Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BEFORE, DURING and AFTER welding
> Bya trained and qualified inspector (that’s why AWS developed the CWI program)
> PropertoolsQ Why VT is very cost effective:
Relative simplicity
It is least expensive inspection method
Minimal amount of equipment required
Minimize the repair time and cost;
> Itallows for detection and correction of many discontinuities before weld
completion
ote
Application of VT
* Before welding
% During welding
_.. After welding‘Sequence of Welding and Inspection Operations
Prior to Welding
During Welding
After Welding
Material Identification
— Chemical analysis
— Mechanical properties
Base Metal Conditions
— Freedom from internal and
surface discontinuities
— Flatness, straightness,
dimensional accuracy
Joint Condition
— Edge Shape
— Dimensional accuracy
— Cleanliness
— Root opening
— Alignment
— Backing
— Tack welds
Special Assembly/Pabrication
Practice
— Adequacy and accuracy of
jigging, bracing, or
fixturing
— Application and accuracy
of pre-stressing or
precambering,
Preheat and interpass
temperatures,
— Controls,
— Measurement methods
Filler Metal
— Identification
— Control
— Handling
Root Pass
— Contour
— Soundness
Root preparation prior to
welding second side
Cleaning between passes
‘Appearance or passes
(Sometimes in comparison
with workmanship.
standard)
In-process NDE as
required or specified
Conformance to approved
welding procedure
Postheat treatment requirements
Acceptance inspection
‘Method of cleaning for
inspection
Nondestructive examination
— Visual examination
— Surface contour and finish
of welds
— Conformity of welds with
drawings
— Magnetic particle
— Liquid penetrant examination
— Radiographic examination
— Ultrasonic examination
— Proof testing
— Other suitable methods
Destructive testing
— Chemical
— Mechanical
— Metallographie
Marking for acceptance or
rejection
Repairs
Inspection after repair3 Optical Aids
>
b)
Optical aids used in visual inspection
include the following.
Mirrors
valuable to the inspector allowing them to
look inside piping, threaded and bored
holes, inside castings and around
corners if necessary.
Dr.Samir Saad
Ws3 Optical Aids
> — Optical aids used in visual inspection include the following.
c) Magnifiers
Y helpful in bringing out smalll details anddefects.
a
Dr.Semir Saad( Visual Inspection Tools }
> — Optical aids used in visual inspection
include the following.
¥ — widely used for examining tubes, adeep
hole, long bores, and pipe bends, having
internal surfaces not accessible to direct
viewing metal.Weld Examination Devices
Typical inspection tools for weld inspection include the following.
a) Inspector's kit
contains some of the basic tools needed to perform an adequate visual examination of a weld
during all stages of welding {Before welding ,During welding and After welding}
Itincludes as the following:-
6 inch Ruler
4 inch Micrometer
Metric Dial Caliper
Palmgren Gage
Undercut Gage
Fillet Weld Gages
Dr.SamtinSaadWeld Examination Devices
> — Typical inspection tools for weld
inspection include the following.
b) Bridge cam gauge
can be used to determine the weld
preparation angle prior to welding.
This tool can also be used to measure’
excess weld metal (reinforcement),
depth of undercut or pitting, fillet
weld throat size or weld leg length . 4 ei
and misalignment (high-low). NEWETWEDTOAT—AMGLEOEPREMNATON— MMLOWENT
Excess WeLO METAL Furr ues ume
Dr.Samir SaadX% Weld Examination Devices
> Typical inspection tools for weld inspection include
the following
C) Bridge Fillet weld gauge-The types of fillet weld
gauges include.
1) Adjustable fillet weld gauge—measures weld sizes for
fit-ups with 45 degree members and welds With unequal
weld leg lengths
The weld fillet gauge —a quick go/no-go gauge used to
measure the filet weld leg length. Gauges normally come
in sets with weld leg sizes from 1/8 in. (3 mm) to 1 in.
(25.4 mm). a weld fillet gauge being used to determine if
the crown has acceptable concavity or convexity
Dr.Samir Saad£ Weld Examination Devices
Typical inspection tools for weld inspection include the
following.
¢) Digital pyrometer or temperature sensitive crayons.
{measures preheat and interpass temperatures,
==
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Dr.Samir SaadQ Penetrant examination isa sensitive method of detecting and locating
discontinuities, provided the discontinuities are clear and open to the surface.
Q Method
= The method employs a penetrating liquid dye which is applied to the properly cleaned
surface to be examined and which enters the discontinuity.
* After a suitable dwell time. the excess penetrantis removed from the surface and the part is
dried.
* A developers then applied which acts as a blotter. drawing the penetrant out of the
discontinuity.
* The penetrant, drawn from an opening on the surface. indicates the presence and location
eof @ discontinuityBrirey
o =
=
Apply Penetrant Cleanthen apply Developer ResultQ basic classifications of the penetrant method
“There are two basic classifications of the penetrant method, both
using a similar principle.
= One usesa visible dye and the other uses a fluorescent dye which is only visible
with exposure to ultraviolet light.
Visible penetrantis usually red in color to provide a contrast against the white
developer background. Normal white lightis usually sufficient to view the
discontinuities.
Fluorescent penetrants provide a greenish yellow indication against a dark
background when viewed in a darkened area under a black (ultraviolet) light
source. The fluorescent method is more sensitive due to the fact that the human
ssan0 @ye Can more easily discern a fluorescentindication.Ovisible dye
OFluorescent dye
OThree removal systems:
>» Solvent
> Water
> EmulsifiableQ These Are the Medias by Which They Can Keep
Permanent Records.
“Sketches
“Photographs
Lift off tapesQ Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
Disadvantages
1) Low operator skill level
1) Highly clean metal
2) All materials (Non Porous)
2) Open Surface flaws only
3) Low cost method
3) Somewhat slow
4) Simple equipmentQ Application
= Magnetic particle inspection may be applied to detect surface and near surface defects in
ferromagnetic materials only .
Q Method
Clean area to be tested
Apply contrast paint
Apply magnetism to the component
Apply ferromagnetic ink to the component during magnetising
Interpret the test area
Post clean and demagnetise (if required)QO Method
Contrast paint Magnet & Ink ResultQO Magnetic Field Orientation and Flaw Detectability
» Ifthe magnetic field is parallel to the defect; the field will see little disruption
and no flux leakage field will be produced.
S
» An orientation of 45 to 90 degrees between the magnetic field and the
defect is necessary to form an indication.Q Circumferential Magnetization
EXTERNAL,
> Circular magnetic fields are produced.by 7 ELD
1) passing current through the part
2) A headshot on a wet horizontal test unit an —_
CURRENT
3) Prods
4)Central conductorsQ longitudinal Magnetization
> alongitudinal magnetic fields are produced by,
1) Permanent magnets and Electromagnetic yokes
2) Coils & SolenoidsQuestion
= 2 From the previous slide regarding the optimum test sensitivity, which
kinds of defect are easily found in the imaaes below?
ERE Dnce
Cracks at 90° toline force will show Cracks at parallel to line force will not
showQuestion
2° From the previous slide regarding the optimum test
sensitivity, which kinds of defect are easily found in the
CURRENT G)
(AC oR Boy
est
MAGNETIC LINES
SPP SRcE
Longitudinal (along the axis)Question
i? From the previous slide regarding the optimum test
sensi , which kinds of defect are easily found in
the i images below?
‘CURRENT &,,
Longitudinal (along the axis) Transverse (perpendicular the axis)QO Magnetic Particles
+ ferromagnetic iron oxides
“Dry or wet
Types
Color dyed
“Fluorescent
OMT Equipment
**AC / DC bench units
“AC yokes
“AC / DC yokes
“AC / DC prods
“AC / DC coilsQ These Are the Medias by Which They Can Keep
Permanent Records.
“Sketches
“Photographs
Lift off tapesQO Magnetic Particles
Advantages Disadvantages
1) Low operator skill level 1) Fe Magnetic metal only
2) Rapid 2) De-magnetize may be required
3) Relatively cheap 3) Can cause are strikes #
4) Portable 4) Poor with thick coatings
# When using the straight current prod techniqueQ Overview of Radiographic Testing
X or Gamma radiation is imposed upon a test object
Radiation is transmitted to varying degrees dependent upon the density
of the material through which it is travelling
Thinner areas and low density materials show as darker areas on the
radiograph
Thicker areas and High density materials show as lighter areas on a
radiograph
Applicable to metals, non-metals and compositesLoad film Exposure to Radiation Interpret Graph
Radioactive source Developed
Graph
1Q1
Film cassette’ ‘Latent image on the filmLIGHTEST DARKEST
O Areas of high radiation transmission, or low absorption, appear as dark areas on the
developed film.
O Areas of low radiation transmission, or high absorption, appearas light areas on the developed
film.High dense
discontinuity Low dense
discontinuity
Film
Lighter region
on radiograph
Darker region
‘on radiographLIGHTEST
DARKEST
Metal Densities
Grams/cubic centimeter
Aluminum = 2.70
Steel 7.87
Copper 8.96
Lead 11.34
Tungsten 19.30Flaw OrientationRadiographic Testing
Flaw Orientation
o° 10° 20°Radiographic Techniques
Single Wall Single Image Panoramic
IQI’s are placed on the film side
Source inside film outside (single exposure)Radiographic Techniques
Double Wall Single Image (DWSI)
IQI’s are placed on the film side
Source outside film outside (multiple exposure)
This technique is intended for pipe diameters over 100mmRadiographic Techniques
Double Wall Double Image (DWDI)
IQI's are placed on the source or film side
Source outside film outside (multiple exposure)
A minimum of two exposures
This technique is intended for pipe diameters less than
oommRadiographic Techniques
Double Wall Double Image (DW!)
Elliptical Radiograph| Radiographic Testing J
f- Fanilagreplilt Sensitivity ‘ 2% thickness test object). \
J
Wire type QI d
: JRadiographic Sensitivity
O Placement of IQI
Hole Type IQ!
Wire Type IQIAdvantages Disadvantages
1) A permanent record 1) High operator skill
2) Most materials 2) Difficultinterpretation
3) Little surface preparation 3) Requires access to both sides
4) Flaw orientation
5) Safety requirements*Main Features:
Surface and sub-surface detection
This detection method uses high frequency sound waves, typically above 2MHz to
pass through a material
A probe is used which contains a piezo-electric crystal to transmit and receive
ultrasonic pulses and display the signals on a cathode ray tube or digital display.
a piezo-electric crystal “Refers to materials which can convert electrical energy
to mechanical energy and vice versa.”
For ultrasound to enter a material ,a couplant must be introduced between the probe
and specimenApply Couplant Sound wave Result*
CRT display \
Signal rebounded
from Lack of fusionUltrasonic Testing
Digital
UT Set,
Pulse echo
signals
Ascan Display
Compression probe checking the material ThicknessThicknessQ Longitudinal (straight beam)-Compression Probe
“ Thickness measurement a defect Back wall
initialpulse echo echo
“Lamination check( Ultrasonic Testing J
Q Shear (angle beam) Probe
Weld check initial pulse.
defect echo
CRT Display
initial pulse.
defect echo.
Full Skip,UT Advantages
A true volumetric test
One side access
UT Limitations
* Highly skilled operator
* Smooth surfaces
* Groove welds > 1/4” thick
Very accurate
Deep penetration - 200”
Critical flaws found
Equipment fully portableEddy Current Testing
“Based on the principle of eddy currents being formed in conductive
materials in the presence of an AC coil and changes in those eddy
currents by material changes.”
Induced Eddy Currents
rg
k a tneasaaiesET application
Flaw detection
Metal thickness
Coating thickness
Metal hardness
Heat treatmentET Advantages
No contact required with part
No couplant required
Readily Automated
Applicable to all metals
ET Limitations
Highly skilled operator
“Too sensitive”
Shallow penetration - 3/16”
Calibration standards
required
Requires surface cleanliness
Magnetic materials more
difficult~~
a
Chapter 3>_
Introduction tomanual ultrasonic
&
Dr.Samir SaadUT application
i. Thickness measurement: corrosion, erosion, bore hole eccentricity,
process control
ii. Flaw detection: voids, cracks, inclusions, piping, laminations, disbond,
bursts, flakes, rate of crack growth
iii. Material properties: grain size, structure, elastic constants, nodularity
in cast iron| Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing, |
f ~
Digital
UT Set,
Pulse echo
signals
Ascan Display
Compression probe checking the material ThicknessThickness
Nai i —#Non-destructive Testing
Ulifasonic Examination<% Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
> The distance of sound traveled can be displayed on the Flaw Detector
> The screen can be calibrated to give accurate readings of the distance
K Signal from the backwall
Bottom / Backwall Dr.Samir Saad| Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing, |
St Thickness / depth measuremen
The closer the reflector to the surface,
the signal will be more to the left of the
screen
2
‘The thickness is read from the screen
The THINNER the material the less
distance the sound travel
Dr.Samir Saad<% Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
> The presence of a Defect in the material shows up on the screen of the
flaw detector with a less distance than the bottom of the material.
, oS The BWE signal
‘a :
Defect signalQ Shear (angle beam) Probe
“+ Weld check
initial pulse-
defect echo.
CRT Display
initial pulse.
Full Skip.3£ what is Sound ?
Amechanical vibration
x What is Ultrasonic?
> Very High Frequency sound — above 20 KHz (20,000 cps)
Dr.Samir SaadXf Acoustic Spectrum
Sonic / Audible
<== Human
16Hz - 20kHz
Ultrasonic
> 20kHz = 20,000Hz
10 100 1K 10K 100K 1M 10M 100m
= =
Ultrasonic Testing
0.5MHz - 50MHz
Ultrasonic : Sound with frequency above 20 KHzQ Properties of a sound wave
> Sound cannottravel in vacuum
> — Sound energy to be transmitted / transferred from one particle to another
Atomic structures liquid solid
SS
+ medium density + high density
+ medium bonding forces * sttong bonding forces
Dr.Samir Saad
+ low a)
+ weak bonding forcesi Piezo-Electric Effect
When exposed to an alternating current crystal expands and contracts
Converting electrical energy into mechanical and Vie versa.
Sound wave with
frequency f
Crystal (Quartz) FY U(f)
Dr.Samir Saadi Piezo-Electric Effect
* Reception of ultrasonic waves
> —Asound wave hitting a piezoelectric crystal, induces crystal vibration which then
causes electrical voltages at the crystal surfaces.
» Converting mechanical into electricalenergy and Vic versa
Electrical energy Piezoelectrical crystal Ultrasonic wave
—[- iv
Dr.Samir Saadi Piezo-Electric Effect
* Reception of ultrasonic waves
> —Asound wave hitting a piezoelectric crystal, induces crystal vibration which then
causes electrical voltages at the crystal surfaces.
» Converting mechanical into electricalenergy and Vic versa
Electrical energy Piezoelectrical crystal Ultrasonic wave
<_ | — a\ nw
V
Dr.Samir Saad<< Properties of Piezo-Electric Materials
Crystal material Advantages. Limitations
‘Stable Poor piezo electric
Good wear resistance properties
Best received and casily
damped
Best transmitter and good
piezo electric properties
May be preformed to focus
beam
Good electric
properties
Lead Zirconate Titanate | Good transmitter and all | po. stvering
round properties
Quartz
Lithium sulphate Soluble in water
Barium Titanate ‘Temperature critical
Lead Zirconate
polarized
Dr.Samir SaadXt velocity
The velocity of sound in a particular material is CONSTAND
‘> It is the product of DENSITY and ELASTICITY of the material
4 It will NOT change if frequency changes
> Only the wavelandiichimages
“> Examples:
V Compression in steel 5960m/s
V Compression in water: 1470m/s
VCompressionin air 330.n/s
Dr.Samir SaadXE Sound travelling through a material
* - Sound velocity mainly depends on the density and E-modulus of the material,
‘Compression waves
Steel 5960m/sec
Water 1470m/see
Air 344m/see
Copper ——-4700m/sec
Air > 330 mis
Water se 1480 mis
SO TS 5920 m/s
OS TS 3250 m/s
Shear waves
Steel
‘Water
Air
Copper
+ Due to the different type of oscillation, transverse waves travel at lower speeds.
Dr.Samir SaadXf Sound travelling through a material
‘+ Acoustic Velocities, Densities and Acoustic Impedance of common Material
Steel
Aluminum
Plexiglass
‘Water
Dr.Samir SaadFrequency
> Frequency is Number of cycles per second
=
1 second 1'second 1 second
1 cycle per 1 second 3 cycle per 1 second 18 cycle per 4
= 1 Hertz =3 Hertz second = 18 Hertz
The higher the frequency the smaller the wavelength
Dr.Samir SaadFrequency
> Frequency is Number of cycles per second
>1Hz = 1 cycle per second
> 1 Kilohertz = 1KHz = 1000Hz
> 1 Megahertz 1MHz =1000000Hz
20KHz = 20 000 Hz
SMHz = 5 000 000 Hz
Dr.Samir SaadFrequency
Test frequency for
various product forms
Forged/rolled materials
G.e., sheet, plate, bar,
and forgings)
Draw n/extruded
materials (i-e., pipe,
tube, bar and rod)
Welds
Composites/ceramics 10-50 MHz
Dr.Samir SaadWavelength
> Wavelength is the distance required to complete a cycle.
> Sound waves are the vibration of particles in solids, liquids or gases.
> Particles vibrate about a mean position.
wavelength
Displacement
The distance
taken to
complete one
cycle
One cycle
Dr.Samir SaadXt Wavelength
Wavelength Velocity
Frequency
Dr.Samir Saad