LIPID PANEL TEST

Activity # 7
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the exercise, the students should be
able to:
1. Know the chemical properties of lipids

2. Differentiate the 5 different lipoproteins: chylomicrons,

very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), intermediate-density
lipoproteins (IDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and
high-density lipoproteins (HDL).

3. Know the different lipid panel test, normal value and

significance.

4. Understand the common lipid disorders.

 LIPIDS
Lipids are an essential component of the cell membrane
The structure is typically made of :
❑ glycerol backbone
❑ 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic)
❑ phosphate group (hydrophilic)
In the cell membrane, phospholipids are arranged in a bilayer manner,
providing cell protection and serving as a barrier to certain molecules.
The hydrophilic part faces outward and the hydrophobic part faces
inward. This arrangement helps monitor which molecules can enter
and exit the cell. For example, nonpolar molecules and small polar
molecules, such as oxygen and water, can easily diffuse in and out of
the cell. Large, polar molecules, for example, glucose, cannot pass
freely so they need the help of transport proteins.
 LIPOPROTEINS

substances made of protein and fat that carry cholesterol

through your bloodstream.
main goal of lipoprotein is to help transport lipids (hydrophobic)
in water.
The structure of lipoprotein consists of:
▪ triglycerides
▪ Cholesterol
▪ Phospholipids
▪ Apolipoproteins-mainly function as carrier proteins but also
serve as cofactors for enzymes that metabolize lipoproteins
and help in lipid component exchange among lipoproteins
EXAMPLES OF
LIPOPROTEINS
Chylomicrons
very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)
intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL)
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
high-density lipoproteins (HDL).

Each one is used in a different phase of lipid transport.

 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
LIPIDS
1. Hydrolysis of triglycerols
Triglycerols like any other esters react with water to
form their carboxylic acid and alcohol– a process
known as hydrolysis.
2. Saponification:
Triacylglycerols may be hydrolyzed by several
procedures, the most common of which utilizes
alkali or enzymes called lipases. Alkaline hydrolysis
is termed saponification because one of the
products of the hydrolysis is a soap, generally
sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids.
3. Hydrogenation
The carbon-carbon double bonds in unsaturated
fatty acids can be hydrogenated by reacting with
hydrogen to produce saturated fatty acids.
4. Halogenation
Unsaturated fatty acids, whether they are free or
combined as esters in fats and oils, react with
halogens by addition at the double bond(s). The
reaction results in the decolorization of the halogen
solution.
5. Rancidity:
The term rancid is applied to any fat or oil that
develops a disagreeable odor. Hydrolysis and
oxidation reactions are responsible for causing
rancidity. Oxidative rancidity occurs in
triacylglycerols containing unsaturated fatty acids.
 CHYLOMICRONS
large triglyceride-rich lipoproteins produced in enterocytes from
dietary lipids—namely, fatty acids, and cholesterol
also known as ultra low-density lipoproteins (ULDL)
are lipoprotein particles that consist of
▪ triglycerides (85–92%)
▪ phospholipids (6–12%)
▪ cholesterol (1–3%)
▪ proteins (1–2%)

FUNCTION:
transport lipids absorbed from the intestine to adipose, cardiac,
and skeletal muscle tissue, where their triglyceride components are
hydrolyzed by the activity of the lipoprotein lipase, allowing the
released free fatty acids to be absorbed by the tissues.
 VERY-LOW DENSITY
LIPOPROTEINS (VLDL)
consist of mainly triglycerides, some cholesterol molecules, and
less protein

less dense than most lipoproteins because of its high lipid

composition.

made in the liver and is responsible for delivering triglycerides to

cells in the body, which is needed for cellular processes.

As triglycerides get delivered to cells, VLDL is made up less of fat

and more of protein, leaving cholesterol on the molecule. As this
process occurs, VLDL will eventually become an LDL molecule.
 INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY
LIPOPROTEIN (IDL’S)
belong to the lipoprotein particle family and are formed from the
degradation of very low-density lipoproteins as well as high-density
lipoproteins.

one of the five major groups of lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL,

IDL, LDL, HDL) that enable fats and cholesterol to move within the
water-based solution of the bloodstream

transports a variety of triglyceride fats and cholesterol and, like

LDL, can also promote the growth of atheroma

An atheroma, or atheromatous plaque ("plaque"), is an abnormal

and reversible accumulation of material in the inner layer of
an artery wall
 LOW-DENSITY
LIPOPROTEINS (LDL’S)

sometimes called “bad” cholesterol”, makes up

most of your body's cholesterol. High levels of LDL
cholesterol raise your risk for heart disease and
stroke.

the main transporters of cholesterol in the

blood, carry cholesterol from the liver to body cells,
including those in the arteries, where it can
contribute to plaque
 HIGH DENSITY
LIPOPROTEINS (HDL’S)

Also known as “good” cholesterol

It absorbs cholesterol and carries it back to the
liver.
The liver then flushes it from the body.
High levels of HDL cholesterol can lower your
risk for heart disease and stroke
Lipid Profile PURPOSE NORMAL PREPARATION SIGNIFICANCE
VALUE

Total • a measure of • less than 200 • Patient is • To estimate

Cholesterol LDL milligrams per required to fast, your risk of
cholesterol, deciliter consuming no heart attacks
HDL (mg/dL) are food or liquids and other
cholesterol, considered other than forms of heart
and other lipid desirable for water, for 9 to disease and
components adults 12 hours before diseases of the
• between 200 the test blood vessels.
and 239 mg/dL
is considered
borderline high
• 240 mg/dL and
above is
considered
high.
Lipid Profile PURPOSE NORMAL PREPARATION SIGNIFICANCE
VALUE
High-density • measures the • HDL levels • fasting for up to 12 • assess your
lipoprotein level of good that are below hours before the cardiovascular
cholesterol cholesterol in 40 mg/dL for test. health,
(HDL-C) your blood men and 50 including your
• shouldn’t have an
mg/dL for HDL test when
risk for heart
women you’re sick. disease
indicate an Cholesterol levels • may also be
increased risk are temporarily ordered as a
of heart lower during acute follow-up test
disease. illness, immediately if you have
following a heart high results on
attack, and during your
stressful events like
cholesterol-scre
surgery or an
accident. It’s ening test.
recommended that
you wait at least six
weeks after any
illness before you
have your
cholesterol
measured.
 Lipid PURPOSE NORMAL VALUE PREPARATION SIGNIFICANCE
Profile

Low-density • measures • LDL cholesterol levels • Patient is • can provide

lipoprotein the amount should be less than 100 required to information
cholesterol of LDL mg/dL fast, about
(LDL-C) cholesterol consuming no cardiovascula
• Levels of 100 to 129
in your mg/dL are acceptable for
food or r health, they
blood people with no health liquids other may be
issues but may be of more than water, for measured as
concern for those 8 to 12 hours part of
with heart disease or heart before the test screening,
disease risk factors diagnosis, or
monitoring
• 130 to 159 mg/dL is
borderline high

• 160 to 189 mg/dL is high.

• A reading of 190 mg/dL

or higher is considered
very high.
Lipid Profile PURPOSE NORMAL PREPARATION SIGNIFICANCE
VALUE

Triglycerides • measures the • 10 to 150 mg/dL • Patient is • The results of

amount of (the lower the required to this test help
triglycerides number, the fast, your doctor
in your blood better) consuming no determine your
food or liquids risk of
other than developing
water, for 9 to heart disease
12 hours
before the test
and only water
is permitted
Lipid Profile PURPOSE NORMAL PREPARATION SIGNIFICANCE
VALUE
Very • measures the • normal VLDL • not to eat or • The amount of
low-density amount of very cholesterol is drink for 9-12 VLDL
lipoprotein low-density typically hours before cholesterol in
cholesterol lipoprotein between 2 and testing blood can help
(VLDL-C) (VLDL) in your 30 mg/dl doctors
blood • level higher than evaluate a
30 mg/dL may patient’s risk
put you at an of heart disease
increased risk and stroke.
for cardiovascul
ar disease.
Lipid Profile PURPOSE NORMAL PREPARATION SIGNIFICANCE
VALUE
Non-HDL-C • is a way of • non-HDL • not to eat or • gives a better
measuring how cholesterol level drink for 9-12 assessment of
much of the bad goal should be hours before the risk for
kinds of 30 mg/dL higher testing heart disease
cholesterol you than your LDL than
have in your cholesterol level measuring
blood goal only LDL
• subtracting
your HDL
cholesterol
from your total
cholesterol.
 Cardiac Risk Assessment
This is a group of tests and health factors that have been proven to
indicate your chance of having a cardiovascular event such as a heart
attack or stroke
the most important indicators for cardiac risk are your personal health
history. These include:
• Age
• Family history
• Weight
• Cigarette smoking
• Blood pressure
• Diet
• Exercise, physical activity
• Diabetes
• Pre-existing heart disease, or already having had a heart attack
Non-invasive Tests
▪ electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG)
▪ a stress test, also called ECG stress test
▪ metabolic stress test

Invasive tests
▪ angiography/arteriography
▪ cardiac catheterization
 Hyperlipidemia
also known as dyslipidemia or high cholesterol, means you
have too many lipids (fats) in your blood

this condition can lead to serious problems, including heart

attack, stroke, and peripheral artery disease
 Atherosclerosis
a disease that occurs when plaque builds up inside arteries
The arteries get hard and narrow, which can restrict blood flow
and lead to blood clots, heart attack or stroke
Coronary Heart Disease
the term that describes what happens when your heart's blood
supply is blocked or interrupted by a build-up of fatty
substances in the coronary arteries
 Carotid Artery Disease
occurs when fatty deposits (plaques) clog the blood vessels that
deliver blood to your brain and head (carotid arteries)
The blockage increases your risk of stroke, a medical emergency that
occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted or seriously
reduced.
 Peripheral Arterial
Disease
the narrowing or blockage of the vessels that carry blood from the
heart to the legs
It is primarily caused by the buildup of fatty plaque in the arteries, which
is called atherosclerosis
 HYPERTENSION
also known as high or raised blood pressure, is a condition in
which the blood vessels have persistently raised pressure.
Common factors that can lead to high blood pressure include: diet
high in salt, fat, and/or cholesterol.
 HEALTH TEACHINGS TO
PREVENT LIPID DISORDERS
1. Eating a heart-healthy diet
the best way to lower your
cholesterol is reduce your intake
of saturated fat and trans fat
Reducing these fats means
limiting your intake of red meat
and dairy products made with
whole milk. Choose skim milk,
low-fat or fat-free dairy products
instead. It also means limiting
fried food and cooking with
healthy oils, such as vegetable
oil.
2. Becoming more
physically active
At least 150 minutes of
moderate-intensity aer
obic exercise a week is
enough to lower both
cholesterol and high
blood pressure
3.Quitting smoking
Smoking and vaping
lowers HDL
cholesterol

4. Losing weight
Being overweight or
obese tends to raise
bad cholesterol