CDI 300 – TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

SEMI FINAL COVERAGE

LESSON 2.3
TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION

Concept
Traffic Safety Education. It is the process of training roads users in the avoidance and prevention of traffic-related
accidents.

Road Safety. It refers to reduced risk of accident or injury on the roads, achieved through multidisciplinary approaches
involving road engineering and traffic management, education and training of road users, and vehicle design.

Factors Contributing to Accidents. Research studies in the United Kingdom have shown that human factors contribute
to 95 percent of accidents, road factors to about one quarter of a percent, and vehicle factors to fewer than five percent.
Human errors include:
a. Going too fast or exercise speed;
b. Failing to give at junctions;
c. Following too closely;
d. Overtaking improperly;
e. Misperceiving or misjudging the road situation ahead;
f. Intoxication of alcohol or drug; and
g. Lack of skill.
1. Road deficiencies that are main contributory factors are:
a. Poor design of layout and control at junctions;
b. Inadequate signing, road marking, and lighting;
c. Slippery roads; and
d. Obstructions on the road such as parked vehicle, on going road construction, etc.
2. Main vehicle factors are:
a. Defects in tires, brakes, and lights;
b. Absence or non-using of seat belts; and
c. Poorly maintained motor vehicles.
The three (3) principles that have been emphasized as effective in the prevention of traffic accidents are known as the
three (3) “E” s or pillars of traffic. Recently, however, traffic environment and traffic economy were added to complete
the five (5) pillars of traffic.

Engineering (traffic engineering). Effective construction and maintenance of traffic facilities which does not only
expedite the movement of traffic but also prevents the occurrence of traffic accidents. Successful treatments have
included:
a. Changes in layout at junctions to define priorities more clearly (use of roundabouts, or traffic
circles);
b. More wide use of road markings to delineate traffic lanes and waiting areas for turning vehicles;
c. Improvements in skidding resistance of wet roads;
d. More uniform street lighting; and
e. More highly visible and legible direction, information, and warning signs.
1. Education (in traffic safety). When road users are informed of traffic laws, rules and regulations,
accidents are likely prevented. Further, there are strong suggestions of benefits from pre-school schemes
 involving parents, and from road safety education in schools where it is an integral part of the school
curriculum. Included are:
a. New approach to training and educating young drivers;
b. Training in hazard perception; and
c. Changing of attitudes.
Enforcement (of traffic rules). One of the causes of accidents is the blatant non-compliance of motorists and pedestrians
to traffic laws, rules regulations. To minimize the occurrence of accidents due to non-compliance of road users,
enforcement must be conducted. The following are highly recommended in areas of traffic enforcement:
a. Strengthening and simplifying the application of the law;
b. New technology to aid enforcement;
c. Enhanced publicity;
d. Education of teenagers in schools; and
e. The development of rehabilitation course like seminars for apprehended traffic violators.

Ecology/ Environment. People should be educated regarding the adverse effect of traffic to our environment that directly
or indirectly affects the population’s health.

Economy. People should learn also to develop schemes that do not only lessen expenses but also accident-free.
Levels of Traffic Safety Education:
1. Imparting knowledge concerning traffic safety;
2. Training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety knowledge; and
3. Developing traffic safety morality.

Traffic Safety for Children. This is highly unsystematic and is usually carried out in the home through parental
education and in kindergarten and nurseries. This is now necessary to make it systematic to lessen the number of children
fatalities and injuries.
1. Elementary. Pupils are usually educated by stressing on traffic safety and guides, and classroom
discussions of accidents, incidents and other traffic safety rules.
2. Secondary. This level initiates driver education program because students have reached the age to drive,
hence, proper driving habits should be stressed. It also includes the establishment of school safety
organizations.
3. Higher Education. Some universities and colleges offer and conduct courses to private and public
agencies regarding traffic safety subjects.

Traffic Safety Education for Adults. Safety education for elder pedestrians and drivers is relatively easier compared to
the education designed for younger children since the former group is in a better position to understand what is being
taught to them.
1. It is the general belief that by being a better driver, it follows that one becomes a better pedestrian. By
knowing the limitations of the driver and the vehicle as a driving student, one learns to watch out for
dangerous cues such as pedestrians. This is the basic reason why traffic safety education for adults usually
deals only with the foundations or basics of driving.
2. Driver education is carried out in secondary schools and in private and government sponsored driving
school in a number of countries where people are expected to know how to drive when they reach legal
ages. The basic purpose of tis education are:
a. To develop good traffic citizens who are equipped to live in a motorized society and achieving
traffic safety.
b. To develop citizens who are legally eligible to get a driver’s license.
Driver’s Education. In general driver instruction aims primarily to teach the rudiments of driving. Secondary aims are as
follows:
1. To instill awareness of one’s legal and moral responsibilities in traffic, and
2. To teach the abilities required for one to be eligible for driver’s license.
Four (4) Basic Types of Instruction Methods Used in Drive Education Programs:

Comprehensive. This method places the students into real life of driving situations from the beginning.

Traditional Instruction. This type of instruction depends on instructor-student communication.

Commentary Driving Method. The student-driver accompanied by an instructor. As the student-driver drives, the
instructor has to give a commentary on his driving – what he sees, what he does, why he does, what he proposes to do,
what others are likely to do, etc.

Simulated Conditions. On and Off the Road Training. The premise of simulated conditions training is that the behavior
of the driver-subject placed in condition will be relatively analogous to normal behavior. Simulator is a static machine
with all the important features of a car used in driving method or driving training. There are two methods of simulation
presently adopted:

Partial Simulation Method. This method has the specific aim of training for the “subtasks” of the driving task.

Global Simulations. It may be classified into two (2) specific groups which are: training, simulated in traffic situations
and conditions, with the use of simulations. Simulators are most commonly used for the following types of training:
Training in basic car-control skills.
Perceptual training.
Emergency training.

Classification of films as shown by the simulators:

The analytical film which provides an “objective” analysis of the driving situation presented to the student.
The didactic film which aims to show good driving behavior.
The simulation film which offers “visual realism” to driving situations and therefore a good aid in actual practice.

Essential Component of Driving Tasks. Driver’s education includes:

1. Collection of Information which includes:
a. Perceptual scanning and
b. Identification
2. Processing of information which includes:
a. Predicting and
b. Decision making
3. Action which focused on:
a. Motor skills and control of vehicles and
b. Knowledge and subjective interpretation.
A. Biorhythm. It is the theory which asserts that man exhibits a constant variation of life energy and mood states.
Man’s theorized cycles and interpretations rhythm is peculiar characteristics of most natural phenomena like:
1. The diurnal exchange of light and darkness.
2. The four seasons.
3. Our wet and dry season.
4. The waxing and waning the moon.

The observation of the rhythm mentioned and their possible correlation with the habits of man has led to a host of
different theories that tried to explain this correlation in term of physical, psychological, etc. The following are the most
controversial theory of biorhythm:
1. 23 day cycle. A.k.a our cycle of strength, endurance and courage (the male component of a person).
2. 28 day emotional cycle equivalent to a female’s 28 day menstrual cycle is a.k.a our cycle of sensitivity, love and
intuition (the female component of a person).
3. 33 days intellectual cycle.
 All these cycles are present as the time we are born. When the curve is above the center line, the biorhythm value is
said to be “HIGH” or a person has more energy to spare, i.e.:

1. Physical High – we tend to be energetic, strong, full of vitality.

2. Emotional high – we tend to be creative, artistic, cheerful and happy.
3. Intellectual high – we are able to think quickly and logically.

When the curve is below the center line, the biorhythm is said to be “LOW” or in a recharged period, i.e.:

1. Physical Low – we tend to tire quickly and to succumb to illness easily.

2. Emotional low – we feel moody, irritable, or depressed.
3. Intellectual Low – concentrating or remembering is difficult or we are likely to use poor judgment when any of
the curves crossed the center line. This is called a critical day wherein our systems seem to be in a state of
transition. During a critical day, people tend to get sick easily, seem to lack coordination and tend to be accident
prone.

B. Importance of biorhythm in the field of study. It should be borne in mind that biorhythm does not predict what
actually will happen. All it does it to give us a hint on how we will tend to feel in certain day.
1. The theory asserts that people are accident prone if their biorhythm crosses the centerline on a certain day
or is totally below the line.
2. Theoretically, if we know our biorhythm for a certain day, we can psychologically cope up with any
situation. If we usually overcome any ill effect by awareness and will power.
C. Safety Campaign. This is a mass publicity aimed to make a road users behave more safely. These basically focus
on public information attitudes, and particular or specific behaviors, or combinations of these.

Safety campaign is also known as road propaganda which may be intended simply to inform or it may be felt that
the public is already aware of the recommended behavior by need to be persuaded into adopting it.
1. Safety Campaign Classifications:
a. According to purpose- may be categorized as informational, attitudinal and behavioral; and
b. According to kind of appeal – used to reason by simply feeding the public with authenticated factual data.
2. Safety Campaign Design:
a. Initial Campaign planning
b. Final campaign design
c. Campaign evaluation
3. Private and Government entities responsible for Safety Campaign:
a. Newspapers
b. Radio Broadcasting Networks
c. Television Broadcasting Networks
d. Public Information Agencies

LESSON 3.1
TRAFFIC LAWS, RULES AND REGULATIONS

Concept

The standards of regulating movements on roads, streets and highways are found in traffic laws, rules and regulations.

In the Philippines, the mass of traffic laws, rules and regulations have their source in laws, Presidential Decrease
(P.D.S), Executive orders (E.O.S), Letters of Instructions (L.O.Is), Administrative Orders and Implementing Memoranda
and other Special Laws relative to traffic operation and traffic law enforcement. As a traffic law enforcer, it is essential
that you should be familiar with these rules and regulations.
 In addition, traffic signs, pavement markings, and other control devices are traffic law themselves. Violations of
such constitute misdemeanor or infraction of law.

A. Sources. The following are the basis for the traffic regulations and prohibitions in the country:

1. Republic Acts (R.A.s)

a. R.A. 4136. This is the basic law regulating land transportation in the Philippines. It has repealed Act
No.3992 (The Revised Motor Vehicle Law). Further, as amended by R.A. Nos. 5715, 6374, PD Nos.
382,843, 896, 1057, 1950, 1958, BP Blg. 43, 74 and 398.
b. R.A. 6539. The Act which is known as the “Anti-Carnapping Act of 1972”, the act preventing and
penalizing carnapping.
c. R.A.5448. Act imposing a tax on privately owned passenger automobiles, motorcycles and scooters, and a
science a stamp tax, to constitute a special science fund defining the programs, projects and activities of
science agencies to be financed therefrom and for other purposes.
d. R.A. 8746. Also known as the “Clean air Act” which regulates emission of toxic gases of both gasoline
and diesel engines and bans the use of leaded gas for gasoline engines.
e. R.A. 8750. It provides for the attachment of seat belts for all types of motor vehicles and imposes penalty
for the non-compliance thereof.
f. R.A 7924. The Act creating the metropolitan Manila Development Authority, defining its powers and
functions, providing funds therefore and for other purposes.

2. Presidential Decrees (P.D.s)

a. P.D. No. 96. Regulating the use of sirens, bells, horns, etc. by prohibiting the attachment of any siren, horn
bell, etc. on motor vehicles which produce unusual or starting sounds as well as blinkers and other similar
devices unless the vehicle belongs to the AFP, NBI, LTO, PNP, BJMP, Hospitals and Fire Department and
are specifically intended for use in emergencies.
b. P.D No. 101. Expediting the methods of prescribing, redefining or modifying the lines and modes of
operations of public utility motor vehicles in the Philippines.
c. P.D. No.207. Declaring as part of the laws of the Philippines the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic,
Signs and Signals.
d. P.D. No. 612. Requiring compulsory insurance for all types of motor vehicles against third party liability
as an additional pre-requisite for registration by the LTO.
e. P.D. No. 1686. Imposing a tax on every motor vehicle equipped with air conditioner.
f. P.D. No. 1181. Providing for the abatement of air pollution from motor vehicles and for other purposes.
g. P.D. No. 1605. Granting the Metropolitan Manila Commission certain powers related to traffic
management and control in Metropolitan Manila providing penalties, and for other purposes.
h. P.D. No. 98. Regulating the issuance of license plates of all motor vehicles.
i. P.D. No. 109. Modifying P.D. 98.
j. P.D. 1729. Authorizing the Bureau of land Transportation to dispose of impounded motor vehicles
unclaimed by owners for a certain period of time.
k. P.D. 1730. Declaring the syndicated printing, manufacture, distribution, possession or use of fake official
Bureau of Land Transportation forms, documents, plates and stickers as offenses involving economic
sabotage.
3. Letters of Instruction (L.O.I.s)
a. L.O.I. No. 43. Providing for the removal of all impediments on roads, streets and highways such as
constructions, stalled or parked vehicles and other movable property that obstruct free passage. This LOI
abrogated city or municipal ordinances governing the disposition of traffic on city and municipal streets
throughout the country.
b. L.O.I. No. 112. Prohibiting freight and cargo trucks from using roads, highways and bridges whose load
capacities are in excess of specific allowable limits.
c. L.O.I No. 229. Requiring all motor vehicle owners, users, or drivers to have in their possession at all times
while during driving at least one (1) pair of early warning device (EWD) for use when the vehicle is
disabled on roads, streets and highways or other emergencies compelling the vehicle to be on stop position.
 d. L.O.I. 716. Every motor vehicle to equip at least a pair of early warning device.
e. L.O.I. 551. Directing the law enforcement agencies to implement the pollution Control program.
f. L.O.I. 853. Calling for the national Tripartite Conference to consider the establishment of viable labor-
management relations based upon the “boundary” system in land transportation.
g. L.O.I. 1009. All owners of private motor vehicles who desire to stop operating or using their number plates
and registration certificates to surrender to BLT.
h. L.O.I. 1071. Owners and/or operates of motor vehicles are authorized to pay the annual premiums for the
insurance of their motor annual premiums for the insurance of their motor vehicles on quarterly basis.
4. Department Orders (D.O.s)
a. DOTC D.O. 88-305. Rules of pleadings, practice and procedure for appeals on franchising, fare rates
charges and other related matters pertinent to Land Transportation Public Utilities.
b. D.O. 93-693. Revised Schedule of Administrative Fees and charges of the Land Transportation Office.
5. Administrative and Special Orders
a. Administrative Order No. VIII, S-1968, LTC. Requiring the towing and impounding of stalled motor
vehicles on public highways and the imposition of corresponding fees thereof.
b. Administrative Order No. 1, S-1973, LTC Prescribing guidelines and procedures in the implementation of
PD No. 96.
c. Administrative Order No. 1, S-1974, LTC. Laying down specific rules of action in the imposition of
uniform fines and penalties for violation of the provisions of RA 4136.
d. Special Order No. 101-IRM, LTC. Enumerating and identifying various city streets where parking is
prohibited.
6. Memorandum Circulars
a. LTC Memorandum to All Patrol Officers, Deputies and Agents did 09 august 1975. Directing that motor
vehicles whose loads are rice, cereals, fertilizers and other prime commodities are not to be apprehended
and stopped on roads and highways except only in cases of serious violations.
b. LTC Memorandum Circular No. 33, dated 12 September 1972. Providing guidelines in the apprehension
of illegally parked motor vehicles.
c. LTC Circular No. 15, dated 19 January 1972. Regulating and laying instructions in the use of Special
Commemorative Motor Vehicle Plates.
d. M.C. 94-199. Aide-memoir regarding retention and authority by LTO to register motorized tricycles under
R.A. 4136, and guidelines to implement devolution of LTFRB’s Franchising Authority over TC’s per R.A.
7160 issued by DOTC.
e. M.C. 94-188. Issuance of driver’s license to disabled persons.
f. M.C. 92-146. Re-implementation of LOI 229, as amended by LOI 479 directing the installation of early
warning devices of motor vehicles.
g. M.C. 94-192. Diesel smoke emission test for motor vehicles.
h. M.C. 90-020. Directing all public land transportation service operators and drivers to display in any
conspicuous place of their vehicles the authorized fare matrix for the specific route granted them to avoid
conflict.
i. M.C. 93-011. Enjoining all public utility operators to use garage instead of public places or side streets in
parking their vehicles.
j. M.C. 94-002. Sanctions on operators arising from the violations of their drivers.
k. M.C. 94-209. Clarificatory guidelines for the registration/operation of new private vehicles particularly in
the use of conduction sticker.
7. Executive Orders (E.O.s)
a. E.O. 125. Reorganizing the DOTC, defining its powers and functions and for other purposes.
b. E.O. 266. Providing for two service units in the Office of the Asst. Sec. for Land Transportation in the
DOTC (Law Enforcement Service-LES and Traffic Adjudication Service-TAS), defining the powers and
functions thereof and for other purposes.
c. E.O. 202. Creating the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB).
d. E.O. 248. Empowering the Land Transportation Commission to control and supervise the operations of
motor vehicle driving schools.
8. Other Special Laws, Statutes, etc.
 a. Batas Pambansa Blg. 344 (B.P. 344). Act to enhance the mobility of disabled persons by requiring certain
buildings, institutions, establishments and public utilities to install facilities and other devices.
“Sec. 1, Par.2. In the case of the parking place of any of the above institutions, building, or
establishments, or public utilities, the owner or operator shall reserve sufficient and suitable space for the
use of disabled persons.”
“Sec. 2. In case of public conveyance, devices such as the prominent display of posters, stickers
shall be used to generate public awareness of the rights of the disabled and posters understanding of their
special needs. Discriminating against disabled persons in the carriage or transportation of passengers is
hereby declared unlawful.”
b. Memorandum Unnumbered Dated July 13, 1992. Early Warning Device (EWD) not a requirement for
registration.
c. SC Bars Lawmen from Removing Car Plates (187 SCRA 432).

LESSON 3.2

IMPORTANT PROVISIONS OF R.A. 4136

Concept

A. Words and Phrase Used in R.A. 4136. As used in this Act, the following words and phrases are defined for
better and common understanding:

1. Motor Vehicles. Shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular power using the public
highways, but excepting road rollers, trolley cars, street-sweepers, sprinkles, lawn mowers, bulldozers, graders,
fork-lifts, amphibian trucks, and cranes if not used in public highways, vehicles which run only on rails or
tracks and tractors, trailers and traction engines of all kinds used exclusively for agricultural purposes.

Trailers having any number of wheels, when propelled or intended to be propelled by attachment to a motor
vehicle shall be classified as separate motor vehicle with no power rating.

2. Passenger Automobiles. Shall mean all pneumatic tire vehicles of types similar to those usually known under
the following terms: touring car, command car, speedster, sports car, roadster, jeep, cycle car (except motor
wheel and similar small outfits which are classified with motorcycles), couple, landaulet, closed car, limousine,
cabriolet and sedan.

The distinction between “passenger truck” and “passenger automobile” shall be that of common usage: Provided
that a motor vehicle registered for more than nine passengers shall be classified as trucks”. Provided further, that a
truck with seating compartment at the back not used for hire shall be registered under special “S” classification. In
case of dispute, the Commissioner of LTO shall determine the classification to which any special type of motor
vehicle belongs.

3. Articulated Vehicle. Shall mean any motor vehicle with a trailer having no front axle and so attached that part
of the trailer rests upon the motor vehicle and a substantial part of the weight of the trailer and of its load is
borne by the motor vehicle. Such trailer shall be called as “semi-trailer.”
4. Driver. Shall mean every any licensed operator of a motor vehicle.
5. Professional Driver. Every any driver hired for driving or operating a motor vehicle, whether for private use or
for hire to the public. Any driver driving his on motor vehicle for hire is a professional driver.
6. Owner.The actual legal owner of a motor vehicle, in whose name such vehicle is duly registered with the LTO.

The owner of a government-owned motor vehicle is the head of the office or the chief of the bureau to which
the said motor vehicle belongs.
 7. Dealer. Every person, association, partnership, or corporation making, manufacturing, constructing,
assembling, remodeling, or setting up motor vehicles; and every such entity acting as agent for the sale of one
or more makes, styles, or kinds of motor vehicles, dealing in motor vehicles, keeping the same in stock or
selling same or handling with a view to trading same.
8. Garage. Any building in which two or more motor vehicles, either with or without drivers, are kept ready for
hire to the public, but shall not include street stands, public service stations, or other public places designated by
proper authority as parking spaces for motor vehicles for hire while awaiting or soliciting business.
9. Gross Weight. The measured weight of a motor vehicle plus the maximum allowable carrying capacity in
merchandise, freight and/or passengers, as determined by the Commissioner of the LTO.
10. Highways. Every public thoroughfare, public boulevard, driveway, avenue, park, alley and callejon, but shall
not include roadway upon grounds owned by private persons, colleges, universities, or other similar institutions.
11. Parking or Parked. Shall mean that a motor vehicle is parked or parking if it has been brought to a stop on the
shoulder or proper edge of a highway, and remains inactive in that place or close thereto for an appreciable
period of time.

A motor vehicle which properly stops merely to discharge a passenger or to take in a waiting passenger, or to
load or unload a small quantity of freight with reasonable dispatch shall not be considered as parked, if the
motor vehicle again moves away without delay.

12. Tourist. A foreigner who travels from place to place for pleasure or culture.

B. Selected Provisions of R.A. 4136.

1. Exceeding Registered Capacity (Overloading). Passengers, freight or cargo load of a motor vehicle should
not be more than its registered carrying capacity. Conductors of public utility trucks or buses are held liable
for the overloading of vehicles under their charge.

All passenger automobiles for hire are required to have the registered passenger capacity marked plainly and
conspicuously on the sides thereof in letters and numerals not less than 5 cm. in height. Motor trucks for
passenger or freight, private or for hire, shall have the registered passenger or freight gross and net weight
capacities marked plainly and conspicuously on the sides thereof in letters and numerals not less than 5 cm.
in height (Sec. 33).

2. Cargo Carrying Devices. The construction of devices for carrying cargo at the rear or sides of trucks may
be allowed, subject to the approval of the Commissioner, but the total net weight of the device, including
cargo, must not exceed 100 Kilos (Sec. 32,a).
3. Riding on Running Board. It is strictly prohibited, except for conductors collecting passenger fare (Sec. 32,
C).
4. Riding on Top of the motor Vehicle. Passengers shall not be allowed to ride on top of motor vehicles, but
baggage or freight may be carried on top of the truck, provided that the weight thereof is not more than 20
kilos per square distributed in such a way as not to endanger passengers or the vehicle’s stability (Sec. 32b).
5. Required Motor Vehicle Accessories. Every motor vehicles when operated on a traffic way should have the
following specified accessories:

a. Tires. Motor vehicles having metallic tires are prohibited from operating on nay public highway. If the
tires are solid, it should be thick enough to present the metal rims from touching the road (Sec. 34).
b. Brake. Every motor vehicle with four or more wheels shall be provided with dual hydraulic brake
system so that in case of hydraulic line failure affecting the braking efficiency of any of the four wheels
at least either the front or rear wheels shall retain normal braking capabilities.
 c. Horns. Every motor vehicle shall be provided with a horn or signaling device in good order. Provided,
however, that no horn or signaling device emitting exceptionally loud, startling, or disagreeable sound
shall be installed or used on any motor vehicle.
d. Headlight. The vehicle should have 2 headlights, one on each side, which must be dimmed when
meeting another vehicle.
e. Tail Light. Installed at the rear portion of the vehicle, this should be visible at least 100 meters away.
f. Stop Light. Installed also at the vehicle‘s rear.
Red lights are prohibited at the forward portion of the vehicle Motorcycles must have one head lamp and
one tail light. Lights should be put on when a vehicle is parked or disabled. Appropriate parking lights or
flares are required for vehicles when parked or disabled in such a way as not to endanger passing traffic
(Sec. 34).
g. Windshield Wiper. Every motor vehicle shall be equipped with a mechanically or electrically operated
device for wiping off raindrops or other moisture from its windshield (Sec. 34h).
h. Use of Red Flag. Whenever the load of any vehicle extends more than 1 meter beyond the bed or body
thereof, there shall be displayed at every projecting end of such load, a red flag not less than 30 cm. both
in length and width, except that during the hours fixed under subsection (c), their shall be displayed, in
lieu of the red flags, red lights visible at least 50 meters away.
i. Mufflers. Every motor vehicle propelled by an internal combustion engine shall be equipped with a
muffler, and whenever said motor vehicle passes through a street of any city, municipality, or thickly
populated district or barrio, the muffler shall not be cut out or disconnected. No motor vehicle shall be
operated in such a manner as to cause it to emit or make any unnecessary or disagreeable odor, smoke or
noise.

6. Hitching on to a Vehicle. The following practices are prohibited:

a. Hanging on to or riding on the outside or near end of any vehicle.
b. Holding on to any moving vehicle whether on foot or otherwise.
c. Driver allowing any person to hang on to or ride outside of or at the rear end of the vehicle (Sec. 51).

7. Driving While under the Influence of Liquor or Other Prohibited Drugs. It is absolutely prohibited to
operate any motor vehicle the influences of liquor or other prohibited (Sec. 53).
8. Obstruction of Traffic. Obstruction of traffic by operating a motor vehicle in such a manner as to obstruct,
block, or impede the passage of another vehicle is prohibited. This prohibition applies even when discharging
or loading passengers (Sec. 54).
9. Duties of Driver in Case of Accident. In the event that any accident should occur as a result of the operation
of a motor vehicle upon a highway, the driver shall observe the following:
a. Stop immediately
b. Showhis driver’s license to inspecting traffic law enforcer.
c. Give his true name and address, including that of the owner of the vehicle.
d. Assist injured persons.
e. Take measures to protect belongings of passengers.
f. Report the accident (Sec. 55).

10. When could a driver leave the area of accident without being held liable for HIT-AND-RUN?

a. His life is in imminent danger of being harmed by other person/s by reason of the student;
b. He surrenders to proper authority; and
c. He summons the assistance of a physician of a physician or nurse to aid the victim.
LESSON 3.3

REGISTRATION OF MOTOR VEHICLES

Concept

R.A. 4136, mandates that all motor vehicles shall be registered by its owner before the designated District offices of
the land Transportation Office. Law enforcement officers should keep themselves abreast with the proper procedures of
registering motor vehicles for them to easily identify unregistered motor vehicles or motor vehicles having expired
registrations.

On the other hand, motor vehicle owners as well as drivers should be aware of the provisions on motor vehicle
registration to avoid unnecessary delays and penalties whenever registration-related apprehensions occur.

A. Classification of Registered Motor Vehicles

1. Private (not for hire) – These are motor vehicles used for the personal use of their owners.
2. Public Utility Vehicles (PUV a.k.a. for hire) – These are registered primarily for the conveyance of
passengers and other commercial goods, i.e., passenger jeepney taxi cabs, etc.
3. Government – These are motor vehicles owned by government offices and are used for official purposes
only.
4. Diplomat – These are issued to foreign diplomats and consults assigned in the Philippines.

B. Plate Numbers – Upon registration, motor vehicles are assigned with plate numbers. The letter and numeral
prefixes as well as the assigned colors are based on the date and place of registrations and purpose of the
registered motor vehicle.

1. Green with white background – Issued to private or not for hire motor vehicles (MVs).
2. Black with yellow background – Issued to PUVs.
3. Red (maroon) with white background – Issued to government-owned MVs.
4. Blue with white background – Assigned for foreign diplomats, consults and other foreign dignitaries.
5. Commemorative plate – these special plate numbers are issued for specific purposes such as fund-raising for
government projects and programs.

C. Schedule of Registration – registration of motor vehicles should be done annually which follows the numeral
suffixes of their plate numbers.

Last Digit of Plate Middle Digit of Plate Weekly Deadline

Number Number (working days of the
month only)
1-Jan 6- 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Jun 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
2-Feb 7-Jul 7 8 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
3-Mar 8- 9 0 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Aug 29 30 31
4-Apr 9-Sep
5-May 0-Oct
Note: Vehicles may be registered one month in advance of weekly deadline. For motorcycles, use the 3 rd digit.

Example: Plate Number- TNG 984

 The above motor vehicle shall be registered in April every year because the last digit is “4” and the day of
registration falls in April 15-21 since the middle digit is “8”.

D. Letter Prefixes on Plate Numbers. The letter prefixes indicates:

1. Place of initial registration of the motor vehicle;
2. Year of initial registration and the possible year model of the registered motor vehicle could be determined
from the order of the letter prefixes, i.e., the higher the letters the later the year of registration and year
model of the motor vehicle.

Example: Vehicle 1- PLT 255 Vehicle 2- TNU 636

Between the above motor vehicles, Vehicle 1 was registered earlier than Vehicle 2 and possible and
possibly, Vehicle 2’s model is later than Vehicle 1.

E. Special Plate Numbers for Government Officials

1 – President of the Philippines
2 – Vice President of the Philippines
3 – Senate President, etc.

LESSON 3.4

DRIVER’S LICENSES

Concept

Driving a motor vehicle in the Philippines as in other countries is NOT a right but a privilege granted by the
Philippines Government through the LTO based on Republic Act 4136 and Batas Pambansa Blg. 398. Further, it is a
privilege which may be suspended or revoked.

Driver’s License. A document issued to a qualified driver who possesses the statutory qualification as provided
therefore. It is also a public document which has the legal presumption of genuineness. (CCC Insurance Corp. vs. Court of
Appeals, 31 SCRA 264)

A. Duty to Procure License. Sec. 19 of R.A .4136 states that no person shall operate any motor vehicle without first
procuring a license to drive for the current year. To be effective in the hands of its holder, it must not be
delinquent, invalid, suspended or revoked and should be carried at all times and shall be shown or surrendered for
cause when demanded by a person authorized by RA 4136 to inspect the same.
B. Confiscation of Driver’s License. Sec. 29 of R>A. 4136 mandates that a driver’s license may be confiscated for
violations of RA 4136, the rules and regulations issued by the Commission and of local traffic rules and
regulations.

When a driver’s license is confiscated for any reason, the traffic enforcer must, however, issue a receipt
(Temporary Operator’s Permit (TOP) which is good for 72 hours within which the driver may continue to operate
his vehicle. Failure to settle the case within 15 days will cause suspension or revocation of the license.
C. Types of Licenses, Procedures and Requirements.A driver is licensed by the LTO as proof of his proficiency in
driving his knowledge of road rules and regulations while operating a motor vehicle. Upon proving his
proficiency and knowledge, he will be issued a document in the form of the following licenses:
1. International Driver’s License. Bonafide tourists and transients who are duly licensed to operate motor
vehicles during their stay but not beyond 90 days of their sojourn in the Philippines (Sec. 21, R.A. 4136).
The applicant must submit the following requirements:
a. The original foreign license plus a photo copy of the same license.
 b. In the event that the foreign license is written in the language of the license holder other than
ENGLISH from the embassy from which license was issued.
c. In the event that the applicant applies for a license or if his foreign license is expired at the same
time that the application is filed, the applicant will have to undergo both a WRITTEN
EXAMINATION AND AN ACTUAL ROAD TEST.
d. An application form filled by the applicant.

Foreign license applicants can only be issued a NON-PROFESSIONAL LICENSE.

2. Military Driver’s License. Enlisted personal of the AFP operating motor vehicles owned by the
government shall be licensed in accordance with RA 4136 but no license or delinquency fees shall be
collected thereof.
All licenses so issued shall bear the word’s “FOR GOVERNMENT VEHICLES ONLY” plainly
marked or stamped in red inks across the face thereof. A military Driver’s License does not authorize the
holder to operate a privately-owned motor vehicle (Sec. 20, R.A. 4136).
3. Professional Driver’s License. This license is issued to a driver hired or paid for driving or operating a
motor vehicle whether private use or for hire to the public. Any person driving his own motor vehicle for
hire is a professional driver (Sec. 3,e, R.A. 4136).

Applicants for professional driver’s license should fulfill the following requirements:

a. Must be at least 18 years of age.

b. Presentation of either the following documents:
(1) A STUDENT PERMIT which has been issued in the possession of the applicant for at least 5
months.
(2) A NON-PROFESSIONAL Driver’s License that has been in the possession of the applicant for
not less than 4 months

c. A certificate from an LTO accredited doctor attesting to the following that the applicant:
(1) Is physically and mentally sound;
(2) Has normal, non-impaired vision and hearing;
(3) Does not have any contagious ailment; and
(4) Does not have a history of heavy drinking and drug abuse.

d. A Police, NBI, or Prosecutor’s clearance certifying that the applicant does not have a criminal record
or any case involving the taking of a human life.
e. He must pass a WRITTEN EXAMINATION.
f. To pass an actual ROAD TEST.
g. An application form (ADL) filled out by the applicant.
h. Payment of the following amount:
(1)Application fee: P 25.00
(2)Licensing fee: 240.00
----------------
Total P 265.00

The professional driver’s license is renewable every 3 years. The identifying color is red.

4. Non-Professional Driver’s License. This kind of license is issued to owners of privately-owned motor
vehicles or those not for hire or paid for driving (Effect of Sec. 3,e, R>A. 4136). The applicant must
fulfill the following requirements:
 a. Must be at least 17 years of age.
b. A student Driver’s permit that has been issued not less than 1 month from the date of application.
c. A certificate from an LTO accredited doctor attesting that the applicant:
(1) Is physically and mentally sound.
(2) Has normal vision and hearing.
d. Must pass a WRITTEN EXAMINATION.
e. Must pass an actual ROAD TEST.
f. An application form (ADL) filled out by the applicant.
g. Payment of the following:
(1)Application fee: P 25.00
(2)Licensing fee: 180.00
---------------
Total P 205.00

The holder of a Non-professional driver’s license shall be restricted to operate motor vehicles up to
4500 kg gross vehicle weight (GVW) and is also renewable every 3 years. The color of its logo is
green.

5. Student Driver’s Permit. This kind of document is issued to persons who desire to learn how to drive. A
student driver cannot operate a vehicle unless accompanied by an instructor who may either be a licensed
professional or non-professional driver (Sec. 30, R.A. 4136). The applicant must fulfill the following:
a. Must be at least 16 years of age.
b. Must be physically sound and in good health with no contagious ailments.
c. Must be mentally capable.
d. Must know how to read and write in his native dialect, in Tagalog, or in English.
e. Must apply personally at any LTO and have with him the following documents:
(1) Document of birth proof that he is 16 years old, either of the following:
(a) Joint affidavit by 2 not related individuals attesting to the age of the applicant.
(b) SSS identification card.
(c) Passport.
(d) Voter’s I.D.
(2) Applicants whose age is between 16 to 18 years old, an affidavit of consent signed by the parents
or by the applicant’s legal guardian allowing the applicant to learn how to drive.
f. 2 pcs. 1x1 black and white or color photographs of the applicant.
g. Payment of the following:
(1)Application fee: P 25.00
(2)Student Permit fee: P50.00
-------------
Total P 75.00

A student permit is valid for up to 12 months from the date of issue.

Note:All fees are subject to change upon approval of the government.

D. Driver’s Examination. All driver’s license applicants must obtain the passing score as follows:

1. The Written Examination. Written examinations will contain questions concerning proper driving
procedures, road rules and regulations, emergency procedures, etc. Number of questions will be as follows:
a. Non-Professional License – 40 questions
b. Professional License – 60 questions

Examinees will have to pass the written examination with the following marks:
 a. Non-Professional – 30 out of 40 questions
b. Professional – 50 out of 60 questions

Before each examination, a DRIVING SKILL RATER will provide a 30 minute lecture about traffic
rules and other driver information as a “review” for the applicants.

2. The Road Test. The actual road test will be undertaken under the auspices of a “DRIVING SKLL RATER”.
This actual road test will have to be scheduled in advance and the applicant will have to provide the vehicle in
which the road test will be conducted. The applicant should make sure that the vehicle to be used is in proper
working condition and is currently registered.

During the road test, the applicant will be rated according to his proficiency on the following aspects:
a. That the applicant is aware of and capable of performing a check on the primary components of the
vehicle such as the engine, the tires, the battery, lights, windshield wipers, brakes, transmission and
clutch, etc..
b. Proper use and correct positioning of the hands on the steering wheel.
c. Proper engine control and use of the gear shift lever and the foot pedals.
d. Proper speed control and observance and practice of road discipline.
e. Proper knowledge and interpretation of road signs and markings.
f. Proper turning procedures.
g. Proper backing procedures.
h. Proper parking procedures.

The applicant will be credited with a score of 100 points at the start of the road test. Each infraction or
unsatisfactory performance will be listed down on a ROAD TEST SCORE SHEET and the corresponding
deductions made at the end of the test.

Passing grade will be 70 points or a total possible deduction of 30 points.

E. Mandatory Drug Test. It is mandatory to al driver’s license applicants except for student driver’s permit to pass
a drug test conducted by duly LTO accredited drug testing centers.
F. Driver’s Restriction Code. When the driver is issued a license, the driver’s restriction code is indicated as
follows:

1. Motorcycle/Motorized Tricycles
2. Vehicle up to 4500 kg Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW)
3. Vehicle above 4500 kg GVW
4. Automatic clutch up to 4500 kg GVW
5. Automatic clutch above 4500 kg GVW
6. Articulated vehicle 1600 kg GVW & below
7. Articulated vehicle 1601 up to 4500 kg GVW
8. Articulated vehicle 4501 kg & above GVW
9. Disabled

G. Driver’s Condition. The conditions for driver’s license holder while operating a motor vehicle are indicated as
follows:

1. A - wear eye glasses

2. B - drive only with special equipment for upper limbs
3. C - drive only with special equipment for lower limbs
4. D - daylight driving only
5. E - accompanied by a person with normal hearing.
LESSON 3.5

GENERAL RULES OF ROAD USE AND CONDUCT

Concept

The traffic rules in the Philippines are based entirely on the general rules of road use and conduct which also
include the general prohibitions and restrictions. Chapter IV, Articles I to V of the R.A. 4136 comprehensively discuss the
traffic rules observed in the Philippines.

A. Speed Limit and Other Rules on Speed. Any person driving a motor vehicle on a highway shall drive at the
same at a careful and prudent speed, not grater nor less than is reasonable and proper, having due regard for the
traffic, the width of the highway, and of any other condition then and there existing; and no person shall drive any
motor vehicle upon a highway at such speed as to endanger the life, limb and property of any person, nor at a
speed greater than will permit him to bring the vehicle to a stop within the assured clear distance ahead.

1. Maximum Allowable Speeds. Subject to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the rate of speed of any
motor vehicle shall not exceed the following per hour:

a. On open country roads, with no blind corners

Not closely bordered by habitations. 80 km. 50km.
b. On “through streets” or boulevards clear of
Traffic, with no blind corners, when so designated. 40 km. 30 km.
c. On city and municipal streets, with light traffic,
When not designated “through streets. 30 km. 30 km.
d. Through crowded streets, approaching intersections
At “blind corners”, passing school zones, passing
Other vehicles which are stationary, of for similar
Dangerous circumstances. 20 km. 20 km.

2. Exception to the speed limit. The rates of speed hereinabove prescribed shall not apply to the following:

a. A physician or his driver when the former responds to emergency calls.

b. The driver of a hospital ambulance on the way to and from the place of accident or other emergency.
c. Any driver bringing a wounded or sick person for emergency treatment to a hospital, clinic, or any other
similar place.
d. The driver of a motor vehicle belonging to the Armed Forces while in use for official purposes in times of
riot, insurrection or invasion.
e. The driver of a vehicle, when he or his passengers are in pursuit of a criminal.
f. A law-enforcement officer who is trying to overtake a violator of traffic laws.
g. The driver officially operating a motor vehicle of any fire department, provided that examination shall not
be construed to allow useless or unnecessary fast driving of drivers aforementioned.
 3. Uniform Speed Limits throughout the Philippines. No provincial, city or municipal authority shall enact or
enforce any ordinance or resolution specifying maximum allowable speeds other than those provided by R.A
4136.

B. Lateral Placement. Lateral placement means the proper positioning of the motor vehicle while traversing on a
traffic way or while on parked.

In the Philippines, unless a different course of action is required in the interest of the safety and the security
of life, person or property, or because of unreasonable difficulty of operation in compliance herewith, every
person operating a motor vehicle or an animal-drawn vehicle on a highway shall pass to the right when meeting
persons or vehicles going the same direction, and when turning to the left in going from one highway to another,
every motor vehicle shall be conducted to the right of the center of the intersection of the highway.

On the other hand, motor vehicles, should be parked only on designated areas and so properly parked
without encroaching the parking stall or space of another vehicle. For clearer understanding of the above
provisions, refer to figures 3, 4.1 and 4.2.

Figure 3
Proper Positioning while Traversing
Vehicles 1 and 2 are properly positioned while vehicle 3 is traversing dangerously at the separate lines.

Figure 4.1
Proper Placement while on Parallel Parking
Vehicles 4 and 5 are properly parked, while vehicle 6 encroaches the other parking stall or space.

Figure 4.2
Proper Placement while Parked Diagonally
Cars 7 and 8 are properly parked while car 9 is wrongly parked.

C. Overtaking and Passing. In overtaking another vehicle, a driver should pass at a safe distance to the left of the
vehicle being overtaken and shall resume driving on the right side of the road only after passing clear of the
overtaken vehicle. For a clearer understanding see figure 5 below.
 Figure 5
General Rule on Overtaking Passing
Vehicle 1 can overtake vehicle 2 using the left lane.

1. Exception. On the highways with two or more lanes where traffic goes in one direction, another vehicle may
be overtaken on the right (Sec. 39, R.A. 4136). See Figure 6.

Figure 6
Overtaking on a Four-lane Two-Way Street
Vehicle 1 can use the right lane (outer) in overtaking and passing vehicle 2.
Vehicle 2 here should not increase its speed. Vehicle 1 should not use the other inner lane (2) in overtaking.
Above portion of the illustration shows vehicle 5 attempting to overtake vehicle 4 using the shoulder of the
road which is not only a violation of the rules but also dangerous because he might hit something on the
shoulder.

2. Driver to give Way to Overtaking Vehicle. The driver of a motor vehicle about to be overtaken must give
way to the overtaking vehicle and shall not increase his speed until the overtaking has fully passed by (Sec. 40
41, R.A. 4136).
3. Restriction on Overtaking and Passing. To avoid accident or any unusual incidents, overtaking and passing
on the following places are restricted (Sec. 41, R.A. 4136).

a. To the left side of the center line of a highway in overtaking another vehicle proceeding in the same
direction, unless such left side is clearly visible, and is free of oncoming traffic for a sufficient distance
ahead to permit safety overtaking. Refer also to Figure 6.
b. When approaching the crest of a grade, nor upon a curve in the highway, where the driver’s view along
the highway is obstructed within a distance of five hundred feet ahead, except on a highway having two
or more lanes for movement of vehicles in one direction.
c. At any railway grades crossing, nor at any intersection of highways, unless such intersection or crossing
in controlled by traffic signal, or a traffic officer.
d. Between any points indicated by the placing of official temporary or caution signs indicating that men are
working on the highways.
e. In any “no passing or overtaking zones”

D. Right of Way. This principle refers to the legal or customary precedence (priority in place or time) which allows
one vehicle to cross or pass in front of another.

1. Rules on Right of Way. Sections 42-44, of R.A. 4136 provides for the rules on giving the right of way.
a. In case of two vehicles approaching or entering an intersection at the same time, the driver of the
vehicle on the left shall yield the right of way; however, the driver of any vehicle traveling at an
unlawful speed forfeits this right (Sec.42,a). See figure 7.1.the intersection, its driver shall yield the
right of way to vehicles already within such intersection or turning therein to the left across the line of
travel of the first mentioned vehicle (Sec. 42,b) See figure 7.2.
 b. In the case of a vehicle approaching but has not yet entered the intersection, its driver shall yield the
right of way to vehicles already within such intersection or turning therein to the left across the line of
travel of the first mentioned vehicle (Sec. 42,b) see figure 7.2.
c. In case of a vehicle on a highway within a business of residential district, its driver shall yield the right
of way to pedestrians crossing the highway within a crosswalk, except at intersections where traffic is
regulated by a peace officer or a traffic signal. If there is no crosswalk, pedestrians shall yield the right
of way to vehicles on the highways Sec.42, c). See figure 8.
d. In case of a vehicle traversing a “thru-highway”, its driver should bring it to a full stop before crossing.
However, if it is clear and no hazard exist, the vehicle may slow down to 5 miles per hour instead of a
full stop (Sec. 42, d). See figure 9.
2. Exceptions to the Right of Way Rule. Right-of-way rules do not apply in the case:
a. Of a vehicle entering from a private road or drive. The right of way is in favor of all vehicles utilizing
the highway (Sec. 43).
E. Starting, Stopping or Turning Rules. The driver of any motor vehicle on a highway, before starting, stopping or
turning from a shall first see that such movement can be made safely; and if any pedestrian is affected by such
movement, he shall give clearly audible signal by sounding the vehicle’s horn.
1. When Other Motorists are affected. Whenever the operation of any other approaching or following may be
affected by direct line, movement, the driver making the movement shall give a signal other driver/s of his
intention to make such movement (Sec. 44, a).
2. Hand Signal. The required signal shall be given by means of extending hand or arm beyond the left side of the
vehicle or by an approved mechanical or electrical signal device (Sec. 44, b)
3. Making a Right Turn. (Normal Procedures). The following are the rules to be observed in making a correct
turning to the right from a four- lane street to a four-lane street.
a. Signal your intention to turn right with your turning signal light or a hand signal at least 100 ft. before
you intend to make your turn.
b. Stay on the right lane of the road.
c. NEVER make a right turn from left lane.
d. At an intersection with a red traffic light, make a right turn ONLY after coming to a full stop to make
sure that no vehicle is coming from the left.
e. If there is a sign prohibiting a right turn unless the light is GREEN, DO NOT turn right while the RED
LIGHT IS ON.
4. Making a Left Turn. (Normal Procedures). Motor vehicles intending to turn left from a four-lane street to
four-lane street should observe the following procedures:
a. Signal your intention to turn left with your turning signal or a hand signal at least 100 feet before you
intend to make your turn.
b. Stay on the left lane of the road.
c. NEVER make a left turn from the right lane.
d. At an intersection with a traffic light, vehicles GOING STRAIGHT have the right of way. Wait for
them to pass first before you turn.
e. At an intersection with a traffic light, make a left turn ONLY WHEN THE GREEN LIGHT IS ON
WHEN THERE IS A LEFT TURN LIHJT.
5. Making a U-Turn on a Two-lane Road (Normal Procedure).
Following is the recommended procedure in making a U-Turn on two lane road.
a. Make a right turn signal at least 100ft before you start moving to the right side of the road.
b. Stay as close to the right side as possible. Come to a complete stop id necessary. Check behind you for
traffic. Also check for oncoming traffic on the other lane.
c. Once all traffic has passed you, initiate your U-turn. See to it that you can make it in one “sweep”. If
you have a long vehicle, look for an intersection or a wide section of the road to make a U-turn in.
d. At this point, you should be making the U-turn if you know the turning radius of your vehicle.
e. Do not move immediately to the middle of the road. Keep to the right side until you have increased
your speed sufficiently to move to the middle of the lane.
6. Making a U-turn on a Four-Lane Highway(Normal Procedure)
 a. Check for traffic behind you and indicate your intentions with a left turn signal. If no fast vehicles,
stay on the left lane.
b. Clear the “other side” for oncoming traffic and initiate your turn as soon as it is clear. Do not come to
a complete stop. Straighten out on the right lane and begin gaining speed.
c. As soon as you have reached a relatively safe speed, signal your intention to move to the fast lane with
a left turn signal.
d. Move to the fast lane as soon as you are fast enough to hold up traffic moving in the same direction.
F. Pedestrian’s Rights and Duties. Pedestrians have the right to occupy or pass on spaces or portions of traffic way
allocated for them like crossing on pedestrian lanes and passing on sidewalks or catwalks. In addition,
pedestrians, as part of the traffic system, their fundamental duty is to observe and obey all traffic rules and
regulations. Motorists should also know the rights of the pedestrians so that they will not be using the portions of
the traffic way allocated for the pedestrians for parking purposes.
G. General Parking Rules and Similar Regulations. Motor vehicles should park only on areas specifically
designated for parking. All accidents are not caused while vehicles are being driven. A parked vehicle may create
an accident, kill someone or destroy property. Before leaving your vehicle, set the brakes, put the gear in low or
reverse or park position and remove the key. This will prevent your car from rolling down an incline and will also
prevent cars from pushing your car.
1. Parking on Cities. In cities and towns, unless otherwise directed by a city or municipal ordinance, motor
vehicles will be parked parallel and within 12 inches of the curb. For additional pre-caution while parking,
observe the following:
a. Downhill with or without curb-turn wheels to right.
b. Uphill curb with curb-turn wheels from curb.
c. Uphill without curb-turn wheels to curb.
2. Parking on a Highway. On rural roads, pull entirely off pavement to park. Whenever practicable, turn on your
parking lights.
3. Parking Prohibited in Specified Places. No driver shall park a vehicle, or permit it to stand, whether attended
or unattended, upon a highway in any of the following places.
a. Within an intersection.
b. On a crosswalk
c. Within six meters of the intersection of curb lines.
d. Within four meters of the driveway entrance to any fire station.
e. Within four meters of a fire hydrant.
f. In front of a private driveway.
g. On the roadway side of any vehicle stopped or packed at the curb or edge of the highway.
h. At any place where official signs have been erected prohibiting parking

MODULE 4
TRAFFIC CONTROL

LESSON 4.1
FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC CONTROL

Concept

Traffic Control. Generally, it refers to procedures, devices, and communication systems that help vehicles and
vessels safely share the same roads, rails, waterways, or air space. Traffic control establishes a set of rules and instructions
that drivers, pilots, train engineers, and ship captains rely on to avoid collisions and other hazards. Safe travel for
pedestrians is an additional goal in highway traffic control.
A. Traffic Control as Applied to Land Transportation. A system of traffic engineering, employing prescribed
traffic rules and regulations and devices such as signals, and markings, to relieve vehicular congestion and air
pollution, and to promote safety and pedestrian mobility, usually in heavily populated urban areas. In smaller
towns, with lighter traffic, similar but simpler control devices and engineering techniques are used.
B. Control Techniques. The primary emphasis of traffic control is on the safe and efficient flow of cars, buses,
vans, and lorries over urban streets and highways. The means of promoting this can vary from simple
improvement of local streets by installing traffic signs and road markings to constructing comprehensive
motorway control systems. These systems are:
1. Access-road meters to monitor and control motorway;
2. Closed-circuit television surveillance to detect quickly any deterioration in traffic flow; and
3. Emergency services in case of accident and injury.
C. Other traffic-control techniques include:
1. The use of one-way streets,
2. Enforcement of traffic flow regulations,
3. Channelization “(building traffic islands, turning lanes and so on), and
4. The use of traffic signals.
D. Highway Traffic control. Motorists depend on traffic control devices to avoid collisions and travel safely to their
destinations. Traffic control devices for highway travel include signs, signal lights, pavement markings, and a
variety of devices placed on, over, near, or even under the roadway.
1. Traffic Signs. Traffic signs are the most extensively used form of traffic control in the United States. More
than 55 million traffic signs line the nation’s roadside. They provide information about speed limits and road
conditions. They direct traffic along certain routes and to specific destinations. By using signs, traffic control
planners tell drivers what to do, what to watch for, and where to drive.
2. Pavement Markings. Pavement markings separate opposing streams of traffic and direct vehicles into proper
positions on the roadway. For example, pavement markings delineate turn lanes at intersections and establish
no-passing zones. White and yellow paint is customarily used for pavement markings. Reflective devices are
more visible at night and are used in some locations to mark lanes and other significant places on the road.
Traffic signs and road markings follow a uniform practice throughout the world and are designed to convey
information with a minimum of words to avoid confusing drivers unfamiliar with the area and the language.
Uniform pictorial signs and markings have been adopted throughout Europe and United States. They include
uniform signs formats and sizes, and uniform codes regulating traffic flow.
3. Traffic-Signal. Traffic signals are installed to permit safe movement of vehicles and pedestrians at busy
intersections. The signal light is probably the most easily recognized traffic control device. At a busy
intersection in a large city, a traffic signal may control the movements of more than 100,000 vehicles per day.
More than 60 percent of all miles driven each year are on roadways controlled by traffic signals.
Traffic signals direct streams of vehicles and pedestrians when to go, stop, or proceed with caution. The
signals increase the traffic handling capacity of most intersections. They can work independently on timers, or
connect to computer-controlled system that operates over several intersections.
4. Priority Control. In one of the oldest method of traffic control, one form of transportation is given priority by
restricting or banning other forms of transportation. In the 1 st century BC, Roman Emperor Julius Caesar
banned wheel traffic from Rome during daytime, which allowed pedestrians and horse riders to move freely
around the city. Some modern cities ban or restrict truck travel through certain neighborhoods.
Bus-lanes and high occupancy vehicles (HOV) lanes exist in many urban areas. Only specified types of
vehicles, primarily those carrying several occupants, can use these lanes. By giving priority to high-occupancy
vehicles, transportation planners encourage carpooling and reduce congestion.

5. Restraints. As an alternative to banning traffic, traffic control planners use devices to discourage heavy use of
a route. Island built in the centers of intersections force drivers to proceed slowly. Speed bumps discourage
high-speed commuting through residential neighborhoods. Concrete median strips prevent vehicles from
making turns except at intersections.
LESSON 4.2
TRAFFIC SIGNS

Concept:

Traffic signs, like traffic signal lights and road markings are used to convey quickly and accurately the wide range
of information needed by road users, particularly vehicle drivers, and to promote a safe and efficient use of the road
system.

Traffic signs refer to any device mounted on portable support whereby a message is conveyed by means of words or
symbols officially installed for the purpose of regulating warning, or guiding traffic. Traffic signs are installed to serve the
following functions: 1) to control traffic, 2) to safeguard the flow of traffic, 3) to expedite traffic, and 4) to guide traffic
and motorists.

Standardization of traffic signs shall conform to the standards set forth in the erection and display of standard road
signs and markers as prescribed by the DPWH as to shape, color, dimension, shape, size, height, letterings or symbols.
Refer to figures 19-21 for clearer understanding.

Traffic Signs shall be installed only under public authority or by the official having jurisdiction for that purpose,
and it shall not bear any commercial advertisement.

A thorough knowledge of traffic signs, signals and road and pavement markings is necessary to all drivers. Every
motorist must be able to recognize and obey them without hesitation even with absence of traffic police officer.

A. Historical Background. In Britain, early signposts were erected by private individuals at their own expense. In
1648, parishes were required by law to place guideposts at crossroads. In 1773, these and mileposts were required
to be erected and maintained by Turnpike Trusts. The Motor Car Act of 1903 made local authorities responsible
for placing certain warning and prohibitory signs.
B. International Traffic Signs. As explained in the Vienna convention, the system of signs and signals which it has
prescribed is based on the use of shapes and colors, characteristics of each class of sign, and whenever possible on
the use of graphic symbols rather than inscriptions with few exceptions one of which is the STOP sign of the
United States. It has been adopted very likely because it is understood practically by very motorist regardless of
nationalities. These basic sign shapes are:

1. Round and red sign: regulates the movement of turning and passing traffic regulations;
2. Round black yellow signs: a warning that you are approaching a railroad crossing;
3. Equilateral triangle red signs: a sign at the intersection directing drivers to yield the right-of-way to
vehicles in the road being crossed;
4. Triangle red and black signs: approaching a danger zone, hill, slope, winding road, and others.
C. Classification of International Traffic Signs. International traffic signs are classified into three. These are 10
danger warning signs, 20 regulatory signs and 30 informative signs.

1. Danger Warning Signs. These signs are also known as “caution signs.” These signs have an equilateral
triangular shape with one side horizontal and having red borders. Number 1 to 31 under figures 26 are danger
warning signs. These are signs intended to:
a. Warn motorist of approaching hazardous road conditions,
b. Seek caution for the approaching road hazards, and
c. Call the reduction of speed.
2. Regulatory Signs. These are signs which impose legal restrictions applicable at particular location usually
enforceable in the absence of signs. These are intended to:
a. Inform road users of certain laws and regulations, and
 b. Special obligations, instructions, or prohibitions which they must comply with and violations of which
constitute misdemeanor.
Regulatory signs are usually round shape with the exception of “Stop signs” and “Yield Signs”.
Number 32 to 62 on figure 26 are regulatory signs. These signs are further classified into two:
a. Prohibitive and restrictive signs, and
b. Mandatory signs.
3. Informative Signs. These signs are also known as “guide signs”, or “direction signs.” These rectangular shape
white-colored on blue background is used for informative signs. Green background is usually used for route
markers and destinations signs. Numbers 65 to 67 under figures 26 are informative signs. Informative signs are
intended to:
a. Guide motorists along established routes,
b. Inform the motorists of the proper roads, and
c. Help motorists along the way in the most simple and direct method.
D. Legend to International Traffic Signs.
I. Danger Warning Signs
1. Dangerous Bends
2. Dangerous Left Bend
3. Dangerous Right Bend
4. Dangerous Left Double Bend
5. Dangerous Right Double Bend
6-13. Dangerous Warning Signs To Indicate Road Intersection.
1. Approach to Intersection
2. Approach to Intersection, Side Road
3. Approach to Intersection, Merging Traffic
4. Swinging Bridge
5. Traffic Light Signals Ahead
6. Road Works
7. Pedestrian Crossing
8. Animal Crossing
9. Road Narrow
10. Uneven Road, Bad Condition
11. Steep Descent
12. Steep Ascent
13. Slippery Road
14. Quay or River
15. Runabout Ahead
16. Two-way Traffic
17. Danger: Falling Rocks
18. Railroad Crossing
II. Regulatory Signs
A. Prohibitive and Restrictive Signs
19. No Entry for All Types of Vehicles
20. No Entry for Cars
21. No Entry for Jeeps
22. No Entry for Bicycles
23. No Entry for Tricycles
24. No Entry for Buses
25. No Entry for Trucks
26. No Entry for Power Vehicles Drawing Trailers
27. No Entry for Motorcycles
28. No Entry for Pedestrians
29. No Entry for Animal Drawn Vehicles
30. No Entry for Push Carts
 31. No Left Turn
32. No Right Turn
33. No U-Turn
34. No Parking
35. No Entry for Vehicles having an overall width exceeding specified figures in meters
36. No Overtaking
37. No Blowing of Horns
38. No Entry for Vehicles having an overall width exceeding specified figures in meters
39. No Entry for Vehicles exceeding in tons laden weight
40. No Entry for Vehicles having a weight exceeding a specified figure in tons on one axle
41. No Entry for Vehicles whose overall length exceeds specified figures in meters
42. Speed Limit
B. Mandatory Signs
56-61. Directions which vehicles are obliged to follow
62. Compulsory Minimum Speed
C. Priority Signs
63. Stop Sign
64. Yield Sign
III. Informative Signs
65. Directional Sign
66. Place Identification Sign
67. Stop Sign for Loading and Unloading

LESSON 4.3
TRAFFIC SIGNAL LIGHTS

Concepts
Traffic Lights. These refers to any power operated traffic control device by which traffic is warned or directed to
take some specific actions. Traffic light signals are used to control traffic at junctions and also to stop traffic to provide
safe crossing points for pedestrians and cyclists.

The color of traffic lights are chronologically arranged to give motorists better view of signal lights. From the top,
the series of color is Red, Yellow, and Green. If there is a left or right arrow, the color alternates from green, yellow to red
and is usually installed at the left side of the green, yellow and red lights.

A. Historical Background. Traffic lights were first introduced on railways – the American railroads. Their
application on the road came only later. The choice of their colors, internationally adopted, was not arbitrary. It
was the result of traditions, careful considerations and experience.

1. The Colors. Today, traffic lights are taken for granted. Few realize the amount of deliberation and the various
factors that lead to their selection. To begin with, fundamental conditions had to be met:

a. The colors had to be recognized easily, quickly and unmistakably.

b. This had to be possible from the considerable distance and while in motion.
c. The quality, intensity and contrast of the colors had to be such that they served their purpose in all
weather, day and night.
As for the choice of the individual colors best-suited to convey the essential information, some seemed to
be “pre-selected.” Certain colors were traditionally linked with the very purpose they were now meant to
serve. Almost from antiquity, their association had prepared them to express to the modern age of speed
the command to stop, to pay heed, or to go “full steam” ahead.
 2. Red for “Stop”.Red was an obvious choice for “stop”. It had always represented danger. Fire was red; man
had learned early on to keep a safe distance from it lest he be burned. Blood was red; to shed it, brought
death. It is no wonder that, therefore, red became associated with emergency and with danger.

Native tribes in many parts of the worldmade use of red to give warning and strike terror. The Incas in ancient
Peru, for instance, made their messengers carry red beads when they wished to give warnings of war. Hence
“red” was best qualified through man’s constant battle for life. In addition, in the prism of hues it was vivid
and district.

3. White for “Go”. Through “to give the green light” has become the proverbial permissive signal in many a
situation, green was not the original choice for “go.” White first indicated that the railroad was safe and that
the train could proceed without danger. After all, white had always been regarded, through unscientifically so,
as a pure and clear color. Consequently, in the language of symbolism it came to express purity. Therefore, it
was not surprising either that initially it was decided upon to make it the signal that the line was “clear.”

Furthermore, a white light was the most easily produced. It was “natural,” without the need of paint or other
coloring aids. Like red for danger, it seemed the obvious selection.

4. Caution.Two “lights” were to control the running of trains – white for “go” and red for “stop.” It was then
realized that safety would be served better still by introducing a cautionary light to warn the driver of an
imminent change. Its color once again was to be determined by considerations of contrast, distinctiveness and
visibility. The eventual choice was green.

At a meeting of railway officials in Birmingham,England, in 1841, it was finally agreed to make red, green,
and white the standard signals for “danger,” caution,” and “go ahead.”

5. Green for “Go” It did not take long for “white” to prove the wrong color for “go.” Bitter experience taught
that it was far from ideal. In fact, it could prove fatal and for a very pertinent reason. At that early stage,
kerosene lamps served as the source of light. Any color other than white was produced by fixing a color glass
plate in front of the lamp.

It sometimes happened that the glass plate was smashed or just fell off. In either case, the red warning light
instantaneously changed into the white “go ahead.” An approaching train then had no apparent reason to stop.
Full steam ahead it would rush on, with possibly disastrous consequences.

White had proved unsuitable also for another reason which could cause confusion, if not a collision.
After all, the white lamps were not the exclusive property of railways or used as traffic signals alone. They
served generally and in an ever greater number, as a source of illumination during night. Therefore how easily
could it happen that those in charge of a train could mistake a kerosene lamp put up to shed light as their
signal telling them that the “road” was clear.
Green, after all, was a “natural” color. It was the hue of all foliage and growing things. Man knew it so
well environmentally that it spelled out to him life, safety and normality. Like the green sap in a plant, it was
symbolic of motion, drive, and vitality. Therefore, from the very beginning, it should have been the obvious
color for signaling permission to proceed. Thus, green found its rightful place in the scheme of traffic lights.
All that was needed now was to find a replacement color to “caution” drivers. The (second and final) choice
fell on yellow-amber.
That is how green, yellow, and red became the standard combination of colors for railroad signals. The
New York, New Havens, and Hartford Railroad, USA, was the first to introduce them in 1899.
B. From Rail to Road Traffic. The increase of road traffic in cities necessitated its regulation. Policemen on point
duty did a good job, but soon were outnumbered by intersections demanding attention. It became clear that only
mechanical aids could solve the problem. The traffic authorities did not have to go far in their search. They simply
adopted and adopted- through very gradually and even before their final standardization – the ready-made and
well-tried system of railroad signals.
 In England, primary consideration was given to Members of Parliament to help them safely across the street to
reach the Houses of Parliament; the Metropolitan Commissioner of Police in London had the first lights installed
at a “danger spot” near Parliament. It was a revolving gas-lit lantern mounted on a pole almost seven meters high,
which indicated the red and the green (the latter then still being used for “caution”). A policeman stationed at its
base controlled it by turning a lever. These “lights” were inaugurated on December 10, 1868. No one then guessed
the hazard they presented. On January 2, 1869, the gas container supplying the lights with fuel exploded, badly
injuring the policeman.
One of the world’s first electric traffic lights was developed in 1912 in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. By
Lester Wire, a detective on the city police force. A wooden box with a slanted roof, the lights were colored with
red and green dye and shone through circular openings. The box was mounted on a pole and the wires were
attached to the overhead trolley and light wires. It was manually operated.
Cleveland, Ohio adopted a more elaborate electric signal in 1914, which became the prototype of all
modern systems. Its two colors (red and green) could be controlled either by hand or by an automatic timer. They
were supplemented by warning buzzers. These could still easily be heard, as traffic then was not as deafening as it
is nowadays.
In 1918, New York City put up the first automatic (three-colored) lights. Britain followed suit as late as
1926 with still manually-operated set in the West end of London. The first English automatic lights were
installed- as a one-day experiment – in the following year at a busyintersection in Wolverhampton, a town in
Staffordshire, north-west of Birmingham. The test proved so successful that within a month the new lights were
adopted in Leeds, and, subsequently, in Edinburgh, to become eventually and inevitably a common and essential
feature of traffic controls everywhere.

C. Rationale. Regulating traffic flow at intersections and road crossings is just a matter of alternating the GO and
STOP signal so that every driver gets his “fair share”. As a result of this, traffic lights were invented to relieve the
traffic policeman of the mechanical duties of alternating traffic to make everybody happy.

During instances wherein traffic officers are directing traffic at a crossing or intersection equipped with traffic
lights, the INSTRUCTION OF THE POLICE OFFICER TAKE PRECEDENCE over the traffic lights.

D. Problems Concerning Traffic Lights. There are several problems arising from intersections controlled by traffic
lights. These are:

1. Failure to respect traffic laws and regulations particularly in the absence of traffic law enforcers. In the
Philippine setting, respect to laws (not necessary traffic laws) needs improvement.
2. When a traffic light suddenly becomes inoperative very seldom do order and a sense of discipline prevail. It
always ends up as a massive free for all.
3. Even pedestrians are guilty of disobeying traffic lights by crossing on DON’T WALK signs. This usually
halts traffic.
4. Many times, presence of traffic law enforcers does not deter pedestrians from disobeying traffic laws, rules
and regulations.

Oftentimes, inoperative traffic lights (either due to brownout or out of order) cause traffic jams. In cases
like these, Lichauco advised that IT IS SAFER TO SLOW DOWN OR COME TO A COMPLETE STOP and
make certain what the flow of traffic is. Further, he noted the common observation that too many accidents
have happened with drivers on both sides ASSUMING that the lights on their side is SUPPOSED TO BE
GREEN.

E. Classification of Traffic Signal Lights. Traffic signal lights are further classified into three:

1. Traffic Control Signals. These are signal lights designed primarily to control and regulate traffic flows.
2. Special Pedestrian Signals. These signal lights provides regulation for pedestrians like the “WALK” and
“DO NOT WALK” signal lights.
 3. Train Approach and Gates Signals. These are usually installed on road-rail intersections designed to inform
motorists of nay approaching train on the intersection.
4. Other Special Traffic Signals. These are installed on traffic ways where special regulations are emphasized
like “YIELD TO VEHICLES COMING FROM THE LEFT”, and other similar regulations.

F. Traffic Signal Systems. Traffic Signal Lights use different signaling systems which vary according to the needs
of the traffic way.

1. The Fixed-time System. A traffic control signal by which traffic is alternately commanded to stop and
permitted to proceed in accordance with predetermined time schedule. This is the most widely used system of
traffic signaling. The duration of the green light remains constant and is set to favor traffic on the main
roadway. Main-road traffic is halted periodically to permit the side-road traffic to cross the intersection for a
short fixed time before the signal again favors traffic on the main road. The cycle lengths of the signal
changes are determined by systematic studies of traffic flow and pedestrian needs. Such cycle lengths can be
set to vary during the day to accommodate changing traffic patterns. Traffic-activated controllers can also be
used. These vary the length of the green light on a street according to changes in traffic demand.
2. Progressive System. These are used on major arteries of a number of cities. Signals of successive
intersections along the artery are timed to change from red to green at staggered intervals, permitting a vehicle
that maintains a constant speed to proceed without interruption under normal circumstances.
3. Computerized Control of Signal Network. Signal changes are ordered by the demands of traffic and are
directed by computers that operate on the basis of traffic information relayed from vehicle sensors on the
streets. In this system, traffic detectors are placed at several locations-generally in the pavement. A computer
continuously scans the traffic information from each detector. The computer then selects the best timing for
each signal to reduce traffic congestion and minimize delays.

Computerized Traffic Lights “Smart” traffic lights can sense and respond to traffic because of a wire loop
embedded in the road. Electric current, run through the loop, creates a magnetic field. When a car interferes
with this field, a signal is sent to a roadside traffic computer. The computer monitors traffic flow,
coordinating a light change as soon as it is safe.

G. Specific Meaning of Traffic Lights. To attain more effective and efficient controlling of traffic, each color of the
traffic light has specific meaning and traffic regulation.
1. Steady Red.
a. STOP at the designated line.
b. Vehicles will be crossing from the “other side”
c. Expert pedestrians to cross at the pedestrian lane.
d. Unless specified, you can TURN RIGHT after a FULL STOP to clear traffic coming from the left.
2. Steady Green.
a. GO
b. It is the turn of the vehicles on the other side to STOP.
c. Pedestrians are not allowed to cross in front of you.
d. Unless specified, you can move up to the middle section of the intersection and make a left turn when
clear.
e. Vehicles GOING STRAIGHT have the right of way.
f. DO NOT ANTICIPATE A GREEN LIGHT.
3. Steady Green Arrow.
a. GO
b. Vehicles turning left can do so.
c. On coming straight traffic is still RED to give way for the vehicles turning left.
d. DO NOT ANTICIPATE A GREEN ARROW.
4. Steady Yellow.
a. PREPARE TO STOP
b. It is the turn of the vehicles on the other side and will be given the GO signal shortly.
 c. DO NOT BEAT A YELLOW LIGHT.
5. Flashing Red.
a. This is the same as a STOP SIGN.
b. STOP at the designated line.
c. Vehicles will be crossing from the “other side”
d. Expect pedestrians to cross at the pedestrians’ line
e. PROCEED WHEN CLEAR.
6. Flashing yellow.
a. This is the same as a YIELD SIGN.
b. Proceed through the intersection with CAUTION.
c. You have the right of way over a flashing RED LIGHT.
d. Vehicles on the other side will proceed after coming to a FULL STOP.
7. Steady Green and Steady Left/Right Arrow.
a. Vehicles can go straight or vehicles on the left lane can make a left turn.
b. Vehicles can go straight or vehicles on the right lane can make a right turn.
c. The RIGHT GREEN signal might or might NOT have a road sign disallowing right turn while the RED
light is ON.

LESSON 4.4

PAVEMENT MARKETING AND MARKERS

Concept

Pavement Markings and Markers. The pavements of all main highways have certain markings to
help you drive safely. Those include the center lane lines, barrier lines, and directional arrows, depending
upon the type of highway and the needs for such markings to make the road safe under varying conditions.
A. Pavement Marking Defined. These pertain to all lines, patterns, words, colors, or other gadgets except
signs set into the surface or applied upon or attached to the pavement or curbing or to objects within or
adjacent to the roadway, officially placed for the purpose of regulating, warning or guiding traffic.

Similarly, pavement markings are standardized as to color and location to conform to international
standards. Basically, pavement marking are placed on the roadway to convey warning or information to
the road users without diverting his attention from the roadway under favorable condition.

Knowledge of the purpose and use of each type of marking is important in order for motorists to
drive safely. Failure either intentionally or by ignorance to observe the lines can prove disastrous.

B. Types of Pavement Markings and Markers.Pavement markings and markers are further classified into
the following depending on their purpose and location of placement.

1. Pavement Markings. These are the lines usually white and yellow or a combination of yellow and
white officially set on the roadway as separation for motor vehicles traveling in the opposite direction
or the same direction in case of two-lane one-way streets, two-lane two-way street of four-lane two-
way street (see figures 28-30).
 2. Curb Markings for Restrictions. These are markings placed on the curbs or edges of traffic for
restriction or for parking regulation purposes.
3. Object Markings. These are markings placed on objects on the road or beside the road like humps,
rocks or similar hazardous objects on the side of the road (see figures 32).
4. Reflectorized Markings. These are markings or gadgets designed to reflect and become luminous
when hit by vehicles headlight. These are placed or installed in the middle of the roadway to
supplement separation lines or on object at the side of the roadway which are too near or within the
road pavement itself.

C. Specific Meaning of Pavement Markings. Pavement markings vary depending on the traffic regulations
in its location or depending on the road or traffic condition.

1. Single White Dotted Line. This pavement marking indicates the following:

a. On two-lane road, it separates traffic moving in opposite directions (see figure 29).
b. On a one-way street, separates traffic moving in one direction (see figure 28 on the preceding
page).
c. Overtaking is possible when other lane is clear of oncoming possible.

2. Single White Continuous Line in A Two-lane Traffic Way.

This line indicates the following:

a. Separates traffic moving in opposite direction (see figure 30).

b. Could be found in road sections that are dangerous.
c. Passing and overtaking can be made but only under circumstances when there is no oncoming
traffic.

3. Single Continuous Line on a Four-lane Road.

a. When there are slow and fast lanes, NEVER overtake by passing over the solid white line (see
figure 30).
b. Lanes 1&4 (outer lanes) for slow moving vehicles. Vehicles on this lane should not be BELOW
the minimum speed limit.
c. Lanes 2&3 (inner lanes) are usually for faster moving vehicles.

4. Double Yellow Line or Double White Line. A double yellow or white line with a dotted line in
between means (see figure 33):

a. ABSOLUTELY NO OVERTAKING.
b. Overtaking is extremely dangerous.
c. Stay in your lane unit you pass the end of the solid lines.

5. Single Yellow/White Line. A yellow or white line with a dotted white line means (see figure 34).

a. That you cannot overtake if the solid line is on your side.

b. If you overtake, return to your lane BEFORE the solid line.

6. Yellow Continuous Line on Road Provided with a Passing Lane. This line indicates the following
(see figure 35).

a. These are common on mountain roads.

b. Slow moving vehicles such as buses and
c. Heavy trucks should always use the outer lane (lane 3).
 d. Inner lane (lane 2) is for vehicles to pass without having to use the other lane (lane 1) for vehicles
coming from the opposite direction.
e. Vehicles coming from the opposite direction (lane 1) should not use the inner lane (lane 2) at the
other side for overtaking.

7. Crosswalk or Pedestrian Lane. This pavement marking indicates the following (figure 36).

a. For pedestrian to cross.

b. Stop for pedestrians on an intersection with no traffic light.
c. DO NOT STOP on pedestrian lane especially to load or unload passengers.
d. Pedestrians should ALWAYS cross a street on a crosswalk.

8. Directional Arrows. These pavement markings indicate the following traffic regulations (see figure
37).

a. Directions of permitted traffic movement.

b. When approaching intersections where pavement arrows are used, you should enter the lane
where the arrow points in the direction you want to go.
c. If you get in the wrong lane, you should keep going in the direction indicated by the arrow until it
is safe to turn off and get back on the street or highway which will carry you to your destination.
d. Some have double headed arrows which means the lane is for traffic going in the two directions
indicated.

9. Stop Lines. These are painted across pavement lanes at traffic signs or signals. Where these
lines are present, you should stop behind the stop line (see figure 38).
10. The Barrel Lines. A new concept in reducing the seriousness of accidents. The barrels are
engineered to act as impact cushion. Usually installed in front of a solid obstacle or traffic island at an
area of high accident frequency (see figure 39).

LESSON 4.5

TRAFFIC ISLANDS

Concept

A. Traffic Islands Defined. These are areas within the roadway constructed in a manner to establish
physical channels through which vehicular traffic is guided.
B. Functions of Traffic Islands. Traffic islands as part of traffic control devices are designed to:

1. Segregate pedestrians and vehicles; and

2. Control streams of traffic in order to minimize conflict, expedite traffic flow or increase
safety.
C. Classifications of Traffic Islands. Traffic islands are classified according to the design, place of
installation, and purpose of construction.

1. Pedestrian Island (pedestrian barriers). These are constructed between the pedestrian
sidewalk and the road pavement to prevent pedestrian from using the roadway in passing and
 to prevent motor vehicles from using the sidewalk for parking and passing purposes (see
figure 40).
2. Traffic Islands. These are the raised portion in the middle of the traffic way constructed to
separate the streams of motor vehicles traversing on opposite directions and at the same time
preventing motorists from using the opposite lane for overtaking (see figure 41.1-41.3).
Traffic islands are further sub-classified into three (3):

a. Division Islands. These are constructed primarily to divide the streams of the motor
vehicles (see figure 41.1).
b. Channelizing Island. These are constructed to channelize or direct the flow of traffic
(see figure 41.1).
c. Rotary Islands. These are constructed along intersections or “rotundas” for purposes of
turning-around (see figure 41.3). Their functions are:
(1) Prohibit pedestrians from crossing major thoroughfares at points where such crossing
are exceptionally hazardous,
(2) Minimize imprudence and delays to vehicular traffic, and
(3) Channelize and control pedestrians.

MODULE 5

TRAFFIC SUPERVISION

Overview

This module discusses Traffic Supervision which is the keeping order on the streets and highways within existing
regulations to make their use safe and expeditious. It’s objectives are: 1) to prevent collisions or congestion through
proper allotment of time and space, 2) to move traffic speedily and safely, 3) to use road to fullest extent, and 4) to uphold
that roads are primarily built to move traffic and not for carnivals.

In the attainment of the objectives of traffic supervision, three (3) police activities are needed: 1) Traffic Law
Enforcement, 2) Traffic Direction and Control, and 3) Traffic Accident Investigation. For clearer understanding of this
module, it divided into:

Lesson 1. Traffic Law Enforcement

Lesson 2. Traffic Direction and Control
Lesson 3. Traffic Patrol
Lesson 4. Traffic Accident Investigation
Lesson 5. Hit-and-Run Accident Investigation
Lesson 6. Skidmarks: as a Tool in Traffic Accident investigation.
LESSON 5.1

TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT

Concept

Traffic Law Enforcement Defined. Traffic law enforcement action is part of enforcement involving the arrest,
issuance of Temporary Operator’s Permit (TOP) or Inspection Report Summons, or warning of any person who is
believed to have violated a law, ordinance, or regulation pertaining to the use of traffic roads.

Rationale. Traffic enforcement action may prevent such violation from endangering persons, property, or
inconveniencing other users of traffic users of traffic roads, prevent continued violation, or discourage future repetition.

As traffic law enforcer, he must decide the kind of action he will take in case he has knowledge of any violation.
Drivers are guided more by the enforcement actions of traffic law enforcers than by the way the law is written. It is
therefore important that traffic enforcers should know what to do and be consistent in their actions so that drivers may
know exactly what to expect. Further, consistency of traffic enforcers in the enforcement of traffic laws builds respect and
compliance with the law.

A. Scope of traffic law enforcement. The range of action of traffic law enforcement includes but not limited to the
following:

1. The action taken by the police and the court to compel obedience to traffic laws and ordinances regulating the
movement and use of motor vehicles for the purpose of creating a deterrent to unlawful behavior by all
potential violators.
2. Enforcement of traffic legislation is an area of activity aimed at controlling road users, let behavior by
preventive persuasive and punitive methods in order to effect a safe and efficient traffic movement; and
3. It applies to all statues, ordinances and legally authorized regulations relating to the use of street and
highways and operation of motor vehicles.

B. Two Major Functions of Traffic Law Enforcement. For more effective traffic law enforcement and more
specific roles in enforcement, the function is divided into the following:
1. Police Traffic Law Enforcement. This function includes the enforcement of traffic laws deterrent to law
violations, special assistance to prosecutors and courts and incidental service to highway users. Usually
these are the responsibilities of traffic enforcers like members of the PNP-TMG and the LTO Law
Enforcement Service (LES).
2. Court Traffic Law Enforcement. One part of traffic law enforcement is performed by the court through
PROSECUTION, ADJUDICATION and PENALIZATION of cases. These actions are usually
undertaken by any of the regular courts where traffic cases fall under their jurisdiction and the Traffic
Adjudication Service (TAS) of the LTO.
C. Three Important Goals of Enforcement Activities. For more specific actions, enforcement activities aim:
1. To increase safety level – enforcement effort should be directed towards the reduction of accidents or
minimizing their effects.
2. To increase traffic efficiency – when traffic violators are reduced particularly those related to traffic
obstruction through an effective enforcement, there will be free-flow or traffic.
 3. To insure harmonious and comfortable environment – when there is an increase safety level and
increase traffic efficiency, traveling is more comfortable and luxurious and it may reduce chaotic
situations in the traffic way.
D. Major Elements of Traffic Enforcement System.In the pursuit of effective traffic enforcement, three elements
are involved. Removing one of the elements or any of the elements, enforcement is not complete.
1. Enforcement System. This area consists of legislation, police and the courts. Legislation defines and
specifies correct or incorrect road user behavior. Police and the courts are charged with the responsibility
of insuring that these laws are adhered to.
2. Road Users System (Traffic Way User). This Element includes pedestrians, pedal cyclist, drivers,
passengers and others.
3. Road System (Traffic System). This area is composed of the entire road and vehicle complex, as well as
all traffic rules and regulations.
E. Five (5) Essential Steps in the Enforcement Process. Enforcement of traffic laws includes the following
process:
1. Detection (of violation”). A whole police responsibility that entails looking for defects in the behavior of
motorist, pedestrians, vehicle, equipment and roadway condition. Requires knowledge of law on the part
of the police.
2. Apprehension. It is also a whole police function which involves the actual taking of enforcement actions.
3. Prosecution. This area is handled by the prosecution and partly the court where the police also provide
corresponding influences through preparation and introduction of evidence or close contact with the
prosecuting officer.
4. Adjudication. While this is obviously a court and prosecutions function, the police provide influence on
this step by acting as witness to the prosecution or supplying additional evidence. This step determines
the guilt or innocence of the accused.
5. Penalization. The court after due process imposes the penalty upon the accused if found guilty. The
penalty is greatly influenced by previous records of conviction as provided by police. Penalty involved is
either fine or imprisonment or both fine and imprisonment or may result to the suspension or revocation
of the driver’s license of the accused.
F. Reasons for Violation of Traffic Laws. Road users violate traffic laws and ordinances due to varying reasons.
The following are the common reasons why road users violate traffic laws, rules and regulations and other traffic
statutes:
1. Physical disabilities or infirmities
2. Ignorance of traffic
3. Lack of training and experience
4. Wrong attitude towards driving
5. PUV drivers for increased compensation
6. Driver’s apathy towards signs, signals and markings
7. Influential person violate because they feel they are exempted from punishment.
G. Considerations that act as deterrents to motorist and pedestrians.Some road users hesitant in violating any
traffic law or ordinance because varying reasons which are enumerated as follows:
1. Fear of fine punishment
2. Loss of driving privilege
3. Possibility of being involved in accident
4. Positive are of good citizenship doing what is right and setting an example
H. Kinds of Enforcement Action. When traffic enforcers detected violation of traffic laws, an enforcement action
may be taken against the individual which is either arrest, or citation, or warning alone.
1. Traffic Arrest. It is an enforcement action which consists of taking a person into custody for the purpose of
holding or detaining him to answer a charge of law violation before a court.
a. When a traffic violator can be arrested?
(1) Offense committed is serious
(2) Detention is necessary to avoid continued violation
(3) There is reasonable doubt that the violator will not appear in count
b. How is arrest made? In general, arrest is made by any of the following:
 (1) By an actual restraint of the person to be arrested, or
(2) By his submission to the custody of the person making the arrest.
c. Use of force in arresting. No violation or unnecessary force shall be used in making an arrest and
the person arrested shall not be subjected to any greater restraint than is necessary for his
detention.
d. Arrest in Traffic. In arresting a traffic violators, the traffic officer must consider the following:
(1) An arrest can be effected even without warrant if the offense is committed in the presence of
an arresting officer.
(2) The officer making an arrest must intend to take the violator into custody for the purpose of
bringing him before a court.
(3) Detention of the arrested person may take place.
(4) Officer making an arrest must act under legal authority when taking the arrested person into
custody.
(5) The person being arrested must understand that he is being arrested
(6) The purpose of arrest is to bring a suspended violator before a court to answer a charge of
violation.
e. Recording the Data of Arrest. Whichever action is used by the officer or agency, the following
information are necessary:
(1) Date/time of arrest
(2) Place of arrest
(3) The common name of the offense for which the person is arrested.
(4) The full name of the arrested person, his home address, his business address and his
telephone number
(5) Physical description of the arrestee, including his date of birth, nationality and marital status.
(6) Name of witnesses to the arrest
(7) Name and badge number of arresting officer.
f. When taking person into custody. The arresting officer when taking a person into custody must
consider the following:
(1) The possibility that the person you are arresting may attempt to injure or kill you or escape in
your custody
(2) Inform him that you are placing him under arrest
(3) Explain to him why you are placing him under arrest
(4) Reasonable search may be carried out in connection with lawful arrest.
g. When transporting arrested person. The arresting officer should observe the following guidelines
in transporting arrested person:
(1) If your unit is equipped with radio, request for transportation unit and maintain custody of
your prisoner until it arrives.
(2) Give instructions to the transporting officer about the place where the arrestee is to be
delivered.
(3) Have the necessary information and instructions written out so that the transporting officer
will not err in the delivery.
(4) In certain conditions, direct the arrested person to drive his own vehicle to your headquarters
and follow him with your police mobile.
(5) However, if the driver is not in good condition or the vehicle is in bad shape, let someone
drive the vehicle to the headquarters.
h. Warrantless Arrest or Citizen’s/Civilian Arrest. Oftentimes, arrest in traffic is made right after the
commission of the traffic violation. Hence, traffic enforcers should know the following rules to be
observed in arresting a person without warrant of arrest as stipulated by paragraphs a-c, Sec.6, rule
113, Rules of Court:
(1) When in the presence of the arresting officer, the person to be arrested has committed, is
actually committing, or is about to commit an offense.
(2) When an offense has in fact been committed, and the arresting officer has personal reasons to
believe that the person to be arrested has committed it.
 2. Traffic Citation. This is a means of having violators appear in court without physical arrest. To ensure that
an apprehended traffic violator will appear to the court or to the proper authority, the traffic officer should
confiscate the violator’s driver’s license and issue traffic Citation Ticket (TCT), TOP, or Traffic Violator’s
Receipt (TVR).

a. Apprehension. As an apprehending officer duly designated by the LTO, you should observe the
following when apprehending a traffic violator:

(1) You may confiscate the driver’s license or certificate of registration of the vehicle for any
violation of the RA 4136 and its rules and regulations, City and Municipal Ordinances.
(2) Fill out the blank spaces of TOP/or TCT forms in order to provide a detailed report of
apprehension for the information, guidance and reference of all concerned.
(3) Advise the violator to report within 72 hours, but not less than 24 hours to give allowance for
proper transmittal from receipt thereof to appropriate offices.

b. Where the violator should report? The violator should be advised to report to:

(1) Traffic Court, if in Manila and for violation of the City’s Traffic Ordinance.
(2) City/provincial Prosecutor, if in other chartered cities or provincial capitals without traffic courts,
for violations of local traffic ordinances.
(3) Municipal Court, in its municipalities, for violation of local traffic ordinance.
(4) LTO Central Office (TAS) for Metro Manila or its counterparts [REGIONAL TRAFFIC
ADJUDICATION SERVICE (RTAS)] for violation of the land Transportation and traffic Code
(RA 4136), and its rules and in the provinces regulations.

c. Uses the TOP, and TCT, and the TVR. These are official documents designed for various purposes,
namely:

(1) It serves as a receipt for the confiscation of a vehicle or the driver’s license or the CR/OR of the
vehicle.
(2) It serves as a temporary permit to operate motor vehicles for 72 hours without extension from the
time of confiscation or apprehension (in case of TVR in Manila, 7 days).
(3) It is an official for of judicial or administrative citation to facilitate action on the case for which it
is issued.
(4) It is a record for disposing a case cited therein either administratively or judiciary.
(5) It is also a receipt for release of the confiscated items after adjudication and termination of the
case.

d. Preparation of the Information/compliant. Within your tour of duty, prepare information or complaint
by filling up the TOP for processing of all traffic apprehensions at the appropriate office.
e. Filling of information/complaint. Within 24 hours from the time of apprehension, file the complaints,
together with the confiscated items, with the Clerk of Court or Provincial Prosecutor or the court
having appropriate jurisdiction as previously stated. Table 3 below shows the summary steps followed
in traffic citation.

Kinds of Place of Period of Where to Report Period of What What will

violation Violation Filling-up (Violator) Reporting should the happen?
TOP/TCT/TVR (Violator) violator do?
RA 4136 NCR Within 24 LTO-Main TAS 3-5 DAYS Pay the fine Paid the
hours or plea not fine, DL is
guilty returned.
Guilty plea ,
 Traffic
Officer is
summoned.
-do- Provinces Within 24 LTO-RTAS 3 days or 72 -do- -do-
outside NCR hours hours
Local Traffic NCR Within 24 Traffic Court (if 3-5 days -do- -do-
Ordinances hours any)/Prosecutor’s
Office
-do- Chartered Within 24 Traffic Court (if 3 days or 72 -do- -do-
cities outside ours any)/Prosecutor hours
NCR
-do- Municipalities Within 24 Prosecutor/Municipal 3 days or 72 -do- -do-
hours Court hours

f. Preliminary findings and disposition of License. Within 72 hours or three (3) days from the filing of
the case with the respective traffic enforcement offices, the hearing authority shall make immediate
preliminary findings on the basis of police or complainant’s witness reports as to whether or not
there is an imperative necessity or withholding the driver’s license confiscated.

(1) Should there be no such necessity; he shall promptly order the return of the confiscated license
to the owner without prejudice to re-calling said license.
(2) Where the violator fails to appear before the court or the investigating official concerned, his
license or permit shall be forwarded to the LTO for its suspension or revocation pursuant to Sec.
29., RA 4136.

g. Records of court proceedings.

(1) When the violator appears in Court 15 days and pleads guilty, the Clerk shows the fine schedule
and the violators pays the fine at the Treasurer’s Office, receipt of which is shown to Clerk of
Court who records the same on the TOP, and his license, if cleared for release, is now returned to
the driver.
(2) If the violator appears after 15 days, his license is forwarded to the LTO for suspension or
revocation; he shows his TOP copy to the LTO for proper disposition of his license. Clerks of
Courts, in every case, should inform the LTO and/or the apprehending officer of the final
disposition of the case.
(3) The violator appears in Court and desires not to plead guilty to the charge, the Clerk of Court sets
the date of hearing and notifies the accused accordingly and sends a corresponding subpoena to
the apprehending officer for his appearance.
(4) When the accused is found not guilty after trial, his license, if in the possession of the Court or of
the LTO, shall immediately be returned to him unless there is any other legal ground for its
suspension or revocation.

3. Traffic Warning. This is an enforcement action which does not contemplate possible assessment of penalty
by the court or otherwise as a result of warning alone. There are three types of traffic warning: visual, verbal,
and written.
a. Visual Warning. This is usually used when you have observed a minor violation but are more
importantly occupied at a moment. Indicate by gesture of the hand and/or of the head.
b. Verbal Warning. This is a form of safety education. Tell the driver/violator that he violated a law and
explain the hazards of such violations.
c. Written Warning. This is a combination of verbal warning and citations. It gives the spirit of verbal
warning and the form of citation. This is seldom used nowadays.
I. Decision Enforcement. In determining what enforcement action to be taken, whether you arrest, cite or warn the
apprehended violator, consider the following:

1. Degree of violation;
2. Accuracy of observation;
3. Traffic and weather condition;
4. Evidence gathered;
5. Whether a new law or not; and
6. Continuous or monetary actions, a factor in some type of violations.

J. Pursuit in Traffic Enforcement. Pursuit is a part of routine enforcement activity performed by police and is used
when a violating driver is detected.

Pursuit is a part of the apprehension of a violator. In general, a driver who is aware of his violation at
your presence will stop his vehicle when signaled to do so. In this instance, apprehension is complete and pursuit
is not necessary. There are times, however, when a driver is not aware that he has been detected in violation and
must be pursued until apprehended. Pursuit and successful apprehension of a violator may require the operation of
your patrol vehicle at high speed for an extended distance.

1. When to pursue? When a violator fails to stop on signal, your normal reaction is to pursue the violator until
you apprehend him. However, due to traffic congestion or other complications, such action is sometimes
neither practical nor safe. In pursuing, observe the following.

a. Pursuit must always be tampered with common sense and foresight of like hazards.
b. Better judgment is used in deciding to lose a traffic violator who can be apprehended at another time than
giving great risk to yourself, your vehicle and other drivers.
c. Pursuit requiring high speed operation of police vehicle may be justified in certain circumstances such as
in the apprehension of a driver endangering the lives of motorists, pedestrians, and others through
operation which can be classified as other than reasonable and proper which is dangerous and negligent.
d. Type of serious violation is an important factor in deciding to pursue:
(1) Non-hazardous violations. Pursuit to apprehend this violator seldom warrants a prolonged chase or
operation of your police vehicle at high speed. These violations do not justify the same degree of risk
as may be justified as hazardous violations.
(2) Hazardous violations. These violations present continuing danger to other road users that require
immediate and sometimes aggressive pursuit. Examples are:
(a) Driving while under the influence of liquor;
(b) Reckless driving; and
(c) Driving on excessive speed.

e. Consider the following when pursuing hazardous violators:

(1) A violator of this nature is likely to have little concern for other drivers at their safety.
(2) Successful flight from identification and apprehension is usually his only concern.
(3) Be prepared for acts of this type of violator which could give him an advantage while interfering with
your pursuit and successful apprehension. Like trying to force you or other motorists off the road.

f. Consider your driving skill and experience. Driving skill is that collection of proper habits which enable a
person to detect and evaluate road and traffic conditions about him, and to maneuver his vehicle properly
without consciously thinking about what he is doing. Check your skill in these areas:
(1) Manipulative skills – making your vehicle behave as you intend.
(2) Recognizing road and traffic conditions that may hinder your pursuit.
(3) Defensive driving – anticipating and allowing bad-driving by others.
 g. Resisting distraction. You should know what evasive actions will permit you to avoid or escape
unfavorable traffic conditions. A driver can often protect himself from danger if he knows how to
recognize the danger in time and take proper evasive action.

2. Pursuit Techniques. A successful pursuit operation can be attained if the pursuing officer knows the
following:

a. His limitations and strength in driving a patrol vehicle under normal conditions.
b. Good driving combined with effective techniques will help to minimize the dangers involved in pursuit in
high speed.
c. Normal driving skills is not automatically improved by wearing a police uniform, or by having a police
car to operate.

3. Identification of Pursued Vehicle.

a. When alone, use a clipboard with attached paper and pencil. Anchor the clipboard by sitting on part of it
so that notes can be written without looking down.
b. Post a list of wanted persons or vehicles on a “hot sheet” within easy viewing range while in driving
position. The list should be arranged by cases of offense for rapid identification of violators wanted for
more serious offense.
c. Identify the violator’s vehicle for later identification, particularly when pursuit is lengthy, interrupted or
abandoned, or in case you are injured by the violators.
d. The registration plate is very important and accurate method of establishing identity of a vehicle is also
important. Train yourself to observe complete license plate number at a glance.
e. Record the registration number as soon as possible, and check it against your “hot sheet”. Sometimes
prescribed registration number on a clipboard is the only clue to the identification of an escaping violator
who has struck or injured an officer.

4. Itemized Identification Features of the Vehicle. For an effective identification of the pursued vehicle, the
officer must be familiar with the following features:

a. COLOR – for example, red, black, etc. When the vehicles has more than one color, first give the color of
the body and then the top, i.e., black body, gray top.
b. YEAR OF MANUFACTURE – learn to identify the year model of a vehicle, i.e., “1996”.
c. MAKE – Honda, Toyota, Mitsubishi, Isuzu, etc.
d. BODY TYPE – p-up, wagon, 4dr sedan, truck, etc.
e. LICENSE PLATE NUMBER- city or province of issuance, letter and number prefixes, i.e. AAA 456
f. OUTSTANDING FEATURES AND ACCESSORIES – “wide-bank racing stripe,” vinyl top, particular
damage which are noticeable as crumbled fender, damaged door, or cracked door.
g. UNUSUAL FEATURES OF THE DRIVER OR PASSENGERS – clothing, air, glasses, etc.

5. Keep Headquarters Advised – through the dispatcher about the progress of the pursuit operation.

a. It is your duty to apprehend violators as soon as possible. Radio contact with HQs aids in accomplishing
this objective by alerting other patrol units in the area.
b. While in pursuit, use your radio whenever necessary and advisable. It forced to abandon pursuit and there
is no radio available, use any nearest telephone.

6. Stopping and approaching a violator. It is completed when you have stopped the violator’s vehicle and
move to the place where you will begin to talk to the driver. The following should be observed:

a. In stopping a violator, it must be done in safety to you, the driver you stopped, to other road users.
b. Approach the violator preferably on the left side from the rear and be alert for the unexpected.
K. Officer-Violator Relationship. The first reminder for an officer is to establish PLEASANT RELATIONSHIP
with offending motorists or pedestrians. This may be accomplished by:
1. The appearance of your uniform, equipment and person which will create the violator’s impression of you. A
neat, clean uniform properly worn and well-groomed person will create a good impression.
2. Observance of the following rules when talking with the violations:
a. Get your emotions under control. Don’t appear before him when you are both at the peak of tension.
b. Advise the violator the nature of the alleged violation in a manner that he can fully understand.
c. Allow the violator to talk and explain his side.
d. Be courteous and business-like. You may introduce yourself or use only “good morning, “sir” or
“madam”. By using “sir” or “madam”.
e. Request compliance. Use requesting words such as “May I”, “please” and “kindly” when directing the
violator.
a. Avoid telling the driver what not to do. If you want him to do something, whenever possible, explain
why you want him to do it.
3. Never open your conversation in a sarcastic or derogatory way. Avoid such opening as:
a. Don’t you know - - - - -?
b. Who do you think are?
c. Where do you think you are going?
d. What’s your hurry?
4. Being alert at all times for the unexpected, approach the violator with these cases:
a. Take time to get ready to talk with the violator.
b. Know what you are going to do and say.
c. Have any equipment you will need such as flashlights, clipboard, or citation pad.
d. Review the facts which led you to your stopping the violator before you begin to talk.
e. Decide what enforcement action you are going to take before you approach the violator.
5. In requesting for the driver’s license or vehicle registration certificate (CR), observe the following:
a. Do not put your head or arms in the car windows.
b. While waiting for the license, ask the driver, “what is your name, sir?”
c. Never accept anything other than the papers requested.
d. Ask the papers being requested be removed from the billfold or other container.
e. Have the driver hand the requested papers to you outside the window.
f. Establish the identity of the driver and check the entries of both the license and the registration papers
for any possible fraud, or false identities or falsifications.
g. Do not return the driver’s license and vehicle registration certificate until you are about to terminate the
interview.
6. In terminating your contact with the violator-
a. Explain to the driver what action he must take.
b. Tell him when and where he must appear.
c. Don’t discuss probable bail penalties with the violator.
d. Avoid any naughty suggestion that he should engage in the services of a counsel or how he should
plead.
e. When you are certain the driver understands what he should do, close the interview by:
(1) Thanking the driver for his cooperation.
(2) Explaining how he may avoid further difficulty.
f. Help the driver get safely through the traffic.
g. When the violator leaves, don’t follow him immediately. He may feel that you are just waiting to nab
him again.
L. Road Check. This is another enforcement activity where it involves the conducting of actual inspection of
vehicles, and motorists on the road.
1. Objective of road check. The objective of road check is to detect and inspect the following:
a. Faulty vehicle equipment.
b. Registration and licensing violations
 c. Intoxicated drivers
d. The load or cargo of commercial transportation vehicle for load weight
2. Considerations to be taken.
a. Minimum delay to motorist
b. Thorough checking procedure
c. Protection/safety of both motorist and officers
d. Timing, location and frequency
In case thorough checking of vehicles will be conducted, take note of the legalities of searches or the instances that
validates the search, i.e. , search incidental to lawful arrest, consented search, search of moving vessel, and search by
“tips”.

LESSON 5.2
TRAFFIC DIRECTION AND CONTROL

Concept:
As discussed earlier, the movement of people, goods, vehicles, trains, ships, and airplanes from one place to another is
called traffic. And controlling traffic involves attempts to make these movements as fast, safe, and efficient as possible.
Aside from utilizing traffic signs, pavement markings and markers, and traffic signal systems, one important aspect of
traffic control is the assigning of traffic officers along intersections where traffic congestions are common problems.
Assigning of traffic officers on strategic places does not only ensure the obedience to traffic laws, rules and
regulations but it also serves as emergency solution when traffic lights suddenly fail or when the traffic signal light could
not control the flow of traffic. Traffic officers manning intersections can also provide emergency services to the public not
only during lights out but also during disasters or calamities like fire or ambulances responding to fire or crime scenes.
During these moments, traffic officers can immediately give way to responding fire engines, police cars, or ambulances
by directing and control traffic along intersections.

Intersections Defined. As applied to a street or highway means the space occupied by two streets at the point where they
cross each other. Usually, this is the place where traffic direction and traffic control is needed.

Police Traffic Direction. It is defined as telling drivers and pedestrians when, how and where they may or may not move
or stand at a particular place, especially during emergencies or period of congestion.

A. Who are tasked to direct and guide traffic? In the Philippines, traffic officers are usually deputized by the Land
Transportation Office who normally come from the PNP-TMG , police auxiliaries, MMDA Traffic Management
Section. In some places, volunteers coming from barangay security forces and other civic organizations assist in
the directing and controlling of traffic particularly during rush hours, special occasions, and time of emergencies.
B. Directing and Guiding Traffic. The following are the basic concept for an effective directing and guiding traffic:
1. When you are assigned to direct traffic, you are expected to indicate to the drivers and pedestrians how,
when, and where they may move.
2. In order to do this, use a type of sign language which shall be clearly understandable to all persons you will
be directing.
3. However, if your signals are different from those used by other officers, motorists would probably fail to
understand them and ignore you altogether.
4. Hence, it is important for the efficient direction of traffic that the officers use uniform gestures and signals.
5. Moreover, the signals should be able to be seen over a fairly long distance. When directing traffic, you first
want drivers and pedestrians to recognize that you are the officer who will tell them what to do. But you
must also know how to tell them when to stop, go or turn by using gestures alone.
 6. Normally, this is in the center of the intersection. Stand as though you mean business. Stand straight with
your weigh equally distributed to each foot.
7. When you are not signaling, let your hands fall at your sides. When you authorize vehicles to move, do not
face them. Stand so that your side is toward the oncoming vehicle.
C. Suggested Methods of Directing and Guiding Traffic.
1. Use hand signals to designate decisions to motorists and pedestrians
2. Supplement the arm/hand signals with whistle:
a. One long blow to STOP.
b. Two short snappy blasts for GO.
c. Three blasts to be used for assistance.
3. If two or more officers are assigned in one intersections, only one makes the decision, while the other take
theirs from him.
4. To stop a moving lane, point at the car you intend to stop and give the driver the opportunity to stop
5. The hand signal should be made with the arm extended and the palm facing the person or vehicle to be
stopped.
D. Night Control of Traffic.There are instances when traffic officers are needed to direct and guide traffic during
night time, not only during lights out where traffic lights are not functioning but also during some instances where
an accident occurs and traffic officers are needed to guide the motorists. Whichever case, the following are the
suggested methods to be used while directing and guiding traffic during night time.

1. When light is sufficient, work as in day time.

2. If light is not sufficient, use flashlights:
a. To STOP, direct the flashlight in line of the vision and move back and forth.
b. To STAY, use the same motion as in daylight except with flashlight.
c. Supplement the actions with whistle.

E. Hand Signals. Figure 42 to 46 are some of the standards hand signals when directing traffic.

LESSON 5.3

TRAFFIC PATROL

Concept

In maintaining order in the streets and highways, it is not sufficient to install traffic control devices and aids. Traffic signs,
pavement markings and markers and other traffic rules and regulations are likely to be violated in the absence of traffic
law enforcement officers. Therefore, to ensure compliance to these traffic rules and regulations, traffic patrol officers are
needed.

Traffic Patrol. It refers to the observation of road conditions, the behavior of the drivers and other users of vehicles
for the purpose of traffic supervision and law enforcement and providing authorized traffic-connected services to the
public.
 However, traffic patrol is not all moving from one place to another place, but it also involves stationary observation
particularly on strategic places where accidents and traffic violations are very common occurrence.

A. Types of traffic Patrol. Traffic patrol may be conducted on area or line bases which refer to the territory covered.
It includes, for enforcement purpose, stationary observation to detect drivers’ behavior as well as moving about to
detect violators.

1. Line Patrol. This involves observation either in moving or stationary observation at a certain route or point of
a major street in a city. Usually, this is done by foot patrol officers.
2. Area Patrol. This involves the conduct of observation either by moving patrol or observation of a certain area
which included a number of streets, roads or sections of a highway. Area patrolling the job of mobile police
officers as well as those motorcycle cops.
B. Types of Stationary Observation. As discussed earlier, observation of traffic conditions of selected place,
usually one with unfavorable accident experience for traffic law supervision. Stationary observation may be
conspicuous, visible, or concealed, depending upon the location of the patrol unit in relation to the street under
observation.
1. Conspicuous Observation. Stationary observation in which observer remains in full view of traffic
conditions. Here, the traffic patrol officer is situated in any place where he could be seen by all traffic users.
2. Visible Observation. Stationary observation in which the observer is in full view but so located, for example,
at side street, so as to require effort on the part of traffic users to discover the observer.
3. Concealed Observation. Stationary observation in which the observer is not visible to persons using ordinary
power of observation from the roadway being observed.
C. Purposes of Traffic Patrol. Traffic patrolling is usually conducted for the following purposes:
1. Deterrent to violations and dangerous driving.
2. Observing and apprehending violators.
3. Observing and reporting traffic conditions
4. Observing and reporting road conditions, including view obstruction which needs attention.
5. Providing certain services to the public.
6. Handling emergencies as they arise and keeping traffic flow smoothly.
D. Deterring Drivers from Violating. The effect of traffic law enforcement on the behavior of the motorist drivers
depends upon what they think the police will do or the reputation of the police for action. Once you have a
reputation as a good traffic enforcer for taking action when it is necessary, a deterrent effect may be achieved in
several ways:
1. Be sure you are seen by other motorists while taking enforcement actions against a violator.
2. Be in full view while simply patrolling or inspecting.
3. Leave the area and proceed to another area after you have taken enforcement action.
4. In order to achieve a deterrent in enforcement, be sure to spend more time in some area wherein motorists or
drivers fail to be aware of their common bad driving practices.
5. Enforcement action should be taken at once among habitual violators in order to deter traffic violators.
E. Deter Violator for Unsafe Driving.Be alert for potentially hazardous drivers. His action may not be illegal, but
may serve as road hazards that need to be cautioned.
This kind of driver may not have enough driving experience; he may be under the influence or liquor or narcotics
that may later on contribute to an accident if no action is taken against him at once.
F. Example of Actions and Conditions which may Need Close Watching for Further Investigations. While
patrolling, traffic officers must give special attention to some conditions that may result to greater danger or
continuous violations. These are:
1. Driving extremely at low speed.
2. Slow moving vehicles in left or “high speed” lanes.
3. Racing motor sliding stops, jumping starts, and the like.
4. Excessive maneuvering such as backing up four or five times to get into a parking space.
5. Pulling to curb lane at traffic signal.
6. Having turn signals on when not attempting to turn.
7. Waving in roadway.
 8. Failing to slow for an intersection with obstructed view.
9. Passing or attempting to pass several cars in bunch.
10. Suddenly turning off at approach of police vehicle.
11. Teen-age groups at night particularly when in two or more vehicles.
12. Damage or dressed up vehicles.
13. Faulty or obscured license plates.
14. Unlighted parked cars with motor running.
Warn drivers or pedestrians who are about to commit a violation. Confirm your observation of driver by making a sign or
signal that his intended action is to be avoided.
For example, a driver may be about to stop and to and to double park or start to leave a vehicle which is standing in a
driveway. A gesture is usually enough to warn the driver to desist.

G. Detecting and Apprehending Violators. These are the main jobs or duties of traffic patrol officers.
H. Observing Traffic Conditions. As traffic patrol officer, you are the eyes and ears of the department when on
traffic patrol. You must supply information about what is happening on the street. This information may be used
for many purposes.
I. Road Intelligence. Unusual points of serious congestion must be noted. You may observe an unusual amount of
delay at a certain intersection each morning and when you learn that it is due to loading or unloading of
passengers on a “NO LOADING ZONE”, be sure to report the situation at once to your superior officer. Pay
special attention to congestions that tie up traffic for a block or more. You should also report unnecessary delay at
stop signs or signals which are installed when traffic is heavier. Include in your report all road and bridge
conditions.
J. Patrol Assignment. You may be assigned to either area or line patrol, or you may have instructions to use a
combination. For example, you may patrol a certain street noted for excessive accidents in a line at specific times.
The following are some guidelines when assigned in traffic patrol unit.
1. Be sure to be familiar with the street lay out in your area. Learn the short cuts, the dead ends, and the back
streets. Learn which streets are likely to serve as escape routes from the city or provincial roads.
2. Familiarize yourself with the places where congestion is likely to occur so that you can “drive around” these
places when on emergency call.
3. When assigned to area patrol, you may or may not be able to cover your entire assignment area on each tour
of duty, depending upon its size. You may not be able to give the same amount of attention to each section
due to the necessity of concentrating on a certain trouble spots. However, you should consider yourself
responsible for traffic conditions in the entire area.
4. When assigned to line patrol, you are responsible for the traffic conditions on a particular street or highway.
You may be permitted to depart from your assigned street when, for example, you pursue violator or on an
authorized break time such as lunch.
5. You may also want to employ patrol techniques which will require you to depart momentarily from an
intersecting street rather than always approaching it from the street which you are patrolling. At times this
will enable you to get better view of traffic conditions on your assigned street.
K. Patrol Tactics and Techniques. Occasionally, you may have an assignment in which you work with another patrol
unit. When multiple patrol units are used, special tactics are possible. Examples of these are following:
1. When one unit overtakes a group of vehicles, the other unit brings up the rear of the group. If one or more
drivers in the group think that they can no longer be observed since they have been passed by the first patrol
unit, they feel free to violate. The following patrol unit observes and apprehends the violators. A conspicuous
and concealed unit may be used together in much the same manner.
2. When an entire column of vehicles must be stopped one unit stays at the rear while the other overtakes the
leader. If two vehicles are racing, or if two violators separate, the paired patrol units can separate for
individual pursuit.
3. Another advantage of working together is that officers can protect each other, particularly when approaching
suspicious persons or vehicles. Except for special purposes or occasions, patrol unit works independently so
that more areas can be covered that way.
L. Steps to take in Cases of Special and Unusual Situations. Oftentimes, traffic patrol officers are confronted with
unusual situations while on field operations. The following are some of the guidelines to be observed when faced
with unusual incidents:
1. What to do in case of abandoned motor vehicle?A motor vehicle is said to be abandoned when it is left
unattended in an area not provided for parking. For these reasons, unattended vehicles become a problem to
traffic flow. In some instances, they are accidentally found to be more serious problem than what is actually
thought of, particularly when they are abandoned by carnappers or hold-uppers. Abandoned vehicles may be
classified into two categories: a) unattended due to mechanical defects, and b) abandoned by carnappers or
hold-up men.
a. In the case of first categories:
(1) Verify and check on the ownership of the vehicle,
(2) And if possible, advise the owner to relocate the vehicle to a much safer place.
b. In case of the second category:
(1) Get the plate number and other data of the vehicle,
(2) Make a report on the presence of the abandoned vehicle to the nearest TRAFCOM or traffic
police unit,
(3) Make possible steps to inform the owner,
(4) Bring the vehicle to the TRAFCOM or traffic police impounding area and conduct a Technical
Inspection Report in the presence of alleged owner,
(5) Advise the owner to present all pertinent papers of the vehicle for the identification of the
ownership,
(6) If the vehicle is found to have violated any provision of RA 6539, note its violation and together
with the Technical Inspection Report, submit it for investigation, and
(7) Finally, submit a duly accomplished spot report.
2. What to do on stalled or bogged down motor vehicles? In most instances, traffic accidents or jams are
caused by stalled or bogged down vehicles that are left carelessly unattended in the highways. In these cases
therefore, it is important that you should know the basic courses of actions in order to avoid unnecessary risks
know the basic courses of actions in order to avoid unnecessary risks of human lives and property and further
allow the continuous free flow of traffic. When you notice stalled or bogged down the vehicles having
mechanical defects and blocking the road; take these precautionary measures:
a. Check the defect or condition of the vehicle,
b. Ensure the safety of vehicles and persons involved by conducting traffic direction in the vicinity,
c. If practicable, push the vehicle to the road shoulder. You may request assistance of other motorists to
do this, otherwise avail of wreckers or heavy trucks to move it,
d. Advise the owner of the vehicle to avail the services of repairman, and
e. Provide early warning devices or any lantern to deter accident occurrences and provide appropriate
precautions for the safety and conveniences of the repairman and the other motorists.
3. How to handle traffic jam? Traffic jam is caused by such factor as vehicular accident, stalled vehicle due to
engine trouble, absence of traffic officer at an intersection, or road construction. Steps to be taken by traffic
officer are:
a. Determine the cause of the traffic jam,
b. Where traffic jam is caused by vehicular accident, conduct fats, immediate but complete investigation
and remove vehicles involved at the scene of accident.
c. If traffic jam is caused by mechanical trouble, assist motorist to push the vehicle to a place where it
will not obstruct the flow of traffic,
d. Establish yourself and conduct systematic flow of traffic,
e. Observe if the flow of traffic became smooth, if not, refer back to letter “a” above, and
f. Implement proper traffic regulation to avoid further traffic jam.
4. In case of vehicle cannibalization. Vehicle cannibalization is characterized by stealing the parts of the motor
vehicle instead of carnapping the whole car. In case of this incident, take the following steps:
a. Determine the vehicle parts that were stolen,
b. Take down the name of the owner of the vehicle, the description of the vehicle, and the location or
where the incident took place,
c. Look for immediate possible clues that might lead to the identification of the perpetrators or their
modus operandi,
d. Interview the witnesses and owner to get a general picture of the situation prior to the incident,
e. Prepare a spot report and submit it to the nearest TRAFCOM Unit, and
f. If further investigation is necessary, the vehicle may be impounded for safekeeping.