

3.5 Allowable bearing pressure method
depth

Allowable bearing pressure, qa is the largest

Potential undermining existing
bearing pressure that satisfies both bearing
foundations, utility lines etc.
capacity and settlement criteria.

Desire to avoid ground water table Select depth of embedment, D

Desire to avoid the need for excavation Determine the allowable bearing pressure
shoring based on bearing capacity analysis using the
smallest applied load

3.5 Allowable bearing pressure method TEST 1 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

TEST 1 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
117
120 110
Score No. Of Students
No. Of Students who passed each question

100 91
1 0 79
Determine the allowable bearing pressure
Number of Students

79 81
2 1 58 75
80 72
3 1 110
based on settlement analysis using the 4 13 81 58
60 53
5 14 117
largest applied load 38
6 33 35 40 33 35
7 38 53 20
Select qa as the lower value of the two 8 20 91 20 13 14
9 0 72 0 1 1 0 2
allowable bearing pressures. 10 2 75 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Total 122
Score (Marked out of 10)/Question number
Max 9
Min 1 Number of students who got a given mark
Mean 6.3 Number of students who passed a given question

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Worked out example: Design of shallow foundation

Solution to example 1
for concentric loading
The soil must be granular soil since it has no cohesion

Allowable bearing capacity for square footing:

The size of an isolated footing is to be limited
to 1.5 m square. Calculate the depth at which
the footing should be placed to take a load of
200 tonnes with a factor of safety 3. The soil is
having angle of internal friction φ = 30o , γ = 2.1
qallow = 1/F { 1.3 cNc + γD (Nq – 1) + 0.4 γ B Nγ } + γD
Now total load = 200 + 5/100 x 200 = 210 tonnes
qallow = 210/(1.5 x 1.5).
Put values in the above eq.
210/1.5 x 1.5 = 1/3 { 2.1 x D (22-1) + 0.4 x 2.1 x 1.5 x 20} + 2.1 x D

g/cc, weight of footing 5% of the external load. = 14.7D + 8.4 + 2.1D

Nq = 22, Nγ = 20. 16.8D = 93.4 – 8.4 = 85

∴ D = 85/16.8 = 5.6 meters

∴ The footing should be placed at least 5.6 m below the ground level

Worked out example 2: Design of shallow foundation

Solution to example 2
for concentric loading
Given:
The results of a plate load test in a sandy soil are given Size of the plate 0.305 x 0.305 m.
below. The size of the plate is 0.305x0.305m. Determine Load v/s settlement , draw a curve or plot the data.
the size of square footing of a column foundation that Load on footing------2500 kN
Max. settlement = 25mm Load
200 kN/m2
400 600 800
should carry a load of 2500 kN with a maximum
settlement of 25 mm. 10
(mm)
Settlement

30
Load/unit area (kN/m2) 200 400 600 700
50
Settlement (mm) 5 12.5 28 60
70
80

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Solution to example 2 Solution to example 2

The relevant equation is: What this means is that you assume the size of footing and
(Size in m)
find the corresponding amount of settlement where the trial
 (B p + 30.48)  
2
 B 
2
agrees with the conditions given (25mm settlement) will be
S F = S p  F    
 B p  (BF + 30.48)  
 the size of footing.Thus,
 
Or Table of results
Qo , Assumed qo Sp SF from above
 (3.28B p + 1) 
2
 B 
2
(kN) BF (cm) Qo /BF 2 , corresponding Eq. (mm)
S F = S p  F    (kN/m2)
 (3.28BF + 1) 
to Qo (mm)
 B p 

 2500 400 156.25 4 13.8
2500 300 277.8 8 26.35
2500 320 244.10 6.8 22.70
Settlement of footing is determined through trial and error 2500 310 260.10 7.2 23.86
method – iteration procedure
Recommended footing size is B≥ 3.10m

Worked out example 3: Design of shallow foundation

Solution to example 3
for concentric loading
Given:
Plate load test performed on a uniform deposit of sand and
the following observations were recorded. Size of plate 30 x 30 cm

Footing size 1.5 x 1.5 m

Load t/m2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60
Settlement of footing 50 mm
Settlement (mm) 4.5 8.5 16 31.3 50 74 104
Plot Load vs settlement

If the size of the plate was 30 x30cm, plot the load-settlement

curve and determine the load on a footing 1.5m x 1.5m if the
settlement is not to exceed 50 mm. Would the footing safely
carry such a load?

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Solution to example 3 Solution to example 3

2
 B f  B p + 30.48 
SF = S p   
 B p  B + 30.48 
Load t/m2  f 
10 20 30 40 50 60 or put the values to calculate S p .
10 2
150  30 + 30.48 
50 = S p 
Settlement (mm)

 
30  30  150 + 30.48 
S p = 18 mm
50

70
Now from load – settlement curve the load corresponding to this
settlement = 20 t/m2.
90
∴ Safe load on this footing for 50mm settlement = 1.5 x 1.5 x 20
= 45 tons. Therefore the footing would be safe.

Worked out example 4: Design of shallow foundation

Solution to example 4
for concentric loading
For square footing,
A load test was made with a 35 cm square plate at a depth
of 1.0m below the ground level in soil with φ = 0. The qf =1.3 c Nc + γD Nq + 0.4 γ B Nγ

water table was located at a depth of 5m below the ground Taking the case of load test,

level. Failure occurred at a load of 5200 kg. What would be B = 0.35cm , D = 1.

the ultimate bearing capacity per unit area for a 1.6m wide Since φ = 0 , Nq = 1 and Nγ = 0
continuous footing with its base loaded at the same depth 5200/(.35 2x1000) = 1.3 x c x 5.7 + 100 x 1.9 x1.0.
in the same soil. Unit weight of soil was 1.9 g/cm3 above 7.42 c = 42.5 – 1.9 = 40.6
water table. Note that for φ = 0, Nc = 5.7, Nq = 1 , Nγ = 0.
c = 40.6/7.42 = 5.47 tonnes/m2 .
Assume general shear failure.

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Solution to example 4
Now for continuous strip footing of width 1.0m
qf = c Nc + γD Nq + 0.5 γ B Nγ
= 5.47 x 5.7 + 1.9 x 1 x 1 + 0
= 31.2 + 1.9 = 33.1 ton/m2 .
3.6 Design for eccentric loads
This same situation can be produced by having a
column off-centre or at-centre columns to very tall
buildings where wind action may induce appreciable
bending moments at the base of the columns and
foundations of retaining structures among others.
Assuming the footing is sufficiently rigid, application
of statics gives the resultant soil pressure equal to
P, with the point of application through the centroid
of the pressure diagram, and at an eccentricity to
satisfy moment equilibrium.
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3.6 Design for eccentric loads
When footings have overturning moments as well as axial
loads, the resultant soil pressure may not coincide with
the centroid of the footing as illustrated in the figure
below.
3.6 Design for eccentric loads
The linear non-uniform soil pressure diagram (see
figure in the following slide) is obtained from
superposition of compression and moment stresses.
A uniform resultant soil pressure can be deliberately
ensured by placing a column away from the centre.
This solution is obviously valid only for moments
which always act in the direction shown for that
footing configuration. It is not a valid solution for
wind moments, since reversals can occur.
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3.6 Design for eccentric loads

It should be evident that a column can transmit a
moment to the footing only if it is rigidly attached.
There is a very serious question if a spread footing
(unless very large in plan) can sustain an applied
column moment without undergoing rotation.
From structural analysis, if the footing rotates
an amount θ, this results in moments in the
opposite direction to that being applied by the
column to develop.

3.6 Design for eccentric loads 3.6 Design for eccentric loads
Thus, any footing rotation reduces the moment In the analysis of rigid footings, the soil
applied to the footing with a corresponding pressure can be computed from principles of
change to the far-end moment on the column. mechanics of materials for combined bending
Obviously, a sufficiently large rotation can and axial loads.
reduce the footing moment to zero (but not For moment about an axis perpendicular to the
less than zero). footing length L this gives,
It is therefore important that the differential soil
P  6e 
pressure across the footing is limited in order q= 1 ± 
to avoid large rotations of the footings. BL  L

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3.6 Design for eccentric loads 3.6 Design for eccentric loads
Note that strictly the weight of the half of the footing The soil tension on the footing is zero for cohesionless

on appropriate side of the moment axis should be materials and is nearly zero for cohesive soil.

used to decrease the applied moment. It is standard practice to neglect any soil tensions; so if
the soil pressure turns out to be negative we say this is a
A slight reduction in maximum soil pressure will be
tension stress and neglect that portion of the footing
obtained as well as a small increase in the minimum
from any load-carrying capacity for this load condition.
soil pressure if this is done.
To determine the maximum eccentricity to avoid
When the eccentricity is sufficiently large, the
development of tension stress (for the footing to be fully
computed minimum soil pressure becomes effective) the soil pressure equation is equated to zero,
negative, indicating a tensile stress state between thus; L
emax =
the soil and the footing. 6

3.6 Design for eccentric loads 3.6 Design for eccentric loads
This middle third defines what is sometimes called When the resultant soil pressure is exactly at kern
the kern limit or dimensions illustrated below. limit, the toe pressure is a maximum; the heel pressure
is zero and the average base pressure is qmax/2.

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3.6 Design for eccentric loads 3.6 Design for eccentric loads
This differential pressure distribution will most Eccentricity out of middle third of footing
certainly cause a base rotation and it is
There are occasions when it is not possible to
recommended to always increase the base length
keep the resultant soil pressure inside the
somewhat so that the average and maximum
middle one-third of the base.
pressures have a ratio larger than 0.5, that is, heel
pressure larger than zero and closer to the maximum
This situation occurs when one or more of the
toe value.
design load combinations substantially exceeds
Also note that the toe pressure qmax ≤ qa as furnished
the overturning capacity.
by the geotechnical consultant.

3.6 Design for eccentric loads
Eccentricity out of middle third of footing
For eccentricity e > L/6 with respect to one axis, an
equation for the maximum soil pressure and the effective
footing length L’ can be obtained from the figure below
where it is obvious the base area is not fully effective by the
amount L-L’.
3.6 Design for eccentric loads
Eccentricity out of middle third of footing
The area of the pressure triangle (see figure)
must equal to the vertical load P and acts at L’/3
from the toe through the triangle centroid.
This point is at a distance e = M/P from the
footing centre so that

L L' q
= e+ and P= BL '
2 3 2

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3.6 Design for eccentric loads 3.6 Design for eccentric loads
Eccentricity out of middle third of footing Eccentricity about both axes
Substituting for L’ into the expression for P and The soil pressure for footings with eccentricity about
solving for q we obtain, both axes (see figure below) can be computed when
no footing separation occurs as:
2P
q= ≤ qa' P M yx Mx y
3B (L / 2 − e ) q= ± ±
A Iy Ix
Or
With P, qa’ and eccentricity e fixed, we solve for
P  6ex 6e y 
q= 1 ± ± 
BL  B 
B and L by trial and error to satisfy the equality
L

3.6 Design for eccentric loads
Eccentricity about both axes
3.6 Design for eccentric loads
Eccentricity about both axes
Noting that the use of a negative sign gives the
minimum pressure at one corner and a positive sign
gives the maximum pressure qmax ≤ qa’, we can solve
for optimum base dimensions as follows (and
optimum being defined as a fully effective base area
and one corner pressure = 0).
(a) Set the relevant equation to zero and obtain

 6 Le y 
B =  
 L − 6ex 

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3.6 Design for eccentric loads 3.6 Design for eccentric loads
Eccentricity about both axes Eccentricity about both axes

(b) Substitute equation of the previous step in the

L = 12ex
main equation and using (+) obtain
this gives B = 12ey when L is substituted back into equation

P  L − 6ex  obtained in step (a).

q=   With these values for B and L used in the flexural equation
3e y  L2 
where B, L, ex and ey are as defined on the figure of

(c) Obtain maximum qmax, by taking derivative of
equation in the equation of step (b) with respect to L
and set it to zero and solve for L to obtain,
eccentricity about both axes we will obtain optimum base
dimensions where q ≤ qa’ and with the base area fully
effective. This might not be the most economical base as
illustrated in the following example.

Worked example 1: Design for eccentric loads Solution to example 1

Determine Z, e, B’, and L’ from:
A 24 m long retaining wall has a 6m wide foundation at e/Z = tanφ = H/V = 25/100 = 0.25 , Z =2 m.
a depth of 1.5m in a silty sand having c = 1.5 t/m2 , e/Z = 0.25 , e = 0.25 x 2 = 0.5 , φ = 14o
B′ = B- 2e = 5 , L′ = 24m A′ = 5 x24 =120 m2
φ = 25o and γ = 2 t/m3 . The wall carries a horizontal
2
 H 
load of 25 ton/m run at a point 2m above the base and a I c = I q = 1 − 
′
 V + A c cot φ 
centrally applied load of 100 t/m run. Determine the
safety factor against general shear failure of the wall, H = 25 x 24 V =100 x 24
(take Nc = 20.7, Nq = 10.7, Nγ = 6.6) ∴ Ic = Iq = 0.616
Iγ = Iq2 = 0.379
qf = c Nc Ic+ γD Nq Iq+ 0.5 γ B′ Nγ Iγ = 52
Actual Bearing pressure for B′ = 100/5 = 20
Factor of safety = 52/20 = 2.6

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THANK YOU

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